Drug therapy: Management of cocaine abuse and dependence

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 334, Issue 15, 1996, Pages 965-972

  Mendelson, Jack H ^a   Mello, Nancy K ^b  

^a MCLEAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BUPRENORPHINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; COCAINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT;

DEPRESSION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HUMAN; OPIATE ADDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; UNITED STATES;

ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; CARBAMAZEPINE; COCAINE; DOPAMINE AGENTS; HUMANS; NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS; NARCOTICS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 0029862735     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/nejm199604113341507     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Musto DF. The American disease origins of narcotic control New Haven. Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973.
2. Mendelson JH, Mello NK. Cocaine and other commonly abused drugs. In: Isselbacher KJ, Braunwald E, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine 13th ed New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994:2429-33.
3. Gfroerer JC, Brodsky MD Frequent cocaine users and their use of treatment. Am J Public Health 1993;83 1149-54
4. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Epidemiologic trends in drug abuse. Vol 1 Highlights and executive summary. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1995. (NIH publication no 95-3988)
5. Pillai R. Nair BS, Watson RR. AIDS, drugs of abuse and the immune system: a complex immunotoxicological network Arch Toxicol 1991;65:609-17
6. Chaisson RE, Bacchetti P, Osmond D, Brodie B, Sande MA, Moss AR. Cocaine use and HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco. JAMA 1989,261:561-5
7. Donahoe RM, Falek A. Neuroimmunomodulation by opiates and other drugs of abuse, relationship to HIV infection and AIDS In: Bridge TP, Mirsky AF, Goodwin FK, eds Psychological, neuropsychiatrie, and substance abuse aspects of AIDS. Vol 44 of Advances in biochemical psychopharmacy, New York Raven Press, 1988 145-57
8. Schoenbaum EE, Hartel D, Selwyn PA, et al. Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection in intravenous drug users N Engl J Med 1989;321:874-9
9. Preliminary estimates from the 1993 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Advance report no. 7. Rockville, Md.: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, 1994:29.
10. Preliminary estimates from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) Advance report No. 2, Rockville, Md.: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, 1993.
11. Cregler LL, Mark H. Medical complications of cocaine abuse N Engl J Med 1986;315:1495-500.
12. Hollander JE The management of cocaine-associated myocardial ischemia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1267-72.
13. Isner JM, Estes NAM III, Thompson PD, et al Acute cardiac events temporally related to cocaine abuse. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1438-43.
14. Moliterno DJ, Willard JE, Lange RA, et al Coronary-artery vasoconstriction induced by cocaine, cigarette smoking, or both. N Engl J Med 1994;330:454-9
15. Marzuk PM, Tardiff K, Leon AC, et al. Fatal injuries after cocaine use as a leading cause of death among young adults in New York City. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1753-7.
16. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed: DSM-IV. Washington, D C. American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
17. Dackis CA, Gold MS. New concepts in cocaine addiction: the dopamine depletion hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1985;9:469-77.
18. Gawin FH, Kleber HD. Abstinence symptomatology and psychiatric diagnosis in cocaine abusers: clinical observations Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986,43:107-13.
19. Weddington WW, Brown BS, Haertzcn CA, et al Changes in mood, craving, and sleep during short-term abstinence reported by male cocaine addicts a controlled, residential study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990, 47:861-8.
20. Satel SL, Price LH, Palumbo JM, et al. Clinical phenomenology and neurobiology of cocaine abstinence: a prospective inpatient study. Am J Psychiatry 1991,148 1712-6.
21. Mendelson JH, Mello NK Biologic concomitants of alcoholism. N Engl J Med 1979;301.912-21. ;
22. Freud S. Cocaine papers. Byck R, ed. New York: Stonehill, 1974 .
23. Mello NK. A behavioral analysis of the reinforcing properties of alcohol and other drugs in man In: Kissin B, Begleiter H, eds. The pathogenesis of alcoholism, biological factors. Vol. 7. New York: Plenum Press, 1983:133-98.
24. Gawin FH, Ellinwood EH. Cocaine and other stimulants: actions, abuse, and treatment N Engl J Med 1988;318:1173-82
25. Johanson CE, Fischman MW. The pharmacology of cocaine related to its abuse. Pharmacol Rev 1989;41:3-52
26. Van Dyke C, Byck R. Cocaine use in man In. Mello NK, ed. Advances in substance abuse, behavioral and biological research. Vol. 3. Greenwich, Conn. JAI Press, 1983:1-24
27. Foltin RW, Fischman MW Smoked and intravenous cocaine in humans: acute tolerance, cardiovascular and subjective effects J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991;257:247-61.
28. McCance EF, Price LH, Kosten TR, Jatlow PI Cocaethylene pharmacology, physiology and behavioral effects in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;274 215-23.
29. Holman BL, Carvalho PA, Mendelson JH. et al. Brain perfusion is abnormal in cocaine-dependent polydrug users, a study using technetium-99m-HMPAO and ASPECT. J Nucl Med 1991;32.1206-10
30. Dackis CA, Gold MS. Psychopharmacology of cocaine, Psychiatr Ann 1988,18 528-30.
31. Gawin FH. Chronic neuropharmacology of cocaine: progress in pharmacotherapy. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49:Suppl:11-6.
32. Kleber HD, Gawin FH. Cocaine abuse: a review of current and experimental treatments. In: Grabowski J, ed Cocaine: pharmacology, effects, and treatment of abuse NIDA research monograph 50. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1984:111-29 (DHHS publication no. (ADM) 87-1326.)
33. Woolverton WL, Johnson KM. Neurobiology of cocaine abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1992;13:193-200.
34. Spealman RD, Bergman J, Madras BK, Kamien JB, Melia KF. Role of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the behavioral effects of cocaine. Neurochem Int 1992,20:Suppl:147S-152S.
35. Bergman J, Kamien JB, Spealman RD. Antagonism of cocaine self-administration by selective dopamine D1 and D2 antagonists. Behav Pharmacol 1990;1:355-63.
36. Millman R. Evaluation and clinical management of cocaine abusers. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49.Suppl 27-33.
37. Crame SB, Koob GF Modulation of cocaine self-administration in the rat through D-3 dopamine receptors Science 1993;260:1814-6.
38. Kuhar MJ, Ritz MC, Boja JW The dopamine hypothesis of the reinforcing properties of cocaine. Trends Neurosci 1991;14:299-302.
39. Koob GF, Bloom FE. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 1988;242:715-23
40. Ritz MC, Lamb RJ, Goldberg SR, Kuhar MJ. Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to self-administration of cocaine Science 1987;237:1219-23.
41. Mendelson JH, Mello NK, Teoh SK, Ellingboe J, Cochin J Cocaine effects on pulsatile secretion of anterior pituitary, gonadal, and adrenal hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;69:1256-60
42. Taylor D, Ho B Neurochemical effects of cocaine following acute and repeated injection. J Neurosci Res 1977;3:95-101.
43. Mendelson JH, Teoh SK, Mello NK, Ellingboe J, Rhoades E. Acute effects of cocaine on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels in cocaine-dependent men J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992;263.505-9.
44. Sarnyai Z, Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Eros-Sarnyai M, Mercer G Effects of cocaine on pulsatile activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in male rhesus monkeys, neuroendocrine and behavioral correlates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther (in press)
45. Rivier C, Vale W. Cocaine stimulates adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion through a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-mediated mechanism. Brain Res 1987;422:403-6.
46. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Drieze J, Kelly M. Acute effects of cocaine on prolactin and gonadotropins in female rhesus monkey during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990,254:815-23.
47. Mello NK, Sarnyai Z, Mendelson JH, Drieze JM, Kelly M. Acute effects of cocaine on anterior pituitary hormones in male and female rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993,266:804-11
48. Jaffe JH Drug addiction and drug abuse. In: Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, eds Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed. New York: Pergamon Press, 1990:522-73.
49. Marlowe DB, Hussband SD, Lamb RJ, Kirby KC, Iguchi MY, Platt JJ. Psychiatric comorbidity in cocaine dependence Am J Addict 1995,4 70-81
50. McLellan AT, Luborsky L, Woody GE, O'Brien CP. An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients: the Addiction Severity Index J Nerv Ment Dis 1980,168:26-33.
51. Tims FM, Leukefeld CG, eds. Cocaine treatment: research and clinical perspectives NIDA research monograph 135. Washington, D.C Government Printing Office, 1993:266. (NIH publication no 93-3639.)
52. Rawson RA, Obert JL, McCann MJ, Castro FG, Ling W Cocaine abuse treatment: a review of current strategies J Subst Abuse 1991;3:457-91.
53. Tutton CS, Crayton JW, Current pharmacotherapies for cocaine abuse: a review. J Addict Dis 1993;12:109-27.
54. Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Gordon LT, et al Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for ambulatory cocaine abusers Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:177-87
55. Iliggins ST, Budney AJ, Bickel WK, Hughes JR, Foerg G, Badger G. Achieving cocaine abstinence with a behavioral approach. Am J Psychiatry 1993,150:763-9.
56. Higgins ST, Budney AJ, Bickel WK. Applying behavioral concepts and principles to the treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 1994,34:87-97.
57. Najavits LM, Weiss RD. The role of psychotherapy in the treatment of substance-use disorders. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1994,2:84-96.
58. Gawin FH, Kleber HD. Cocaine abuse treatment: open pilot trial with desipramme and lithium carbonate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:903-9.
59. Gawin FH, Kleber HD, Byck R, et al. Desipramine facilitation of initial cocaine abstinence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:117-21.
60. Covi L, Montoya ID, Hess J, Kreiter N Double-blind comparison of desipramine and placebo for treatment of cocaine dependence. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994;55:132 abstract.
61. Tennant FS Jr, Tarver AL Double-blind comparison of desipramine and placebo in withdrawal from cocaine dependence. In: Harris LS, ed. Problems of drug dependence, 1984: proceedings of the 46th Annual Scientific Meeting, the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc. NIDA research monograph 55. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1985:159-63 (DHHS publication no. (ADM) 85-1393.)
62. Kosten TR, Schumann B, Wright D, Carney MK, Gawin FH. A preliminary study of desipramine in the treatment of cocaine abuse in methadone maintenance patients J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48 442-4.
63. Kosten TR, Morgan CM, Falcione J, Schottenfeld RS Pharmacotherapy for cocaine-abusing methadone-maintained patients using amantadine or desipramine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992,49:894-8.
64. Grabowski J, Rhoades H, Elk R, et al. Fluoxetine is ineffective for treatment of cocaine dependence or concurrent opiate and cocaine dependence: two placebo-controlled double-blind trials J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15:163-74
65. Gawin FH, Kleber HD Pharmacologic treatments of cocaine abuse Psychiatr Clin North Am 1986,9.573-83
66. Kleber H, Gawin F. Psychopharmacological trials in cocaine abuse treatment Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1986;12.235-46.
67. Jones RT. Cocaine and other drug interactions: strategy considerations. In. Braude MC, Ginzburg HM, eds Strategies for research on the interactions of drugs of abuse. NIDA research monograph 68. Washington, D C: Government Printing Office, 1986:142-53, (DHHS publication no. (ADM) 86-1453.)
68. Kuhar MJ. Neurotransmitter transporters as drug targets: recent research with a focus on the dopamine transporter. Pharmacologist 1993;35:28-33.
69. Tennant FS Jr, Sagherian AA Double-blind comparison of amantadine and bromocriptine for ambulatory withdrawal from cocaine dependence. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:109-12.
70. Teller DW, Devenyi P. Bromocriptine in cocaine withdrawal - does it work? Int J Addict 1988;23:1197-205.
71. Mello NK, Negus SS. Preclinical evaluation of pharmacotherapies. for treatment of cocaine and opiate abuse using drug self-administration procedures. Neuropsychopharmacology (in press).
72. Giannini AJ, Baumgartel P, DiMarzio LR. Bromocriptine therapy in cocaine withdrawal. J Clin Pharmacol 1987;27.267-70.
73. Dackis CA, Gold MS, Sweeney DR, Byron JP Jr, Climko R. Single-dose bromocriptine reverses cocaine craving. Psychiatry Res 1987;20:261-4.
74. Giannini AJ, Folts DJ, Feather JN, Sullivan BS. Bromocriptine and amantadine in cocaine detoxification. Psychiatry Res 1989;29:11-6.
75. Kosten TR, Schumann B, Wright D. Bromocriptine treatment of cocaine abuse in patients maintained on methadone Am J Psychiatry 1988,145:381-2
76. Gawin FH, Riordan C, Kleber HD Methylphenidate treatment of cocaine abusers without attention deficit disorder: a negative report. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1985;11 193-7.
77. Alterman AI, Droba M, Antelo RE, et al Amantadine may facilitate detoxification of cocaine addicts Drug Alcohol Depend 1992;31:19-29.
78. Gawin FH, Morgan C, Kosten TR, Kleber HD. Double-blind evaluation of the effect of acute amantadine on cocaine craving. Psychopharmacology 1989;97:402-3.
79. Kolar AF, Brown BS, Weddington WW, Haertzen CC, Michaclson BS, Jaffe JH. Treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone maintenance clients: a pilot study comparing the efficacy of desipramine and amantadine Int J Addict 1992,27.849-68.
80. Preston KL, Sullivan JT, Berger P, Bigelow GE. Effects of cocaine alone and in combination with mazindol in human cocaine abusers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;267:296-307.
81. Margolin A, Kosten TR, Avants SK, et al. A multicenter trial of bupropion for cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 1995;40:125-31
82. Gawin FH, Allen D, Humblestone B. Outpatient treatment of "crack" cocaine smoking with flupenthixol decanoate: a preliminary report. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46 322-5.
83. Halikas JA, Nugent SM, Crosby RD, Carlson GA. 1990-1991 Survey of pharmacotherapies used in the treatment of cocaine abuse J Addict Dis 1993,12:129-39.
84. Tennant FS Medical withdrawal from cocaine dependence with amantadine and other parkinsonian drugs Veract, 1986:1-15.
85. Gold MS, Pottash ALC, Annitto WJ, Vereby K, Sweeney DR Cocaine withdrawal. efficacy of tyrosine Soc Neurosci 1983;9.157. abstract.
86. Chadwick MJ, Gregory DL, Wendling G. A double-blind amino acids, L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine, and placebo study with cocaine-dependent subjects in an inpatient chemical dependency treatment center. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1990;16:275-86.
87. Wolfsohn R, Sanfilipo M, Angrist B A placebo-controlled trial of L-dopa/ carbidopa in early cocaine abstinence. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993, 9.49-53.
88. Condelli WS, Fairbank JA, Dennis ML, Rachal JV. Cocaine use by clients in methadone programs: significance, scope, and behavioral interventions. J Subst Abuse Treat 1991,8.203-12.
89. Kreek MJ. Multiple drug abuse patterns and medical consequences, In: Meltzer HY, ed Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, 1987:1597-604.
90. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Brec MP, Lukas SE. Buprenorphine suppresses cocaine self-administration by rhesus monkeys Science 1989,245 859-62.
91. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Lukas SE, Gastfriend DR, Teoh SK, Holman BL. Buprenorphine treatment of opiate and cocaine abuse clinical and preclinical studies. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1993;1:168-83
92. Mendelson JH, Albeck J, Naloxone modification of acute alcohol intoxication in humans In: Proceedings of the 39th Annual Scientific Meeting, Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Cambridge, Mass, July 1977. Washington, D.C.: Committee on Problems of Drag Dependence. 1978:572-82
93. O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, Schottenfeld RS, Meyer RE, Rounsaville B. Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence: a controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:881-7.
94. Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M. O'Brien CP. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:876-80.
95. Meyer RE, Mirin SM, eds. The heroin stimulus. New York: Plenum Medical Books, 1979.
96. National Research Council Committee on Clinical Evaluation of Narcotic Antagonists. Clinical evaluation of naltrexone treatment of opiate-dependent individuals. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35.335-40.
97. Kosten TR, Kleber HD, Morgan C. Role of opioid antagonists in treating intravenous cocaine abuse. Life Sci 1989;44.887-92.
98. Bickel WK, Amass L Buprenorphine treatment of opioid dependence, a review. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;3:477-89.
99. Johnson RE, Jaffe JH, Fudala PJ. A controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence. JAMA 1992;267:2750-5
100. Kosten TR, Schottenfeld R, Ziedonis D, Falcioni J Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993,181:358-64
101. Mendelson JH, Teoh SK, Mello NK, Ellingboe J. Buprenorphine attenuates the effects of cocaine on adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion and mood states in man Neuropsychopharmacology 1992;7:157-62.
102. Teoh SK, Mendelson JH, Mello NK, Kuehnle J, Sintavanarong P, Rhoades EM Acute interactions of buprenorphine with intravenous cocaine and morphine: an investigational new drug phase 1 safety evaluation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;13:87-99
103. Gastfriend DR, Mendelson JH, Mello NK, Teoh SK, Reif S. Buprenorphine pharmacotherapy for concurrent heroin and cocaine dependence Am J Addict 1993;2:269-78.
104. Gastfriend DR, Mendelson JH, Mello NK, et al. Longitudinal dose comparisons of buprenorphine for combined opiate and cocaine dependence In: Harris LS, ed Problems of drug dependence, 1995: proceedings of the 57th Annual Scientific Meeting, the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc. NIDA research monograph. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office (in press)
105. Schottenfeld RS, Pakes J, Ziedonis D, Kosten TR. Buprenorphine dose-related effects on cocaine and opioid use in cocaine-abusing opioid-dependent humans. Biol Psychiatry 1993;34:66-74.
106. Halikas J, Kemp K, Kuhn K, Carlson G, Crea F Carbamazepine for cocaine addiction? Lancet 1989;1:623-4.
107. Kranzler HR, Bauer LO, Hersh D, Klinghoffer V. Carbamazepine treatment of cocaine dependence: a placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 1995;38 203-11.
108. Montoya ID, Levin FR, Fudala PH, Gorelick DA. Double-blind comparison of carbamazepine and placebo for treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 1995;38:213-9
109. Cornish JW, Maany I, Fudala PJ, et al. Carbamazepine treatment for cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 1995;38:221-7.
110. Johanson DE. Why publish three negative articles on Carbamazepine as a medication for the treatment of cocaine dependence? Drug Alcohol Depend 1995;38 201-2
111. Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Gawin FH. A comparative trial of psychotherapies for ambulatory cocaine abusers: relapse prevention and interpersonal psychotherapy Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1991;17:229-47.
112. Anker AL, Crowley TJ. Use of contingency contracts in specialty clinics for cocaine abuse. in: Harris LS, ed. Problems of drug dependence, 1981: proceedings of the 43rd Annual Scientific Meeting, the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc. NIDA research monograph 41. Washington, D C.: Government Printing Office, 1982.452-9
113. O'Brien CP, Childress AR, McLellan T, Ehrman R. Integrating systemic cue exposure with standard treatment in recovering drug dependent patients. Addict Behav 1990;15 355-65
114. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with substance use disorders: alcohol, cocaine, opioids. Am J Psychiatry 1995,152 Suppl:1-80.
115. Higgins ST, Budney AJ, Bickel WK, Foerg FE, Donham R, Badger GJ Incentives improve outcome in outpatient behavioral treatment of cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:568-76.
116. Higgins ST, Budney AJ, Bickel WK, Badger GJ. Participation of significant others in outpatient behavioral treatment predicts greater cocaine abstinence Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1994,20:47-56.
117. Nestler EJ Molecular neurobiology of drug addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 1994;11:77-87.
118. Ritz MC, Mantione CR, London ED. Spermine interacts with cocaine binding sites on dopamine transporters. Psychopharmacology 1994,114 47-52.
119. Landry DW, Zhao K, Yang GX-Q, Glickman M, Georgiadis TM Antibody-catalyzed degradation of cocaine. Science 1993;259:1899-1901
120. Carrera MR, Ashley JA, Parsons LH, Wirsching P, Koob GF, Janda KD. Suppression of psychoactive effects of cocaine by active immunization Nature 1995,378 727-30.
121. Fifth interim report to the President and the Congress: the twin epidemics of substance use and HIV Washington, D C.: National Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 1991
122. Batki SL, Manfredi LB, Jacob P DI, Jones RT Fluoxetine for cocaine dependence in methadone maintenance: quantitative plasma and urine cocaine/benzoylecgonine concentrations. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993,13. 243-50.