Executive Control and Higher-Order Theory of Mind in Children at Risk of ADHD

Infant and Child Development

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 141-158

  Perner, Josef ^a   Kain, Winfried ^a   Barchfeld, Petra ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG   (Austria)

Author keywords

Attention deficit (ADHD); Executive control; Hyperactivity impulsivity; Theory of mind development

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036384331     PISSN: 15227227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/icd.302     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn). Author: Washington, DC.
2. Baron-Cohen S, Robertson M. 1995. Children with either autism, gilles de la tourette syndrome or both: Mapping cognition to specific syndromes. Neurocase 1: 101-104.
3. Baumgaertel A, Wolraich ML, Dietrich M. 1995. Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention deficit disorders in a German elementary school sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 34: 629-638.
4. Bishop DVM, Aamodt-Leeper G, Creswell C, McGurk R, Skuse DH. 2001. Individual differences in cognitive planning on the Tower of Hanoi task: Neuropsychological maturity or measurement error? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42: 551-556.
5. Buitelaar JK, van der Wees M, Swaab-Barneveld H, van der Gaag R. 1999. Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children. Development and Psychopathology 11: 39-58.
6. Carlson SM, Moses LJ. 2001. Individual differences in individual control and children's theory of mind. Child Development 72: 1032-1053.
7. Carlson S.M. Moses L.J. Hix H.R.1998. The role of inhibitory processes in young children's difficulties with deception and false belief. Child Development 69(3): 672-691.
8. Charman T, Carroll F, Sturge C. 2001. Theory of mind, executive function and social competence in boys with ADHD. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties 6: 31-49.
9. Davis HL, Pratt C. 1995. The development of children's theory of mind: The working memory explanation. Special issue: Cognitive development. Australian Journal of Psychology 47(1): 25-31.
10. de Villiers J, de Villiers P. 2000. Linguistic determination and the understanding of false beliefs. In Children's Reasoning and the Mind, Mitchell P, Riggs KJ. (eds). Psychology Press: Hove, East Sussex, 191-228.
11. DuPaul GJ, Power TJ, Anastopoulos AD, Reid R. 1998. ADHD Rating Scale-IV. Checklists, Norms, and Clinical Interpretation. The Guilford Press: New York.
12. Flavell JH, Flavell ER, Green FL. 1983. Development of the appearance-reality distinction. Cognitive Psychology 15: 95-120.
13. Flavell JH, Green FL, Flavell ER. 1995. Young children's knowledge about thinking. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 60 (1, Serial No. 243) 1-96.
14. Flavell JH, Green FL, Flavell ER, Lin NT. 1999. Development of children's knowledge about unconsciousness. Child Development 70(2): 396-412.
15. Frith CD. 1992. The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ.
16. Frye D, Zelazo PD, Palfai T. 1995. Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning. Cognitive Development 10: 483-527.
17. Gittelman RG, Klein D. 1985. Hillside behavior rating scale. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 21: 898-899.
18. Goldstein S, Goldstein M. 1998. Managing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Guide for Practitioners. Wiley: New York.
19. Gordon AC, Olson DR. 1998. The relation between acquisition of a theory of mind and the capacity to hold in mind. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 68(1): 70-83.
20. Happè F, Frith U. 1996. Theory of mind and social impairment in children with conduct disorder. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 14: 385-398.
21. Hughes C. (1998a). Executive function in preschoolers: Links with theory of mind and verbal ability. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 16(2): 233-253.
22. Hughes C. 1998b. Finding your marbles: Does preschoolers' strategic behavior predict later understanding? Developmental Psychology 34(6): 1326-1339.
23. Hughes C, Russell J. 1993. Autistic children's difficulty with mental disengagement from an object: Its implication for theories of autism. Developmental Psychology 29: 498-510.
24. Hughes C, Dunn J, White A. 1998. Trick or treat?: Uneven understanding of mind and emotion and executive dysfunction in 'hard to manage' preschoolers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39: 981-994.
25. Hughes C, Adlam A, Happé F, Jackson J, Taylor A, Caspi A. 2000. Good test-retest reliability for standard and advanced false-belief tasks. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41: 483-490.
26. Keenan T, Olson DR, Marini Z. 1998. Working memory and children's developing understanding of mind. Australian Journal of Psychology 50: 76-82.
27. Keenan T. 1998. Memory span as a predictor of false belief understanding. New Zealand Journal of Psychology 27: 36-43.
28. Korkman M, Kirk U, Kemp S. 1998. NEPSY: A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment Manual. The Psychological Corporation: San Antonio.
29. Leekam SR. 1988. Children's understanding of intentional falsehood. Doctoral thesis, University of Sussex.
30. Leekam SR. 1991. Jokes and lies: Children's understanding of intentional falsehood. In Natural Theories of Mind: Evolution, Development, and Simulation of Everyday Mindreading, Whiten A (ed). Basil Blackwell: Oxford; 159-174.
31. Lezak MD. 1995. Neuropsychological Assessment (3rd edn). Oxford University Press: New York.
32. Lough S, Gregory C, Hodges JR. 2001. Dissociation of social cognition and executive function in frontal variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurocase 7: 123-130.
33. Núñez M. 1993. Teoría de la mente: Metarrepresentación, creencias falsas y engaño en el desarrollo de una psicología natural (Theory of mind: Metarepresentation, false beliefs and deception in the development of a natural psychology). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidad AuỲónoma de Madrid, Spain.
34. Ozonoff S, Pennington BF, Rogers SJ. 1991. Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic children: Relationship to theory of mind. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 32: 1081-1105.
35. Pacherie E. 1997. On being the product of one's failed actions. In Executive Difficulties in Autism, Russell J (ed). Oxford University Press: Oxford.
36. Perner J, Wimmer H. 1985. 'John thinks that Mary thinks that...': Attribution of second-order beliefs by 5-to10-year old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 39: 437-471.
37. Perner J. 1991. Understanding the Representational Mind. MIT Press, A Bradford book: Cambridge, MA.
38. Perner, J. (1998). The meta-intentional nature of executive functions and theory of mind. In Language and Thought, Carruthers P. & Boucher J. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge; 270-283.
39. Perner J, Lang B. 1999. Development of theory of mind and executive control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3: 337-344.
40. Perner J, Stummer S, Lang B. 1999. Executive functions and theory of mind: Cognitive complexity or functional dependence? In Developing Theories of Intention: Social Understanding and Self-Control, Zelazo PD, Astington JW, Olson DR (eds). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ, 133-152.
41. Perner J, Lang B. 2000. Theory of mind and executive function: Is there a developmental relationship? In Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from Autism and Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Baron-Cohen S, Tager-Flusberg H, Cohen D (eds). Oxford University Press: Oxford; 150-181.
42. Perner J, Lang B, Kloo D. 2002. Theory of Mind and Self Control: More than a common problem of inhibition. Child Development 73: 752-767.
43. Peterson CC, Siegal M. 1995. Deafness, conversation and theory of mind, journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 36: 459-474.
44. Pineda D, Ardila A, Rosselli M, Arias BE, Henao GC, Gomez LF, Mejia SE, Miranda ML. 1999. Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in 4- to 17-year old children in the general population. journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 27: 455-462.
45. Pliszka SR, Carlson CL, Swanson JM. 1999. ADHD with Comorbid Disorders. Guilford Press: New York.
46. Russell J, Mauthner N, Sharpe S, TidswellT. 1991. The 'windows task' as a measure of strategic deception in preschoolers and autistic subjects. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 9: 331-349.
47. RussellJ. 1996. Agency. Its Role in Mental Development. Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis Ltd: Hove.
48. RussellJ. 1997. How executive disorders can bring about an inadequate 'theory of mind'. In Autism as an Executive Disorder, Russell J (ed). Oxford University Press: Oxford, 256-299.
49. Schmidtke A, Schaller S, BeckerP. 1978. Raven-Matritzen-Test - Coloured Progressive Matrices. Beltz: Weinheim.
50. Speltz ML, DeKlyen M, Calderon R, Greenberg MT, Fisher PA. 1999. Neuropsychological characteristics and test behaviors of boys with early onset conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108: 315-325.
51. Sullivan K, Zaitchik D, Tager-FlusbergH. 1994. Preschoolers can attribute second-order beliefs. Developmental Psychology 30(3): 395-402.
52. Tager-Flusberg H, Sullivan K, BoshartJ. 1997. Executive functions and performance on false belief tasks. Developmental Neuropsychology 13: 487-494.
53. TewesU. 1983. Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligenztest für Kinder, Revision 1983 (HAWIK-R). Huber: Bern.
54. Willcutt EG, Hartung CM, Lahey BB, Loney J, Pelham WE. 1999. Utility of behavior ratings by examiners during assessments of preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 27: 463-472
55. WimmerH. 1989. Common-sense mentalismus und emotion: Entwicklungspsychologische Implikationen.I. In Denken und Fühlen, Roth E (ed). Springer: Berlin, 56-66.
56. World Health Organization (WHO). 1993. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders, Diagnostic Criteria for Research, Chapter5. World Health Organization: Geneva.