Primary anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (APS): Current concepts

Survey of Ophthalmology

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 215-238

  Durrani, Omar M ^a,b   Gordon, Caroline ^a   Murray, Philip I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b CITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anti B2 glycoprotein I antibodies; Anti cardiolipin antibodies; Anti phospholipid antibodies; Anti phospholipid syndrome; Lupus anticoagulant; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CHLOROQUINE; CHROMOGENIC SUBSTRATE; CLOPIDOGREL; COAGULATING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; HEPARIN; HYDROXOCHLOROQUINE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; LUPUS COAGULANT; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; PREDNISOLONE; PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX; STATIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WARFARIN;

AGE; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CHOREA; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EYE DISEASE; HEART INJURY; HEMATOLOGY; HUMAN; LABORATORY TEST; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MYELITIS; OPHTHALMOLOGY; PATIENT MONITORING; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN DETERMINATION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STANDARDIZATION; THROMBOPHILIA; TREATMENT INDICATION; UNITED STATES; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; EYE DISEASES; HUMANS;

EID: 0036261487     PISSN: 00396257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0039-6257(02)00289-8     Document Type: Review

References (238)

1. Prevention of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis with low dose aspirin: Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) trial
2. Thrombosis prevention trial: randomised trial of low-intensity oral anticoagulation with warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease in men at increased risk. The Medical Research Councils General Practice Research F
3. Anticardiolipin antibodies and the risk of recurrent thrombo-occlusive events and death. The Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Stroke Study Group (APASS)
4. A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group
5. Hypercoagulable states in patients with retinal venous occlusion
6. Vaso-occlusive retinopathy in the primary anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome
7. Long-term prognosis of antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
8. Specificity of ELISA for antibody to beta 2-glycoprotein I in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome
9. Valvular deposition of antiphospholipid antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: A clue to the origin of the disease
10. Antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus
11. Bilateral choroidal infarction in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome: A case report
12. Anticardiolipin and antinuclear antibodies in cancer patients - A case control study
13. The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, 1998. A review of the clinical features, possible pathogenesis and treatment
14. The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
15. Antiphospholipid antibodies, malignancies and paraproteinemias
16. Antiphospholipid syndrome: Five year follow up
17. The antiphospholipid syndrome: A syndrome in evolution
18. The primary antiphospholipid syndrome: Major clinical and serological features
19. Antiphospholipid antibodies: A risk factor for occlusive ocular vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus and the primary antiphospholipid syndrome
20. The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome 1996: Acute multi-organ failure associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: A review of 31 patients
21. The role of infection in the pathogenesis of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome - Molecular mimicry?
22. Binding of anticardiolipin antibodies to protein C via beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2-GPI): A possible mechanism in the inhibitory effect of antiphospholipid antibodies on the protein C system
23. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-A regulator of tissue factor induced coagulation
24. Control of coagulation reactions
25. Regulatory mechanism of transmembrane phospholipid distributions and pathophysiological implications of transbilayer lipid scrambling
26. The antiphospholipid-thrombosis syndromes. Fact, fiction, confusion, and controversy
27. Antiphospholipid-thrombosis syndromes
28. Antiphospholipid syndrome and thrombosis
29. The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
30. A multicenter, placebo-controlled pilot study of intravenous immune globulin treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy. The Pregnancy Loss Study Group
31. Criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome: Early pregnancy loss, fetal loss, or recurrent pregnancy loss?
32. Outcome of treated pregnancies in women with antiphospholipid syndrome: An update of the Utah experience
33. Differential diagnosis of central nervous system manifestations of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
34. Neurological manifestations of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
35. Neurologic complications of antiphospholipid antibodies
36. Antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebral ischemia in young people
37. [Are antiphospholipid antibodies thrombogenic in the course of human immunodeficiency virus infection?
38. Anticardiolipin antibodies in acute non-hemorrhagic stroke seen within six hours after onset
39. Comparison of the effects of anticardiolipin antibodies from patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome and with syphilis on platelet activation and aggregation
40. Familial occurrence of primary antiphospholipid syndrome
41. Cerebral venous thrombosis and anticardiolipin antibodies
42. Pathogenic role of antiprotein-phospholipid antibodies
43. Which are the best biological markers of the antiphospholipid syndrome?
44. Antiphospholipid antibodies, eicosanoids and expression of endothelial cyclooxygenase-2
45. Ocular vaso-occlusive disease in primary antiphospholipid syndrome
46. Characteristics of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome with major bleeding after oral anticoagulant treatment
47. Recent advances in antiphospholipid antibody-related valvulopathies
48. Pregnancy complicated by the antiphospholipid syndrome: Outcomes with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy
49. Retinal thrombosis in young patients. Immunological and clinical aspects
50. Antiphospholipid antibodies and retinal thrombosis in patients without risk factors: A prospective case-control study
51. Antiphospholipid-protein antibodies are not an uncommon feature in retinal venous occlusions
52. Thrombin signalling and protease-activated receptors
53. Can neurological manifestations of Hughes (anti-phospholipid) syndrome be distinguished from multiple sclerosis?
54. Thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: A pivotal role for monocyte tissue factor expression
55. Antiphospholipid, anti-beta 2-glycoprotein-I and anti-oxidized-low-density-lipoprotein antibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome
56. IgA anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I are the most prevalent isotypes in African American patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
57. Relationship of lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, anti-beta2-GPI and anti-prothrombin autoantibodies with history of thrombosis in patients with the clinical suspicion of APA-syndrome
58. Protein C and other cofactors involved in the binding of antiphospholipid antibodies: Relation to the pathogenesis of thrombosis
59. Different types of antiphospholipid antibodies in AIDS: A comparison with syphilis and the antiphospholipid syndrome
60. Prevention of vascular complications after cerebral ischemia of arterial origin. European Stroke and Australian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (ESPRIT): moderated coagulation, aspirin- dipyridamole combination or aspirin alone?
61. Endothelial cells as a target for antiphospholipid antibodies: Role of anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I antibodies
62. Ocular involvement in primary antiphospholipid syndrome
63. Do we know which patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome should receive long-term high dose anti-coagulation?
64. The antiphospholipid syndrome: When does the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies require therapy?
65. The role of IgM isotype anticardiolipin antibodies in occlusive ocular vascular disease: Report of two cases with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
66. Cilioretinal artery occlusion: An ocular complication of primary antiphospholipid syndrome
67. Fall in antiphospholipid antibody at time of thromboocclusive episodes in systemic lupus erythematosus
68. Phospholipid specificity of autoimmune and drug induced lupus anticoagulants; Association of phosphatidylethanolamine reactivity with thrombosis in autoimmune disease
69. Antiphospholipid antibodies and retinal vascular disease
70. Scleritis as the presenting sign of primary antiphospholipid syndrome
71. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome: Functional outcome after 10 years
72. Relation of antiphospholipid antibody and placental bed inflammatory vascular changes to the outcome of pregnancy in successive pregnancies of 2 women with systemic lupus erythematosus
73. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: Treatment
74. Antibodies to beta(2)-glycoprotein I in ischemic stroke
75. The Italian registry of antiphospholipid antibodies
76. Clinicopathologic correlations of antiphospholipid antibodies. An autopsy study
77. Laboratory investigation of hypercoagulability
78. Prothrombin as a cofactor for antiphospholipid antibodies
79. Different anticoagulant and immunological properties of anti- prothrombin antibodies in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies
80. Visual disturbances and pathologic ocular findings in primary antiphospholipid syndrome
81. Arterial thrombosis associated with anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-glycoprotein-I antibodies in patients with non-Hodgkins lymphoma: A report of two cases
82. The anti-phospholipid (Hughes) syndrome: A crossroads of autoimmunity and atherosclerosis
83. Platelets
84. Origins of anti-phospholipid antibodies: Induction of aPL by viral peptides
85. New developments in viral peptides and APL induction
86. Antiphospholipid syndrome and the skin
87. Antiphospholipid antibodies and venous thromboembolism
88. Anticardiolipin antibodies and the risk for ischemic stroke and venous thrombosis
89. Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with retinal vascular occlusions
90. Optic neuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): Clinical features, pathogenesis, review of the literature and proposed ophthalmological criteria for APS diagnosis
91. Transient visual symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome
92. Antiphospholipid antibodies in retinal vascular occlusions. A prospective study of 75 patients
93. Familial antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: Criteria for disease and evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance
94. Vasculitis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. A cause of ischemia responding to corticosteroids
95. MHC class II studies of primary antiphospholipid antibody (APLA) syndrome and of serum antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
96. Antiphosphatidylserine antibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases and HIV-infected patients: Effects of Tween 20 and relationship with antibodies to beta2-glycoprotein I
97. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
98. Induction of anticardiolipin antibody and/or lupus anticoagulant in rabbits by immunization with lipoteichoic acid, lipopolysaccharide and lipid A
99. Guidelines on the investigation and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome
100. Testing for the antiphospholipid syndrome: Importance of IgA anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I
101. Retinal vascular occlusion and deficiencies in the protein C pathway
102. Anti-phospholipid antibodies and CD5+ B cells in HIV infection
103. Cofactor dependence and isotype distribution of anticardiolipin antibodies in viral infections
104. Systemic lupus erythematosus
105. Antibodies to cardiolipin in young survivors of myocardial infarction: An association with recurrent cardiovascular events
106. Beta 2-glycoprotein I and anticardiolipin antibody binding to resting and activated cultured human endothelial cells
107. Clinical and serological features of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
108. Functional effects of anticardiolipin antibodies
109. Diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome: A proposal for use of laboratory tests
110. Should anticardiolipin tests be performed in otherwise healthy pregnant women?
111. MHC gene products and anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus results of a multicenter study. SLE Study Group
112. MHC gene products and anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus results of a multicenter study. SLE Study Group
113. Simvastatin attenuates vascular hypercoagulability in cardiac transplant recipients
114. The antiphospholipid syndrome and multiple sclerosis
115. The antiphospholipid syndrome: Ten years on
116. Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease, and the lupus anticoagulant
117. The anticardiolipin syndrome
118. Spectrum of vascular pathology affecting patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome
119. Potentially clinically important inaccuracies in testing for the lupus anticoagulant: An analysis of results from three surveys of the UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme (NEQAS) for Blood Coagulation
120. Seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor
121. Platelet activation markers and the primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS)
122. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of pregnant patients with recurrent pregnancy losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies
123. Anticardiolipin antibodies and occlusive vascular disease of the eye: Prospective study
124. Genetics of apolipoprotein H (beta2-glycoprotein I) and anionic phospholipid binding
125. Beta 2-Glycoprotein I: Target antigen for autoantibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome
126. Long-term follow-up of ischaemic retinopathy in the antiphospholipid syndrome with lupus-like disease
127. Primary prevention of thrombosis in subjects with positive antiphospholipid antibodies
128. Management of anti-phospholipid syndrome
129. Management of thrombosis and pregnancy loss in the antiphospholipid syndrome
130. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome
131. Clinial and genetic features of 12 families with an inherited primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
132. Vaso-occlusive retinopathy associated with antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant retinopathy)
133. Epitopes on beta2-GPI recognized by anticardiolipin antibodies
134. Induction of tissue factor-like activity in monocytes by anti-cardiolipin antibodies
135. A retrospective review of 61 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Analysis of factors influencing recurrent thrombosis
136. Antiphospholipid antibodies and reproduction
137. Antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss: Treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to low-dose aspirin alone
138. Antiphospholipid antibodies and reproduction: The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
139. Isotype distribution and clinical relevance of anti-beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2-GPI) antibodies: Importance of IgA isotype
140. Anticardiolipin antibodies and antibodies to beta(2)-glycoprotein I in patients with Wegeners granulomatosis
141. Antiphospholipid syndrome induced by HIV
142. Imbalance of thromboxane/prostacyclin biosynthesis in patients with lupus anticoagulant
143. Ocular symptoms in association with antiphospholipid antibodies
144. Apoptotic cells as immunogen and antigen in the antiphospholipid syndrome
145. Recurrent stroke and thrombo-occlusive events in the antiphospholipid syndrome
146. IgG anticardiolipin antibody titer > 40 GPL and the risk of subsequent thrombo-occlusive events and death. A prospective cohort study
147. Clinical manifestations of the aPL syndrome
148. Placental pathology in antiphospholipid syndrome
149. A study of sixty pregnancies in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome
150. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome and neovascular glaucoma
151. Validation of the Sapporo criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome
152. Antiphospholipid antibodies: Anticardiolipin and the lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in non-SLE disorders. Prevalence and clinical significance
153. Cerebrovascular accident and myocardial infarction associated with anticardiolipin antibodies in a young woman with systemic lupus erythematosus
154. The prevalence of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in women with a history of first trimester miscarriages
155. Anticardiolipin antibodies in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: A study of 40 cases
156. Warfarin monitoring in patients with anticardiolipin antibodies, but without lupus anticoagulants
157. Anti beta 2 glycoprotein I antibodies: Detection and association with thrombosis
158. Antiphospholipid antibodies enhance thrombin-induced platelet activation and thromboxane formation
159. Biology of endothelium
160. Antiphospholipid antibodies and atherosclerosis
161. Beta2-Glycoprotein I as a cofactor for anti-phospholipid reactivity with endothelial cells
162. Endothelial activation by aPL: A potential pathogenetic mechanism for the clinical manifestations of the syndrome
163. Antiphospholipid syndrome without antiphospholipid antibodies at the time of the thrombotic event: Transient seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome?
164. Ocular features associated with anticardiolipin antibodies: A descriptive study
165. Monitoring warfarin therapy in patients with lupus anticoagulants
166. Antiphospholipid antibodies in cerebral ischemia
167. Clinical study and follow-up of 100 patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome
168. The association of antibodies to beta 2 glycoprotein I with the antiphospholipid syndrome: A meta-analysis
169. Valvular dysfunction in antiphospholipid syndrome: Prevalence, clinical features, and treatment
170. Antiphospholipid antibodies directed against a combination of phospholipids with prothrombin, protein C, or protein S: An explanation for their pathogenic mechanism?
171. Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with fetal loss
172. Serum cardiolipin antibodies in cancer patients with thromboembolic events
173. Asymptomatic vaso-occlusive retinopathy in Hughes syndrome
174. Low density lipoprotein undergoes oxidative modification in vivo
175. Antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent abortion
176. The effect of aspirin and indomethacin on prostacyclin and thromboxane production by placental tissue incubated with immunoglobulin G fractions from patients with lupus anticoagulant
177. DRVVT is more sensitive than KCT or TTI for detecting lupus anticoagulant activity of anti-beta2-glycoprotein I autoantibodies
178. Epidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
179. Pathogenesis and treatment of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
180. Antinuclear antibody, lupus anticoagulant, and anticardiolipin antibody in women with idiopathic habitual abortion. A controlled, prospective study of forty-four women
181. Anti-phospholipid antibodies in HIV infection and SLE with or without anti-phospholipid syndrome: Comparisons of phospholipid specificity, avidity and reactivity with beta2-GPI
182. Anticardiolipin testing
183. In vivo models of thrombosis for the antiphospholipid syndrome
184. An antiphospholipid wet workshop: 7th International Symposium on Antiphospholipid Antibodies
185. Exclusion criteria for primary antiphospholipid syndrome
186. Monocyte procoagulant activity induced by in vivo administration of the OKT3 monoclonal antibody
187. Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies (or antiphospholipid antibodies)
188. High prospective fetal loss rate in untreated pregnancies of women with recurrent miscarriage and antiphospholipid antibodies
189. Antiphospholipid antibody-mediated disruption of the annexin-V antithrombotic shield: A thrombogenic mechanism for the antiphospholipid syndrome
190. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: New insights on thrombogenic mechanisms
191. Mechanism and effects of the binding of lupus anticoagulant IgG and prothrombin to surface phospholipid
192. Multicenter evaluation of nine commercial kits for the quantitation of anticardiolipin antibodies. The Working Group on Methodologies in Haemostasis from the GEHT (Groupe dEtudes sur lHemostase et la Thrombose)
193. Optic neuropathy in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome: Report of a case and review of the literature
194. Antiphospholipid antibodies: Standardization and testing
195. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: Clinical description and triggering factors in 8 patients
196. Antiphospholipid thrombosis: Clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients
197. Mechanisms of autoantibody-mediated thrombosis
198. Antigenic specificities of antiphospholipid autoantibodies: Implications for clinical laboratory testing and diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome
199. Significance of aPL IgG subclasses
200. Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy. Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group
201. A prospective epidemiological study on the occurrence of antiphospholipid antibody: The Montpellier Antiphospholipid (MAP) Study
202. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome evolving into systemic lupus erythematosus
203. Outcome of patients with anticardiolipin antibodies: A 10 year follow- up of 52 patients
204. Detection of antiphospholipid antibodies: A single chromogenic assay of thrombin generation sensitively detects lupus anticoagulants, anticardiolipin antibodies, plus antibodies binding beta(2)- glycoprotein I and prothrombin
205. Beta2-Glycoprotein I: Target antigen for antiphospholipid antibodies. Immunological and molecular aspects
206. Prevalence of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in a healthy population
207. Autoantibodies to heparin from patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome inhibit formation of antithrombin III-thrombin complexes
208. Antiphospholipid antibodies activate vascular endothelial cells
209. Deep venous thrombosis and lupus anticoagulant. A case-control study
210. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome masquerading as diabetic retinopathy
211. Retinal and choroidal vaso-occlusive disease in systemic lupus erythematosus associated with antiphospholipid antibodies
212. Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2GPI) monoclonal antibodies with lupus anticoagulant-like activity enhance the beta2GPI binding to phospholipids
213. Prognostic factors and clustering of serious clinical outcomes in antiphospholipid syndrome
214. Prognostic factors and clustering of serious clinical outcomes in antiphospholipid syndrome
215. The feasibility of a collaborative double-blind study using an anticoagulant
216. Anti beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies: Clinical significance
217. Antiphospholipid-protein antibodies: Clinical use of laboratory test results(identification, predictive value, treatment)
218. Simvastatin depresses blood clotting by inhibiting activation of prothrombin, factor V, and factor XIII and by enhancing factor Va inactivation
219. Antiphospholipid antibodies and myocardial infarction
220. Antiphospholipid antibodies and atherosclerosis
221. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies and risk of myocardial infarction in a prospective cohort of middle-aged men
222. Antibodies to prothrombin a risk of myocardial infarction in middle-aged men
223. Antibody-mediated thrombosis: Relation to the antiphospholipid syndrome
224. Cerebrovascular ischemic events with high positive anticardiolipin antibodies
225. Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: A European Multicenter Study of 114 patients
226. Prevalence, follow-up and clinical significance of the anticardiolipin antibodies in normal subjects
227. Meta-analysis of the risk of venous thrombosis in individuals with antiphospholipid antibodies without underlying autoimmune disease or previous thrombosis
228. The family history of patients with primary or secondary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
229. Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. Obstetric concerns and treatment
230. Primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and retinal occlusive vasculopathy
231. Genetic risk factors for aPL syndrome
232. International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: Report of an international workshop
233. Venous gangrene in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung
234. Prospective studies of the association between anticardiolipin antibody and outcome of pregnancy
235. Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies in patients with acute venous thromboembolism: Prevalence and association with recurrent thromboembolism
236. Libman-Sacks endocarditis in the antiphospholipid syndrome: Immunopathologic findings in deformed heart valves
237. Anticardiolipin antibodies and acute myocardial infarction in non-systemic lupus erythmatosus patients: A controlled prospective study