Antiphospholipid syndrome and thrombosis

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 333-350

  Bick, Rodger L ^a,d   Baker, William F ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c Central California Heart Institute   (United States)

^d NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anticardiolipin antibodies; Antiphospholipid syndrome; Embolism; Lupus anticoagulant; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HEMOSTASIS; HEPARINIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERCOAGULABILITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THROMBOGENESIS; THROMBOSIS; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION;

EID: 0032769325     PISSN: 00946176     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-994935     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (167)

1. Bick RL, Ancypa D. Blood protein defects associated with thrombosis: Laboratory assessment. Clin Lab Med 1995;15:125-164
2. Bick RL. Hypercoagulability and thrombosis. Med Clin North Am 1994;78:635-666
3. Bick RL. Antiphospholipid thrombosis syndromes: Etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Inte J Hematol 1997;65:193-213
4. Oosting JD, Derksen RH, Bobbink IWG. Antiphospholipid antibodies directed against a combination of phospholipids with prothrombin, protein C or protein S: An explanation for their pathogenic mechanism? Blood 1993; 81: 2618-2625
5. Bick RL. The antiphospholipid thrombosis syndromes: A common multidisciplinary medical problem. J Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1997;3:270-283
6. Bick RL, Baker WF. Anticardiolipin antibodies and thrombosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992;6:1287-1300
7. Bick RL. Lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin antibodies. Biomed Prog 1993;6:35-39
8. Bick RL, Baker WF. The antiphospholipid and thrombosis syndromes. Med Clin North Am 1994;78:667-684
9. Conley CL, Hartmann RC. A hemorrhagic disorder caused by circulating anticoagulant in patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1952;31:621-622
10. Criel A, Collen D, Masson PL. A case of IgM antibodies which inhibit the contact activation of blood coagulation. Thromb Res 1978;12:833-836
11. Kunkel L. Acquired circulating anticoagulants. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992;6:1341-1358
12. Coller BS, Hultin MB, Hoyer LW. Normal pregnancy in a patient with a prior postpartum factor VIII inhibitor: With observations on pathogenesis and prognosis. Blood 1981;58:619-624
13. LeFrere JJ, Gozin D, Lerable J. Circulating anticoagulant in asymptomatic persons seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Intern Med 1988;108:771(Letter)
14. Taillan B, Roul C, Fuzibet JG. Circulating anticoagulant in patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Intern Med (France) 1989;87:405-407
15. Davis S, Furie B, Griffin JH. Circulating inhibitors of blood coagulation associated weith procainamide-induced lupus anticoagulants. Am J Hematol 1978;4:401-407
16. Jeffrey RF. Transient lupus anticoagulant with fansidar therapy. Postgrad Med J 1986;62:893-894
17. Morgan M, Downs K, Chesterman CN, Biggs JC. Clinical analysis of 125 patients with the lupus anticoagulant. Aust NZ J Med 1993;23:151-156
18. Bick RL, Ucar K. Hypercoagulability and Thrombosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992;6:1421-1431
19. Schleider MA, Nachman RL, Jaffe EA. A clinical study of the lupus anticoagulant. Blood 1976;48:499-509
20. Regan MG, Lackner H, Karpatkin S. Platelet function and coagulation profile in lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1974;81:462-468
21. Much JR, Herbst KD, Rapaport SI. Thrombosis in patients with the "lupus"-type circulating anticoagulant. Ann Intern Med 1980;92:156-159
22. Shapiro SS, Rajagopalon V. Hemorrhagic disorders associated with circulating inhibitors. In: Ratnoff OD and Forbes CD ed. Disorders of Hemostasis. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1996:208-227
23. Kampe CE. Clinical syndromes associated with lupus anticoagulants. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:16-26
24. Hinton RC. Neurological syndromes associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:46-54
25. Kleinknecht D, Bobrie G, Meyer O, Noel LH. Recurrent thrombosis and renal vascular disease in a patient with lupus anticoagulant. Nephrol Dialys Transplant 1989;4:854-858
26. Pope JM, Canny CL, Bell DA. Cerebral ischemic events associated with endocarditis, retinal vascular disease and lupus anticoagulant. Am J Med 1991;90:299-309
27. Baker WF, Bick RL. Antiphospholipid antibodies in coronary artery disease. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:27-45
28. Reyes H, Dearing L, Shoenfeld Y. Antiphospholipid antibodies: A critique of their heterogeneity and hegemony. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:89-100
29. Kaczor NA, Bickford NN, Triplett DA. Evaluation of different mixing study reagents and dilution effect in lupus anticoagulant testing. J Clin Pathol 1991;95:408-411
30. Shapiro SS, Thagarajan P. Lupus anticoagulants. Prog Hemost Thromb 1982;6:263-285
31. Ko J, Guaglianone P, Wolin M, Murillo P. Variation in the sensitivity of an activated thromboplasin time reagent to the lupus anticoagulant. Am J Clin Pathol 1993;99:333 (abstract)
32. Bick, RL. The Antiphospholipid Thrombosis syndromes: Fact, fiction, confusion and controversy. Am J Clin Pathol 1993;100:477-480
33. Thiagarajan P, Pengo V, Shapiro SS. The use of the dilute Russel viper venom time for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants. Blood 1986;68:869-874
34. McGehee WG, Patch MJ, Lingao JU. Detection of the lupus anticoagulant: A comparison of the kaolin clotting time with the tissue thromboplastin inhibition test. Blood 1983;62(Suppl):276a (Abst)
35. Rosove MH, Ismail M, Koziol BJ. Lupus anticoagulants: Improved diagnosis with a kaolin clotting time using rabbit brain phospholipid in standard and high concentrations. Blood. 1986;68:472-478
36. Bick RL. Hypercoagulability and thrombosis. In: Disorders of Thrombosis and Hemostasis: Clinical and Laboratory Practice. Chicago: ASCP Press; 1992:261-290
37. Harris EN. Immunology of antiphospholipid antibodies. In: Lahíta, R. ed. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1992:305-340
38. Rauch J, Janoff AS. The nature of antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 1992;19:1782-1785
39. De Castellarnau C, Vila CL, Sancho MJ. Lupus anticoagulant, recurrent abortion, and prostacyclin production by cultured smooth muscle cells. Lancet 1983;2:1137-1138
40. Sanfelippo MJ, Drayna CJ. Prekallikrein inhibition associated with the lupus anticoagulant: A mechanism for thrombosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1982;77:275-279
41. Bick RL, Baker WF. Antiphospholipid and thrombosis syndromes. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:3-15
42. Roubey RAS. Autoantibodies to phospholipid-binding plasma proteins: A new view of lupus anticoagulants and other "antiphospholipid" antibodies. Blood 1994;84:2854-2867
43. Bick RL, Laughlin HR, Cohen B, Staub J, Madden J, Toofanian A. Fetal wastage syndrome due to blood protein/platelet defects: Results of prevalence studies and treatment outcome with low-dose heparin and low-dose aspirin. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1995;1:286-292
44. Bick RL. The Antiphospholipid Thrombosis (APL-T) syndromes: Characteristics and recommendations for classification and treatment. Am J Clin Pathol 1991;96:424-425
45. Rosove MH, Brewer PMC. Antiphospholipid thrombosis: Clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:303-308
46. Bick RL, Baker WF. Deep vein thrombosis: Prevalence of etiologic factors and results of management in 100 consecutive patients. Semin Thromb Hemost 1992;18:267-274
47. Bick RL, Madden J, Heller KB, Toofanian A. Recurrent miscarriage: Causes, evaluation, and treatment. Medscape Women's Health 1998;3:1-13
48. Bick RL, Toofanian A. Recurrent miscarriage syndrome: Outcome in 133 patients with thrombotic disorders treated with heparin and aspirin. J Clin Appl Thromb Hemostas 1999;5 in press
49. Bowie EJW, Thompson JH, Pascuzzi CA. Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus despite circulating anticoagulant. J Lab Clin Med 1963;162:417-430
50. Bell WR, Boss GR, Wolfson JS. Circulating anticoagulant in the procainamide-induced lupus syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1977; 137:1471-1473
51. Bick RL. The antiphospholipid thrombosis syndromes: Lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin antibodies In: Weihstein RS, Graham AR, Anderson RE, eds. Advances in Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 8 St. Louis: Mosby; 1995;8:391-423
52. Espinoza LR, Hartmann RC. Significance of the lupus anticoagulant. Am J Hematol 1986;22:331-337
53. Manoussakis, MN, Tzioufas AG, Silis MP. High prevalence of anticardiolipin and other autoantibodies in a healthy elderly population. Clin Exp Immunol 1987;69:557-565
54. Zarrabi MH, Zucker S, Miller F. Immunologic and coagulation disorders in chlorpromazine-treated patients. Ann Intern Med 1979;91:914-919
55. Harris EN, Gharavi AF, Boey ML. Anticardiolipin antibodies: Detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 11, 1983;1211:1214
56. Weidmann CE, Wallace D, Peter J. Studies of IgG, IgM and IgA antiphospholipid antibody isotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1988;15:74-79
57. Asherson RA, Harris EN. Anticardiolipin antibodies: Clinical associations. Postgrad Med J 1986;62:1081-1087
58. Hughes GVR, Harris EN, Gharavi AE. The anticardiolipin syndrome. J Rheumatol 1986;13:486-489
59. Triplett DA. Clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies. Am Soc Clin Pathol Press: Hemostasis Thrombosis Check Sample 1988;10:1-30
60. Derue G, Englert H, Harris E. Fetal loss in systemic lupus: Association with anticardiolipin antibodies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985;5:207-211
61. Lubbe WF, Palmer SJ, Butler WS. Fetal survival after prednisolone suppression of maternal lupus anticoagulant. Lancet 1983;1361-1363
62. Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Hedge U. Anticardiolipin antibodies in autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura. Br J Haematol 1985;59:231
63. Harris EN, Asherson RA, Gharavi AE. Thrombocytopenia in SLE and related autoimmune disorders: Association with anticardiolipin antibodies. Br J Haematol 1985;59:227-230
64. Bick RL, Kaplan H. Syndromes of thrombosis and hypercoagulability: Congenital and acquired thrombophilias. Med Clin North Am 1998;82:409-458
65. Rosove MH, Brewer P, Runge A. Simultaneous lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin assays and clinical detection of antiphospholipids. Am J Hematol 1989;32:148-149
66. Tanne DT, Triplett DA, Levine SR. Antiphospholipid-protein antibodies and ischemic stroke: Not just cardiolipin any more. Stroke 1998;29:1755-1758
67. Bick RL. Discordance in antiphospholipid types in patients with arterial and venous thrombosis. J Clin Appl Thromb Hemostas 1999, in press
68. McNeil HP, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA. Anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulants comprise separate antibody subgroups with different phospholipid binding characteristics. Br J Haematol 1989;73:506-513
69. Shi BS, Chong BH, Chesterman CN. Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 is a requirement for anticardiolipin antibodies binding to activated platelets: Differences with lupus anticoagulants. Blood 1993;81:1255-1262
70. Harris EN, Hughes GRV, Gharavi AE. Antiphospholipid antibodies: An elderly statesman dons new garments. J Rheumatol 1987;14:208-213
71. Gharavi AE, Harris EN, Asherson RA. Anticardiolipin antibodies: Isotope distribution and phospholipid specificity. Ann Rheumatic Dis 1987;46:1-6
72. Carreras L, Defreyn G, Manchin S. Arterial thrombosis, intrauterine death and lupus anticoagulant: Detection of immunoglobulin interfering with prostacyclin formation. Lancet 1981;1:244-246
73. Cariou R, Tobelem G, Bellucci S. Effect of lupus anticoagulant on antithrombogenic properties of endothelial cells: Inhibition of thrombomodulin-dependent protein C activation. Thromb Haemost 1988;60:54-58
74. Cosgriff TM, Martin BA. Low functional and high antigenic antithrombin III level in a patient with the lupus anticoagulant. Arthritis Rheumatol 1981;24:94-96
75. Khamashta MA, Harris EN, Gharavi AE. Immune mediated mechanism for thrombosis: Antiphospholipid antibody binding to platelet membranes. Ann Rheum Dis 1988;47:849-853
76. Sanfellipo MJ, Drayna CJ. Prekallikrein inhibition associated with the lupus anticoagulant. Am J Clin Pathol 1982;77:275-279
77. Angeles-Cano E, Sultan Y, Clauvel JP. Predisposing factors to thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Possible relationship to endothelial cell damage. J Lab Clin Med 1979;94:312-323
78. Ruiz-Arguelles, G. The activated protein C resistance phenotype of the antiphospholipid syndrome may follow a relapsing course. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1998;4:277-279
79. Ginsburg KS, Liang MH, Newcomer L, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and the risk for ischemic stroke and venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:997-1002
80. Boey ML, Colaco CB, Gharavi AE. Thrombosis in SLE: Striking association with the presence of circulating "lupus anticoagulant." Br Med J 1983;287:1021-1023
81. Elias M, Eldor A. Thromboembolism in patients with the "lupus-like" circulating anticoagulant. Arch Intern Med 1984;144:510-515
82. Hall S, Buettner H, Luthra HS. Occlusive retinal vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1984;11:96-98
83. Asherson RA, Harris EN, Gharavi AE. Arterial occlusions associated with antibodies to anticardiolipin. Arthritis Rheum 1985;28:S89 (Abstr)
84. Hamilton ME. Superior mesenteric artery thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Western J Med 1991;155:174-176
85. Asherson RA, Harris EN, Gharavi AE. Aortic arch syndrome associated with anticardiolipin antibodies and the lupus anticoagulant. Arthritis Rheumatol 1985;28:594-595
86. Asherson RA, Morgan SH, Harris EN. Arterial occlusion causing large bowel infarction: A reflection of clotting diathesis in SLE. Clin Rheumatol 1986;5:102-106
87. Asherson RA, MacKay IR, Harris EN. Myocardial infarction in a young male with systemic lupus erythematosus, deep vein thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibodies. Br Heart J 1986;56;190-193
88. Gavaghan TP, Krilis SA, Daggard GE. Amicardiolipin antibodies and occlusion of coronary artery bypass grafts. Lancet 1987;977-978
89. Morton K, Gavaghan T, Krilis SG. Coronary artery bypass graft failure: An autoimmune phenomenon? Lancet 1986;1353-1354
90. Hamsten A, Norberg R, Bjorkhohn M. Antibodies to cardiolipin in young survivors of myocardial infarction: An association with recurrent cardiovascular events. Lancet 1986;113-116
91. Harpaz D, Sidi Y. Successful thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction in a patient with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Am Heart J 1991;122:1492-1495
92. Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J. The "primary" antiphospholipid syndrome: Major clinical and serological features. Medicine 1989;68:366-374
93. Bick RL, Ismail Y, Baker WF. Coagulation abnormalities in patients with precocious coronary artery thrombosis and patients failing coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transcoronary angioplasty. Semin Thromb Hemost1993;19:411-417
94. Galve E, Ordi J, Barquinero J. Valvular heart disease in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:293-298
95. Chartash EK, Lans DM, Paget SA. Aortic insufficiency and mitral regurgitation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and the antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Med 1989;86:406-412
96. Chartash EK, Paget SA, Lockshin MD. Lupus anticoagulant associated with aortic and mitral valve insufficiency. Arthritis Rheumatol 1986;29:95-96
97. Leung WH, Wong KL, Wong CK. Association between antiphospholipid antibodies and cardiac abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 1990;89:411-419
98. Coppock MA, Safford RE, Danielson GK. Intracardiac thrombosis, phospholipid antibodies, and two-chambered right ventricle. Br Heart J 1988;60:455-458
99. Reisner SA, Blumenfeld Z, Brenner B. Cardiac involvement in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Circulation 1990;(Suppl III)82:398
100. Weinstein C, Miller M, Axtens R. Livido reticularis associated with increased titers of anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:596-600
101. Eng AM. Cutaneous expressions of antiphospholipid syndromes. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:71-78
102. Englert H, Hawkes C, Boey M. Dagos' Disease: Association with anticardiolipin antibodies and the lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J 1984;289:576-284
103. Bird AG, Iendrum R, Asherson RA. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, antiphospholipid antibodies, and ischemic necrosis of extremities. Ann Rheum Dis 1987;46:251-255
104. Wolf P, Peter-Soyer H, Auer-Grumbach P. Widespread cutaneous necrosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis associated with anticardiolipin antibodies. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:1739-1740
105. Ingram SB, Goodnight SH, Bennett RM. An unusual syndrome of a devastating mininflammatory vasculopathy associated with anticardiolipin anticoagulant: Report of two cases. Arthritis Rheumatol 1987;30:1167-1172
106. Levine SR, Langer SL, Albers JW. Sneddon's syndrome: An antiphospholipid antibody syndrome? Neurology 1988;38:798-800
107. Frampton G, Winer JB, Cameron JS. Severe Guillain-Barré syndrome: An association with IgA anti-cardiolipin antibody in a series of 92 patients. J Neuroimmunol 1988;19:133-139
108. Levin S, Welch K. The spectrum of neurologic disease associated with anticardiolipin antibodies. Arch Neurol 1987;44:876-490
109. Oppenheimer S. Hoftbrand B. Optic neuritis and myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Can J Neurol Sci 1986;13:129-132
110. Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Asherson RA. Cerebral infarction in systemic lupus: Association with anticardiolipin antibodies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1984;2:47-51
111. Williams RC. Cerebral infarction in systemic lupus: Association with anticardiolipin antibodies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1984;2:3
112. Coull BM, Bourdette DN, Goodnight SH. Multiple cerebral infarctions and dementia associated with anticardiolipin antibodies. Stroke 1987;18:1107-1112
113. Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Hughes GRV. Sneddon's syndrome. Neurology 1989;39:1138 (Letter)
114. Moral A. Sneddon's syndrome with antiphospholipid antibodies and arteriopathy. Stroke 1991;22:1327-1328
115. Sohngen D, Wehmeier A, Specker C. Antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sneddon's syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:55-63
116. Levine SR, Brey RL, Joseph CLM. Risk of recurrent thromboembolic events in patients with focal cerebral ischemia and antiphospholipid antibodies. Stroke 1992;23(Suppl. 1):29-32
117. Levine SR, Diaczok IM, Deegan MJ. Recurrent stroke associated with thymoma and anticardiolipin antibodies. Arch Neurol 1987;44:678-679
118. Brey RL, Hart RG, Sherman DG, Tegeler CH. Antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebral ischemia in young people. Neurology 1990;40:1190-1196
119. Toschi V, Motta A, Castelli C, et al. High prevalence of antiphosphatidylinositol antibodies in young patients with cerebral ischemia of undetermined cause. Stroke 1998;29:1759-1764
120. Nencini P, Baruffi MC, Abbate R, et al. Lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in young adults with cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1992;23:189-193
121. Carhaupoma JR, Mitsias P, Levine SR. Cerebral venous thrombosis and anticardiolipin antibodies. Stroke 1997;28:2363-2369
122. Bick RL, Hinton RC. Prevalence of hereditary and acquired coagulation protein/platelet defects in patients with cerebral ischemia. Blood 1998;92(suppl. B):114b(Absts)
123. Levine SR, Bray RL, Sawaya KL, et al. Recurrent stroke and thrombo-occlusive events in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Neurol 1995;38:119-124
124. Brey R, for the APASS Group. Anticardiolipin antibodies are an independent risk factor for first ischemic stroke. Neurology 1993;43:2069-2073
125. Hull RG, Harris N, Gharavi AE. Anticardiolipin antibodies: Occurrence in Behcet's syndrome. Ann Rheumatic Dis 1984;43:746-748
126. Harris NE, Spinnato JA. Should anticardiolipin tests be performed in otherwise healthy pregnant women? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:1272-1275
127. Buchanan NM, Khamashta MA, Morton KE, Kerslake S. A study of 100 high-risk lupus pregnancies. Am J Reprod Immunol 1992;28:192-194
128. Editorial. Anticardiolipin antibodies: A risk factor for venous and arterial thrombosis. Lancet 1985;1:912
129. Kwak JY, Gilman-Sachs A, Beaman KD, Beer AE. Reproductive outcome in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions of alloimmue and autoimmune causes: Preconception versus postconception treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1787-1795
130. Lin QD. Investigation of the association between autoantibodies and recurrent abortions. Chin J Obstet Gynecol 1993;28:674-677
131. Parazzini F, Acaia B, Faden D. Antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent abortion. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:854-858
132. Grandone E, Margaglione M, Vecchione G. Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of fetal loss: A pilot report of a cross-sectional study. Thromb Haemost 1993;69:597 (Abstract)
133. Birdsall M, Pattison N, Chamley L. Antiphospholipid antibodies in pregnancy. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;32:328-330
134. Maclean MA, Cumming GP, McCall F. The prevalence of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in women with a history of first trimester miscarriages. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101:103-106
135. Howard MA, Firkin BG, Healy DL. Lupus anticoagulant in a woman with multiple spontaneous miscarriage. Am J Hematol 1987;26:175-178
136. Taylor M, Cauchi MN, Buchanan RRC. The lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and recurrent miscarriage. Am J Reprod Immunol 1990;23:33-36
137. Parke AL, Wilson D, Maier D. The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion, women with successful pregnancies, and women who have never been pregnant. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:1231-1235
138. Kuchenour NK, Branch DW, Rote NS. A new postpartum syndrome associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:460-468
139. Intrator L, Oksenhendler E, Desforges L. Anticardiolipin antibodies in HIV infected patients with or without immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1988;67:269-270
140. Canoso RT, Zon LI, Groopman JE. Anticardiolipin antibodies associated with HTLV-III infection. Br J Haematol 1987;65:495-498
141. Panzer S, Stain C, Hartl II. Anticardiolipin antibodies are elevated in HIV-1 infected haemophiliacs but do not predict for disease progression. Thromb Haemost 1989;61:81-85
142. Stimmler MM, Quismorio FP, McGehee WG. Anticardiolipin antibodies in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:1833-1835
143. Vaarala O, Palosuo T, Kleemola M. Anticardiolipin response in acute infections. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1986;41:8-15
144. Violi F, Ferro D, Quintarelli C. Dilute aPTT prolongation by antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with liver cirrhosis. Thromb Haemostas 1990;63:183-186
145. Harrison RL, Alperin JB, Kumar D. Concurrent lupus anticoagulants and prothrombin deficiency due to phenytoin use. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987;111:719-722
146. Lillicrap DP, Pinto M, Benford K. Heterogeneity of laboratory test results for antiphospholipid antibodies in patients treated with clorpromazine and other phenothiazines. Am J Clin Pathol 1990;93:771-775
147. Walenga JM, Bick RL. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, paradoxical thromboembolism and other side effects of heparin therapy. Cardiol Clinics: Ann Drug Ther 1998;2:123-139
148. Girolami B, Prandoni P, Rossi L, Girolami A. Transaminase elevation in patients treated with unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin for venous thromboembolism. Clin Appl Thromb Hemostas 1998;4:126-128
149. Schved JF, Dupuy-Fons C, Biron C. A perspective epidemiological study on the occurrence of antiphospholipid antibody: The Montpellier Antiphospholipiod (MAP) Study. Haemostasis 1994;24:175-182
150. Vila P, Hernandez MC, Lopez-Fernandez MF. Prevalence, follow-up and clinical significance of the anticardiolipin antibodies in normal subjects. Thromb Haemostas 1994;72:209-213
151. Bick RL, Ancypa D. The antiphospholipid and thrombosis syndrome: Clinical and laboratory correlates. Clin Lab Med 1995;15:63-84
152. Falcon CR, Hoffer AM, Forastiero RR, Carreras LO. Clinical significance of various ELISA assays for detecting antiphospholipid antibodies. Thromb Haemostas 1990;64:21-25
153. Loizou S, McCrea JD, Rudge AC, Reynolds R, Boyle CC, Harris NE. Measurement of anti-cardiolipin antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): Standardization and quantitation of results. Clin Exp Immunol 1985;62:738-745
154. Reyes H, Dearing L, Bick RL, Shoenfeld Y, Peter JB. Laboratory diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndromes. Clin Lab Med 1995;15:85-108
155. Triplett DA. Laboratory evaluation of circulating anticoagulants. In: Bick RL, Bennett RM, Brynes RK, et al. eds. Hematology: Clinical and Laboratory Practice. C.V. Mosby Publisher, Saint Louis, MO 1993;1539-1548
156. Mannucci PM, Canciani MT, Mari D, Meucci P. The varied sensitivity of partial thromboplastin and prothrombin time reagents in the demonstration of the lupus-like inhibitor. Scand J Haematol 1979;22:423-432
157. Bick RL, Pascoe HR, Laughlin WR. Efficacy of four common activated partial thromboplastin times in screening for the lupus anticoagulant. Blood 1994;84:82 (Abst)
158. Saxena R, Saraya AK, Kotte VK, et al. Evaluation of four coagulation tests to detect plasma lupus anticoagulants. Am J Clin Pathol 1991;96:755-758
159. Exner T, Triplett DA, Taberner D, Machin SJ. Guidelines for testing and revised criteria for lupus anticoagulants. Tbromb Haemost 1991;65:320-322
160. Bell HG, Alton HG. A brain extract as a substitute for platelet suspensions in the thromboplastin generation test. Nature 1954;174:880-881
161. Rauch J, Tannenbaum M, Janoff AS. Distinguishing plasma lupus anticoagulants from anti-factor antibodies using hexagonal (II) phase phospholipids. Thromb Haemost 1989;62:892-896
162. Cabral AR, Amigo MC, Cabiedes J, Alarcon-Segovia D. The antiphospholipid/cofactor syndromes: A primary variant with antibodies to beta-2-glycoprotein-1 but no antibodies detectable in standard antiphospholipid assays. Am J Med 1996;101:472-481
163. Falcon CR, Hoffer AM, Carreras LO. Antiphosphatidylinositol antibodies as markers of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost 1990;63:321-322
164. Falcon CR, Hoffer AM, Carreras LO. Evaluation of the clinical and laboratory associations of antiphosphatidylethan olamine antibodies. Thromb Res 1990;59:383-388
165. Sorice M, Circella A, Garofalo GT, et al. Anticardiolipin and anti-beta-2-GPI are two distinct populations of antibodies. Thromb Haemost 1996;75:303-308
166. Martinuzzo ME, Forastiero RR, Carreras LO. Anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I antibodies: Detection and association with thrombosis. Br J Haematol 1995;89:397-402
167. Staub HL, Harris EN, Khamashta MA, et al. Antibody to phosphatidylethanolamine in a patient with lupus anticoagulant and thrombosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:166-169