Genetic targeting for cardiovascular therapeutics: Are we near the summit or just beginning the climb?

Physiological Genomics

Volumn 2002, Issue 7, 2002, Pages 79-94

  Francis, Sharon C ^a   Raizada, Mohan K ^a   Mangi, Abeel A ^b,c   Melo, Luis G ^c   Dzau, Victor J ^c   Vale, Peter R ^d   Isner, Jeffrey M ^d   Losordo, Douglas W ^d   Chao, Julie ^e   Katovich, Michael J ^f   Berecek, Kathleen H ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^f Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Gene therapy; Myocardial and limb ischemia; Neointimal hyperplasia; Vascular endothelial growth factor

Indexed keywords

CELL CYCLE PROTEIN; ENDOTHELIAL CELL GROWTH FACTOR; LYMPHOKINE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN A;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANIMAL; BIOSYNTHESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFECT; GENE TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; GENETICS; GRAFT OCCLUSION; HUMAN; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; ORGANIZATION; PHYSIOLOGY; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CELL CYCLE PROTEINS; CLINICAL TRIALS; CONGRESSES; ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS; GENE TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; GRAFT OCCLUSION, VASCULAR; HUMANS; LYMPHOKINES; MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS;

EID: 0035931090     PISSN: 15312267     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Agrawal RS, Muangman S, Melo LG, Layne M, Lopez-Ilasaca M, Perrella MA, Lee RT, Zhang L, and Dzau VJ. Recombinant adeno-associated virus mediated anti-oxidant enzyme delivery as preventive gene therapy against ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat myocardium (Abstract). Mol Ther 3: 782, 2001.
2. Aiello LP, Avery RL, Arrigg PG, Keyt BA, Jampel HD, Shah ST, Pasquale LR, Theme H, Iwamoto MA, Parke JE, Nguyen MD, Aiello LM, Ferrara N, and King GL. Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluids of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N Engl J Med 331: 1480-1487, 1994.
3. Arras M, Ito WD, Scholz D, Winkler B, Schaper J, and Schaper W. Monocyte activation in angiogenesis and collateral growth in the rabbit hindlimb. J Clin Invest 101: 40-50, 1998.
4. Asahara T, Bauters C, Pastore CJ, Kearney M, Rossow S, Bunting S, Ferrara N, Symes JF, and Isner JM. Local delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates reendothelialization and attenuates intimai hyperplasia in ballooninjured rat carotid artery. Circulation 91: 2793-2801, 1995.
5. 165 gene transfer. Circulation 94: 3291-3302, 1996.
6. Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka C, Pastore C, Silver M, Kearney M, Magner M, and Isner JM. Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ Res 85: 221-228, 1999.
7. Ascher E, Scheinman M, Hingorani A, Seth P, Marella VK, and Jacob T. Effect of p53 gene therapy combined with CTLA4Ig selective immunosuppression on prolonged neointima formation reduction in a rat model. Ann Vasc Surg 14: 385-392, 2000.
8. Azizi M, Chatellier G, Guyene TT, Murieta-Geoffroy D, and Menard J. Additive effects of combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II antagonism on blood pressure and renin release in sodium-depleted normotensives. Circulation 92: 825-834, 1995.
9. Bart BA, Ertl G, Held P, Kuch J, Maggioni AP, McMurray J, Michelson EL, Rouleau JL, Stevenson L, Swedberg K, Young JB, Yusuf S, Sellers MA, Granger CB, Califf RM, and Pfeffer MA. Contemporary management of patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Results from the Study of Patients Intolerant of Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (SPICE) Registry. Eur Heart J 20: 1182-1190, 1999.
10. 165 following intramuscular gene transfer promotes collateral vessel development in patients with critical limb ischemia. Circulation 97: 1114-1123, 1998.
11. Baumgartner I, Rauh G, Pieczek A, Wuensch D, Magner M, Kearney M, Schainfeld R, and Isner JM. Lower-extremity edema associated with gene transfer of naked DNA vascular endothelial growth factor. Ann Intern Med 132: 880-884, 2000.
12. Bhoola KD, Figueroa CD, and Worthy K. Bioregulation of kinins: kallikreins, kininogens, and kininases. Pharmacol Rev 44: 1-80, 1992.
13. Bouchie JL, Hansen H, and Feener EP. Natriuretic factors and nitric oxide suppress plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Role of cGMP in the regulation of the plasminogen system. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18: 1771-1779, 1998.
14. Brauner R, Nonoyama M, Laks H, Drinkwater DC Jr, McCaffery S, Drake T, Berk AJ, Sen L, and Wu L. Intracoronary adenovirus-mediated transfer of immuno-suppressive cytokine genes prolongs allograft survival. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 114: 923-933, 1997.
15. Carden DL and Granger DN. Pathophysiology of ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Pathol 190: 255-266, 2000.
16. Celletti FL, Waugh JM, Amabile PG, Brendolan A, Hilfiker PR, and Dake MD. Vascular endothelial growth factor enhances atherosclerotic plaque progression. Nat Med 7: 425-429, 2001.
17. Chai K, Chen LM, Chao J, and Chao L. Kallistatin: a novel human serine proteinase inhibitor. Molecular cloning, tissue distribution and expression in E. coli. J Biol Chem 268: 24498-24505, 1993.
18. Chang MW, Barr E, Lu MM, Barton K, and Leiden JM. Adenovirus-mediated over-expression of the cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21 inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation in the rat carotid artery model of balloon angioplasty. J Clin Invest 96: 2260-2268, 1995.
19. Chang MW, Barr E, Seltzer J, Jiang YQ, Nabel GJ, Nabel EG, Parmacek MS, and Leiden JM. Cytostatic gene therapy for vascular proliferative disorders with a constitutively active form of the retinoblastoma gene product. Science 267: 518-522, 1995.
20. Chao J, Zhang JJ, Lin KF, and Chao L. Human kallikrein gene delivery attenuates hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hum Gene Ther 9: 21-31, 1998.
21. Chao J, Zhang JJ, Lin KF, and Chao L. Adenovirus-mediated kallikrein gene delivery reverses salt-induced renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Kidney Int 54: 1250-1260, 1998.
22. Chen Z, Chua CC, Ho YS, Hamdy RC, and Chua BHL. Overexpression of Bcl-2 attenuates apoptosis and protects against myocardial I/R injury in transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280: H2313-H2320, 2001.
23. Chirmule N, Propert K, Magosin S, Qian Y, Qian R, and Wilson J. Immune responses to adenovirus and adeno-associated virus in humans. Gene Ther 6: 1574-1583, 1999.
24. Chronic Disease Notes and Reports. Natl Ctr for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion 10: 1-36, 1997.
25. Clancy RM, Leszczynska-Piziak J, and Abramson SB. Nitric oxide, an endothelial cell relaxation factor, inhibits neutrophil superoxide anion production via a direct action on the NADPH oxidase. J Clin Invest 90: 1116-1121, 1992.
26. Claudio PP, Fratta L, Farina F, Howard CM, Stassi G, Numata S, Pacilio C, Davis A, Lavitrano M, Volpe M, Wilson JM, Trimarco B, Giordano A, and Condorelli G. Adenoviral RB2/p130 gene transfer inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation and prevents restenosis after angioplasty. Circ Res 85: 1032-1039, 1999.
27. Colucci WS. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of myocardial failure. Am J Cardiol 80: 15L-25L, 1997.
28. Craven PA, Studer RK, Felder J, Phillips S, and DeRubertis FR. Nitric oxide inhibition of transforming growth factor-β and collagen synthesis in mesangial cells. Diabetes 46: 6771-681, 1997.
29. Dilsizian V and Bonow RO. Current diagnostic techniques of assessing myocardial viability in patients with hibernating and stunned myocardium. Circulation 87: 1-20, 1993.
30. Dobrzynski E, Yoshida H, Chao J, and Chao L. Adenovirus-mediated kallikrein gene delivery attenuates hypertension and protects against renal injury in deoxycorticosterone-salt rats. Immunopharmacology 44: 57-65, 1999.
31. Duncan MR, Frazier KS, Abramson S, Williams S, Klapper H, Huang X, and Grotendorst GR. Connective tissue growth factor mediates transforming growth factor β-induced collagen synthesis: downregulation by cAMP. FASEB J 13: 1774-1786, 1999.
32. Eizema K, Fechner H, Bexstarosti K, Schneider-Rasp S, van der Laarse A, and Wang H, Schultheiss HP, Poller WC, and Lamers JML. Adenovirus-based phospholamban antisense expression as a novel approach to improve cardiac contractile function. Circulation 101: 2193-2199, 2000.
33. 2 receptor knockout mice. Circulation 100: 2359-2365, 1999.
34. Esakof DD, Maysky M, Losordo DW, Vale PR, Lathi K, Pastore JO, Symes JF, and Isner JM. Intraoperative multiplane transesophageal echocardiograpy for guiding direct myocardial gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with refractory angina pectoris. Hum Gene Ther 10: 2315-2323, 1999.
35. European Working Group on Critical Leg Ischemia. Second European consensus document on chronic critical leg ischemia. Circulation 84: IV-1-IV-26, 1991.
36. Feldman LJ, Steg PG, Zheng LP, Chen D, Kearney M, McGarr SE, Barry JD, Dedieu JF, Perricaudet M, and Isner JM. Low-efficiency of percutaneous adenovirus-mediated arterial gene transfer in the atherosclerotic rabbit. J Clin Invest 95: 2662-2671, 1995.
37. Finkel T. Thinking globally, acting locally: the promise of cardiovascular gene therapy. Circ Res 84: 1471-1472, 1999.
38. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 285: 1182-1186, 1971.
39. Gelband CH, Katovich MJ, and Raizada MK. Current perspectives on the use of gene therapy for hypertension. Circ Res 87: 1118-1122, 2000.
40. Gilbert SF. Developmental Biology (4th ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 1997, p. 342.
41. Giordano FJ, Ping P, McKirnan MD, Nozaki S, DeMaria AN, Dillmann WH, Mathieu-Costello O, and Hammond HK. Intracoronary gene transfer of fibroblast growth factor-5 increases blood flow and contractile function in an ischemic region of the heart. Nat Med 2: 534-539, 1996.
42. 1 receptor mRNA and angiotensinogen mRNA in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats reduces hypertension of neurogenic origin. Regul Pept 49: 167-174, 1993.
43. Henry TD, Annex BH, Azrin MA, McKendall GR, Willerson JT, Hendel RC, Giordano FJ, Klein R, Gibson M, Berman DS, and McCluskey ER. Final results of the VIVA trial of rhVEGF for human therapeutic angiogenesis (Abstract). Circulation 100: I-476, 1999.
44. Henry TD, McKendall GR, Azrin MA, Lopez JJ, Benza R, Willerson JT, Giacomini J, Olson R, Bart BA, and Roel JP. VIVA trial: one year follow up (Abstract). Circulation 102: II-309, 2000.
45. Indolfi C, Avvedimento EV, Rapacciuolo A, Di Lorenzo E, Esposito G, Stabile E, Feliciello A, Mele E, Giuliano P, and Condorelli G. Inhibition of cellular ras prevents smooth muscle cell proliferation after vascular injury in vivo. Nat Med 1: 541-545, 1995.
46. Isner JM, Baumgartner I, Rauh G, Schainfeld R, Blair R, Manor O, Razvi S, and Symes JF. Treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) by intramuscular gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor: preliminary clinical results. J Vasc Surg 28: 964-975, 1998.
47. 165. Lancet 348: 370-374, 1996.
48. Jacobson EJ. Hypertension: update on use of angiotensin II receptor blockers. Geriatrics 56: 20-28, 2001.
49. Jamali AH, Wilson Tang WH, Khot UN, and Fowler MB. The role of angiotensin receptor blockers in the management of chronic heart failure. Arch Intern Med 161: 667-672, 2001.
50. Kalka C, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka-Moll WM, Silver M, Kearney M, Li T, Isner JM, and Asahara T. Transplantation of ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cells for therapeutic neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 3422-3427, 2000.
51. Kaplitt MG, Xiao X, Samulski RJ, Li J, Ojamaa K, Klein IL, Makimura H, Kaplitt MJ, Strumpf RK, and Diethrich EB. Long-term gene transfer in porcine myocardium after coronary infusion of an adeno-associated virus vector. Ann Thorac Surg 62: 1669-1676, 2000.
52. Kim YM, Kim TH, Seol DW, Talanian RV, and Billiar TR. Nitric oxide suppression of apoptosis occurs in association with an inhibition of Bcl-2 cleavage and cytochrome c release. J Biol Chem 273: 31437-31441, 1998.
53. Kornowski R, Leon MB, Fuchs S, Vodovotz Y, Flynn MA, Gordon DA, Pierre A, Kovesdi I, Keiser JA, and Epstein SE. Electromagnetic guidance for catheter-based transendocardial injection: a platform for intramyocardial angiogenesis therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 35: 1031-1039, 2000.
54. Krieger JE. New contributions to clinical hypertension from molecular biology. Curr Opin Cardiol 13: 312-316, 1998.
55. Laitinen M, Hartikainen J, Hiltunen MO, Eranen J, Kiviniemi M, Narvanen O, Makinen K, Manninen H, Syvanne M, Martin JF, Laakso M, and Yla-Herttuala S. Catheter-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfer to human coronary arteries after angioplasty. Hum Gene Ther 11: 263-270, 2000.
56. Lazarous DF, Shou M, Stiber JA, Hodge E, Thirumurti V, Goncalves L, and Unger EF. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer induces sustained pericardial VEGF expression in dogs: effect on myocardial angiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 44: 294-302, 1999.
57. Lee LY, Patel SR, Hackett NR, Mack CA, Polce DR, El-Sawy T, Hachamovitch R, Zanzonico P, Crystal RG, and Rosengard TK. Focal angiogene therapy using intramyocardial delivery of an adenovirus vector coding for vascular endothelial growth factor 121. Ann Thorac Surg 69: 14-24, 2000.
58. Li N and Karin M. Is NF-κB the sensor of oxidative stress? FASEB J 13: 1137-1143, 1999.
59. Linz W and Scholkens BA. Role of bradykinin in the cardiac effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 20: S83-S90, 1992.
60. Liu YH, Yang XP, Sharov VG, Nass O, Sabbah HN, Peterson E, and Carretero OA. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in rats with heart failure. J Clin Invest 99: 1926-1935, 1997.
61. Losordo DW, Pickering JG, Takeshita S, Leclerc G, Gal D, Weir L, Kearney M, Jekanowski J, and Isner JM. Use of the rabbit ear artery to serially assess foreign protein secretion after site specific arterial gene transfer in vivo: evidence that anatomic identification of successful gene transfer may underestimate the potential magnitude of transgene expression. Circulation 89: 785-792, 1994.
62. 165 as sole therapy for myocardial ischemia. Circulation 98: 2800-2804, 1998.
63. Luo Z, Sata M, Nguyen T, Kaplan JM, Akita GY, and Walsh K. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of fas ligand inhibits intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in immunologically primed animals. Circulation 99: 1776-1779, 1999.
64. Macejak DG, Lin H, Webb S, Chase J, Jensen K, Jarvis TC, Leiden JM, and Couture L. Adenovirus-mediated expression of a ribozyme to c-myb mRNA inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation in vivo. J Virol 73: 7745-7751, 1999.
65. Mack CA, Patel SR, Schwarz EA, Zanzonico P, Hahn RT, Ilercil A, Devereux RB, Goldsmith SJ, Christian TF, Sanborn TA, Kovesdi I, Itackett N, Isom OW, Crystal RG, and Rosengart TK. Biologic bypass with the use of adenovirusmediated gene transfer of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid for vascular endothelial growth factor 121 improves myocardial perfusion and function in the ischemic porcine heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 115: 168-176, 1998.
66. Madeddu P, Anania V, Pinna Parpaglia P, Demontis MP, Varoni MV, Pisanu G, Troffa C, Tonolo GC, and Glorioso N. Effects of Hoe 140, a bradykinin B2-receptor antagonist, on renal function in conscious normotensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 106: 380-386, 1992.
67. Mann MJ, Gibbons GH, Kernoff RS, Diet FP, Tsao PS, Cooke JP, Kaneda Y, and Dzau VJ. Genetic engineering of vein grafts resistant to atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4502-4506, 1995.
68. Mann MJ, Whittemore AD, Donaldson MC, Belkin M, Conte MS, Polak JF, Orav EJ, Ehsan A, Dell'Acqua G, and Dzau VJ. Ex-vivo gene therapy of human vascular bypass grafts with E2F decoy: the PREVENT single-centre, randomized, controlled trial. Lancet 354: 1493-1498, 1999.
69. March KL. Methods of local gene delivery to vascular tissues. Sem Interv Cardiol 1: 215-223, 1996.
70. Martorana PA, Kettenbach B, Breipohl G, Linz W, and Scholkens BA. Reduction of infarct size by local angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition is abolished by a bradykinin antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 182: 395-396, 1990.
71. 2-adrenergic receptor gene delivery. J Clin Invest 104: 21-29, 1999.
72. McPherson JA and Gibson RS. Reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Emerg Med Clin North Am 19: 433-449, 2001.
73. Melo LG, Agarwal RS, Zhang L, Mangi AA, Rezvani M, Dell'Acqua G, Yet SF, Perrella MA, and Dzau VJ. Adeno-associated virus-mediated intramyocardial delivery of human hemeoxygenase-1 gene provides long-term transgene expression and protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury (Abstract). Mol Ther 3: 837, 2001.
74. Meneton P, Bloch-Faure M, Hagage A, Gasc J-M, Huang W, Neubauer M, Duffy J, Menard J, and Alhenc-Gelas F. Targeted disruption of the tissue kallikrein gene triggers cardiac abnormalities typical of a dilated cardiomyopathy (Abstract). Hypertension 34: 333, 1999.
75. Miao W, Luo Z, Kitsis RN, and Walsh K. Intracoronary, adenovirus-mediated Akt gene transfer in heart limits infarct size following ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. J Mol Cell Cardiol 32: 2397-2402, 2000.
76. Miyamoto MI, del Monte F, Schmidt U, DiSalvo TS, Kang ZB, Matsui T, Guerrero JL, Gwathmey JK, Rosenzweig A, and Hajjar RJ. Adenoviral gene transfer of SERCA2a improves left-ventricular function in aortic-banded rats in transition to heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 793-798, 2000.
77. Monahan PE and Samulski RJ. Adeno-associated virus vectors for gene therapy: more pros than cons? Mol Med Today 6: 433-440, 2000.
78. Morishita R, Gibbons GH, Horiuchi M, Ellison KE, Nakajima M, Zhang L, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T, and Dzau VJ. A gene therapy strategy using a transcription factor decoy of the E2F binding site inhibits smooth muscle proliferation in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 5855-5859, 1995.
79. Morishita R, Sugimoto T, Aoki M, Kida I, Tomita N, Moriguchi A, Maeda K, Sawa Y, Kaneda Y, Higaki J, and Ogihara T. In vivo transfection of cis element "decoy" against nuclear factor-κB binding site prevents myocardial infarction. Nat Med 3: 894-899, 1997.
80. Moulton KS, Heller E, Konerding MA, Flynn E, Palinski W, and Folkman J. Angiogenesis inhibitors endostatin and TNP-470 reduce intimal neovascularization and plaque growth in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 99: 1726-1732, 1999.
81. Murakami H, Yayama K, Chao L, and Chao J. Human kallikrein gene delivery protects against gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Kidney Int 53: 1305-1313, 1998.
82. Murakami H, Yayama K, Miao RQ, Wang C, Chao L, and Chao J. Kallikrein gene transfer inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell growth and neointima formation in the rat artery after balloon angioplasty. Hypertension 34: 164-170, 1999.
83. Newman KD, Dunn PF, Owens JW, Schulick AH, Virmani R, Sukhova G, Libby P, and Dichek DA. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into normal rabbit arteries results in prolonged vascular cell activation, inflammation and neointimal hyperplasia. J Clin Invest 96: 2955-2965, 1995.
84. Nussberger J, Cugno M, Amstutz C, Cicardi M, Pellacani A, and Agostoni A. Plasma bradykinin in angio-edema. Lancet 351: 1693-1697, 1998.
85. Okudo S, Wildner O, Shah MR, Chelliah JC, Hess ML, and Kukreja RC. Gene transfer of heat shock-protein 70 reduces infarct size in vivo after ischemia/reperfusion in the rabbit heart. Circulation 103: 877-881, 2001.
86. Pachori AS, Huentelman MJ, Francis SC, Gelband CH, Katovich MJ, and Raizada MK. The future of hypertension therapy: sense, antisense, or nonsense? Hypertension 37: 357-364, 2001.
87. 1 receptor antisense. Circ Res 86: 1167-1172, 2000.
88. Phillips MI. Somatic gene therapy for hypertension. Braz J Med Biol Res 33: 715-721, 2000.
89. Phillips MI, Mohuczy-Dominiak D, Coffey M, Galli SM, Kimura B, Wu P, and Zelles T. Prolonged reduction of high blood pressure with an in vivo, nonpathogenic, adeno-associated viral vector delivery of AT1-R mRNA antisense. Hypertension 29: 374-380, 1997.
90. Qin L, Chavin KD, Ding Y, Tahara H, Favaro JP, Woodward JE, Suzuki T, Robbins PD, Lotze MT, and Bromberg JS. Retrovirus-mediated transfer of viral IL-10 gene prolongs murine cardiac allograft survival. J Immunol 156: 2316-2323, 1996.
91. Raizada MK, Francis SC, Wang H, Gelband CH, Reaves PY, and Katovich MJ. Targeting of the renin-angiotensin system by antisense gene therapy: a possible strategy for the long-term control of hypertension. J Hypertens 18: 353-362, 2000.
92. Regoli D, Allogho SN, Rizzi A, and Gobei FJ. Bradykinin receptors and their antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 348: 1-10, 1998.
93. Regoli D, Rhaleb NE, Drapeau G, and Dion S. Kinin receptor subtypes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 15: S30-S38, 1990.
94. Rentrop KP. Thrombi in acute coronary syndromes. Revisited and revised. Circulation 101: 1619-1626, 2000.
95. Riessen R, Rahimizadeh H, Blessing E, Takeshita S, Barry JJ, and Isner JM. Arterial gene transfer using pure DNA applied directly to a hydrogel-coated angioplasty balloon. Hum Gene Ther 4: 749-758, 1993.
96. Rivard A, Silver M, Chen D, Kearney M, Magner M, Annex B, Peters K, and Isner JM. Rescue of diabetes related impairment of angiogenesis by intramuscular gene therapy with adeno-VEGF. Am J Pathol 154: 355-364, 1999.
97. 121 cDNA. Ann Surg 230: 466-472, 1999.
98. Rosengart TK, Lee LY, Port JL, Hahn RT, Devereux RB, Finnin E, Isom WO, and Crystal RG. Video assisted epicardial delivery of angiogenic gene therapy to the human myocardium utilizing an adenovirus vector encoding for VEGF121 (Abstract). Circulation 100: I-770, 1999.
99. Roth DM, Gao MH, Lai C, Drumm J, Dalton N, Zhou JY, Zhu J, Entrikin D, and Hammond HK. Cardiac-directed adenylate cyclase expression improves heart function in murine cardiomyopathy. Circulation 99: 3099-3102, 1999.
100. Seccombe JF and Schaff HV. Coronary artery endothelial function after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Ann Thorac Surg 60: 778-788, 1995.
101. Shen YT and Vatner SF. Mechanism of impaired myocardial function during progressive coronary stenosis in conscious pigs: hibernation versus stunning? Circ Res 76: 479-488, 1995.
102. Singal PK, Khaper N, Palace V, and Kumal D. The role of oxidative stress in the genesis of heart disease. Cardiovasc Res 40: 426-432, 1998.
103. Song Q, Chao J, and Chao L. High level of circulating human tissue kallikrein induces hypotension in a transgenic mouse model. Clin Exp Hypertens 18: 975-993, 1996.
104. Su H, Lu R, and Kan YW. Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfer induces neovascular formation in ischemic heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 13801-13806, 2000.
105. Suzuki K, Sawa Y, Kaneda Y, Ichikawa H, Shirakura R, and Matsuda H. In vivo gene transfection with heat shock protein enhances myocardial tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat. J Clin Invest 99: 1645-1650, 1997.
106. Svensson EC, Marshall DJ, Woodard K, Lin H, Jiang F, Chu L, and Leiden JM. Efficient and stable transduction of cardiomyocytes after intramyocardial injection or intracoronary perfusion with recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. Circulation 99: 201-205, 1999.
107. Symes JF, Losordo DW, Vale PR, Lathi K, Esakof DD, Maysky M, and Isner JM. Gene therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor for inoperable coronary artery disease: preliminary clinical results. Ann Thorac Surg 68: 830-837, 1999.
108. Takahashi T, Kalka C, Masuda H, Chen D, Silver M, Kearney M, Magner M, Isner JM, and Asahara T. Ischemia- and cytokine-induced mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization. Nat Med 5: 434-438, 1999.
109. Takeshita S, Isshiki T, and Sato T. Increased expression of direct gene transfer into skeletal muscles observed after acute ischemic injury in rats. Lab Invest 74: 1061-1065, 1996.
110. Takeshita S, Losordo DW, Kearney M, and Isner JM. Time course of recombinant protein secretion following liposome-mediated gene transfer in a rabbit arterial organ culture model. Lab Invest 71: 387-391, 1994.
111. Takeshita S, Zheng LP, Brogi E, Kearney M, Pu LQ, Bunting S, Ferrara N, Symes JF, and Isner JM. Therapeutic angiogenesis: a single intra-arterial bolus of vascular endothelial growth factor augments revascularization in a rabbit ischemic hindlimb model. J Clin Invest 93: 662-670, 1994.
112. Thurston G, Suri C, Smith K, McClain J, Sato TN, Yancopoulos GD, and McDonald DM. Leakage-resistant blood vessels in mice transgenically overexpressing angiopoietin-1. Science 286: 2511-2514, 1999.
113. Tio RA, Tkebuchava T, Scheuermann TH, Lebherz C, Magner M, Kearney M, Esakof D, Isner JM, and Symes JF. Intramyocardial gene therapy with naked DNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor improves collateral flow to ischemic myocardium. Hum Gene Ther 10: 2953-2960, 1999.
114. Touyz RM. Molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating vascular function and structure: implications in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Can J Cardiol 16: 1137-1146, 2000.
115. Tsurumi Y, Takeshita S, Chen D, Kearney M, Rossow ST, Passeri J, Horowitz JR, and Symes JF. Direct intramuscular gene transfer of naked DNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor augments collateral development and tissue perfusion. Circulation 94: 3281-3290, 1996.
116. Ueda H, Sawa Y, Matsumoto K, Kitagawa-Sakakida S, Kawahira Y, Nakamura T, Kaneda Y, and Matsuda H. Gene transfection of hepatocyte growth factor attenuates reperfusion injury in the heart. Ann Thorac Surg 67: 1726-1731, 1999.
117. Uehara Y, Hirawa N, Kawabata Y, Suzuki T, Ohshima N, Oka K, Ikeda T, Gota A, Toyo-Oka T, Kizuki K, and Omata M. Long-term infusion of kallikrein attenuates renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 24: 770-778, 1994.
118. 165 gene transfer for therapeutic angiogenesis in chronic myocardial ischemia. Circulation 102: 965-974, 2000.
119. Vale PR, Losordo DW, Milliken CE, McDonald MC, Gravelin LM, Curry CM, Esakoff DD, Maysky M, Symes JF, and Isner JM. Randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of catheter-based myocardial gene transfer for therapeutic angiogenesis using left ventricular electromechanical mapping in patients with chronic myocardial ischemia. Circulation 103: 2138-2143, 2001.
120. Vale PR, Losordo DW, Tkebuchava T, Chen D, Milliken CE, and Isner JM. Catheter-based myocardial gene transfer utilizing nonfluoroscopic electromechanical left ventricular mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 34: 246-254, 1999.
121. Vale PR, Milliken CE, Tkebuchava T, Chen D, Igawura H, Magner M, Kearney M, and Isner JM. Catheter-based gene transfer of VEGF utilizing electromechanical LV mapping accomplishes therapeutic angiogenesis: pre-clinical studies in swine. Circulation 100: I-512A, 1999.
122. Vale PR, Rauh G, Wuensch DI, Pieczek A, and Schainfeld RM. Influence of vascular endothelial growth factor on diabetic retinopathy (Abstract). Circulation 17: 1-353, 1998.
123. Vale PR, Tkebuchava T, Milliken CE, Chen D, Symes JF, and Isner JM. Percutaneous electromechanical mapping demonstrates efficacy of pVGI.1 (VEGF2) in an animal model of chronic myocardial ischemia (Abstract). Circulation 100: I-22, 1999.
124. Vale PR, Wuensch DI, Rauh GF, Rosenfield K, Schainfeld RM, and Isner JM. Arterial gene therapy for inhibiting restenosis in patients with claudication undergoing superficial femoral artery angioplasty (Abstract). Circulation 98:1-66, 1998.
125. 165 inhibits thrombus formation and intimal thickening. J Am Coll Cardiol 29: 1371-1379, 1997.
126. Van Belle E, Tio FO, Couffinhal T, Maillard L, Passeri J, and Isner JM. Stent endothelialization: time course, impact of local catheter delivery, feasibility of recombinant protein administration, and response to cytokine expedition. Circulation 95: 438-448, 1997.
127. Vanden Hoek TL, Shao Z, Li C, Zak R, Schumacker PT, and Becker LB. Reperfusion injury on cardiac myocytes after simulated ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 270: H1334-H1341, 1996.
128. von der Leyen HE, Gibbons GH, Morishita R, Lewis NP, Zhang L, Nakajima M, Kaneda Y, Cooke JP, and Dzau VJ. Gene therapy inhibiting neointimal vascular lesion: In vivo gene transfer of endothelial-cell nitric oxide synthase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 1137-1141, 1995.
129. 2 receptor. Hypertension 29: 488-493, 1997.
130. Wang J, Xiong W, Yang Z, Davis T, Dewey MJ, Chao J, and Chao L. Human tissue kallikrein induces hypotension in transgenic mice. Hypertension 23: 236-243, 1994.
131. Wijns W, Vatner SF, and Camici PG. Hibernating myocardium. N Engl J Med 3: 173-181, 1998.
132. Witzenbichler B, Asahara T, Murohara T, Silver M, Spyridopoulos I, Magner M, Principe N, Kearney M, Hu JS, and Isner JM. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C/VEGF-2) promotes angiogenesis in the setting of tissue ischemia. Am J Pathol 153: 381-394, 1998.
133. Wolf WC, Yoshida H, Agata J, Chao L, and Chao J. Human tissue kallikrein gene delivery attenuates hypertension, renal injury, and cardiac remodeling in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 58: 730-739, 2000.
134. Yasue H and Kugiyama K. Coronary spasm: clinical features and pathogenesis. Intern Med 36: 760-765, 1997.
135. Yayama K, Wang C, Chao L, and Chao J. Kallikrein gene delivery attenuates hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy and enhances renal function in Goldblatt hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 31: 1104-1110, 1998.
136. Yeghiazarians Y, Braunstein JB, Askari A, and Peter H. Unstable angina pectoris. N Engl J Med 342: 101-114, 2000.
137. Yellow DM and Baxter GF. Reperfusion injury revisited. Is there a role for growth factor signaling in limiting lethal reperfusion injury? Trends Cardiovasc Med 9: 245-249, 2000.
138. Yoshida H, Zhang JJ, Chao L, and Chao J. Kallikrein gene delivery attenuates myocardial infarction and apoptosis after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Hypertension 35: 25-31, 2000.
139. Zhang JJ, Chao L, and Chao J. Adenovirus-mediated kallikrein gene delivery reduces aortic thickening and stroke-induced death rate in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Stroke 30: 1925-1931, 1999.
140. Zhou G, Chao L, and Chao J. Kallistatin: a novel human tissue kallikrein inhibitor: purification, characterization and reactive center sequence. J Biol Chem 267: 25873-25880, 1992.
141. Zhu NL, Wu L, Liu PX, Gordon EM, Anderson WF, Starnes VA, and Hall FL. Down-regulation of cyclin G1 expression by retrovirus-mediated antisense gene transfer inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation. Circulation 96: 628-635, 1997.