Nitric oxide: A review for Veterinary Surgeons

Veterinary Surgery

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 44-57

  Howe, Lisa M ^a   Boothe Jr , Harry W ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NITRIC OXIDE;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; CHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; VETERINARY MEDICINE;

ANIMAL DISEASES; ANIMALS; NITRIC OXIDE; SURGERY, VETERINARY;

EID: 0035234212     PISSN: 01613499     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/jvet.2001.20341     Document Type: Article

References (187)

1. Furchgott RF, Zawadski JV: The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288:373-376, 1980
2. Palmer RM, Ferrige AG, and Moncada S: Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 327:524-526, 1987
3. Moncada S, Higgs EA: Endogenous nitric oxide: Physiology, pathology and clinical relevance. Eur J Clin Invest 21:361-374, 1991
4. Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA: Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathology and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 43: 109-142, 1991
5. Thiemermann C: The role of the L-arginine: Nitric oxide pathway in circulatory shock. Adv Pharmacol 28:45-79, 1994
6. Quinn AC, Petros AJ, Vallance P: Nitric oxide: An endogenous gas. Br J Anesth 74:443-451, 1995
7. Forstermann U, Schmidt HHHW, Pollock J, et al: Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase: Characterization and purification from different cell types. Biochem Pharmacol 42:1849-1857, 1991
8. Moncada S: The L-arginine:nitric oxide pathway. Acta Physiol Scand 145: 201-227, 1992
9. Kanner J, Harel S, Granit R: Nitric oxide as an antioxidant. Arch Biochem Biophys 289:130-136, 1991
10. Gross SS, Wolin MS: Nitric oxide: Pathophysiological mechanisms. Annu Rev Physiol 57:737-769, 1995
11. Stamler JS, Singel DJ, Loscalzo J: Biochemistry of nitric oxide and its redox-activating forms. Science 258:1898-1902, 1992
12. Kelley RA, Balligand J, Smith TW: Nitric oxide and cardiac function. Circ Res 79:363-380, 1996
13. Wu KK, Thiagarahan P: Role of endothelium in thrombosis and hemostasis. Annu Rev Med 47:315-331, 1996
14. Feldman PL, Griffith OW, Stuehr DJ: The surprising life of nitric oxide. Chemical and Engineering News 20:26-38, 1993
15. Ignarro LJ: Endothelium-derived nitric oxide: Actions and properties. FASEB J 3:31-36, 1989B
16. Schmidt HW, Walter U: NO at work. Cell 78:919-925, 1994
17. Nathan C, Xie QW: Nitric oxide synthases: Roles, tolls, and controls. Cell 78:915-918, 1994
18. Nathan C: Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J 6:3051-3064, 1992
19. Kerwin JF, Lancaster JR, Feldman PL: Nitric oxide: A new paradigm for second messengers. J Med Chem 38:4343-4362, 1995
20. Welch G, Loscalzo J: Nitric oxide and the cardiovascular system. J Cardiovasc Surg 9:361-371, 1994
21. Shaw A, Vosper AJ: Solubility of nitric oxide in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 8:1239-1244, 1977
22. Korth HG, Sustmann R, Thater C, et al: On the mechanism of the nitric oxide synthase-catalyzed conversion of N-hydroxy-L-arginine to citrulline and nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 296:17776-17779, 1994
23. Marletta MA: Nitric oxide synthase structure and mechanism. J Biol Chem 268:12231-12234, 1993
24. Leone AM, Palmer RMJ, Knowles RG, et al: Constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases incorporate molecular oxygen into both nitric oxide and citrulline. J Biol Chem 266:23790-23795, 1991
25. Zapol WM, Rimar S, Gillis N, et al: Nitric oxide and the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:1375-1380, 1994
26. Singh S, Evans TW: Nitric oxide, the biological mediator of the decade: Fact or fiction? Eur Respir J 10:699-707, 1997
27. Weitzberg E, Lundberg JON: Nonenzymatic nitric oxide production in humans. Biol Chem 2:1-7, 1998
28. Knowles RG, Moncada S: Nitric oxide synthases in mammals. Biochem J 298:249-258, 1994
29. Moncada S, Higgs EA: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies related to nitric oxide. FASEB J 9:1319-1330, 1995
30. Moncada S, Higgs EA, Furchgott R: International Union of Pharmacology nomenclature in nitric oxide research. Pharmacol Rev 49:137-142, 1997
31. Knowles RG, Palacios M, Palmer RMJ, et al: Formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine in the central nervous system: A transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 86:5159-5162, 1989
32. Schmidt HH, Wilke P, Evers B, et al: Enzymatic formation of nitrogen oxides from L-arginine in bovine brain cytosol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165:284-291, 1989
33. Dun NJ, Dun SL, Wu SY, et al: Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in rat superior cervical ganglia and adrenal glands. Neurosci Lett 158:51-54, 1993
34. Dun NJ, Dun SL, Forstermann U: Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in rat spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 147: 217-220, 1992
35. Scheng H, Gagne GD, Matsumoto T, et al: Nitric oxide synthase in bovine superior cervical ganglion. J Neurochem 61:1120-1126, 1993
36. Schmidt HH, Gagne GD, Nakane M, et al: Mapping of neural nitric oxide synthase in the rat suggests frequent co-localization with NADPH-diaphorase but not with soluble guanylyl cyclase, and novel paraneural functions for nitrinergic signal transduction. J Histochem Cytochem 40: 1439-1456, 1992A
37. Schmidt HH, Warner TD, Ishii K, et al: Insulin secretion from pancreatic B cells caused by L-arginine-derived nitrogen oxides. Science 255:721-723, 1992b
38. Radomski MW, Palmer RM, Moncada S: Characterization of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in human platelets. Br J Pharmacol 101:325-328, 1990
39. Radomski MW, Palmer RM, Moncada S: An L-arginine/ nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87:5193-5197, 1990B
40. Curran RD, Billiar TR, Stuehr DJ, et al: Hepatocytes produce nitrogen oxides from L-arginine in response to inflammatory products of Kupffer cells. J Exp Med 170:1769-1774, 1989
41. Xie QW, Cho HJ, Calaycay J, et al: Cloning and characterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase from mouse macrophages. Science 256:225-228, 1992
42. Lyons CR, Orloff GJ, Cunningham JM: Molecular cloning and functional expression of an inducible nitric oxide synthase from a murine macrophage cell line. J Biol Chem 267:6370-6374, 1992
43. Knowles RG, Salter M, Brooks SL, et al: Antiinflammatory glucocorticoids inhibit the induction by endotoxin of nitric oxide synthase in lung, liver and aorta of the rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 172:1042-1048, 1990b
44. Billiard TR, Curran RD, Stuehr DJ, et al: Inducible cytosolic enzyme activity for the production of nitrogen oxides from L-arginine in hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 168:1034-1040, 1990
45. McCall TB, Boughton-Smith NK, Palmer RMJ: Synthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine by neutrophils. Biochem J 261:293-296, 1989
46. Wood KS, Buga GM, Byrns RE, et al: Vascular smooth muscle-derived relaxing factor (MDRF) and its close similarity to nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 170:80-88, 1990
47. Marsden PA, Schappert KT, Chen HS, et al: Molecular cloning and characterization of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase. FASEB J 307:287-293, 1992
48. Lamas S, Marsden PA, Li GK, et al: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: molecular cloning and characterization of a distinct constitutive enzyme isoform. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 89:6348-6352, 1992
49. Geller DA, Billiar TR: Molecular biology of nitric oxide synthases. Cancer Met Rev 17:7-23, 1998
50. Marin J, Rodriquez-Martinez MA: Role of vascular nitric oxide in physiological and pathological conditions. Pharmacol Ther 75:111-134, 1997
51. Dinerman JL, Dawson TM, Schell MJ, et al: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase localized to hippocampal pyramidal cells: implications for synaptic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:4214-4218, 1994
52. Kobzik L, Bredt DS, Lowentstein CJ, et al: Nitric oxide synthase in human and rat lung: immunocytochemical and histochemical localization. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 9:371-377, 1993
53. Tzeng E, Billiar TR: Nitric oxide and the surgical patient. Arch Surg 132:977-982, 1997
54. Brune B, Mohr S, Messmer UK: Protein thiol modification and apoptotic cell death as cGMP-independent nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathways. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 127:1-30, 1996
55. Ji Y, Akerboom TP, Sies H, et al: S-Nitrosylation and S-glutathiolation of protein sulfhydryls by S-nitroso glutathione. Arch Biochem Biophys 362:67-78, 1999
56. delaTorre A, Schroeder RA, Bartlett ST, et al: Differential effects of nitric oxide-mediated s-nitrosylation on p50 and c-jun DNA binding. Surgery 124:137-141, 1998
57. Simon DI, Mullins ME, Jia L, et al: Polynitrosylated proteins: characterization, bioactivity, and functional consequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:4734-4741, 1996
58. Broillet MC: S-Nitrosylation of proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 55:1036-1042, 1999
59. Griffith TM, Edwards DH, Davies RL, et al: EDRF coordinates the behaviour of vascular resistance vessels. Nature 329:442-445, 1987
60. Vallance P, Collier J: Biology and clinical relevance of nitric oxide. BMJ 309:453-457, 1994
61. Ignarro LJ: Biological actions and properties of endothelium-derived nitric oxide formed and released from artery and vein. Circ Res 65:1-21, 1989A
62. Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H: Endothelium-derived relaxing factor and coronary vasospasm. Circulation 80:1-9, 1989
63. Fleming I, Busse R: Control and consequences of endothelial nitric oxide formation. Adv Pharmacol 34:187-206, 1995
64. Liu SF, Crawley DE, Barnes PJ, et al: Endothelium-derived nitric oxide inhibits pulmonary vasoconstriction in isolated perfused rat lungs. Am J Respir Rev 143:32-37, 1991
65. Giaid A, Saleh D: Reduced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 333:214-221, 1995
66. Calver A, Collier J, Vallance P: Nitric oxide and cardiovascular control. Exp Physiol 78:303-326, 1993
67. Mills PC, Marlin DJ, Demoncheaux E, et al: Nitric oxide and exercise in the horse. J Physiol (Lond) 495:873-874, 1996
68. Radomski MW, Palmer RM, Moncada S: Endogenous nitric oxide inhibits human platelet adhesion to vascular endothelium. Lancet 2:1057-1058, 1987
69. Mendelsohn ME, O'Neill S, George D, et al: Inhibition of fibrinogen-binding to human platelets by S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine. J Biol Chem 265:19028-19034, 1990
70. Azuma H, Ishikawa M, Sekizaki S: Endothelium-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation. Br J Pharmacol 88:411-415, 1986
71. Assender JW, Southgate KM, Newby AC: Does nitric oxide inhibit smooth muscle proliferation? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 17(Suppl 3):S104-S107, 1991
72. Benjamin N, O'Driscoll F, Dougall H, et al: Stomach NO synthesis. Nature 368:502, 1994
73. Perkins WJ, Morrow DR: A dose-dependent reduction in halothane M.A.C. in rats with a competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Anesth Anal 74: 233, 1992
74. Petros AJ, Bogle RG, Pearson JD: Propofol stimulates nitric oxide release from cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 109:6-7, 1993
75. Toda H, Xuan Y, Glass PSA: Ketamine regulation of endothelial cell nitric oxide pathway. Anesth Anal 78: S491, 1994
76. Hibbs JB: Synthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine: A recently discovered pathway induced by cytokines with antitumour and antimicrobial activities. Res Immunol 142:565-569, 1991
77. O'Donnell C, Liew E: Immunological aspects of nitric oxide. The Biochemist 16:19-22, 1994
78. Wink DA, Vodovotz Y, Laval J, et al: The multifaceted roles of nitric oxide in cancer. Carcinogenesis 19:711-721, 1998
79. Albina JE, Reichner JS: Role of nitric oxide in mediation of macrophage cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Cancer Met Rev 17:39-53, 1998
80. Tzeng E, Billiar TR: Nitric oxide and the surgical patient: Identifying therapeutic targets. Arch Surg 132:977-982, 1997
81. Schaffer MR, Tantry U, van Wesep RA, et al: Nitric oxide metabolism in wounds. J Surg Res 71:25-31, 1997
82. Schaffer MR, Tantry U, Ahrendt GM, et al: Acute protein-calorie malnutrition impairs wound healing: A possible role of decreased wound nitric oxide synthesis. J Am Coll Surg 184:37-43, 1997
83. Noiri Eisei, Hu Y, Bahou WF, et al: Permissive role of nitric oxide in endothelin-induced migration of endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 272:1747-1752, 1997
84. Schaffer MR, Tantry U, Gross SS, et al: Nitric oxide regulates wound healing. J Surg Res 63:237-240, 1996
85. Leibovich SJ, Polverini PJ, Fong TW, et al: Production of angiogenic activity by human monocytes requires an L-arginine/nitric oxide synthase-dependent effector mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:4190-4194, 1994
86. Schaffer MR, Efron PA, Thornton FJ, et al: Nitric oxide, an autocrine regulator of wound fibroblast synthetic function. J Immunol 158:2382-2389, 1997
87. Conrad PJ, Joffe GM, Kruszyna R, et al: Identification of increased nitric oxide biosynthesis during pregnancy. FASEB J 7:566-571, 1993
88. Mills PC, Marlin DJ, Scott CM, et al: Nitric oxide and thermoregulation during exercise in the horse. J Appl Physiol 82:1035-1039, 1997
89. Mills PC, Scott CM, Marlin DJ: Effects of nitric oxide inhibition on thermoregulation during exercise in the horse. Ann N Y Acad Sci 813:591-599, 1997
90. Panza JA, Quyyumi AA, Brush JE, et al: Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 323:22-27, 1990
91. Panza JA, Quyyumi AA, Callahan TS, et al: Effect of antihypertensive treatment on endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Coll Cardiol 21:1145-1151, 1993
92. Marin J, Sanchez-Ferrer CF: Role of endothelium-formed nitric oxide on vascular responses. Gen Pharmacol 21:575-587, 1990
93. Alonso MJ, Salaices M, Sanchez-Ferrer CF, et al: Predominant role for nitric oxide in the relaxations induced by acetylcholine in cat cerebral arteries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261:12-21, 1992
94. Luscher TF: Imbalance of endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors: A new concept in hypertension. Am J Hypertens 3:317-330, 1990
95. Shepherd JT: Increased systemic vascular resistance and primary hypertension: The expanding complexity. J Hypertens 8(Suppl 7):S15-S27, 1990
96. Minuz P, Barrow S, Cockroft JR, et al: Prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis in mild essential hypertension. Hypertension 15:469-474, 1990
97. Doherty AM: Endothelin: A new challenge. J Med Chem 35:1493-1508, 1992
98. Clozel M, Kuhn H, Hefti F, et al: Endothelial dysfunction and subendothelial monocyte macrophages in hypertension: Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Hypertension 18:132-141, 1991
99. Lucchesi BR, Mullane KM: Leukocytes and ischaemia-induced myocardial injury. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 26:201-224,1986
100. Ohlstein EH, Nichols AJ: Rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils elicit endothelium-dependent contraction in vascular smooth muscle. Circ Res 65:917-924, 1989
101. Sobey CG, Dusting GJ, Grossman HJ, et al: Impaired vasodilatation of epicardial coronary arteries and resistance vessels following myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in anaesthetized dogs. Coron Artery Dis 1:363-374, 1990
102. De Beider AJ, Radomski MW, Why HJF, et al: Nitric oxide synthase activities in human myocardium. Lancet 341:84-85, 1993
103. Hare J, Colucci WS: Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of myocardial function. Prog Cardiovasc Res 28:155-166, 1995
104. Apakov S, Sercombe R, Seylaz J: Cerebrovascular reactivity: Role of endothelium/platelet/leukocyte interactions. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 8:11-94, 1996
105. Szabo C, Mitchell JA, Thiemermann C, et al: Nitric oxide-mediated hyporeactivity to noradrenaline precedes the induction of nitric oxide synthase in endotoxic shock. Br J Pharmacol 108:786-792, 1993
106. Thiemermann C: Nitric oxide and septic shock. Gen Pharmacol 29:159-166,1997
107. Wright CE, Rees DD, Moncada S: Protective and pathological roles of nitric oxide in endotoxin shock. Cardiovasc Res 26:48-57, 1992
108. Avontuur JAM, Bruining HA, Ince C: Sepsis and nitric oxide. In: Ince C, et al (eds): Oxygen Transport to Tissue XVII. New York, NY, Plenum, pp 551-567, 1996
109. MacMicking JF, Nathan C, Hom G, et al: Altered responses to bacterial infection and endotoxic shock in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase. Cell 82:641-650,1995
110. Szabo C, Thiemermann C: Role of nitric oxide in haemorrhage, traumatic and anaphylactic shock, and thermal injury. Shock 2:145-155, 1994
111. Mitsuhata H, Shimizu R, Yokoyama MM: Role of nitric oxide in anaphylactic shock. J Clin Immunol 15:277-283, 1995
112. Griffiths MJD, Liu S, Curzen NP, et al: In vivo treatment with endotoxin induces nitric oxide synthase in rat main pulmonary arteries. Am J Physiol 268:L509-L518, 1995
113. Dantzer DR, Brook CJ, Dehart P, et al: Ventilation-perfusion distributions in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 120:1039-1052, 1979
114. Calvin JE, Quin B: Right ventricular pressure overload during acute lung injury: Cardiac mechanics and the pathophysiology of right systolic dysfunction. J Crit Care 4:251-265, 1989
115. Pinsky MR: The role of the right ventricle in determining the cardiac output in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med 10:1-2,1993
116. Roberts JD, Polaner DM, Leng P, et al: Inhaled nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet 340:818-819, 1992
117. Lund MB: Measurement of exhaled nitric oxide. A new lung function test? Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening 118:2021-2024, 1998
118. de Gouw HW, Hendriks J, Woltman AM, et al: Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is reduced shortly after bronchoconstriction to direct and indirect stimuli in asthma. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 158:315-319, 1998
119. Hussain SN, Abdul-Hussain MN, el-Dwairi Q: Exhaled nitric oxide as a marker for serum nitric oxide concentration in acute endotoxemia. J Crit Care 11:167-175, 1996
120. Middleton SJ, Shorthouse M, Hunter JO: Increased nitric oxide synthesis in ulcerative colitis. Lancet 341:465-466, 1993
121. Kolb-Bachofen V, Fehsel K, Michel G, et al: Epidermal keratinocyte expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in skin lesions of psoriasis vulgaris. Lancet 344:139, 1996
122. Parkinson JF, Mitrovic B, Merrill JE: The role of nitric oxide in multiple sclerosis. J Mol Med 75:174-186, 1997
123. Belmont HM, Levartovsky D, Goel A, et al: Increased nitric oxide production accompanied by the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelium from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 40:1810-1816, 1997
124. Kharitonov SA, Yates D, Robbins RA, et al: Increased nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatic patients. Lancet 343:133-134, 1994
125. Arnal JF, Didier A, Rami J, et al: Nasal nitric oxide is increased in allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 27:358-362, 1997
126. Langrehr JM, Hoffman RA, Billiar TR, et al: Nitric oxide synthesis in the in vivo allograft response: A possible regulatory mechanism. Surgery 110:335-342, 1991
127. Furusu A, Miyazaki M, Abe K, et al: Expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase in human glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 53:1760-1768, 1998
128. Stichtenoth DO, Frolich JC: Nitric oxide and inflammatory joint diseases. Br J Rheum 37:246-257, 1998
129. Pelletier JP, Jovanovic D, Fernandes JC, et al: Selective inhibition of nitric oxide synthase reduces in vivo the progression of experimental osteoarthritic lesions and production of metalloproteases and interleukin-1. Arthritis Rheum 40(Suppl 9):S173, 1997
130. Stefanovic-Racic M, Stadler J, Evans CH: Nitric oxide and arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 36:1036-1044, 1993
131. Clancy RM, Amin AR, Abramson SB: The role of nitric oxide in inflammation and immunity. Arthritis Rheum 41:1141-1151, 1998
132. Farrell AJ, Blake D, Palmer RMJ, et al: Increased concentrations of nitrite in synovial fluid and serum samples suggest increased nitric oxide synthesis in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 51:1219-1222, 1992
133. Sakurai H, Kohsaka H, Liu MF, et al: Nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in inflammatory arthritides. J Clin Invest 96:2357-2363, 1995
134. Worrall NK, Lazenby WB, Misko TP, et al: Modulation of in vivo alloreactivity by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Exp Med 181:63-70, 1995
135. Shiraishi T, DeMeester SR, Worrall NK, et al: Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase ameliorates rat lung allograft rejection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 110:1449-1460, 1995
136. Ohdan H, Fukuda Y, Suzuki S, Amemiya H, et al: Simultaneous evaluation of nitric oxide synthesis and tissue oxygenation in rat liver allograft rejection using near-infrared spectroscopy. Transplantation 60:530-535, 1995
137. Tanaka S, Kamiika W, Ito T, et al: Generation of nitric oxide as a rejection marker in rat pancreas transplantation. Transplantation 60:713, 1995
138. Dedeoglu IO, Feld LG: Decreased urinary excretion of nitric oxide in acute rejection episodes in pediatric renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 62:1936-1938, 1996
139. Gruber SA, Gallichio M, Rosano TG, et al: Comparative pharmacokinetics and renal effects of cyclosporin A and cyclosporin G in renal allograft recipients. J Clin Pharmacol 37:575-586, 1997
140. Um SC, Suzuki S, Toyokuni S, et al: Involvement of nitric oxide in survival of random pattern skin flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 101:785-792, 1998
141. Knox LK, Stewart AG, Hayward PG, et al: Nitric oxide synthesis inhibitors improve skin flap survival in the rat. Microsurgery 15:708-711, 1994
142. Lala PK: Significance of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis, tumor progression and cancer therapy. Cancer Met Rev 17:1-6, 1998
143. Lala PK, Orucevic A: Role of nitric oxide in tumor progression: Lessons from experimental tumors. Cancer Met Rev 17:91-106, 1998
144. Thomsen LL, Miles DW: Role of nitric oxide in tumour progression: Lessons from human tumours. Cancer Met Rev 17:107-118, 1998
145. Fukumura D, Jain RK: Role of nitric oxide in angiogenesis and mircrocirculation in tumors. Cancer Met Rev 17:77-89, 1998
146. Tschugguel W, Knogler W, Czerwenka K, et al: Presence of endothelial calcium-dependent nitric oxide synthase in breast apocrine metaplasia. Br J Cancer 74:1423-1426, 1996
147. Marsden PA, Heng HHQ, Scherer SW, et al: Structure and chromosomal localization of the human constitutive nitric oxide synthase gene. J Biol Chem 268:17478-17488, 1993
148. Bredt D, Huang P, Dawson T, et al: Nitric oxide synthase knockout mice: molecular and morphological characterization. Endothelium 1(Suppl):S6, 1993
149. Hinckley KA, Fearn S, Howard BR, et al: Nitric oxide donors as treatment for grass induced acute laminitis in ponies. Equine Vet J 28:17-28, 1996
150. Hinckley KA, Fearn S, Howard BR, et al: Glyceryl trinitrate enhances nitric oxide mediated perfusion within the equine hoof. J Endocrinol 151:R1-8, 1996
151. Thiemermann C, Ruetten H, Wu C, et al: The multiple organ dysfunction syndrom caused by endotoxin in the rat: Attenuation of liver dysfunction by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Br J Pharmacol 116:2845-2851, 1995
152. Kengatharan KM, De Kimpe SJ, Thiemermann C: Role of nitric oxide in the circulatory failure and organ injury in a rodent model of gram-positive shock. Br J Pharmacol 119:1411-1421, 1996
153. Wang D, Wei J, Hsu K, et al: Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on systemic hypotension, cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and lung injury following endotoxin administration in rats. J Biomed Sci 6:28-35, 1999
154. Chang CK, Llanes S, Schumer W: Effect of dexamethasone on NF-κB activation, tumor necrosis factor formation, and glucose dyshomeostasis in septic rats. J Surg Res 72:141-145, 1997
155. Boillot A, Massol J, Maupoil V, et al: Myocardial and vascular adrenergic alterations in a rat model of endotoxic shock: Reversal by an anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody. Crit Care Med 25:504-511, 1997
156. Chang CK, Gatan M, Schumer W: Efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor polyclonal antibody on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression in septic and endotoxic rats. Shock 6:57-60, 1996
157. Hughes CB, Gaber LW, Mohey el-Din AB, et al: Inhibition of TNF alpha improves survival in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis. Am Surg 62:8-13, 1996
158. Kruse-Elliott KT, Albert DH, Summers JB, et al: Attenuation of endotoxin-induced pathophysiology by a new potent PAF receptor antagonist. Shock 5:265-273, 1996
159. Abu-Zidan FM, Walther S, Lennquist S: Role of platelet-activating factor antagonism in posthemorrhage septic shock in pigs. J Trauma 41:634-640, 1996
160. Fink MP: Therapeutic options directed against platelet activating factor, eicosanoids and bradykinin in sepsis. J Antimicrob Chemother 41(Suppl A):81-94, 1998
161. Petros A, Bennett D, Vallance P: Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in hypotension in patients with septic shock. Lancet 338:1557-1558, 1991
162. Petros A, Lamb G, Leone A, et al: Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in humans with septic shock. Cardiovasc Res 28:34-39, 1994
163. Stichtenoth DO, Frolich JC: Nitric oxide and inflammatory joint diseases. Br J Rheum 37:246-257,1998
164. Kunz D, Walker G, Pfeilschifter J: Dexamethasone differentially affects interleukin 1β and cyclic AMP-induced nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in renal mesangial cells. Biochem J 304:337-340, 1994
165. Aeberhard EE, Henderson SA, Arabolos NS, et al: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 208:1053-1059, 1995
166. Kepka-Lenhart D, Chen LC, Morris SM: Novel actions of aspirin and sodium salicylate: Discordant effects on nitric oxide synthesis and induction of nitric oxide synthase mRNA in a murine macrophage cell line. J Leukoc Biol 59:840-846, 1996
167. Muhl H, Kunz D, Rob P, et al: Cyclosporin derivatives inhibit interleukin 1β induction of nitric oxide synthase in renal mesangial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 49:95-100, 1993
168. Grisham MB, Miles AM: Effects of aminosalicylates and immunosuppressive agents on nitric oxide-dependent N-nitrosation reactions. Biochem Pharmacol 47:1897-1902, 1994
169. Pelletier JP, Jovanovic D, Fernandes JC, et al: Reduced progression of experimental osteoarthritis in vivo by selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Arthritis Rheum 41:1275-1286, 1998
170. Bone HG, Waurick R, VanAken H, et al: Comparison of the haemodynamic effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition and nitric oxide scavenging in endotoxaemic sheep. Intensive Care Med 24:48-54, 1998
171. McCartney-Francis NL, Song XY, Mizel DE, et al: Hemoglobin protects from streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 42:1119-1127, 1999
172. Menezes J, Hierholzer C, Watkins SC, et al: A novel nitric oxide scavenger decreases liver injury and improves survival after hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol 277:G144-G151, 1999
173. Feelisch M: Biotransformation to nitric oxide of organic nitrates in comparison to other nitrovasodilators. Eur Heart J 14:123-132, 1993
174. Marin J, Rodriquez-Martinez MA: Role of vascular nitric oxide in physiological and pathological conditions. Pharmacol Ther 75:111-134, 1997
175. Ramsey B, DeBelder A, Campbell S, et al: A nitric oxide donor improves uterine artery diastolic blood flow in normal early pregnancy and in women at high risk of pre-eclampsia. Eur J Clin Invest 24:76-78, 1994
176. De Belder AJ, Lees C, Martin, et al: Treatment of HELLP syndrome with nitric oxide donor. Lancet 345:124-125, 1995
177. Xie K, Fidler IJ: Therapy of cancer metastasis by activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase. Cancer Met Rev 17:55-57, 1998
178. Xie K, Huang S, Dong Z, et al: Direct correlation between expression of endogenous inducible nitric oxide synthase and regression of M5076 reticulum cell sarcoma hepatic metastases in mice treated with liposomes containing lipopeptide CGP 31362. Cancer Res 55:3123-3131, 1995
179. Hishikawa K, Nakaki T, Suzuki H, et al: Role of L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in hypertension. J Hypertens 11:639-645, 1993
180. Hishikawa K, Nakaki T, Tsuda M, et al: Effects of systemic L-arginine administration of hemodynamics and nitric oxide release in man. Jpn Heart J 33:41-48, 1992b
181. Frattaci MD, Frostell CG, Chen TY, et al: Inhaled nitric oxide: a selective pulmonary vasodilator of heparin-protamine vasoconstriction in sheep. Anaesthesia 75:990-999, 1991
182. Bigaletto LM, Hurford WE, Kacmarek RM, et al: Prolonged inhalation of low concentrations of nitric oxide in patients with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome: Effects on pulmonary haemodynamics and oxygenation. Anaesthesia 80:761-770, 1994
183. Puybasset L, Rouby JJ, Mourgeon E, et al: Inhaled nitric oxide in acute respiratory failure: Dose response curves. Int Care Med 20:319-327, 1994
184. Kotsonis P, Frey A, Frohlich LG, et al: Autoinhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase: distinct effects of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species on enzyme activity. Biochem J 340:745-752, 1999
185. Hirakawa A, Sakamoto H, Misumi K, et al: Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs and a case report of venae cavae syndrome. J Vet Med Sci 58:551-553, 1996
186. Hirakawa A, Sakamoto H, Misumi K, et al: Evaluation of pulmonary vasodilatory capacity with inhaled nitric oxide in a dog with patent ductus arteriosus. J Vet Med Sci 58:673-675, 1996
187. Quezado ZM, Natanson C, Karzai W, et al: Cardiopulmonary effects of inhaled nitric oxide in normal dogs and during E. coli pneumonia and sepsis. J Appl Physiol 84:107-115, 1998