Diagnosis of noncultivatable gastroenteritis viruses, the human caliciviruses

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 15-37

  Atmar, R L ^a   Estes, M K ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN DETECTION; CALICIVIRUS; GASTROENTERITIS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; VIRUS CHARACTERIZATION; VIRUS DETECTION;

CALICIVIRIDAE; CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; GASTROENTERITIS; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC TESTS; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION;

ANIMALIA; CALICIVIRIDAE; NORWALK VIRUS; RNA VIRUSES;

EID: 0035133921     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.14.1.15-37.2001     Document Type: Review

References (257)

1. Winter vomiting disease
2. A study by means of the electron microscope of the reaction between tobacco mosaic virus and its antiserum
3. Detection and differentiation of antigenically distinct small round-structured viruses (Norwalk-like viruses) by reverse transcription-PCR and Southern hybridization
4. A one-tube method of reverse transcription-PCR to efficiently amplify a 3-kilobase region from the RNA polymerase gene to the poly(A) tail of small round-structured viruses (Norwalk-like viruses)
5. Comparison of the polymerase region of small round structured virus strains previously characterized in three serotypes by solid-phase immune electron microscopy
6. Genetic classification of "Norwalk-like viruses"
7. Virus-like particles in winter vomiting disease
8. Comparison of seven RNA extraction methods on stool and shellfish samples prior to hepatitis A virus amplification
9. Nonculturable agents of viral gastroenteritis
10. Detection of enteric viruses in oysters by using the polymerase chain reaction
11. Detection of Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus in shellfish tissues with the PCR
12. Collaborative evaluation of a method for the detection of Norwalk virus in shellfish tissues by PCR
13. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: A review
14. Serological responses among teenagers after natural exposure to Norwalk virus
15. Norwalk gastrointestinal illness: An outbreak associated with swimming in a recreational lake and secondary person-to-person transmission
16. Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks-United States, 1988-1992
17. Preliminary characterisation of torovirus-like particles of humans: Comparison with Berne virus of horses and Breda virus of calves
18. An enveloped virus in stools of children and adults with gastroenteritis that resembles the Breda virus of calves
19. Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to a contaminated well. International consequences
20. Phylogenetic analysis of the Caliciviruses
21. Impact of diarrheal diseases worldwide
22. Morphological characteristics of rubella virus
23. Immune response and prevalence of antibody to Norwalk enteritis virus as determined by radioimmunoassay
24. Acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis: Etiology and pathogenesis
25. Prevalence of group A rotavirus, human calicivirus, astrovirus, and adenovirns type 40 and 41 infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Dijon, France
26. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids
27. Comparison of direct electron microscopy, immune electron microscopy, and rotavirus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of gastroenteritis viruses in children
28. Immunoglobulin M antibody test to detect genogroup II Norwalk-like virus infection
29. A multistate outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis associated with consumption of commercial ice
30. Caliciviruses
31. The complete nucleotide sequence of a feline calicivirus
32. Molecular characterization of Camberwell virus and sequence variation in ORF3 of small round-structured (Norwalk-like) viruses
33. The electron microscopical and physical characteristics of small round human fecal viruses: An interim scheme for classification
34. Coronavirus particles in faeces from patients with gastroenteritis
35. Picorbirnavirus, a novel group of undescribed viruses of mammals and birds: A minireview
36. Possible prolonged environmental survival of small round structured viruses
37. An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with calicivirus in an infant home
38. Fecal shedding of virus in relation to the days of illness in infantile gastroenteritis due to calicivirus
39. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction
40. Human viral gastroenteritis
41. Prevalence of antibodies to the Hawaii strain of human calicivirus as measured by a recombinant protein based immunoassay
42. Study on occurrence of human calicivirus (Mexico strain) as cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of calicivirus-associated diarrhoea in the United Kingdom, 1983-1995
43. Sequence similarity of human caliciviruses and small round structured viruses
44. An outbreak of calicivirus infection in a mother and baby unit
45. Winter vomiting disease caused by calicivirus
46. Human viral gastroenteritis
47. Comparative study of the acquisition of antibody to Norwalk virus in pediatric populations
48. Immunoglobulin M responses to the Norwalk virus of gastroenteritis
49. Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis
50. A foodborne outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses: First molecular traceback to deli sandwiches contaminated during preparation
51. The bovine Newbury agent-2 is genetically more closely related to human SRSVs than to animal caliciviruses
52. Surveillance of small round structured virus (SRSV) infection in England and Wales, 1990-5
53. Detection of Norwalk virus in stool specimens by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive oligoprobes
54. Prevalence of antibodies to human caliciviruses (HuCVs) in Kuwait established by ELISA using baculovirus-expressed capsid antigens representing two genogroups of HuCVs
55. Human enteric Caliciviridae: The complete genome sequence and expression of virus-like particles from a genetic group II small round structured virus
56. Electron microscopy for the detection of gastroenteritis viruses
57. Biological properties of Norwalk agent of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis
58. Transmission of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis to volunteers by oral administration of stool filtrates
59. Detection by immune electron microscopy of the Snow Mountain agent of acute viral gastroenteritis
60. Radioimmunoassay for detection of the Snow Mountain Agent of viral gastroenteritis
61. Novel agents of viral enteritis in humans
62. A transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs
63. RT-PCR detection of RNA viruses in stool specimens
64. Development and evaluation of an IgM capture enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of recent Norwalk virus infection
65. Serum immunoglobulin A response to Norwalk virus infection
66. Rotaviruses and their replication
67. Molecular epidemiotogy of "Norwalk-like viruses" in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States
68. Letter: Caliciviruses in man
69. Quantitative RT-PCR: Pitfalls and potential
70. Prevalence of antibodies to Norwalk virus among Amerindians in isolated Amazonian communities
71. Norwalk virus antigen and antibody response in an adult volunteer study
72. Detection of Norwalk virus antibodies and antigen with a biotin-avidin immunoassay
73. Development of an immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-PCR assay for the detection of Norwalk virus
74. The Norwalk virus ORF 3 encodes a minor structural protein
75. Norwalk gastroenteritis associated with a water system in a rural Georgia community
76. Transmission of epidemic gastroenteritis to human volunteers by oral administration of fecal filtrates
77. Identification of Norwalk virus in artificially seeded shellfish and selected foods
78. Norwalk virus infection of volunteers: New insights based on improved assays
79. Detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG Norwalk virus-specific antibodies by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with baculovirus-expressed Norwalk virus capsid antigen in adult volunteers challenged with Norwalk virus
80. Mixed genogroup SRSV infections among a party of canoeists exposed to contaminated recreational water
81. Prevalence of antibodies to Norwalk virus in England: Detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using baculovirus-expressed Norwalk virus capsid antigen
82. Broadly reactive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of SRSV-associated gastroenteritis
83. A nested reverse transcriptase PCR assay for detection of small round-structured viruses in environmentally contaminated molluscan shellfish
84. The role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay
85. Caliciviridae
86. Expression and self-assembly of recombinant capsid protein from the antigenically distinct Hawaii human calicivirus
87. Comparison of the reactivities of baculovirus-expressed recombinant Norwalk virus capsid antigen with those of the native Norwalk virus antigen in serologic assays and some epidemiologic observations
88. Capsid sequence diversity in small round structured viruses from recent UK outbreaks of gastroenteritis
89. Polymerase chain reaction detection of small round-structured viruses from two related hospital outbreaks of gastroenteritis using inosine-containing primers
90. Detection of Norwalk agent antibody and antigen by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and immune adherence hemagglutination assay
91. Role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis
92. Proteins of Norwalk virus
93. Solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay for detection of the Norwalk strain of acute nonbacterial, epidemic gastroenteritis virus and its antibodies
94. Foodborne Norwalk virus
95. Enteric virus and diarrhea in HIV-infected patients
96. Diarrhea in developed and developing countries: Magnitude, special settings, and etiologies
97. Norwalk virus gastroenteritis following raw oyster consumption
98. Norwalk virus gastroenteritis aboard a cruise ship: An outbreak on five consecutive cruises
99. Molecular characterization of a porcine enteric calicivirus genetically related to Sapporo-like human caliciviruses
100. Seminested RT-PCR systems for small round structured viruses and detection of enteric viruses in seafood
101. Expression and self-assembly of Grimsby virus: Antigenic distinction from Norwalk and Mexico viruses
102. Comparison of four RNA extraction methods for the detection of small round structured viruses in faecal specimens
103. Evaluation of an antigen capture ELISA based on recombinant Mexico virus capsid protein
104. Homotypic and heterotypic IgG and IgM antibody responses in adults infected with small round structured viruses
105. Distinct epidemiological patterns of Norwalk-like virus infection
106. Identification of an epitope common to genogroup 1 "Norwalk-like viruses"
107. Completion of the Norwalk virus genome sequence
108. Human calicivirus genogroup II capsid sequence diversity revealed by analyses of the prototype Snow Mountain agent
109. Antigenic mapping of the recombinant Norwalk virus capsid protein using monoclonal antibodies
110. Specific proteolytic cleavage of recombinant Norwalk virus capsid protein
111. Western blot (immunoblot) assay of small, round-structured virus associated with an acute gastroenteritis outbreak in Tokyo
112. Monoclonal antibodies for detection of Norwalk virus antigen in stools
113. Antigen detection in the diagnosis of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis
114. Detection of Norwalk virus in stools by enzyme immunoassay
115. Antibody prevalence and immunoglobulin IgG subclass pattern to Norwalk virus in Sweden
116. Viral gastroenteritis aboard a cruise ship
117. Epidemiological study of prevalence of genogroup II human calicivirus (Mexico virus) infections in Japan and Southeast Asia as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
118. Acute sporadic hepatitis E in Sudanese children: Analysis based on a new western blot assay
119. A virion concentration method for detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by PCR and oligoprobe hybridization
120. Development of an ELISA to detect MX virus, a human calicivirus in the Snow Mountain agent genogroup
121. Sapporo-like human caliciviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse
122. Characterization of a novel human calicivirus that may be a naturally occurring recombinant
123. Norwalk virus genome cloning and characterization
124. Design and evaluation of a primer pair that detects both Norwalk- and Sapporo-like caliciviruses by RT-PCR
125. Expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of a Snow Mountain agent-like calicivirus capsid protein
126. Study of Norwalk-related viruses in Mexican children
127. Characterization of SRSVs using RT-PCR and a new antigen ELISA
128. Detection of Norwalk virus in stool by polymerase chain reaction
129. Expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of the Norwalk virus capsid protein
130. Sequence and genomic organization of Norwalk virus
131. Detection of "Norwalk-like viruses" in Vellore, southern India
132. Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses
133. Viral gastroenteritis
134. Immune electron microscopy of rhinoviruses
135. Norwalk group of viruses
136. Density in cesium chloride of the 27-nm "8FIIa" particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis: Determination by ultracentrifugation and immune electron microscopy
137. Prevalence of antibody to the Norwalk agent by a newly developed immune adherence hemagglutination assay
138. Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27 nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastorenteritis
139. Gastroenteritis viruses
140. Epidemiology of Norwalk gastroenteritis and the role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis
141. Gastroenteritis due to Norwalk virus: An outbreak associated with a municipal water system
142. An outbreak of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in a nursing home: Demonstration of person-to-person transmission by temporal clustering of cases
143. An outbreak of Norwalk gastroenteritis associated with swimming in a pool and secondary person-to-person transmission
144. Small, round-structured viruses (SRSVs) associated with acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Gifu, Japan
145. Norwalk virus-associated gastroenteritis traced to ice consumption aboard a cruise ship in Hawaii: Application of molecular-based assays
146. In vitro growth of some fastidious adenoviruses from stool specimens
147. Gastrointestinal syndromes
148. Demonstration of calicivirus in human faeces by immunosorbent and immunogold-labelling electron microscopy methods
149. Dot blot hybridization with a cDNA probe derived from the human calicivirus Sapporo 1982 strain
150. Norwalk virus enteric illness acquired by swimming exposure
151. Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water contaminated by Norwalk-like viruses
152. Sequence and genome organization of a human small round-structured (Norwalk-like) virus
153. A conserved sequence motif at the 5′ terminus of the Southampton virus genome is characteristic of the Caliciviridae
154. Astroviruses detected by immunoflourescence
155. Serial propagation of astrovirus in tissue culture with the aid of trypsin
156. Detection of small round structured viruses in shellfish by reverse transcription-PCR
157. Detection and analysis of a Small Round-Structured Virus strain in oysters implicated in an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis
158. Evaluation of a degenerate primer for the PCR detection of human caliciviruses
159. Characterization of Toronto virus capsid protein expressed in baculovirus
160. Molecular characterization and expression of the capsid protein of a Norwalk-like virus recovered from a Desert Shield troop with gastroenteritis
161. Recommendations for collection of laboratory specimens associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis
162. Detection of Norwalk virus infection in Finnish infants and young children
163. Norwalk agent and other small-round structured viruses in the U.K.
164. Use of solid-phase immune electron microscopy for classification of Norwalk-like viruses into six antigenic groups from 10 outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States
165. Three serotypes of Norwalk-like virus demonstrated by solid-phase immune electron microscopy
166. Epidemiology of Mexico virus, a small round-structured virus in Yorkshire, United Kingdom, between January 1992 and March 1995
167. Solid-phase immune electron microscopy with human immunoglobulin M for serotyping of Norwalk-like viruses
168. Norwalk virus gastroenteritis. An outbreak associated with a cafeteria at a college
169. The genomic 5′ terminus of Manchester calicivirus
170. Human enteric caliciviruses have a unique genome structure and are distinct from the Norwalk-like viruses
171. Molecular characterization of a bovine enteric calicivirus: Relationship to the Norwalk-like viruses
172. Molecular detection of Norwalk-like caliciviruses in sewage
173. Identification of viruses with bi- and trisegmented double-stranded RNA genome in faeces of children with gastroenteritis
174. Comparison of the features of astroviruses and caliciviruses seen in samples of feces by electron microscopy
175. Letter: Caliciviruses in man
176. Antigenic relatedness among the Norwalk-like agents by serum antibody rises
177. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Snow Mountain and Norwalk agents of viral gastroenteritis
178. Molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with small round-structured viruses in East Anglia, United Kingdom, during the 1996-1997 season
179. Molecular characterization of a human calicivirus with closer sequence relatedness to animal caliciviruses than other known human caliciviruses
180. The isolation and characterization of a Norwalk virus-specific cDNA
181. Sequence analysis of SRSV in fecal specimens from an epidemic of infantile gastroenteritis, October to December 1995, Japan
182. Confirmation of Norwalk-like virus amplicons after RT-PCR by microplate hybridization and direct sequencing
183. An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis on a cruise ship
184. Calicivirus associated with winter vomiting disease
185. Food-related illness and death in the United States
186. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus-molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of a calicivirus genome
187. Application of PCR to detect Norwalk virus in fecal specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis
188. Detection of antibody to recombinant Norwalk virus antigen in specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis
189. Prevalence of serum antibodies to Norwalk virus among Norwegian military recruits
190. Microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of human calicivirus in stools
191. Detection of human calicivirus antigen and antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
192. Prevalence of human calicivirus infections in Kenya as determined by enzyme immunoassays for three genogroups of the virus
193. Frequency of preclumped virus in routine fecal specimens from patients with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis
194. The correlation of patient immune responses with genetically characterized small round-structured viruses involved in outbreaks of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in the United States, 1990 to 1995
195. Identification of a distinct common strain of "Norwalk-like viruses" having a global distribution
196. Genomic diversity of small round structured viruses in the UK
197. Molecular characterization of human calicivirus Sapporo
198. Epidemiological study of Norwalk virus infections in Japan and Southeast Asia by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with Norwalk virus capsid protein produced by the baculovirus expression system
199. Detection and nucleotide sequence analysis of human caliciviruses (HuCVs) from samples in non-bacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hokkaido, Japan
200. Demonstration of low molecular weight polypeptides associated with small, round-structured viruses by western immunoblot analysis
201. Antigenic characterization of small, round-structured viruses by immune electron microscopy
202. Viral shedding and fecal IgA response after Norwalk virus infection
203. Seroprevalence of Norwalk virus and Mexico virus in Chilean individuals: Assessment of independent risk factors for antibody acquisition
204. Human calicivirus-associated sporadic gastroenteritis in Finnish children less than two years of age followed prospectively during a rotavirus vaccine trial
205. Enzyme immunoassay using baculovirus-expressed human calicivirus (Mexico) for the measurement of IgG responses and determining its seroprevalence in London, UK
206. Seroprevalence studies using a recombinant Norwalk virus protein enzyme immunoassay
207. Genomic diversity of "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs): Pediatric infections in a Brazilian shantytown
208. Outbreak of SRSV gastroenteritis at an international conference traced to food handled by a post-symptomatic caterer
209. Use of the colonic carcinoma cell line CaCo-2 for in vivo amplification and detection of enteric viruses
210. X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid
211. Three-dimensional structure of baculovirus-expressed Norwalk virus capsids
212. Norwalk virus infection in Venezuela
213. The cause of epidemic diarrhea, nausea and vomiting (viral dysentery?)
214. Isolation and propagation of a human enteric coronavirus
215. Serotypic differentiation of group A rotaviruses with porcine rotavirus gene 9 probes
216. Application of RT-PCR designed from the sequence of the local SRSV strain to the screening in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks
217. Molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with small round structured viruses in Germany in 1997/98
218. Immunoaffinity concentration and purification of waterborne enteric viruses for detection by reverse transcriptase PCR
219. Norwalk and other human caliciviruses: Molecular characterization, epidemiology and pathogenesis
220. Use of heat release and an internal RNA standard control in reverse transcription-PCR detection of Norwalk virus from stool samples
221. Improvements in the RT-PCR detection of enteric viruses in environmental samples
222. Distribution of Norwalk virus within shellfish following bioaccumulation and subsequent depuration by detection using RT-PCR
223. Development of methods to detect "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs) and hepatitis A virus in delicatessen foods: Application to a food-borne NLV outbreak
224. Open reading frame 1 of the Norwalk-like virus Camberwell: Completion of sequence and expression in mammalian cells
225. Epidemiology of Norwalk virus during an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis aboard a US aircraft carrier
226. Seroepidemiological study of genogroup I and II calicivirus infections in South and southern Africa
227. Study of Norwalk virus and Mexico virus infections at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
228. In vitro isolation and characterization of a calicivirus causing a vesicular disease of the hands and feet
229. The magnitude of the global problem of acute diarrhoeal disease: A review of active surveillance data
230. Bismuth subsalicylate therapy of viral gastroenteritis
231. Sensitive detection of human Caliciviridae by RT-PCR
232. Detection of Norwalk-like virus: Genes in the caecum contents of pigs
233. Outbreaks of Norwalk-like virus-associated gastroenteritis traced to shellfish: Coexistence of two genotypes in one specimen
234. Norwalk-related viral gastroenteritis due to contaminated drinking water
235. An epidemiological investigation of Norwalk virus infection in South Africa
236. Pattern of shedding of the Norwalk particle in stools during experimentally induced gastroenteritis in volunteers as determined by immune electron microscopy
237. Detection by immune electron microscopy of 26-27 nm virus-like particles associated with two family outbreaks of gastroenteritis
238. Production of a monoclonal antibody against the Snow Mountain agent of gastroenteritis by in vitro immunization of murine spleen cells
239. Subclass-specific serum antibody responses to recombinant Norwalk virus capsid antigen (rNV) in adults infected with Norwalk, Snow Mountain, or Hawaii virus
240. Development of an enzyme immunoassay for the Hawaii agent of viral gastroenteritis
241. Detection by immune elctron microscopy of 27-nm viral particles associated with community-acquired diarrhea in children
242. The incidence and genetic variability of small round-structured viruses in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the Netherlands
243. Molecular detection and epidemiology of Sapporo-like viruses
244. Genetic polymorphism across regions of the three open reading frames of "Norwalk-like viruses"
245. Molecular detection and epidemiology of small round-structured viruses in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the Netherlands
246. Simultaneous detection of "Norwalk-like viruses" by oligonucleotide array in a reverse line blot hybridization format
247. Sequence diversity of small round structured viruses
248. A large nontypical outbreak of Norwalk virus. Gastroenteritis associated with exposing celery to nonpotable water and with Citrobacter freundii
249. Tropical medicine or tropical health: The Health Clark lectures, 1988
250. Purification and partial characterization of a new enveloped RNA virus (Berne virus)
251. A foodborne outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis: Evidence for post-recovery transmission
252. Waterborne gastroenteritis due to the Norwalk agent: Clinical and epidemiologic investigation
253. Incidence of human calicivirus and rotavirus infection in patients with gastroenteritis in South Africa
254. Molecular characterisation of small round structured viruses associated with gastroenteritis in South Africa
255. Small round-structured (Norwalk-like) viruses and classical human caliciviruses in Southeastern Australia, 1980-1996
256. Infantile gastroenteritis associated with excretion of pestivirus antigens