Using intelligent/random library screening to design focused libraries for the optimization of homogeneous catalysts: Ullmann ether formation

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 122, Issue 21, 2000, Pages 5043-5051

  Fagan, Paul J ^a   Hauptman, Elisabeth ^a   Shapiro, Rafael ^a   Casalnuovo, Albert ^a  

^a DUPONT COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANILINE DERIVATIVE; ETHER DERIVATIVE; PYRIDINE DERIVATIVE;

ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; CATALYSIS; CATALYST; REACTION ANALYSIS; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS;

EID: 0034738131     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja000094c     Document Type: Article

References (111)

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27. For heterogeneous catalysis see: (a) Cong, P.; Doolen, R. D.; Fan, Q.; Gianquinta, D. M.; Guan, S.; McFarland, E. W.; Poojary, D. M.; Self, K.; Turner, H. W.; Weinberg, W. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 484. (b) Senkan, S. M.; Ozturk, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 791. (c) Holzwarth, A.; Schmidt, H.-W.; Maier, W. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2644. (d) Reddington, E.; Sapienza, A.; Gurau, B.; Viswanathan, R.; Saranggapani, S.; Smotkin, E. S.; Mallouk, T. E. Science 1998, 280, 1735. (e) Senkan, S. M. Nature 1998, 394, 350.
28. For heterogeneous catalysis see: (a) Cong, P.; Doolen, R. D.; Fan, Q.; Gianquinta, D. M.; Guan, S.; McFarland, E. W.; Poojary, D. M.; Self, K.; Turner, H. W.; Weinberg, W. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 484. (b) Senkan, S. M.; Ozturk, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 791. (c) Holzwarth, A.; Schmidt, H.-W.; Maier, W. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2644. (d) Reddington, E.; Sapienza, A.; Gurau, B.; Viswanathan, R.; Saranggapani, S.; Smotkin, E. S.; Mallouk, T. E. Science 1998, 280, 1735. (e) Senkan, S. M. Nature 1998, 394, 350.
29. For heterogeneous catalysis see: (a) Cong, P.; Doolen, R. D.; Fan, Q.; Gianquinta, D. M.; Guan, S.; McFarland, E. W.; Poojary, D. M.; Self, K.; Turner, H. W.; Weinberg, W. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 484. (b) Senkan, S. M.; Ozturk, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 791. (c) Holzwarth, A.; Schmidt, H.-W.; Maier, W. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2644. (d) Reddington, E.; Sapienza, A.; Gurau, B.; Viswanathan, R.; Saranggapani, S.; Smotkin, E. S.; Mallouk, T. E. Science 1998, 280, 1735. (e) Senkan, S. M. Nature 1998, 394, 350.
30. For heterogeneous catalysis see: (a) Cong, P.; Doolen, R. D.; Fan, Q.; Gianquinta, D. M.; Guan, S.; McFarland, E. W.; Poojary, D. M.; Self, K.; Turner, H. W.; Weinberg, W. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 484. (b) Senkan, S. M.; Ozturk, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 791. (c) Holzwarth, A.; Schmidt, H.-W.; Maier, W. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2644. (d) Reddington, E.; Sapienza, A.; Gurau, B.; Viswanathan, R.; Saranggapani, S.; Smotkin, E. S.; Mallouk, T. E. Science 1998, 280, 1735. (e) Senkan, S. M. Nature 1998, 394, 350.
31. For heterogeneous catalysis see: (a) Cong, P.; Doolen, R. D.; Fan, Q.; Gianquinta, D. M.; Guan, S.; McFarland, E. W.; Poojary, D. M.; Self, K.; Turner, H. W.; Weinberg, W. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 484. (b) Senkan, S. M.; Ozturk, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 791. (c) Holzwarth, A.; Schmidt, H.-W.; Maier, W. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2644. (d) Reddington, E.; Sapienza, A.; Gurau, B.; Viswanathan, R.; Saranggapani, S.; Smotkin, E. S.; Mallouk, T. E. Science 1998, 280, 1735. (e) Senkan, S. M. Nature 1998, 394, 350.
32. For homogeneous ligands synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Moreau, C.; Frost, C. G.; Murrer, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 5617. (b) Lapointe, A. M. J. Comb. Chem. 1999, 1, 101. (c) Brandli, C.; Ward, T. R. Helv. Chim. Acta 1998, 81, 1616. (d) Gennari, C.; Ceccarelli, S.; Piarulli, U.; Montalbetti, C. A. G. N.; Jackson, R. F. W. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5312. (e) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chang, C.-W. T. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 8424. (f) Moye-Sherman, D.; Welch, M. B.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2377. (g) Porte, A. M.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9180. (h) Buck, R. T.; Coe, D. M.; Drysdale, M. J.; Moody, C. J.; Pearson, N. D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 7181.
33. For homogeneous ligands synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Moreau, C.; Frost, C. G.; Murrer, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 5617. (b) Lapointe, A. M. J. Comb. Chem. 1999, 1, 101. (c) Brandli, C.; Ward, T. R. Helv. Chim. Acta 1998, 81, 1616. (d) Gennari, C.; Ceccarelli, S.; Piarulli, U.; Montalbetti, C. A. G. N.; Jackson, R. F. W. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5312. (e) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chang, C.-W. T. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 8424. (f) Moye-Sherman, D.; Welch, M. B.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2377. (g) Porte, A. M.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9180. (h) Buck, R. T.; Coe, D. M.; Drysdale, M. J.; Moody, C. J.; Pearson, N. D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 7181.
34. For homogeneous ligands synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Moreau, C.; Frost, C. G.; Murrer, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 5617. (b) Lapointe, A. M. J. Comb. Chem. 1999, 1, 101. (c) Brandli, C.; Ward, T. R. Helv. Chim. Acta 1998, 81, 1616. (d) Gennari, C.; Ceccarelli, S.; Piarulli, U.; Montalbetti, C. A. G. N.; Jackson, R. F. W. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5312. (e) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chang, C.-W. T. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 8424. (f) Moye-Sherman, D.; Welch, M. B.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2377. (g) Porte, A. M.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9180. (h) Buck, R. T.; Coe, D. M.; Drysdale, M. J.; Moody, C. J.; Pearson, N. D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 7181.
35. For homogeneous ligands synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Moreau, C.; Frost, C. G.; Murrer, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 5617. (b) Lapointe, A. M. J. Comb. Chem. 1999, 1, 101. (c) Brandli, C.; Ward, T. R. Helv. Chim. Acta 1998, 81, 1616. (d) Gennari, C.; Ceccarelli, S.; Piarulli, U.; Montalbetti, C. A. G. N.; Jackson, R. F. W. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5312. (e) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chang, C.-W. T. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 8424. (f) Moye-Sherman, D.; Welch, M. B.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2377. (g) Porte, A. M.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9180. (h) Buck, R. T.; Coe, D. M.; Drysdale, M. J.; Moody, C. J.; Pearson, N. D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 7181.
36. For homogeneous ligands synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Moreau, C.; Frost, C. G.; Murrer, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 5617. (b) Lapointe, A. M. J. Comb. Chem. 1999, 1, 101. (c) Brandli, C.; Ward, T. R. Helv. Chim. Acta 1998, 81, 1616. (d) Gennari, C.; Ceccarelli, S.; Piarulli, U.; Montalbetti, C. A. G. N.; Jackson, R. F. W. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5312. (e) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chang, C.-W. T. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 8424. (f) Moye-Sherman, D.; Welch, M. B.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2377. (g) Porte, A. M.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9180. (h) Buck, R. T.; Coe, D. M.; Drysdale, M. J.; Moody, C. J.; Pearson, N. D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 7181.
37. For homogeneous ligands synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Moreau, C.; Frost, C. G.; Murrer, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 5617. (b) Lapointe, A. M. J. Comb. Chem. 1999, 1, 101. (c) Brandli, C.; Ward, T. R. Helv. Chim. Acta 1998, 81, 1616. (d) Gennari, C.; Ceccarelli, S.; Piarulli, U.; Montalbetti, C. A. G. N.; Jackson, R. F. W. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5312. (e) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chang, C.-W. T. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 8424. (f) Moye-Sherman, D.; Welch, M. B.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2377. (g) Porte, A. M.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9180. (h) Buck, R. T.; Coe, D. M.; Drysdale, M. J.; Moody, C. J.; Pearson, N. D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 7181.
38. For homogeneous ligands synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Moreau, C.; Frost, C. G.; Murrer, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 5617. (b) Lapointe, A. M. J. Comb. Chem. 1999, 1, 101. (c) Brandli, C.; Ward, T. R. Helv. Chim. Acta 1998, 81, 1616. (d) Gennari, C.; Ceccarelli, S.; Piarulli, U.; Montalbetti, C. A. G. N.; Jackson, R. F. W. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5312. (e) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chang, C.-W. T. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 8424. (f) Moye-Sherman, D.; Welch, M. B.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2377. (g) Porte, A. M.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9180. (h) Buck, R. T.; Coe, D. M.; Drysdale, M. J.; Moody, C. J.; Pearson, N. D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 7181.
39. For homogeneous ligands synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Moreau, C.; Frost, C. G.; Murrer, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 5617. (b) Lapointe, A. M. J. Comb. Chem. 1999, 1, 101. (c) Brandli, C.; Ward, T. R. Helv. Chim. Acta 1998, 81, 1616. (d) Gennari, C.; Ceccarelli, S.; Piarulli, U.; Montalbetti, C. A. G. N.; Jackson, R. F. W. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5312. (e) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chang, C.-W. T. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 8424. (f) Moye-Sherman, D.; Welch, M. B.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2377. (g) Porte, A. M.; Reibenspies, J.; Burgess, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9180. (h) Buck, R. T.; Coe, D. M.; Drysdale, M. J.; Moody, C. J.; Pearson, N. D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 7181.
40. Burgess, K.; Lim, H.-J.; Porte, A. M.; Sulikowski, G. A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 220.
41. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
42. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
43. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
44. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
45. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
46. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
47. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
48. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
49. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
50. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
51. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
52. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
53. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
54. For combinatorial polymer-supported synthesis and catalysis see: (a) Jacobsen, E. N.; Francis, M. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 937. (b) Boussie, T. R.; Coutard, C.; Turner, H.; Murphy, V.; Powers, T. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3272. (c) Annis, D. A.; Helluin, O.; Jacobsen, E. N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1907. (d) Sigman, M. S.; Jacobsen, E. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901. (e) Menger, F. M.; Ding, J.; Barragan, V. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 7578. (f) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Case, B. L.; Liu, Y.-S.; Caraway, J. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6053. (g) Cole, B. M.; Shmizu, K. D.; Krueger, C. A.; Harrity, J. P.; Snapper, M. L.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1668. (h) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6475. (i) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X.; Hoge, G. S.; Klug, C. A.; Schaefer, J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4678. (j) Gilbertson, S. R.; Wang, X. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 434. (k) Liu, G.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7712. (l) Menger, F. M.; Eliseev, A. V.; Migulin, V. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6666. (m) Gilbertson, S. R.; Chen, G.; McLoughlin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4481. (n) Boussie, T. R.; Murphy, V.; Hall, K. A.; Coutard, C.; Dales, C.; Petro, M.; Carlson, E.; Turner, H. W.; Powers, T. S. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 11699.
55. For references emphasizing screening methodologies: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Klein, H.-W.; Stockigt, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1758. (b) Guo, J.; Wu, J.; Siuzdak, G.; Finn, M. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1755. (c) Ding, K.; Ishii, A.; Mikami, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 497. (d) Shaughnessy, K. H.; Kim, P.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 2123. (e) Cooper, A. C.; McAlexander, L. H.; Lee, D.-H.; Torres, M. T.; Crabtree, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9971. (f) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Kuhling, K. M.; Holzwarth, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2647. (g) Taylor, S. J.; Morken, J. P. Science 1998, 280, 267.
56. For references emphasizing screening methodologies: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Klein, H.-W.; Stockigt, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1758. (b) Guo, J.; Wu, J.; Siuzdak, G.; Finn, M. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1755. (c) Ding, K.; Ishii, A.; Mikami, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 497. (d) Shaughnessy, K. H.; Kim, P.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 2123. (e) Cooper, A. C.; McAlexander, L. H.; Lee, D.-H.; Torres, M. T.; Crabtree, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9971. (f) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Kuhling, K. M.; Holzwarth, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2647. (g) Taylor, S. J.; Morken, J. P. Science 1998, 280, 267.
57. For references emphasizing screening methodologies: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Klein, H.-W.; Stockigt, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1758. (b) Guo, J.; Wu, J.; Siuzdak, G.; Finn, M. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1755. (c) Ding, K.; Ishii, A.; Mikami, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 497. (d) Shaughnessy, K. H.; Kim, P.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 2123. (e) Cooper, A. C.; McAlexander, L. H.; Lee, D.-H.; Torres, M. T.; Crabtree, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9971. (f) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Kuhling, K. M.; Holzwarth, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2647. (g) Taylor, S. J.; Morken, J. P. Science 1998, 280, 267.
58. For references emphasizing screening methodologies: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Klein, H.-W.; Stockigt, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1758. (b) Guo, J.; Wu, J.; Siuzdak, G.; Finn, M. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1755. (c) Ding, K.; Ishii, A.; Mikami, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 497. (d) Shaughnessy, K. H.; Kim, P.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 2123. (e) Cooper, A. C.; McAlexander, L. H.; Lee, D.-H.; Torres, M. T.; Crabtree, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9971. (f) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Kuhling, K. M.; Holzwarth, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2647. (g) Taylor, S. J.; Morken, J. P. Science 1998, 280, 267.
59. For references emphasizing screening methodologies: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Klein, H.-W.; Stockigt, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1758. (b) Guo, J.; Wu, J.; Siuzdak, G.; Finn, M. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1755. (c) Ding, K.; Ishii, A.; Mikami, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 497. (d) Shaughnessy, K. H.; Kim, P.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 2123. (e) Cooper, A. C.; McAlexander, L. H.; Lee, D.-H.; Torres, M. T.; Crabtree, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9971. (f) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Kuhling, K. M.; Holzwarth, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2647. (g) Taylor, S. J.; Morken, J. P. Science 1998, 280, 267.
60. For references emphasizing screening methodologies: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Klein, H.-W.; Stockigt, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1758. (b) Guo, J.; Wu, J.; Siuzdak, G.; Finn, M. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1755. (c) Ding, K.; Ishii, A.; Mikami, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 497. (d) Shaughnessy, K. H.; Kim, P.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 2123. (e) Cooper, A. C.; McAlexander, L. H.; Lee, D.-H.; Torres, M. T.; Crabtree, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9971. (f) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Kuhling, K. M.; Holzwarth, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2647. (g) Taylor, S. J.; Morken, J. P. Science 1998, 280, 267.
61. For references emphasizing screening methodologies: (a) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Klein, H.-W.; Stockigt, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1758. (b) Guo, J.; Wu, J.; Siuzdak, G.; Finn, M. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1755. (c) Ding, K.; Ishii, A.; Mikami, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 497. (d) Shaughnessy, K. H.; Kim, P.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 2123. (e) Cooper, A. C.; McAlexander, L. H.; Lee, D.-H.; Torres, M. T.; Crabtree, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9971. (f) Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Kuhling, K. M.; Holzwarth, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2647. (g) Taylor, S. J.; Morken, J. P. Science 1998, 280, 267.
62. Schlogl, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed . 1998, 37, 2333.
63. Parshall G.; Ittel, S. D. Homogeneous Catalysis. The Applications and Chemistry of Catalysis by Soluble Transition Metal Complexes, 2nd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1992; 342 pp (English).
64. Tolman, C. A. Chem. Rev. 1977, 77, 313.
65. (a) Van Haaren, R. J.; Oevering, H.; Coussens, B. B.; Van Stricjdonck, G. P. F.; Reek, J. N. H.; Kamer, P. C. J.; Van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 8, 1237.
66. (b) Dierkes, P.; Van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1999, 10, 1519.
67. (c) Van der Veen, L. A.; Boele, M. D. K.; Bregman, F. R.; Kamer, P. C. J.; Van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11616.
68. (d) Casey, C. P.; Paulsen, E. L.; Beuttenmueller, E. W.; Proft, B. R.; Petrovich, L. M.; Matter, B. A.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 11817.
69. (e) Casey, C. P.; Whiteker, G.; Melville, M. G.; Petrovich, L. M.; Gavney, J. A., Jr.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5535.
70. (a) Reetz, M. T. Top. Catal. 1998, 4, 187.
71. (b) Landis, C. R.; Cleveland, T.; Firman, T. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2641.
72. (c) Landis, C. R.; Firman, T. K.; Root, D. M.; Cleveland, T. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 1842.
73. (d) Reetz, M. T.; Waldvogel, S. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1997, 36, 865.
74. (e) Trost, B. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 355.
75. (f) Reetz, M. T.; Niemeyer, C. M.; Hermes, M.; Goddard, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1992, 31, 1017.
76. For recent reviews on C-X coupling (X = N and O) see: (a) Cristau, H.-J.; Desmurs, J.-R.; Ratton, S.; Rignol, S.; Taillefer, M. In The Roots of Organic Development; Desmurs, J-R., Ratton, S., Eds.; Industrial Chemistry Library, 1996; Vol. 8, p 90. (b) Tonks, L.; Williams, J. M. Organomet. Chem. 1998, 26. Chapter 8, p 180. (c) Beller, M.; Riermeier, T. H. In Transition Metals for Organic Synthesis; Beller, M., Bolm, C., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: New York, 1998; Chapter 2.11.
77. For recent reviews on C-X coupling (X = N and O) see: (a) Cristau, H.-J.; Desmurs, J.-R.; Ratton, S.; Rignol, S.; Taillefer, M. In The Roots of Organic Development; Desmurs, J-R., Ratton, S., Eds.; Industrial Chemistry Library, 1996; Vol. 8, p 90. (b) Tonks, L.; Williams, J. M. Organomet. Chem. 1998, 26. Chapter 8, p 180. (c) Beller, M.; Riermeier, T. H. In Transition Metals for Organic Synthesis; Beller, M., Bolm, C., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: New York, 1998; Chapter 2.11.
78. For recent reviews on C-X coupling (X = N and O) see: (a) Cristau, H.-J.; Desmurs, J.-R.; Ratton, S.; Rignol, S.; Taillefer, M. In The Roots of Organic Development; Desmurs, J-R., Ratton, S., Eds.; Industrial Chemistry Library, 1996; Vol. 8, p 90. (b) Tonks, L.; Williams, J. M. Organomet. Chem. 1998, 26. Chapter 8, p 180. (c) Beller, M.; Riermeier, T. H. In Transition Metals for Organic Synthesis; Beller, M., Bolm, C., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: New York, 1998; Chapter 2.11.
79. Yamakawa, K. U.S. Patent 5,006,660 to Fuji Photo Film Co.
80. For general Ullmann couplings see: (a) Paine, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 1496. (b) Couture, C.; Paine, A. J. Can. J. Chem. 1985, 63, 111. (c) Lindley, J. Tetrahedron 1984, 40, 1433. (d) Yamamoto, T.; Kurata, Y. Can. J. Chem. 1983, 61, 86.
81. For general Ullmann couplings see: (a) Paine, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 1496. (b) Couture, C.; Paine, A. J. Can. J. Chem. 1985, 63, 111. (c) Lindley, J. Tetrahedron 1984, 40, 1433. (d) Yamamoto, T.; Kurata, Y. Can. J. Chem. 1983, 61, 86.
82. For general Ullmann couplings see: (a) Paine, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 1496. (b) Couture, C.; Paine, A. J. Can. J. Chem. 1985, 63, 111. (c) Lindley, J. Tetrahedron 1984, 40, 1433. (d) Yamamoto, T.; Kurata, Y. Can. J. Chem. 1983, 61, 86.
83. For general Ullmann couplings see: (a) Paine, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 1496. (b) Couture, C.; Paine, A. J. Can. J. Chem. 1985, 63, 111. (c) Lindley, J. Tetrahedron 1984, 40, 1433. (d) Yamamoto, T.; Kurata, Y. Can. J. Chem. 1983, 61, 86.
84. For phenoxylation reactions see: (a) Marcoux, J.-F.; Doye, S.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10539. (b) Nicolaou, K. C.; Boddy, C. N. C.; Natarajan, S.; Yue, T.-Y.; Li, H.; Brase, S.; Ramanjulu, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3421. (c) Pellon, R. F.; Carrasco, R.; Milian, V.; Rodes, L. Synth. Commun. 1995, 25, 1077. (d) Yeager, G. W.; Schissel, D. N. Synthesis 1995, 28. (e) Smith, K.; Jones, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1992, 407. (f) Oi, R.; Shimakawa, C.; Takenaka, S. Chem. Lett. 1988, 899. (g) Afzali, A.; Firouzabadi, H.; Khalafi-nejad, A. Synth. Commun. 1983, 13, 335.
85. For phenoxylation reactions see: (a) Marcoux, J.-F.; Doye, S.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10539. (b) Nicolaou, K. C.; Boddy, C. N. C.; Natarajan, S.; Yue, T.-Y.; Li, H.; Brase, S.; Ramanjulu, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3421. (c) Pellon, R. F.; Carrasco, R.; Milian, V.; Rodes, L. Synth. Commun. 1995, 25, 1077. (d) Yeager, G. W.; Schissel, D. N. Synthesis 1995, 28. (e) Smith, K.; Jones, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1992, 407. (f) Oi, R.; Shimakawa, C.; Takenaka, S. Chem. Lett. 1988, 899. (g) Afzali, A.; Firouzabadi, H.; Khalafi-nejad, A. Synth. Commun. 1983, 13, 335.
86. For phenoxylation reactions see: (a) Marcoux, J.-F.; Doye, S.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10539. (b) Nicolaou, K. C.; Boddy, C. N. C.; Natarajan, S.; Yue, T.-Y.; Li, H.; Brase, S.; Ramanjulu, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3421. (c) Pellon, R. F.; Carrasco, R.; Milian, V.; Rodes, L. Synth. Commun. 1995, 25, 1077. (d) Yeager, G. W.; Schissel, D. N. Synthesis 1995, 28. (e) Smith, K.; Jones, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1992, 407. (f) Oi, R.; Shimakawa, C.; Takenaka, S. Chem. Lett. 1988, 899. (g) Afzali, A.; Firouzabadi, H.; Khalafi-nejad, A. Synth. Commun. 1983, 13, 335.
87. For phenoxylation reactions see: (a) Marcoux, J.-F.; Doye, S.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10539. (b) Nicolaou, K. C.; Boddy, C. N. C.; Natarajan, S.; Yue, T.-Y.; Li, H.; Brase, S.; Ramanjulu, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3421. (c) Pellon, R. F.; Carrasco, R.; Milian, V.; Rodes, L. Synth. Commun. 1995, 25, 1077. (d) Yeager, G. W.; Schissel, D. N. Synthesis 1995, 28. (e) Smith, K.; Jones, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1992, 407. (f) Oi, R.; Shimakawa, C.; Takenaka, S. Chem. Lett. 1988, 899. (g) Afzali, A.; Firouzabadi, H.; Khalafi-nejad, A. Synth. Commun. 1983, 13, 335.
88. For phenoxylation reactions see: (a) Marcoux, J.-F.; Doye, S.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10539. (b) Nicolaou, K. C.; Boddy, C. N. C.; Natarajan, S.; Yue, T.-Y.; Li, H.; Brase, S.; Ramanjulu, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3421. (c) Pellon, R. F.; Carrasco, R.; Milian, V.; Rodes, L. Synth. Commun. 1995, 25, 1077. (d) Yeager, G. W.; Schissel, D. N. Synthesis 1995, 28. (e) Smith, K.; Jones, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1992, 407. (f) Oi, R.; Shimakawa, C.; Takenaka, S. Chem. Lett. 1988, 899. (g) Afzali, A.; Firouzabadi, H.; Khalafi-nejad, A. Synth. Commun. 1983, 13, 335.
89. For phenoxylation reactions see: (a) Marcoux, J.-F.; Doye, S.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10539. (b) Nicolaou, K. C.; Boddy, C. N. C.; Natarajan, S.; Yue, T.-Y.; Li, H.; Brase, S.; Ramanjulu, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3421. (c) Pellon, R. F.; Carrasco, R.; Milian, V.; Rodes, L. Synth. Commun. 1995, 25, 1077. (d) Yeager, G. W.; Schissel, D. N. Synthesis 1995, 28. (e) Smith, K.; Jones, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1992, 407. (f) Oi, R.; Shimakawa, C.; Takenaka, S. Chem. Lett. 1988, 899. (g) Afzali, A.; Firouzabadi, H.; Khalafi-nejad, A. Synth. Commun. 1983, 13, 335.
90. For phenoxylation reactions see: (a) Marcoux, J.-F.; Doye, S.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10539. (b) Nicolaou, K. C.; Boddy, C. N. C.; Natarajan, S.; Yue, T.-Y.; Li, H.; Brase, S.; Ramanjulu, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3421. (c) Pellon, R. F.; Carrasco, R.; Milian, V.; Rodes, L. Synth. Commun. 1995, 25, 1077. (d) Yeager, G. W.; Schissel, D. N. Synthesis 1995, 28. (e) Smith, K.; Jones, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1992, 407. (f) Oi, R.; Shimakawa, C.; Takenaka, S. Chem. Lett. 1988, 899. (g) Afzali, A.; Firouzabadi, H.; Khalafi-nejad, A. Synth. Commun. 1983, 13, 335.
91. For methoxylation reactions see: (a) Ragan, J. A.; Malowski, T. W.; Castaldi, M. J.; Hill, P. D. Synthesis 1998, 1599. (b) Capdevielle, P.; Maumy, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 1007. (c) Aalten, H. L.; van Koten, G.; Grove, D. M.; Kuilman, T.; Piekstra, O. G.; Hulshof, L. A.; Sheldon, R. A. Tetrahedron 1989, 45, 5565. (d) Keegstra, M. A.; Peters, T. H. A.; Brandsma, L. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 3633. (e) Keegstra, M. A.; Brandsma, L. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1991, 110, 299. (f) Bacon, R. G. R.; Rennison, S. C. J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1969, 3 2. For intramolecular Cucatalyred alkoxylations see refs 17c and 17f and: (g) Castro, C. E.; Havlin, R.; Honwad, V. K.; Malte, A.; Moje, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 6464.
92. For methoxylation reactions see: (a) Ragan, J. A.; Malowski, T. W.; Castaldi, M. J.; Hill, P. D. Synthesis 1998, 1599. (b) Capdevielle, P.; Maumy, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 1007. (c) Aalten, H. L.; van Koten, G.; Grove, D. M.; Kuilman, T.; Piekstra, O. G.; Hulshof, L. A.; Sheldon, R. A. Tetrahedron 1989, 45, 5565. (d) Keegstra, M. A.; Peters, T. H. A.; Brandsma, L. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 3633. (e) Keegstra, M. A.; Brandsma, L. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1991, 110, 299. (f) Bacon, R. G. R.; Rennison, S. C. J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1969, 3 2. For intramolecular Cucatalyred alkoxylations see refs 17c and 17f and: (g) Castro, C. E.; Havlin, R.; Honwad, V. K.; Malte, A.; Moje, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 6464.
93. For methoxylation reactions see: (a) Ragan, J. A.; Malowski, T. W.; Castaldi, M. J.; Hill, P. D. Synthesis 1998, 1599. (b) Capdevielle, P.; Maumy, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 1007. (c) Aalten, H. L.; van Koten, G.; Grove, D. M.; Kuilman, T.; Piekstra, O. G.; Hulshof, L. A.; Sheldon, R. A. Tetrahedron 1989, 45, 5565. (d) Keegstra, M. A.; Peters, T. H. A.; Brandsma, L. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 3633. (e) Keegstra, M. A.; Brandsma, L. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1991, 110, 299. (f) Bacon, R. G. R.; Rennison, S. C. J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1969, 3 2. For intramolecular Cucatalyred alkoxylations see refs 17c and 17f and: (g) Castro, C. E.; Havlin, R.; Honwad, V. K.; Malte, A.; Moje, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 6464.
94. For methoxylation reactions see: (a) Ragan, J. A.; Malowski, T. W.; Castaldi, M. J.; Hill, P. D. Synthesis 1998, 1599. (b) Capdevielle, P.; Maumy, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 1007. (c) Aalten, H. L.; van Koten, G.; Grove, D. M.; Kuilman, T.; Piekstra, O. G.; Hulshof, L. A.; Sheldon, R. A. Tetrahedron 1989, 45, 5565. (d) Keegstra, M. A.; Peters, T. H. A.; Brandsma, L. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 3633. (e) Keegstra, M. A.; Brandsma, L. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1991, 110, 299. (f) Bacon, R. G. R.; Rennison, S. C. J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1969, 3 2. For intramolecular Cucatalyred alkoxylations see refs 17c and 17f and: (g) Castro, C. E.; Havlin, R.; Honwad, V. K.; Malte, A.; Moje, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 6464.
95. For methoxylation reactions see: (a) Ragan, J. A.; Malowski, T. W.; Castaldi, M. J.; Hill, P. D. Synthesis 1998, 1599. (b) Capdevielle, P.; Maumy, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 1007. (c) Aalten, H. L.; van Koten, G.; Grove, D. M.; Kuilman, T.; Piekstra, O. G.; Hulshof, L. A.; Sheldon, R. A. Tetrahedron 1989, 45, 5565. (d) Keegstra, M. A.; Peters, T. H. A.; Brandsma, L. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 3633. (e) Keegstra, M. A.; Brandsma, L. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1991, 110, 299. (f) Bacon, R. G. R.; Rennison, S. C. J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1969, 3 2. For intramolecular Cucatalyred alkoxylations see refs 17c and 17f and: (g) Castro, C. E.; Havlin, R.; Honwad, V. K.; Malte, A.; Moje, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 6464.
96. For methoxylation reactions see: (a) Ragan, J. A.; Malowski, T. W.; Castaldi, M. J.; Hill, P. D. Synthesis 1998, 1599. (b) Capdevielle, P.; Maumy, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 1007. (c) Aalten, H. L.; van Koten, G.; Grove, D. M.; Kuilman, T.; Piekstra, O. G.; Hulshof, L. A.; Sheldon, R. A. Tetrahedron 1989, 45, 5565. (d) Keegstra, M. A.; Peters, T. H. A.; Brandsma, L. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 3633. (e) Keegstra, M. A.; Brandsma, L. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1991, 110, 299. (f) Bacon, R. G. R.; Rennison, S. C. J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1969, 3 2. For intramolecular Cucatalyred alkoxylations see refs 17c and 17f and: (g) Castro, C. E.; Havlin, R.; Honwad, V. K.; Malte, A.; Moje, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 6464.
97. For methoxylation reactions see: (a) Ragan, J. A.; Malowski, T. W.; Castaldi, M. J.; Hill, P. D. Synthesis 1998, 1599. (b) Capdevielle, P.; Maumy, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 1007. (c) Aalten, H. L.; van Koten, G.; Grove, D. M.; Kuilman, T.; Piekstra, O. G.; Hulshof, L. A.; Sheldon, R. A. Tetrahedron 1989, 45, 5565. (d) Keegstra, M. A.; Peters, T. H. A.; Brandsma, L. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 3633. (e) Keegstra, M. A.; Brandsma, L. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1991, 110, 299. (f) Bacon, R. G. R.; Rennison, S. C. J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1969, 3 2. For intramolecular Cucatalyred alkoxylations see refs 17c and 17f and: (g) Castro, C. E.; Havlin, R.; Honwad, V. K.; Malte, A.; Moje, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 6464.
98. For palladium-catalyzed phenoxylation and alkoxylation reaction see: (a) Aranyos, A.; Old, D. W.; Kiyomori, A.; Wolfe, J. P.; Sadighi, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4369. (b) Mann, G.; Incarvito, C.; Rheingold, A. L.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3224. (c) Hartwig, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 852. (d) Hartwig, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2047. (e) Mann, G.; Hartwig, J. F. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 8005. (f) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3395. (g) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10333.
99. For palladium-catalyzed phenoxylation and alkoxylation reaction see: (a) Aranyos, A.; Old, D. W.; Kiyomori, A.; Wolfe, J. P.; Sadighi, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4369. (b) Mann, G.; Incarvito, C.; Rheingold, A. L.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3224. (c) Hartwig, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 852. (d) Hartwig, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2047. (e) Mann, G.; Hartwig, J. F. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 8005. (f) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3395. (g) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10333.
100. For palladium-catalyzed phenoxylation and alkoxylation reaction see: (a) Aranyos, A.; Old, D. W.; Kiyomori, A.; Wolfe, J. P.; Sadighi, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4369. (b) Mann, G.; Incarvito, C.; Rheingold, A. L.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3224. (c) Hartwig, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 852. (d) Hartwig, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2047. (e) Mann, G.; Hartwig, J. F. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 8005. (f) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3395. (g) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10333.
101. For palladium-catalyzed phenoxylation and alkoxylation reaction see: (a) Aranyos, A.; Old, D. W.; Kiyomori, A.; Wolfe, J. P.; Sadighi, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4369. (b) Mann, G.; Incarvito, C.; Rheingold, A. L.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3224. (c) Hartwig, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 852. (d) Hartwig, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2047. (e) Mann, G.; Hartwig, J. F. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 8005. (f) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3395. (g) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10333.
102. For palladium-catalyzed phenoxylation and alkoxylation reaction see: (a) Aranyos, A.; Old, D. W.; Kiyomori, A.; Wolfe, J. P.; Sadighi, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4369. (b) Mann, G.; Incarvito, C.; Rheingold, A. L.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3224. (c) Hartwig, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 852. (d) Hartwig, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2047. (e) Mann, G.; Hartwig, J. F. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 8005. (f)
103. For palladium-catalyzed phenoxylation and alkoxylation reaction see: (a) Aranyos, A.; Old, D. W.; Kiyomori, A.; Wolfe, J. P.; Sadighi, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4369. (b) Mann, G.; Incarvito, C.; Rheingold, A. L.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3224. (c) Hartwig, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 852. (d) Hartwig, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2047. (e) Mann, G.; Hartwig, J. F. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 8005. (f) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3395. (g) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10333.
104. For palladium-catalyzed phenoxylation and alkoxylation reaction see: (a) Aranyos, A.; Old, D. W.; Kiyomori, A.; Wolfe, J. P.; Sadighi, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4369. (b) Mann, G.; Incarvito, C.; Rheingold, A. L.; Hartwig, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3224. (c) Hartwig, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 852. (d) Hartwig, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2047. (e) Mann, G.; Hartwig, J. F. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 8005. (f) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3395. (g) Palucki, M.; Wolfe, J. P.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10333.
105. Perrin, D. D.; Armarego, W. L. F. Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 3rd ed.; Butterworth-Heinemann: Boston, 1988.
106. Bamberger, E. Justus Liebig's Ann. Chem. 1925, 443, 209.
107. Cooke, M. P., Jr.; Widener, R. K. J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 1381.
108. See the Supporting Information for details.
109. For recent applications see: (a) Nagai, R.; Myaki, K. Preparation of fluoroalkoxybenzenes from bromofluorobenzenes. JP 1991-216630 19910802. (b) Gillet, J.-P. Process for the Preparation of Esters of Alkoxyphenoxybenzoic Acids and their Dealkylation to Hydroxyphenoxybenzoic Acids. EP 1992-401918. (c) Okizaki, A.; Yoshimitsu, M.; Kubo, M. Preparation of 4,4′-dialkoxybiphenyls. JP 1987-317365 19871217.
110. For recent applications see: (a) Nagai, R.; Myaki, K. Preparation of fluoroalkoxybenzenes from bromofluorobenzenes. JP 1991-216630 19910802. (b) Gillet, J.-P. Process for the Preparation of Esters of Alkoxyphenoxybenzoic Acids and their Dealkylation to Hydroxyphenoxybenzoic Acids. EP 1992-401918. (c) Okizaki, A.; Yoshimitsu, M.; Kubo, M. Preparation of 4,4′-dialkoxybiphenyls. JP 1987-317365 19871217.
111. For recent applications see: (a) Nagai, R.; Myaki, K. Preparation of fluoroalkoxybenzenes from bromofluorobenzenes. JP 1991-216630 19910802. (b) Gillet, J.-P. Process for the Preparation of Esters of Alkoxyphenoxybenzoic Acids and their Dealkylation to Hydroxyphenoxybenzoic Acids. EP 1992-401918. (c) Okizaki, A.; Yoshimitsu, M.; Kubo, M. Preparation of 4,4′-dialkoxybiphenyls. JP 1987-317365 19871217.