The electrochemically-driven decomplexation/recomplexation of inclusion adducts of ferrocene derivatives with an electron-accepting receptor

Journal of Organic Chemistry

Volumn 65, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 1947-1956

  Balzani, Vincenzo ^a   Becher, Jan ^b   Credi, Alberto ^a   Nielsen, Mogens B ^b,c   Raymo, Françisco M ^c,d   Stoddart, J Fraser ^c   Talarico, Anna Maria ^a   Venturi, Margherita ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; CATION; CYCLOPHANE; FERROCENE DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; COMPLEX FORMATION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; HYDROGEN BOND; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION;

EID: 0034616371     PISSN: 00223263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jo991467z     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. (a) Ashton, P. R.; Menzer, S.; Raymo, F. M.; Shimizu, G. K. H.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Commun. 1986, 487-490.
2. (b) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Menzer, S.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 877-893.
3. (c) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Pure Appl. Chem. 1996, 68, 313-322.
4. For the complexation of ferrocene by bipyridinium-based tetracationic cyclophanes, see: (a) Ashton, P. R.; Claessens, C. G.; Hayes, W.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1862-1865. (b) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Brown, C. L.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Menzer, S.; Pasini, D.; Scheuer, C.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1136-1150.
5. For the complexation of ferrocene by bipyridinium-based tetracationic cyclophanes, see: (a) Ashton, P. R.; Claessens, C. G.; Hayes, W.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1862-1865. (b) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Brown, C. L.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Menzer, S.; Pasini, D.; Scheuer, C.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1136-1150.
6. For reviews on second-sphere coordination, see: (a) Colquhoun, H. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 487-507. (b) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1988, 107, 515-528. (c) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. In Cation Binding By Macrocycles; Inoue, Y., Gokel, G. W., Eds.; Dekker: New York, NY, 1990; pp 515-528. (d) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Ber. 1996, 129, 981-990. (e) Loeb, S. J. In Comprehensive Supramoleclar Chemistry; Gokel, G. W., Ed.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 733-751. (f) Crumbliss, A. L.; Batinic Haberle, I.; Spasojevic, I. Pure Appl. Chem. 1996, 68, 1225-1230. (g) Reinen, D.; Atanasov, M.; Lee, S. L. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998, 175, 91-158.
7. For reviews on second-sphere coordination, see: (a) Colquhoun, H. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 487-507. (b) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1988, 107, 515-528. (c) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. In Cation Binding By Macrocycles; Inoue, Y., Gokel, G. W., Eds.; Dekker: New York, NY, 1990; pp 515-528. (d) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Ber. 1996, 129, 981-990. (e) Loeb, S. J. In Comprehensive Supramoleclar Chemistry; Gokel, G. W., Ed.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 733-751. (f) Crumbliss, A. L.; Batinic Haberle, I.; Spasojevic, I. Pure Appl. Chem. 1996, 68, 1225-1230. (g) Reinen, D.; Atanasov, M.; Lee, S. L. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998, 175, 91-158.
8. For reviews on second-sphere coordination, see: (a) Colquhoun, H. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 487-507. (b) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1988, 107, 515-528. (c) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. In Cation Binding By Macrocycles; Inoue, Y., Gokel, G. W., Eds.; Dekker: New York, NY, 1990; pp 515-528. (d) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Ber. 1996, 129, 981-990. (e) Loeb, S. J. In Comprehensive Supramoleclar Chemistry; Gokel, G. W., Ed.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 733-751. (f) Crumbliss, A. L.; Batinic Haberle, I.; Spasojevic, I. Pure Appl. Chem. 1996, 68, 1225-1230. (g) Reinen, D.; Atanasov, M.; Lee, S. L. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998, 175, 91-158.
9. For reviews on second-sphere coordination, see: (a) Colquhoun, H. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 487-507. (b) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1988, 107, 515-528. (c) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. In Cation Binding By Macrocycles; Inoue, Y., Gokel, G. W., Eds.; Dekker: New York, NY, 1990; pp 515-528. (d) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Ber. 1996, 129, 981-990. (e) Loeb, S. J. In Comprehensive Supramoleclar Chemistry; Gokel, G. W., Ed.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 733-751. (f) Crumbliss, A. L.; Batinic Haberle, I.; Spasojevic, I. Pure Appl. Chem. 1996, 68, 1225-1230. (g) Reinen, D.; Atanasov, M.; Lee, S. L. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998, 175, 91-158.
10. For reviews on second-sphere coordination, see: (a) Colquhoun, H. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 487-507. (b) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1988, 107, 515-528. (c) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. In Cation Binding By Macrocycles; Inoue, Y., Gokel, G. W., Eds.; Dekker: New York, NY, 1990; pp 515-528. (d) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Ber. 1996, 129, 981-990. (e) Loeb, S. J. In Comprehensive Supramoleclar Chemistry; Gokel, G. W., Ed.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 733-751. (f) Crumbliss, A. L.; Batinic Haberle, I.; Spasojevic, I. Pure Appl. Chem. 1996, 68, 1225-1230. (g) Reinen, D.; Atanasov, M.; Lee, S. L. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998, 175, 91-158.
11. For reviews on second-sphere coordination, see: (a) Colquhoun, H. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 487-507. (b) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1988, 107, 515-528. (c) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. In Cation Binding By Macrocycles; Inoue, Y., Gokel, G. W., Eds.; Dekker: New York, NY, 1990; pp 515-528. (d) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Ber. 1996, 129, 981-990. (e) Loeb, S. J. In Comprehensive Supramoleclar Chemistry; Gokel, G. W., Ed.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 733-751. (f) Crumbliss, A. L.; Batinic Haberle, I.; Spasojevic, I. Pure Appl. Chem. 1996, 68, 1225-1230. (g) Reinen, D.; Atanasov, M.; Lee, S. L. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998, 175, 91-158.
12. For reviews on second-sphere coordination, see: (a) Colquhoun, H. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 487-507. (b) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1988, 107, 515-528. (c) Stoddart, J. F.; Zarzycki, R. In Cation Binding By Macrocycles; Inoue, Y., Gokel, G. W., Eds.; Dekker: New York, NY, 1990; pp 515-528. (d) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Ber. 1996, 129, 981-990. (e) Loeb, S. J. In Comprehensive Supramoleclar Chemistry; Gokel, G. W., Ed.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 733-751. (f) Crumbliss, A. L.; Batinic Haberle, I.; Spasojevic, I. Pure Appl. Chem. 1996, 68, 1225-1230. (g) Reinen, D.; Atanasov, M.; Lee, S. L. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998, 175, 91-158.
13. For a definition of the term "co-conformation", see: Fyfe, M. C. T.; Glink, P. T.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1897, 36, 2068-2070.
14. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
15. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
16. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
17. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
18. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
19. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
20. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
21. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
22. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
23. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
24. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
25. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
26. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
27. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
28. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
29. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
30. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
31. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
32. For accounts, books, and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and related super-molecules, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press: New York, NY, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. 0.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195- 248. (e) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (f) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (i) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 67, 1-43. (j) Fujita, M.; Ogura, K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249- 264. (k) Gibson, H. W. In Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 1996; pp 191-202. (l) Gillard, R. E.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1933-1940. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Nepogodiev, S. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1959-1976. (p) Fujita, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 53-61. (q) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1643-1664. (r) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Sauvage, J.-P., Dietrich- Buchecker, C. O., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, 1999. (s) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293.
33. For examples of molecular shuttles, see: (a) Anelli, P.-L.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 5131-5133. (b) Bissell, R. A.; Córdova, E.; Kaifer, A. E.; Stoddart, J. F. Nature 1994, 369, 133-137. (c) Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1904-1907. (d) Murakami, H.; Kawabuchi, A.; Kotoo, K.; Kunitake, M.; Nakashima, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7605-7606. (e) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Baxter, I.; Credi, A.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez- López, M.; Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Piersanti, A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11932-11942. (f) Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.-P.; Gaviña, P.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1, 4397-4408. (g) Collin, J.-P.; Gavina, P.; Sauvage, J.-P. New J. Chem. 1999, 21, 525-528. (h) Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Dehaen, W.; Dell'Erba, A.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 591-602.
34. For examples of molecular shuttles, see: (a) Anelli, P.-L.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 5131-5133. (b) Bissell, R. A.; Córdova, E.; Kaifer, A. E.; Stoddart, J. F. Nature 1994, 369, 133-137. (c) Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1904-1907. (d) Murakami, H.; Kawabuchi, A.; Kotoo, K.; Kunitake, M.; Nakashima, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7605-7606. (e) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Baxter, I.; Credi, A.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez- López, M.; Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Piersanti, A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11932-11942. (f) Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.-P.; Gaviña, P.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1, 4397-4408. (g) Collin, J.-P.; Gavina, P.; Sauvage, J.-P. New J. Chem. 1999, 21, 525-528. (h) Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Dehaen, W.; Dell'Erba, A.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 591-602.
35. For examples of molecular shuttles, see: (a) Anelli, P.-L.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 5131-5133. (b) Bissell, R. A.; Córdova, E.; Kaifer, A. E.; Stoddart, J. F. Nature 1994, 369, 133-137. (c) Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1904-1907. (d) Murakami, H.; Kawabuchi, A.; Kotoo, K.; Kunitake, M.; Nakashima, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7605-7606. (e) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Baxter, I.; Credi, A.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez- López, M.; Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Piersanti, A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11932-11942. (f) Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.-P.; Gaviña, P.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1, 4397-4408. (g) Collin, J.-P.; Gavina, P.; Sauvage, J.-P. New J. Chem. 1999, 21, 525-528. (h) Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Dehaen, W.; Dell'Erba, A.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 591-602.
36. For examples of molecular shuttles, see: (a) Anelli, P.-L.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 5131-5133. (b) Bissell, R. A.; Córdova, E.; Kaifer, A. E.; Stoddart, J. F. Nature 1994, 369, 133-137. (c) Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1904-1907. (d) Murakami, H.; Kawabuchi, A.; Kotoo, K.; Kunitake, M.; Nakashima, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7605-7606. (e) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Baxter, I.; Credi, A.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez- López, M.; Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Piersanti, A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11932-11942. (f) Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.-P.; Gaviña, P.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1, 4397-4408. (g) Collin, J.-P.; Gavina, P.; Sauvage, J.-P. New J. Chem. 1999, 21, 525-528. (h) Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Dehaen, W.; Dell'Erba, A.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 591-602.
37. For examples of molecular shuttles, see: (a) Anelli, P.-L.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 5131-5133. (b) Bissell, R. A.; Córdova, E.; Kaifer, A. E.; Stoddart, J. F. Nature 1994, 369, 133-137. (c) Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1904-1907. (d) Murakami, H.; Kawabuchi, A.; Kotoo, K.; Kunitake, M.; Nakashima, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7605-7606. (e) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Baxter, I.; Credi, A.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Piersanti, A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11932-11942. (f) Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.-P.; Gaviña, P.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1, 4397-4408. (g) Collin, J.-P.; Gavina, P.; Sauvage, J.-P. New J. Chem. 1999, 21, 525-528. (h) Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Dehaen, W.; Dell'Erba, A.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 591-602.
38. For examples of molecular shuttles, see: (a) Anelli, P.-L.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 5131-5133. (b) Bissell, R. A.; Córdova, E.; Kaifer, A. E.; Stoddart, J. F. Nature 1994, 369, 133-137. (c) Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1904-1907. (d) Murakami, H.; Kawabuchi, A.; Kotoo, K.; Kunitake, M.; Nakashima, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7605-7606. (e) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Baxter, I.; Credi, A.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez- López, M.; Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Piersanti, A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11932-11942. (f) Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.-P.; Gaviña, P.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1, 4397-4408. (g) Collin, J.-P.; Gavina, P.; Sauvage, J.-P. New J. Chem. 1999, 21, 525-528. (h) Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Dehaen, W.; Dell'Erba, A.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 591-602.
39. For examples of molecular shuttles, see: (a) Anelli, P.-L.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 5131-5133. (b) Bissell, R. A.; Córdova, E.; Kaifer, A. E.; Stoddart, J. F. Nature 1994, 369, 133-137. (c) Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1904-1907. (d) Murakami, H.; Kawabuchi, A.; Kotoo, K.; Kunitake, M.; Nakashima, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7605-7606. (e) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Baxter, I.; Credi, A.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez- López, M.; Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Piersanti, A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11932-11942. (f) Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.-P.; Gaviña, P.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1, 4397-4408. (g) Collin, J.-P.; Gavina, P.; Sauvage, J.-P. New J. Chem. 1999, 21, 525-528. (h) Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Dehaen, W.; Dell'Erba, A.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 591-602.
40. For examples of molecular shuttles, see: (a) Anelli, P.-L.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 5131-5133. (b) Bissell, R. A.; Córdova, E.; Kaifer, A. E.; Stoddart, J. F. Nature 1994, 369, 133-137. (c) Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1904-1907. (d) Murakami, H.; Kawabuchi, A.; Kotoo, K.; Kunitake, M.; Nakashima, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7605-7606. (e) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Baxter, I.; Credi, A.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez- López, M.; Martínez-Díaz, M.-V.; Piersanti, A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11932-11942. (f) Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.-P.; Gaviña, P.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1, 4397-4408. (g) Collin, J.-P.; Gavina, P.; Sauvage, J.-P. New J. Chem. 1999, 21, 525-528. (h) Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Dehaen, W.; Dell'Erba, A.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 591-602.
41. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
42. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
43. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
44. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
45. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
46. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
47. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
48. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
49. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
50. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
51. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V.
52. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
53. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
54. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
55. For accounts and reviews on molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled by external stimuli, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood: Chichester, 1991. (b) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (c) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; M. Maguire, G. E.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1992, 21, 187-195. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (f) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (g) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (h) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640- 645. (i) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (j) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611- 619. (k) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (l) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (m) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62- 71. (n) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. 1999, 178-183. (o) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 2000, 22-26.
56. +, respectively, corresponding to the molecular ion and to the losses of one and two hexafluorophosphate counterions, respectively.
57. 6 was never performed using either 11 or 21 as templates. The former was not expected to be an efficient template, and the latter was not available in sufficient quantities.
58. Connors, K. A. Binding Constants; Wiley: New York, NY, 1987.
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62. Lever, A. B. P. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1984.
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64. Amabilino, D.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Lee, J. Y.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4295-4307.
65. Mann, C. K.; Barnes, K. K. Electrochemical Reactions in Non Aqueous Systems; Dekker: New York, NY, 1970.
66. 1/3).
67. Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170.
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70. 3, undergoes some degradation in MeCN solution on the time scale of minutes. The same behavior is exhibited by compound 12.
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