Electrophoresis of DNA and other polyelectrolytes: Physical mechanisms

Reviews of Modern Physics

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 813-872

  Viovy, Jean Louis ^a  

^a INSTITUT CURIE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034335665     PISSN: 00346861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.72.813     Document Type: Article

References (395)

1. Aalberts, D. P., 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4544-4547.
2. Aalberts, D. P., and J. M. J. van Leeuwen, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1003-1010.
3. Adolf, D., 1987, Macromolecules 20, 116-121.
4. Ajdari, A., 1992, Ph.D. thesis (Université Paris VI).
5. Ajdari, A., 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 755-758.
6. Ajdari, A., F. Brochard-Wyart, P. G. de Gennes, L. Leibler, J. L. Viovy, and M. Rubinstein, 1994, Physica A 204, 17-39.
7. Ajdari, A., F. Brochard-Wyart, C. Gay, P. G. de Gennes, and J. L. Viovy, 1995, J. Phys. II 5, 491-495.
8. Ajdari, A., and J. Prost, 1992, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. II: Mec., Phys., Chim., Sci. Terre Univers 315, 1635-1639.
9. Akerman, B., 1996a, Electrophoresis 17, 1027-1036.
10. Akerman, B., 1996b, Phys. Rev. E 54, 6685-6690.
11. Akerman, B., 1997, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 6152-6159.
12. Akerman, B., 1998, Biophys. J. 74, 3140-3151.
13. Akerman, B., M. Jonsson, and B. Norden, 1985, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. 422-423.
14. Akerman, B., M. Jonsson, B. Norden, and M. Lalande, 1989, Biopolymers 28, 1541-1571.
15. Akerman, B., and M. Jonsson, 1990, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 3828-3838.
16. Alon, U., and D. Mukamel, 1997, Phys. Rev. E 55, 1783-1793.
17. Anand, R., 1986, Trends Genet. 2, 278-283.
18. Andre, P., D. Long, and A. Ajdari, 1998, Eur. Phys. J. B 4, 307-312.
19. Andrews, A. T., 1986, Electrophoresis: Theory, Techniques and Biochemical and Clinical Applications (Clarendon, Oxford).
20. Arvanitidou, E., and D. Hoagland, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1464-1467.
21. Arvanitidou, E., D. Hoagland, and D. Smisek, 1991, Biopolymers 31, 435-447.
22. Aubouy, M., O. Guiselin, and E. Raphael, 1996, Macromolecules 29, 7261-7268.
23. Bancroft, I., and C. P. Wolk, 1988, Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 7405-7418.
24. Barkema, G. T., J. F. Marko, and B. Widom, 1994, Phys. Rev. E 49, 5303-5309.
25. Barrat, J. L., and J. F. Joanny, 1996, Adv. Chem. Phys. 94, 1-66.
26. Barron, A., H. W. Blanch, and D. S. Soane, 1994, Electrophoresis 15, 597-615.
27. Barron, A. E., D. S. Soane, and H. W. Blanch, 1993, J. Chromatogr., A 652, 3-16.
28. Batoulis, J., N. Pistoor, K. Kremer, and H. L. Frisch, 1989, Electrophoresis 10, 442-446.
29. Baumgartner, A., and M. Muthukumar, 1987, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 3082-3088.
30. Beale, S. C., 1998, Anal. Chem. 70, 279R-300R.
31. Bello, M. S., P. de Besi, R. Rezzonico, P. G. Righetti, and E. Casiraghi, 1994, Electrophoresis 15, 623-626.
32. Birren, B. W., L. Hood, and E. Lai, 1989, Electrophoresis 10, 302-309.
33. Birren, B. W., and E. Lai, 1993, Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis: A Practical Guide (Academic, New York).
34. Birren, B., E. Lai, S. M. Clark, L. Hood, and M. I. Simon, 1988, Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 7563-7582.
35. Bocek, P., and A. Chrambach, 1991, Electrophoresis 12, 620-623.
36. Bode, H. J., 1979, in Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Electrophoresis, 1979, Munich (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin), pp. 34-52.
37. Bouchaud, J. P., and A. Georges, 1988, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. II: Mec., Phys., Chim., Sci. Terre Univers 307, 1431-1436.
38. Bouchaud, J. P., and A. Georges, 1990, Phys. Rep. 195, 127-293.
39. Brassard, E., C. Turmel, and J. Noolandi, 1991, Electrophoresis 12, 373-375.
40. Brochard, F., 1993, Europhys. Lett. 23, 105-111.
41. Brochard-Wyart, F., and P. G. de Gennes, 1988, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. II: Mec., Phys., Chim., Sci. Terre Univers 307, 1497-1500.
42. Burlatsky, S., and J. Deutsch, 1993, Science 260, 1782-1784.
43. Burmeister, M., and L. Ulanovsky, 1992, Eds., Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, Protocols, Methods, Theories, Methods in Molecular Biology No. 12 (Humana Press, Totowa, NJ).
44. Buroughs, J. A., and A. Chrambach, 1991, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 180, 1070-1074.
45. Calladine, C. R., C. M. Collis, H. R. Drew, and M. R. Mott, 1991, J. Mol. Biol. 221, 981-1005.
46. Cantor, C. R., A. Gaal, and C. L. Smith, 1988, Biochemistry 27, 9216-9221.
47. Carle, G. F., M. Frank, and M. V. Olson, 1986, Science 232, 65-68.
48. Carle, G. F., and M. V. Olson, 1984, Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 5647-5666.
49. Carle, G. F., and M. V. Olson, 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 3756-3760.
50. Carle, G. F., and M. V. Olson, 1987a, Trends Biochem. Sci. 12, 284-287.
51. Carle, G. F., and M. V. Olson, 1987b, Methods Enzymol. 155, 468-482.
52. Carlsson, C., and M. Jonsson, 1996, Macromolecules 29, 7802-7812.
53. Carlsson, C., M. Jonsson, B. Norden, M. T. Dulay, R. N. Zare, J. Noolandi, L.-C. Tsui, and J. Zielenski, 1996, Nature (London) 380, 207.
54. Chacron, M., and G. W. Slater, 1997, Phys. Rev. E 56, 3446-3450.
55. Chrambach, A., and S. P. Radko, 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 1284-1287.
56. Chrambach, A., and D. Rodbard, 1971, Science 172, 440-451.
57. Chu, G., D. Vollrath, and R. W. Davis, 1986, Science 234, 1582-1585.
58. Clark, S., E. Lai, B. Birren, and L. Hood, 1988, Science 241, 1203-1205.
59. Cottet, H., P. Gareil, and J. L. Viovy, 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 2151-2162.
60. Crater, G. D., M. C. Gregg, and G. Holzwarth, 1989, Electrophoresis 10, 310-315.
61. Crick, F. H. C., and J. D. Watson, 1954, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 223, 80.
62. Défontaines, A. D., and J. L. Viovy, 1991, in Proceedings of First International Conference on Electrophoresis, Supercomputing and the Human Genome, 1990, Tallahasse, Florida (World Scientific, Singapore), pp. 286-313.
63. Défontaines, A.-D., and J. L. Viovy, 1992, in Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, Protocols, Methods, Theories, edited by M. Burmeister and L. Ulanovsky, Methods in Molecular Biology Vol. 12 (Humana Press, Totowa, NJ), pp. 403-450.
64. Défontaines, A. D., and J. L. Viovy, 1993, Electrophoresis 14, 8-17.
65. Défontaines, A. D., and J. L. Viovy, 1994, Electrophoresis 15, 111-119.
66. de Gennes, P. G., 1971, J. Chem. Phys. 55, 572-579.
67. de Gennes, P. G., 1979, Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics (Cornell University, New York).
68. de Gennes, P. G., 1982, C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. 2 294, 827-829.
69. de Gennes, P. G., 1983, C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. 2 297, 883-886.
70. Dejardin, P., 1989, Phys. Rev. A 40, 4752-4755.
71. Depew, D. E., and J. C. Wang, 1975, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 4275-4279.
72. Derrida, B., and H. J. Hermann, 1983, J. Phys. (France) 44, 1365-1376.
73. Desruisseaux, C., and G. W. Slater, 1994, Phys. Rev. E 49, 5885-5888.
74. Desruisseaux, C., and G. W. Slater, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 623-632.
75. Desruiseaux, C., G. W. Slater, and T. B. L. Kist, 1998, Biophys. J. 75, 1228-1236.
76. Deutsch, J. M., 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1255-1258.
77. Deutsch, J. M., 1988, Science 240, 922-924.
78. Deutsch, J. M., 1989, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 7436-7441.
79. Deutsch, J. M., and T. L. Madden, 1989, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 2476-2485.
80. Deutsch, J. M., and J. D. Reger, 1991, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 2065-2071.
81. Disch, C., D. Loomans, I. M. Sokolov, and A. Blumen, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1060-1064.
82. Doi, M., and S. F. Edwards, 1986, The Theory of Polymer Dynamics (Oxford University, Oxford).
83. Doi, M., T. Kobayashi, Y. Makino, M. Ogawa, G. W. Slater, and J. Noolandi, 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1893-1896.
84. Dolnik, V., et al., 1998, J. Microcolumn Sep. 10, 175-184.
85. Douthart, R. J., and V. Bloomfield, 1968, Biopolymers 6, 1297-1309.
86. Dovichi, N. J., 1997, Electrophoresis 18, 2393-2399.
87. Drak, F., and D. M. Crothers, 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 3074-3078.
88. Dubochet, J., M. Adrian, I. Dustin, P. Furrer, and A. Stasiak, 1992, Methods Enzymol. 211, 507-18.
89. Duke, T. A. J., 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2877-2880.
90. Duke, T. A. J., 1990a, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 9049-9054.
91. Duke, T. A. J., 1990b, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 9055-9061.
92. Duke, T. A. J., R. H. Austin, E. C. Cox, and S. S. Chan, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1075-1079.
93. Duke, T. A. J., G. Monnelly, R. H. Austin, and E. C. Cox, 1997, Electrophoresis 18, 17-22.
94. Duke, T. A. J., A. N. Semenov, and J. L. Viovy, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3260-3263.
95. Duke, T. A. J., and J. L. Viovy, 1992a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 542-545.
96. Duke, T. A. J., and J. L. Viovy, 1992b, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 8552-8563.
97. Duke, T. A. J., and J. L. Viovy, 1994, Phys. Rev. E 49, 2408-2416.
98. Duke, T. A. J., J. L. Viovy, and A. N. Semenov, 1994, Biopolymers 34, 239-247.
99. Dunn, M. J., 1994, Ed., Proceedings of Sienna 2D Electrophoresis Conference: From Protein Maps to Genomes, Electrophoresis 16, 1077-1326.
100. Dunn, M. J., 1997, Ed., From Protein Maps to Genomes: Proceedings of Sienna Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis Meeting, Electrophoresis 18, 305-662.
101. Edwards, S. F., 1967, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 92, 9-16.
102. Effenhauser, C. S., G. J. M. Bruin, and A. Paulus, 1997, Electrophoresis 18, 2203-2213.
103. El Rassi, Z., 1997, Ed., Capillary Electrophoresis and Electrochromatography, Electrophoresis 18, 2121-2504.
104. Ernst, M. H., T. M. Nieuwenhuizen, and P. F. J. van Velthoven, 1987, J. Phys. A 20, 5335-5350.
105. Fanali, S., 1997, Ed., Capillary Electrophoresis of Chiral Compounds, Electrophoresis 18, 841-1044.
106. Fangman, W. L., 1978, Nucleic Acids Res. 5, 653-665.
107. Feller, W., 1968, An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Application (Wiley, New York).
108. Ferguson, K. A., 1964, Metabolism 13, 985-1002.
109. Fesjian, S., H. L. Frisch, and T. Jamil, 1996, Biopolymers 25, 1179-1184.
110. Flint, D. H., and R. E. Harrington, 1972, Biochemistry 11, 4858-4864.
111. Flory, P. J., 1969, Statistical Mechanisms of Chain Molecules (Interscience, New York).
112. Foret, F., 2000, Ed., Miniaturization, Electrophoresis 21, 3-255.
113. Fung, E. N., and E. S. Yeung, 1995, Anal. Chem. 67, 1913-1919.
114. Gardiner, K., 1991, Anal. Chem. 63, 658-665.
115. Gardiner, K., K. Laas, and D. Patterson, 1986, Somat Cell Mol. Genet. 12, 185-195.
116. Gas, B., M. Stedry, and E. Kenndler, 1997, Electrophoresis 18, 2123-22133.
117. Gebauer, P., and P. Bocek, 1995, Eds. Capillary Electrophoresis Theory, Electrophoresis 16, 1985-2174.
118. Gebauer, P., and P. Bocek, 1997, Anal. Chem. 69, 1557-1563.
119. Gelfi, C., M. Perego, S. Morelli, A. Nicolin, and P. G. Righetti, 1996, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 6, 47-53.
120. Gelfi, C., P. G. Righetti, M. Travi, and S. Fattore, 1997, Electrophoresis 18, 724-731.
121. Gemmil, R. M., 1991, Adv. Electrophoresis 4, 1-48.
122. Gemmil, R. M., J. F. Coyle-Morris, M. F. D. , L. F. Ware-Uribe, and F. Hecht, 1987, Gene Anal. Tech. 4, 119-131.
123. Giddings, J. C., E. Kucera, C. P. Russel, and M. N. Myers, 1968, J. Phys. Chem. 72, 4397-4408.
124. Gisselfält, K., B. Akerman, and M. Jonsson, 1997, Electrophoresis 18, 663-674.
125. Goetzinger, W., L. Kotler, E. Carrilho, M. C. Ruiz-Martinez, O. Salas-Solano, and B. L. Karger, 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 242-248.
126. Goldenberg, D. P., and T. E. Creighton, 1984, Anal. Biochem. 138, 1-18.
127. Grabar, P., and C. A. Williams, 1953, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 10, 193.
128. Griess, G., K. B. Guiseley, and P. Serwer, 1993, Biophys. J. 65, 138-148.
129. Griess, G. A., R. A. Harris, and P. Serwer, 1993, Appl. Theor. Electrophor. 3, 305-315.
130. Griess, G., E. T. Moreno, R. A. Easom, and P. Serwer, 1989, Biopolymers 28, 1475-1484.
131. Griess, G. A., E. T. Moreno, R. Hermann, and P. Serwer, 1990, Biopolymers 29, 1277-1287.
132. Griess, G. A., and P. Serwer, 1990, Biopolymers 29, 1863-1866.
133. Grossman, P. D., and J. C. Colburn, 1992, Capillary Electrophoresis Theory and Practice (Academic, San Diego).
134. Grossman, P. D., and D. S. Soane, 1991, Biopolymers 31, 1221-1228.
135. Guerry, E., O. C. Martin, H. Tricoire, R. Siebert, and L. Valentin, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1420-1424.
136. Gunderson, K., and G. Chu, 1991, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 3348-3354.
137. Gurrieri, S., E. Rizzarelli, D. Beach, and C. Bustamante, 1990, Biochemistry 29, 3396-3401.
138. Gurrieri, S., S. B. Smith, K. S. Wells, I. D. Johnson, and C. Bustamante, 1996, Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 4759-4767.
139. Heegaard, N. H. H., 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 365-466.
140. Heiger, D. N., A. S. Cohen, and B. L. Karger, 1990, J. Chromatogr. 516, 33-48.
141. Heller, C., 1997, Ed., Analysis of Nucleic Acids by Capillary Electrophoresis (Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft, Braunschweig/Weinheim D).
142. Heller, C., and S. Beck, 1992, Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 2447-2452.
143. Heller, C., T. A. J. Duke, and J. L. Viovy. 1994, Biopolymers 34, 249-259.
144. Heller, C., C. Pakleza, and J. L. Viovy, 1995, Electrophoresis 16, 1423-1428.
145. Heller, C., and F. M. Pohl, 1989, Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 5989-6003.
146. Heller, C., G. W. Slater, P. Mayer, N. Dovichi, D. Pinto, J.-L. Viovy, and G. Drouin, 1998, J. Chromatogr., A 806, 113-121.
147. Hervet, H., and C. P. Bean, 1987, Biopolymers 26, 727-742.
148. Hjerten, S., 1985, J. Chromatogr. 347, 191-198.
149. Holmes, D. L., and N. C. Stellwagen, 1991a, Electrophoresis 12, 253-263.
150. Holmes, D. L., and N. C. Stellwagen, 1991b, Electrophoresis 12, 612-619.
151. Holzwarth, G., C. B. McKeen, S. Steiger, and G. Crater, 1987, Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 10031-10044.
152. Howard, T. D., and G. Holzwarth, 1992, Biophys. J. 63, 1487-1492.
153. Hsu, T. P., and C. Cohen, 1989, Polymer 25, 1419-1425.
154. Hu, Y., J. L. Glass, A. E. Griffith, and S. Fraden, 1994, J. Chem. Phys. 100, 4674-4682.
155. Hubert, S. J., G. W. Slater, and J. L. Viovy, 1996, Macromolecules 29, 1006-1009.
156. Hückel, E., 1924, Phys. Z. 25, 204-210.
157. Hutson, M. S., G. Holtzwarth, T. Duke, and J. L. Viovy, 1995, Biopolymers 35, 297-306.
158. Iki, N., Y. Kim, and E. S. Yeung, 1996, Anal. Chem. 68, 4321-4325.
159. Isambert, H., A. Ajdari, J. L. Viovy, and J. Prost, 1997, Phys. Rev. E 56, 5688-5704.
160. Isambert, H., J. Prost, A. Ajdari, and J. L. Viovy, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 971-974.
161. Jamil, T., H. L. Frisch, and L. S. Lerman, 1989, Biopolymers 28, 1413-1427.
162. Jennings, B. R., and M. Stankiewicz, 1990, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 427, 321-330.
163. Jonsson, M., B. Akerman, and B. Norden, 1988, Biopolymers 27, 381-414.
164. Jonsson, M., U. Jacobsson, M. Takahashi, and B. Norden, 1993, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 89, 2791-2798.
165. Katritch, V., W. K. Olson, P. Pieranski, J. Dubochet, and A. Stasiak, 1997, Nature (London) 388, 148-151.
166. Keiner, L. E., and G. Holzwarth, 1992, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 4476-4484.
167. Kim, Y., and M. D. Morris, 1995, Anal. Chem. 67, 784-786.
168. Kim, Y., and M. D. Morris, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 152-160.
169. Kobayashi, T. K., M. Doi, Y. Makino, and M. Ogawa, 1990, Macromolecules 23, 4480-4481.
170. Kolomeisky, A. B., and B. Widom, 1996, Physica A 229, 33-60.
171. Kooiman, A., and J. M. F. van Leeuwen, 1993, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 2247-2255.
172. Kramers, H. A., 1940, Physica (Amsterdam) 4, 284-304.
173. Kremer, K., 1988, Polym. Commun. 29, 292-294.
174. Ladoux, B., H. Isambert, J.-F. Léger, and J.-L. Viovy, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3793-3797.
175. Lai, E., B. W. Birren, S. M. Clark, and L. Hood, 1988, Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 10376.
176. Lalande, M., J. Noolandi, C. Turmel, J. Rousseau, and G. W. Slater, 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 8011-8015.
177. Landers, J. P., 1997, Electrophoresis 18, 1717-1906.
178. Larsson, A., and B. Akerman, 1995, Macromolecules 28, 4441-4454.
179. Larsson, A., 1995, Ph.D. Thesis, Physics, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Göteborg.
180. Lebrun, A., Z. Shakked, and R. Lavery, 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 2993-2998.
181. Lee, N., S. Obukhov, and M. Rubinstein, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1011-1017.
182. Leegwater, F. A., 1995, Phys. Rev. E 52, 2801-2806.
183. Leegwater, F. A., and J. M. F. van Leeuwen, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 52, 2753-2762.
184. Lerman, L. S., and H. L. Frisch, 1982, Biopolymers 21, 995-997.
185. Lerman, L. S., and D. Sinha, 1990, in Electrophoresis of Large Molecules, edited by E. Lai and B. W. Birren (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY), pp. 1-18.
186. Levene, S. D., and B. H. Zimm, 1989, Science 245, 396-399.
187. Lim, H. A., G. W. Slater, and J. Noolandi, 1990, J. Chem. Phys. 92, 709-721.
188. Long, D., 1996, Ph.D. thesis (Université de Paris XI).
189. Long, D., and A. Ajdari, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1161-1166.
190. Long, D., A. V. Dobrynin, M. Rubinstein, and A. Ajdari, 1998, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 1234-1242.
191. Long, D., J. Harden, and J. L. Viovy, 1995, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. IIb: Mec., Phys., Chim., Astron. 321, 239-246.
192. Long, D., L. Neltner, and J. L. Viovy, 1995 (unpublished).
193. Long, D., and J. L. Viovy, 1996, Phys. Rev. E 53, 803-811.
194. Long, D., and J. L. Viovy, 1997, Physica A 244, 238-253.
195. Long, D., J. L. Viovy, and A. Ajdari, 1996a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3858-3861.
196. Long, D., J. L. Viovy, and A. Ajdari, 1996b, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 8, 9471-9475.
197. Long, D., J. L. Viovy, and A. Ajdari, 1997, Biopolymers 39, 755-759.
198. Loomans, D., I. M. Sokolov, and A. Blumen, 1995, Macromol. Theory Simul. 4, 145-154.
199. Loring, R. F., 1988, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 6631-6640.
200. Louie, D., and P. Serwer, 1989, Appl. Theor. Electrophor. 1, 169-173.
201. Lumpkin, O. J., 1984, J. Chem. Phys. 81, 5201-5205.
202. Lumpkin, O. J., 1989, Phys. Rev. A 40, 2634-2642.
203. Lumpkin, O., 1990, J. Chem. Phys. 92, 3848-3852.
204. Lumpkin, O. J., 1993, Phys. Rev. E 48, 1910-1915.
205. Lumpkin, O. J., P. Dejardin, and B. H. Zimm, 1985, Biopolymers 24, 1573-1593.
206. Lumpkin, O. J., S. D. Levene, and B. H. Zimm, 1989, Phys. Rev. A 39, 6557-6566.
207. Lumpkin, O. J., and B. H. Zimm, 1982, Biopolymers 21, 2315-2316.
208. Lunney, J., A. Chrambach, and D. Rodbard, 1971, Anal. Biochem. 40, 158-173.
209. Maaloum, M., N. Pernodet, and B. Tinland, 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 1606-1610.
210. Madabhushi, R. S., 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 224-230.
211. Madden, T. L., and J. M. Deutsch, 1991, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 1584-1591.
212. Magnusdottir, S., B. Akerman, and M. Jonsson, 1994, J. Phys. Chem. 98, 2624-2633.
213. Magnusdottir, S., H. Isambert, C. Heller, and J.-L. Viovy, 1998, Biopolymers 49, 385-401.
214. Magnusdottir, S., J.-L. Viovy, and J. François, 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 1699-1703.
215. Manning, G. S., 1969, J. Chem. Phys. 51, 924-939.
216. Marko, J. F., and E. D. Siggia, 1994, Science 265, 506-508.
217. Marko, J. F., and E. D. Siggia, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 55, 2912-2938.
218. Masabuchi, Y., H. Oana, M. Matsumoto, M. Doi, and K. Yoshikawa, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1065-1074.
219. Masabuchi, Y., H. Oana, K. Ono, M. Matsumoto, M. Doi, K. Minagawa, K. Matsuzawa, and K. Yoshikawa, 1993, Macromolecules 26, 5269-5270.
220. Mathew, M. K., C. L. Smith, and C. R. Cantor, 1988a, Biochemistry 27, 9204-9210.
221. Mathew, M. K., C. L. Smith, and C. R. Cantor, 1988b, Biochemistry 27, 9210-9216.
222. Mathew, M. K., C. F. Hui, C. L. Smith, and C. R. Cantor, 1988c, Biochemistry 27, 9222-9226.
223. Matsumoto, M., T. Sakaguchi, H. Kimura, M. Doi, K. Minagawa, K. Matsuzawa, and K. Yoshikawa, 1992, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 30, 779-783.
224. Maxam, A. M., and W. Gilbert, 1977, Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 560-564.
225. Mayer, P., J. Bibette, and J. L. Viovy, 1998, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 463, 57-67.
226. Mayer, P., G. W. Slater, and G. Drouin, 1994a, Electrophoresis 15, 120-127.
227. Mayer, P., G. W. Slater, and G. Drouin, 1994b, Anal. Chem. 66, 1777-1780.
228. Mayer, P., J. Sturm, and G. Weill, 1991, C.R. Acad. Sci. III 312, 587-592.
229. Mayer, P., J. Sturm, C. Heitz, and G. Weill, 1993, Electrophoresis 14, 330-336.
230. McCord, B. R., 1998, Ed., Capillary Electrophoresis in Forensic Science, Electrophoresis 19, 1-126.
231. McDonnel, M. W., M. N. Simon, and F. W. Studier, 1977, J. Mol. Biol. 110, 119-146.
232. Meistermann, L., 1999, Ph.D. thesis (Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg).
233. Meistermann, L., and B. Tinland, 1998, Phys. Rev. E 58, 4801-4806.
234. Menchen, S., S. Johnson, M. A. Winnik, and B. Xu, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1451-1459.
235. Mercier, J.-F., and G. W. Slater, 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 1560-1565.
236. Mickel, S., V. Arena, and W. Barier, 1977, Nucleic Acids Res. 4, 1465-1482.
237. Minarik, M., B. Gas, and E. Kenndler, 1997, Electrophoresis 18, 98-103.
238. Mitnik, L., C. Heller, J. Prost, and J. L. Viovy, 1995, Science 267, 219-222.
239. Mitnik, L., L. Salomé, J. L. Viovy, and C. Heller, 1995, J. Chromatogr., A 710, 309-321.
240. Morris, C. J. O. R., 1966, Prot. Biol. Fluids 14, 543-551.
241. Muthukumar, M., 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1167-1172.
242. Muthukumar, M., and A. Baumgartner, 1989, Macromolecules 22, 1937-1941.
243. Müller, O., M. Minarik, and F. Foret, 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 1436-1444.
244. Nathakarnkitkool, S., P. J. Oefner, G. Bartsch, M. A. Chin, and G. K. Bonn, 1992, Electrophoresis 13, 18-31.
245. Neitzey, L. M., G. Holtzwarth, T. Duke, and J. L. Viovy, 1995, Biopolymers 35, 307-317.
246. Neitzey, L. M., M. S. Hutson, and G. Holzwarth, 1993, Electrophoresis 14, 296-303.
247. Nixon, G. I., and G. W. Slater, 1994, Phys. Rev. E 50, 5033-5038.
248. Nixon, G. I., and G. W. Slater, 1996, Phys. Rev. E 53, 4969-4980.
249. Noolandi, J., 1993, Electrophoresis 14, 680-681.
250. Noolandi, J., J. Rousseau, G. W. Slater, C. Turmel, and M. Lalande, 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2428-2431.
251. Noolandi, J., G. W. Slater, H. A. Lim, and J. L. Viovy, 1989, Science 243, 1456-1458.
252. Norden, B., C. Elvingson, M. Jonsson, and B. Akerman, 1991, Q. Rev. Biophys. 24, 103-164.
253. Oana, H., M. Doi, M. Ueda, and K. Yoshokawa, 1997, Electrophoresis 18, 1912-1915.
254. Oana, H., Y. Masabuchi, M. Matsumoto, M. Doi, K. Matsuzawa, and K. Yoshikawa, 1994, Macromolecules 27, 6061-6067.
255. Obukhov, S. P., and M. Rubinstein, 1993, J. Phys. II 3, 1455-1459.
256. Odijk, T., 1977, J. Polym. Sci. 15, 477-483.
257. Ogston, A. G., 1958, Trans. Faraday Soc. 54, 1754-1757.
258. Olivera, B. M., P. Baine, and N. Davidson, 1964, Biopolymers 2, 245-257.
259. Olson, M. V., 1989a, in Genetic Engineering, edited by J. K. Setlow (Plenum, New York), pp. 183-227.
260. Olson, M. V., 1989b, J. Chromatogr. 470, 377-383.
261. Olvera de la Cruz, M., J. M. Deutsch, and S. F. Edwards, 1986, Phys. Rev. A 33, 2047-2055.
262. Perego, M., C. Gelfi, A. V. Stoyanov, and P. G. Righetti, 1997, Electrophoresis 18, 2915-2920.
263. Pernodet, N., M. Maaloum, and B. Tinland, 1997, Electrophoresis 18, 55-58.
264. Pernodet, N., and B. Tinland, 1997, Biopolymers 42, 471-478.
265. Platt, K. J., and G. Holzwarth, 1989, Phys. Rev. A 40, 7292-7300.
266. Pluen, A., 1996, Ph.D. thesis (Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg).
267. Pluen, A., B. Tinland, J. Sturm, and G. Weill, 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 1548-1559.
268. Popelka, S., Z. Kabatek, J. L. Viovy, and B. Gas, 1999, J. Chromatogr. A 838, 45-53.
269. Quesada, M. A., 1997, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8, 82-93.
270. Radko, S. P., and A. Chrambach, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1094-1102.
271. Radko, S. P., and A. Chrambach, 1997, Biopolymers 42, 183-189.
272. Rayleigh, Lord, 1916, Philos. Mag. 37, 321.
273. Righetti, P. G., 1989, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 19, 1-20.
274. Righetti, P. G., 1996, Ed., Capillary Electrophoresis in Analytical Biotechnology, CRC Series in Analytical Biotechnology (CRC, Boca Raton).
275. Righetti, P. G., and C. Gelfi, 1997, in Analysis of Nucleic Acids by Capillary Electrophoresis, edited by C. Heller, Chromatographia, CE Series No. 1 (Vieweg, Wiesbaden), pp. 255-271.
276. Rill, R., T. Liu, B. R. Locke, and D. H. Van Winkle, 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad.. Sci. USA 95, 1534-1539.
277. Rodbard, D., and A. Chrambach, 1970, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 4, 970-977.
278. Rodbard, D., and A. Chrambach, 1971, Anal. Biochem. 40, 95-134.
279. Rubinstein, M., 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1946-1949.
280. Russel, W. B., D. A. Saville, and W. K. Schowalter, 1989, Colloidal Dispersions (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England).
281. Sanger, F., and A. R. Coulson, 1975, J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448.
282. Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson, 1977, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5453-5467.
283. Shaefer, D. W., J. F. Joanny, and P. Pincus, 1980, Macromolecules 13, 1280-1289.
284. Schaffer, E. O., and M. Olvera de la Cruz, 1989, Macromolecules 22, 1351-1355.
285. Schellman, J. A., and D. Stigter, 1977, Biopolymers 16, 1415-1434.
286. Schwartz, D. C., and C. R. Cantor, 1984, Cell 37, 67-75.
287. Schwartz, D. C., and M. Koval, 1989, Nature (London) 338, 520-522.
288. Semenov, A. N., T. A. J. Duke, and J. L. Viovy, 1995, Phys. Rev. E 51, 1520-1537.
289. Semenov, A. N., and J. F. Joanny, 1997, Phys. Rev. E 55, 789-799.
290. Serwer, P., and S. Hayes, 1987, Electrophoresis 8, 244-246.
291. Serwer, P., 1987, Electrophoresis 8, 301-304.
292. Serwer, P., 1990, Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. 8, 319-343.
293. Serwer, P., and G. A. Griess, 1998, Anal. Chim. Acta 372, 299-306.
294. Serwer, P., and S. J. Hayes, 1989a, Appl. Theor. Electrophor. 1, 95-98.
295. Serwer, P., and S. J. Hayes, 1989b, Biochemistry 28, 5827-5832.
296. Serwer, P., S. J. Hayes, E. T. Moreno, and C. Y. Park, 1992, Biochemistry 31, 8397-8405.
297. Sewick, E. M., and R. M. Williams, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2595-2598.
298. Shi, X., R. W. Hammond, and M. D. Morris, 1995a, Anal. Chem. 67, 1132-1138.
299. Shi, X., R. W. Hammond, and M. D. Morris, 1995b, Anal. Chem. 67, 3219-3222.
300. Skolnick, J., and M. Fixman, 1977, Macromolecules 10, 944-948.
301. Slater, G. W., 1992, J. Phys. II 2, 1149-1158.
302. Slater, G. W., 1993, Electrophoresis 14, 1-7.
303. Slater, G. W., C. Desruisseaux, C. Villeneuve, H. L. Guo, and G. Drouin, 1995, Electrophoresis 16, 704-712.
304. Slater, G. W., and G. Drouin, 1992, Electrophoresis 13, 574-582.
305. Slater, G. W., and H. L. Guo, 1995, Electrophoresis 16, 11-15.
306. Slater, G. W., and H. L. Guo, 1996a, Electrophoresis 17, 977-988.
307. Slater, G. W., and H. L. Guo, 1996b, Electrophoresis 17, 1407-1415.
308. Slater, G. W., H. L. Guo, and G. I. Nixon, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1170-1173.
309. Slater, G. W., T. B. L. Kist, H. Ren, and G. Drouin, 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 1525-1541.
310. Slater, G. W., P. Mayer, and G. Drouin, 1993, Electrophoresis 14, 961-966.
311. Slater, G. W., P. Mayer, and G. Drouin, 1993, Analusis 21, M25.
312. Slater, G. W., P. Mayer, S. J. Hubert, and G. Drouin, 1994, Appl. Theor. Electrophor. 4, 71-79.
313. Slater, G. W., and J. Noolandi, 1985, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 1579-1582.
314. Slater, G. W., and J. Noolandi, 1986a, Biopolymers 25, 431-454.
315. Slater, G. W., and J. Noolandi, 1986b, Europhys. Lett. 1, 347-353.
316. Slater, G. W., and J. Noolandi, 1989, Electrophoresis 10, 413-428.
317. Slater, G. W., and J. Noolandi. 1990, in Proceedings of "International Symposium on New Trends in Physics and Physical Chemistry of Polymers Honoring Professor P. G. de Gennes," 1989, Toronto (Plenum, New York), p. 547.
318. Slater, G. W., J. Noolandi, and A. Eisenberg, 1991, Macromolecules 24, 6715-6720.
319. Slater, G. W., J. Rousseau, and J. Noolandi, 1987, Biopolymers 26, 863-872.
320. Slater, G. W., J. Rousseau, J. Noolandi, C. Turmel, and M. Lalande, 1988, Biopolymers 27, 509-524.
321. Slater, G. W., and C. Villeneuve, 1992, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 30, 1451-1457.
322. Slater, G. W., and S. Y. Wu, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 164-167.
323. Smisek, D. L., and D. A. Hoagland, 1990, Science 248, 1221-1223.
324. Smith, C. L., 1993, Ed., Changing Directions in Electrophoresis, Electrophoresis 14, pp. 249-370.
325. Smith, C. L., and C. R. Cantor, 1986, Nature (London) 319, 701-702.
326. Smith, C. L., and C. R. Cantor, 1987, Methods Enzymol. 155, 449-467.
327. Smith, C. L., T. Matsumoto, O. Niwa, S. Klco, J.-B. Fan, M. Yanagida, and C. R. Cantor, 1987, Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 4481-4489.
328. Smith, D. E., T. T. Perkins, and S. Chu, 1996, Macromolecules 29, 1372-1373.
329. Smith, S. B., P. K. Alridge, and J. B. Callis, 1989, Science 243, 203-206.
330. Smith, S. B., C. Heller, and C. Bustamante, 1991, Biochemistry 30, 5264-5274.
331. Smoluchowski, M., von, 1903, Bull. International de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 8, 182-200.
332. Song, L., and M. F. Maestre, 1991, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 9, 525-535.
333. Sor, F., 1987, Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 4853-4863.
334. Sor, F., 1992, Methods Mol. Cell. Biol. 3, 65-70.
335. Southern, E., R. Anand, W. R. A. Brown, and D. S. Fletcher, 1987, Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 5925-5943.
336. Starchev, K., J. Sturm, and G. Weill, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 465-470.
337. Stellwagen, N., 1985, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 3, 299-314.
338. Stellwagen, N. C., 1987, Adv. Electrophoresis 1, 179-228.
339. Stellwagen, N. C., 1988, Biochemistry 27, 6417-6424.
340. Stellwagen, N., 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 1542-1547.
341. Stellwagen, N., C. Gelfi, and P. G. Righetti, 1997, Biopolymers 42, 687-703.
342. Stellwagen, N. C., and J. Stellwagen, 1989, Electrophoresis 17, 1537-1548.
343. Stigter, D., 1978a, J. Chem. Phys. 82, 1417-1423.
344. Stigter, D., 1978b, J. Chem. Phys. 82, 1424-1429.
345. Sturm, J., and G. Weill, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1484-1487.
346. Subbotin, A. V., and A. N. Semenov, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1018-1026.
347. Sudor, J., and M. V. Novotny, 1994, Anal. Chem. 66, 2446-2450.
348. Sudor, J., and M. V. Novotny, 1995, Anal. Chem. 67, 4205-4209.
349. Tietz, D., 1988, Adv. Electrophoresis 2, 109-169.
350. Tinland, B., 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1519-1523.
351. Tinland, B., N. Pernodet, and A. Pluen, 1998, Biopolymers 46, 201-214.
352. Tinland, B., N. Pernodet, and G. Weill, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1046-1051.
353. Tinland, B., A. Pluen, J. Sturm, and G. Weill, 1997, Macromolecules 30, 5763-5765.
354. Tiselius, A., 1937, Trans. Faraday Soc. 33, 524-531.
355. To, K. Y., and T. R. C. Boyde, 1993, Electrophoresis 14, 597-600.
356. Turmel, C., E. Brassard, G. W. Slater, and J. Noolandi, 1990, Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 569-575.
357. Turmel, C., and M. Lalande, 1988, Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 4727.
358. Ueda, M., and Y. Baba, 1997, Anal. Sci. 13, 10966112.
359. Ueda, M., H. Oana, Y. Baba, M. Doi, and K. Yoshikawa, 1998, Biophys. Chem. 71, 113-123.
360. Ueda, M., K. Yoshikawa, and M. Doi, 1997, Polym. J. (Tokyo) 29, 1040-1043.
361. Ulanovsky, L., G. Drouin, and W. Gilbert, 1990, Nature (London) 343, 190-192.
362. van Leeuwen, J. M. F., 1991, J. Phys. I 11, 1675-1680.
363. van Leeuwen, J. M. F., and A. Kooiman, 1992, Physica A 184, 79-97.
364. Viovy, J. L., 1987a, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. II 305, 181-184.
365. Viovy, J. L., 1987b, Biopolymers 26, 1929-1940.
366. Viovy, J. L., 1988a, Europhys. Lett. 7, 657-661.
367. Viovy, J. L., 1988b, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 855-858.
368. Viovy, J. L., 1989, Electrophoresis 10, 429-441.
369. Viovy, J. L., 1996, Mol. Biotechnol. 6, 31-46.
370. Viovy, J. L., F. Caron, F. Miomandre, M. C. Miquel, and F. Sor, 1992, Electrophoresis 13, 1-6.
371. Viovy, J. L., and T. A. J. Duke, 1993, Electrophoresis 14, 322-329.
372. Viovy, J. L., and T. A. J. Duke, 1994, Science 264, 112-113.
373. Viovy, J. L., and C. Heller, 1996, in Capillary Electrophoresis: An Analytical Tool in Biotechnology, Analytical Biotechnology Series, edited by P. G. Righetti (CRC Press, Boca Raton), pp. 477-508.
374. Viovy, J. L., B. Ladoux, H. Isambert, S. Magnusdottir, J. Sudor, M. Stefansson, and P. Doyle, 1998, in Proceedings of IUPAP STATPHYS 20, 1998, Paris (Imprimerie de l'Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau), p. P006/43.
375. Volkmuth, W., and R. H. Austin, 1992, Nature (London) 358, 600-602.
376. Volkmuth, W. D., T. Duke, R. H. Austin, and E. C. Cox, 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 6887-6891.
377. Volkmuth, W. D., T. Duke, M. C. Wu, and R. H. Austin, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2117-2120.
378. Vollrath, D., and R. W. Davies, 1987, Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 7865-7876.
379. Wang, Z., and B. Chu, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2528-2531.
380. Whitcomb, R., and G. Holzwarth, 1990, Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 6331-6338.
381. Widom, B., J. L. Viovy, and A. D. Défontaines, 1991, J. Phys. I 12, 1759-1784.
382. Widom, M., and I. Al-Lehyani, 1997, Physica A 244, 510-521.
383. Wu, C., T. Liu, and B. Chu, 1998, Electrophoresis 19, 231-241.
384. Wu, C., L. Tianbo, B. Chu, D. K. Schneider, and V. Graziano, 1997, Macromolecules 30, 1534-1539.
385. Wu, C., Z. Wang, and B. Chu, 1990, Biopolymers 29, 491-500.
386. Wu, S. Y., and G. W. Slater, 1993, Macromolecules 26, 1905-1913.
387. Yan, J., N. Best, J. Z. Zhang, H. Ren, R. Jiang, J. Hou, and N. J. Dovichi, 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 1037-1045.
388. Yanagida, M., Y. Hiraoka, and I. Katsura, 1983, in Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantum Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Symposium Series No. 47 (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY), pp. 177-187.
389. Zhang, T. Y., C. L. Smith, and C. R. Cantor, 1991, Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 1291-1296.
390. Zimm, B. H., 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2965-2968.
391. Zimm, B. H., 1991, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 2187-2206.
392. Zimm, B. H., 1993, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 3, 373-376.
393. Zimm, B. H., 1996, Electrophoresis 17, 996-1002.
394. Zimm, B. H., and S. D. Levene, 1992, Q. Rev. Biophys. 25, 171-204.
395. Zimm, B. H., and O. Lumpkin, 1993, Macromolecules 26, 226-234.