Alcoholic liver disease: New insights in pathogenesis lead to new treatments

Journal of Hepatology

Volumn 32, Issue SUPPL.1, 2000, Pages 113-128

  Lieber, Charles S ^a,b  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1); Oxidative stress; Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC); S adenosylmethionine (SAMe)

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; COLCHICINE; COLLAGENASE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYTOKINE; DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE DEMETHYLASE; GLUTATHIONE; METHIONINE; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE METHYLTRANSFERASE; POLYENE; S ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; SELENIUM; SILYMARIN;

ABSTINENCE; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STELLATE CELL; SUPPORT GROUP;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2E1; CYTOKINES; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY;

EID: 0034102291     PISSN: 01688278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80420-1     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Lieber CS, DeCarli LM. Hepatotoxicity of ethanol. J Hepatol 1991; 12: 394-401.
2. Lieber CS. Herman Award Lecture, 1993: A personal perspective on alcohol, nutrition and the liver. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58: 430-42.
3. Lieber CS, Jones DP, DeCarli LM. Effects of prolonged ethanol intake: Production of fatty liver despite adequate diets. J Clin Invest 1965; 44: 1009-21.
4. Lieber CS, DeCarli LM. An experimental model of alcohol feeding and liver injury in the baboon. J Med Primatol 1974; 3: 153-63.
5. Iseri OA, Lieber CS, Gottlieb LS. The ultrastructure of fatty liver induced by prolonged ethanol ingestion. Am J Path 1966; 48: 535-55.
6. Lane BP, Lieber CS. Ultrastructural alterations in human hepatocytes following ingestion of ethanol with adequate diets. Am J Path 1966; 49: 593-603.
7. Lieber CS. Medical and nutritional complications of alcoholism: mechanisms and management. New York: Plenum Press; 1992. p. 579.
8. Lieber CS, DeCarli LM. Ethanol oxidation by hepatic microsomes: Adaptive increase after ethanol feeding. Science 1968; 162: 917-18.
9. Lieber CS, DeCarli LM. Hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system: In vitro characteristics and adaptive properties in vivo. J Biol Chem 1970; 245: 2505-12.
10. Lieber CS. Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS), the first 30 years (1968-1998) - a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23: 991-1007.
11. Leo MA, Kim CI, Lowe N, Lieber CS. Interaction of ethanol with β-carotene: Delayed blood clearance and enhanced hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 1992; 15: 883-91.
12. Leo MA, Aleynik SI, Aleynik MK, Lieber CS. β-carotene beadlets potentiate hepatotoxicity of alcohol. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 1461-9.
13. Leo MA, Lieber CS. Alcohol, vitamin A, and beta-carotene: Adverse interactions, including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 1071-85.
14. Finkelstein JD, Martin JJ. Methionine metabolism in mammals. Adaptation to methionine excess. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 1582-7.
15. Hardwick DF, Applegarth DA, Cockcroft DM, Ross PM, Cder RJ. Pathogenesis of methionine-induced toxicity. Metabolism 1970; 19: 381-91.
16. Iob V, Coon WW, Sloan W. Free amino acids in liver, plasma and muscle of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. J Surg Res 1967; 7: 41-3.
17. Fischer JE, Yoshimura N, Aguirre A, James JH, Cummings MG, Abel RM, et al. Plasma amino acids inpatients with hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Surg 1974; 127: 40-7.
18. Iber FL, Rosen H, Stanley MA, Levenson SM, Chalmers TC. The plasma amino acids in patients with liver failure. J Lab Clin Med 1957; 50: 417-25.
19. Montanari A, Simoni I, Vallisa D, Trifiro A, Colla R, Abbiati R, et al. Free amino acids in plasma and skeletal muscle of patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1034-9.
20. Kinsell L, Harper HA, Barton HC, Michaels GD, Weiss HA. Rate of disappearance from plasma of intravenously administered methionine in patients with liver damage. Science 1947; 106: 589-94.
21. Horowitz JH, Rypins EB, Henderson JM, Heymsfield SB, Moffitt SD, Bain RP, et al. Evidence for impairment of transsulfuration pathway in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1981; 81: 668-75.
22. Duce AM, Ortiz P, Cabrero C, Mato JM. S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase and phospholipid methyltransferase are inhibited in human cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988; 8: 65-8.
23. Lu SC. Methionine adenosyltransferase and liver disease: It's all about SAM. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 403-7.
24. Avila MA, Carretero V, Rodriguez N, Mato J. Regulation by hypoxia of methionine adenosyltransferase activity and gene expression in rat hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 364-71.
25. Finkelstein JD, Cello FP, Kyle WE. Ethanol-induced changes in methionine metabolism in rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 61: 475-81.
26. Lieber CS, Casini A, DeCarli LM, Kim C, Lowe N, Sasaki R, et al. S-adenosyl-L-methionine attenuates alcohol-induced liver injury in the baboon. Hepatology 1990; 11: 165-72.
27. Hirata F, Axelrod J. Phospholipid methylation and biological signal transmission. Science 1980; 209: 1082-90.
28. Hirata F, Viveros OH, Diliberto EJ Jr, Axelrod J. Identification and properties of two methyltransferases in conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 1718-21.
29. Yamada S, Mak KM, Lieber CS. Chronic ethanol consumption alters rat liver plasma membranes and potentiates release of alkaline phosphatase. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 1799-806.
30. Stramentinoli G, Gualano M, Galli-Kienle G. Intestinal absorption of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1979; 209: 323-6.
31. Bornbardieri G, Pappalardo G, Bernardi L, Barra D, Di Palma A, Castrini G. Intestinal absorption of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in humans. Int J Clin Pharmacol Therapy Toxicol 1983; 21: 186-8.
32. Hoffman DR, Marion DW, Cornatzer WE, Duerra JA. S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine metabolism in isolated rat liver. J Biol Chem 1980; 255: 10822-7.
33. Travers J, Varela I, Mato JM. Effect of exogenous S-adenosylL-methionine on phosphatidylcholine synthesis by isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1984; 33: 1562-4.
34. Pezzoli C, Stramentinoli G, Galli-Kienele M, Plaff E. Uptake and metabolism of S-adenosyl-L-methionine by isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 85: 1031-8.
35. Engstrom MA, Benevenga NJ. Rates of oxidation ofthe methionine and S-adenosylmethionine methyl carbons in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Nutr 1987; 117: 1820-6.
36. Zappia V, Galletti P, Porcelli M. Uptake of adenosylmethionine and related sulfur compounds by isolated rat liver. FEBS Lett 1978; 90: 331-5.
37. Quiram DR, Winshilboum RM. Catechol-O-methyltransferase in rat erythrocyte and three other tissues: comparison of biochemical properties after removal of inhibitory calcium. J Neurochem 1976; 27: 1197-203.
38. Audubert F, Vance D. Pitfalls and problems in studies on the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 10695-701.
39. Ginlidori P. Stramentinoli G. A radioenzymatic method for S-adenosyl-L-methionine determination in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 1984; 137: 217-20.
40. Lieber CS, Robins SJ, Leo MA. Hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity is decreased by ethanol and increased by phosphatidylcholine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994; 18: 592-5.
41. Feo F, Pascale R, Garcea R, Daino L, Piris L, Frassetto S, et al. Effect of variations of S-adenosyl-L-methionine liver content on fat accumulation and ethanol metabolism in ethanol-intoxicated rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1986; 83: 331-41.
42. Paredes SR, Kozicki PA, Fukuda H, Rossetti MV, Batille AMDC. S-adenosyl-L-methionine: its effect on aminolevulinate dehydratase and glutathione in acute ethanol intoxication. Alcohol 1987; 4: 81-5.
43. Gasso M, Rubio M, Varela G, Cabré M, Caballeria J, Alonso E, et al. Effects of S-adenosylmethionine on lipid peroxidation and liver fibrogenesis in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1996; 25: 200-5.
44. Corrales F, Gimenez A, Alvarez L, Caballeria J, Pajares MA, Andreu H, et al. S-adenosylmethionine treatment prevents carbon tetrachloride-induced S-adenosylmethionine synthetase inactivation and attenuates liver injury. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1022-7.
45. Cabrero C, Duce AM, Ortiz P, Alemany S, Mato JM. Specific loss of the high-molecular-weight form of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase in human liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1530-4.
46. Muriel P, Suarez OR, Gonzalez P, Zuniga L. Protective effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on liver damage induced by biliary obstruction in rats: a histological, ultrastructural and biochemical approach. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 95-102.
47. Belli DC, Fournier LA, Lepage G, Yousef I, Roy CC. S-adenosyl-L-methionine prevents total parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis in the ret. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 18-23.
48. Giudici GA, Le Grazie C, Di Padova C. The use of ademethionine (SAMe) in the treatment of cholestatic liver disorders: metaanalysis of clinical trials. In: Mato JM, Lieber C, Kaplowitz N, Caballero A, editors. Methionine Metabolism: Molecular Mechanism and Clinical Implications. Madrid: CSIC Press; 1992. p. 67-79.
49. Frezza M, Pozzato G, Chiesa L, Stramentinoli G, Di Padova C. Reversal of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in women after high dose S-adenosyl-L-methionine administration. Hepatology 1984; 4: 274-8.
50. Frezza M, Surrenti C, Manzillo G, Fiaccadori F, Bortolini M, Di Padova C. Oral S-adenosylmethionine in the symptomatic treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 211-15.
51. Vendemiale G, Altomare E, Trizio T, Le Grazie C, Di Padova C, Salerno MT, et al. Effect of oral S-adenosyl-L-methionine on hepatic glutathione in patients with liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 407-15.
52. Mato JM, Cámara J, Fernandez de Paz J, Caballeria L, Coll S, Caballero A, et al. S-Adenosylmethionine in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre clinical trial. J Hepatol 1999; 30: 1081-9.
53. Lieber CS, DeCarli LM, Mak KM, Kim C-I, Leo MA. Attenuation of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis by polyunsaturated lecithin. Hepatology 1990; 12: 1390-8.
54. Lieber CS, Robins SJ, Li J, DeCarli, Mak KM, Fasulo JM, et al. Phosphatidylcholine protects against fibrosis and cirrhosis in the baboon. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 152-9.
55. Lieber CS, Leo MA, Mak KM, DeCarli LM, Sato S. Choline fails to prevent liver fibrosis in ethanol-fed baboons but causes toxicity. Hepatology 1985; 5: 561-72.
56. Nanji AA, French SW. Dietary linoleic acid is required for development of experimentally induced alcoholic liver injury. Life Sci 1989; 44: 223-7.
57. Lekim D, Graf E. Tierexperimentelle Studien zur Pharmakokinetik der 'essentiellen' Phospholipide (EPL). Drug Res Arzneimittel-Forsch 1976; 26: 1772-82.
58. Lieber CS, Leo MA. Interaction of alcohol and nutritional factors with hepatic fibrosis. In: Popper H, Schaffner F, editors. Progress in Liver Diseases. Chap 14. New York: Grune and Stratton; 1986. p. 253-72.
59. Friedman SL. Acetaldehyde and alcohol fibrogenesis: fuel to the fire, but not the spark. Hepatology 1990; 12: 609-12.
60. Patrick RS. Alcohol as a stimulus to hepatic fibrogenesis. J Alcoholism 1973; 8: 13-27.
61. Mezey E, Potter JJ, Iber FL, Maddrey WC. Hepatic collagen proline hydroxylase activity in alcoholic hepatitis: effect of d-penicillamine. J Lab Clin Med 1979; 93: 92-100.,
62. Mann SW, Fuller GC, Rodil JV, Vidins EI. Hepatic prolyl hydroxylase and collagen synthesis in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Gut 1979; 20: 825-32.
63. Zern MA, Leo MA, Giambrone MA, Lieber CS. Increased type I procollagen mRNA levels and in vitro protein synthesis in the baboon model of chronic alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 1123-31.
64. Mak KM, Leo MA, Lieber CS. Alcoholic liver injury in baboons: transformation of lipocytes to transitional cells. Gastroenterology 1984; 87: 188-200.
65. Mak KI, Lieber CS. Lipocytes and transitional cells in alcoholic liver disease: a morphometric study. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1027-33.
66. Poniachik J, Baraona E, Zhao J, Lieber CS. Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine decreases hepatic stellate cell activation. J Lab Clin Med 1999; 133: 342-8.
67. Arai M, Leo MA, Nakano M, Gordon ER, Lieber CS. Biochemical and morphological alterations of baboon hepatic mitochondria after chronic ethanol consumption. Hepatology 1984; 4: 165-74.
68. 3 content and changes in phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 797: 320-7.
69. Navder KP, Baraona E, Lieber CS. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine attenuates alcohol-induced fatty liver and hyperlipemia in rats. J Nutr 1997; 127: 1800-6.
70. Hoek JB, Thomas AP, Rooney TA, Higashi K, Rubin E. Ethanol and signal transduction in the liver. Fed Am Soc Exp Bio J 1992; 6: 2386-96.
71. Lieber CS, Leo MA, Aleynik SI, Aleynik MK, DeCarli LM. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine decreases alcohol-induced oxidative stress in the baboon. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997; 21: 375-9.
72. Aleynik MK, Leo MA, Aleynik SI, Lieber CS. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine opposes the increase of cytochrome P4502E1 by ethanol and corrects its iron-induced decrease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23: 96-100.
73. Ma X, Zhao J, Lieber CS. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine attenuates non-alcoholic hepatic fibrosis and accelerates its regression. J Hepatol 1996; 24: 604-13.
74. Li J-J, Kim C-I, Leo MA, Mak KM, Rojkind M, Lieber CS. Polyunsaturated lecithin prevents acetaldehyde-mediated hepatic collagen accumulation by stimulating collagenase activity in cultured stellate cells. Hepatology 1992; 15: 373-81.
75. Aleynik SI, Leo MA, Ma X, Aleynik MK, Lieber CS. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine prevents carbon tetrachloride induced lipid peroxidation while it attenuates liver injury and fibrosis. J Hepatol 1997; 26: 554-61.
76. Navder KP, Baraona E, Lieber CS. Effects of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PC) on low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. FASEB J 1998; 12: A237.
77. Gunderman KJ, Schumacher R. 50th Anniversary of phospholipid research (EPL). Druckerei Helene, Inh. Gisbert Helene, D-6102 Pfungstadt, FRG, pp. 91-102, 1990.
78. Kuntz E. Pilotsudie mit Polyenylphosphatidylcholin bei schwerer Leberinsuffizienz. Med Welt 1989; 40: 1327-9.
79. Jenkins PJ, Portmann BP, Eddleston ALWF, Williams R. Use of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine in HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis: results of a prospective double blind control trial. Liver 1982; 2: 77-81.
80. Panos MZ, Polson R, Johnson R, Portmann B, Williams R. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine for acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990; 2: 351-5.
81. Schuller Perez A, Gonzales San Martin F. Placebo-controlled study with polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine in alcoholic steatosis of the liver. Med Welt 1985; 36: 517-21.
82. Knuchel F. Double-blind study in patients with alcoholic toxic fatty liver. Effect of essential phospholipids on enzyme behaviour and lipid composition of the serum. Med Welt 1979; 30: 411-6.
83. Bird GLA, Panos MZ, Poison R, Johnson R, Portman BP, Neuberger J, et al.: Activity of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine in HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis and acute alcoholic hepatitis. Z Gastroenterol 1991; 29: 21-4.
84. Niederau C, Strohmeyer G, Heinges T, Peter K, Gopfert E, Leich Study Group. Polyunsaturated phosphatidyl-choline and interferon alpha for treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C: a multi-canter, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepato Gastroenterol 1998; 45: 797-804.
85. Rosman AS, Lieber CS. Diagnostic utility of laboratory tests in alcoholic liver disease. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 1641-51.
86. Worner TM, Lieber CS. Perivenular fibrosis as precursor lesion of cirrhosis. JAMA 1985; 254: 627-30.
87. Teschke R, Hasumura Y, Joly JG, Ishii H, Lieber CS. Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): Purification and properties of a rat liver system free of catalase and alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 49: 1187-93.
88. Teschke R, Hasumura Y, Lieber CS. Hepatic microsomal alcohol oxidizing system Solubilization, isolation end characterization. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 163: 404-15.
89. Ohnishi K, Lieber CS. Reconstitution of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system: qualitative and quantitative changes of cytochrome P-450 after chronic ethanol consumption. J Biol Chem 1977; 252: 7124-31.
90. Miwa GT, Levin W, Thomas PE, Lu AYH. The direct oxidation of ethanol by catalase- and alcohol dehydrogenase-free reconstituted system containing cytochrome P-450. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 187: 464-75.
91. Koop DR, Morgan ET, Tarr GE, Coon MJ. Purification and characterization of a unique isozyme of cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes of ethanol-treated rabbits. J Biol Chem 1982; 257: 8472-80.
92. Lasker JM, Raucy J, Kubota S, Bloswick BP, Black M, Lieber CS. Purification and characterization of human liver cytochrome P-450-ALC. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 148: 232-8.
93. Tsutsumi M, Lasker JM, Shimizu M, Rosman AS, Lieber CS. The intralobular distribution of ethanol-inducible P450IIE1 in rat and human liver. Hepatology 1989; 10: 437-46.
94. Takahashi T, Lasker JM, Rosman AS, Lieber CS. Induction of cytochrome P-4502E1 in the human liver by ethanol is caused by a corresponding increase in encoding messenger RNA. Hepatology 1993; 17: 236-45.
95. Hetu C, Dumont A, Joly JG. Effect of chronic ethanol administration on bromobenzene liver toxicity in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1983; 67: 166-7.
96. Siegers C-P, Heidbuchel K, Younes M. Influence of alcohol, dithiocarb and (+)-catechin on the hepatotoxicity and metabolism of vinylidene chloride in rats. J Appl Toxicol 1983; 3: 90-5.
97. Tsutsumi R, Leo MA, Kim CI, Tsutsumi M, Lasker J, Lowe N, et al. Interaction of ethanol with enflurane metabolism and toxicity: Role of P450IIE1. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990; 14: 174-9.
98. Kharasch ED, Thummel KE. Identification of cytochrome P4502E1 as the predominant enzyme catalyzing human liver microsomal defluorination of sevoflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane. Anesthesiology 1993; 79: 795-807.
99. Takagi T, Ishii H, Takahashi H, Kato S, Okuno F, Ebihara Y, et al. Potentiation of halothane hepatotoxicity by chronic ethanol administration in rat: An animal model of halothane hepatitis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1983; 18: 461-5.
100. Beskid M, Bialek J, Dzieniszewski J, Sadowski J, Tlalka J. Effect of combined phenylbutazone and ethanol administration on rat liver. Exp Pathol 1980; 18: 487-91.
101. Raucy JL, Lasker JM, Lieber CS, Black M. Acetaminophen activation by human liver cytochromes P450IIE1 and P4501A2. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 271: 270-83.
102. Black M. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Ann Rev Med 1984; 35: 577-93.
103. Seeff LB, Cucherini BA, Zimmerman HJ, Alder E, Benjamin SB. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in alcoholics: A therapeutic misadventure. (Clinical review). Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 399-404.
104. Sato C, Matsuda Y, Lieber CS. Increased hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen after chronic ethanol consumption in the rat. Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 140-8.
105. Whitecomb DC, Block GD. Association of acetaminophenhepatotoxicity with fasting and ethanol use. JAMA 1994; 272: 1845-50.
106. Nordmann R, Ribière C, Rouach H. Implication of free radical mechanisms in ethanol-induced cellular injury. Free Rad Biol Med 1992; 12: 219-40.
107. Lieber CS, DeCarli LM. Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase: Activity enhanced by ethanol consumption. Science 1970; 170: 78-80.
108. Dai Y, Rashba-Step J, Cederbaum AI. Stable expression of human cytochrome P4502E1 in HepG2 cells: characterization of catalytic activities and production of reactive oxygen intermediates. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 6928-37.
109. Ekstrom G, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Rat liver microsomal NADPH-supported oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation dependent on ethanol-inducible cytochrome P-450 (P-450IIE1). Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38: 1313-19.
110. Castillo T, Koop DR, Kamimura S, Triadafilopoulos G, Tsukamoto H. Role of cytochrome P-450 2E1 in ethanol-, carbon tetrachloride- and iron-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation. Hepatology 1992; 16: 992-6.
111. Albano E, Tomasi A, Goria-Gatti L, Poli G, Vannini B, Dianzani MU. Free radical metabolism of alcohols in rat liver microsomes. Free Rad Res Commun 1987; 3: 243.
112. Reinke L, Lai EK, DuBose CM, McCay PB, Janzen EG. Reactive free radical generation in vivo in heart and liver of ethanolfed rats: Correlation with radical formation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 8223-7.
113. Reinke LA, Kotake Y, McCay PB, Janzen EG. Spin trapping studies of hepatic free radicals formed following the acute administration of ethanol to rats: in vivo detection of 1-hydroxyethyl radicals with PBN. Free Rad Biol Med 1991; 11: 31-9.
114. Koivisto T, Mishin VM, Mak KM, Cohen PA, Lieber CS. Induction of cytochrome P-4502E1 by ethanol in ret Kupffer cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20: 207-12.
115. Salmela KS, Kessova IG, Tsyrlov IB, Lieber CS. Respective roles of human cytochrome P4502E1, 1A2, and 3A4 in the hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998; 22: 2125-32.
116. Kalant H, Khanna JM, Marshman J. Effect of chronic intake of ethanol on pentobarbital metabolism. J Pharmacol 1970; 175: 318-24.
117. Misra PS, Lefevre A, Ishii H, Rubin E, Lieber CS. Increase of ethanol meprobamate and pentobarbital metabolism after chronic ethanol administration in man and in rats. Am J Med 1971; 51: 346-51.
118. Salaspuro MP, Lieber CS. Non-uniformity of blood ethanol elimination: its exaggeration after chronic consumption. Ann Clin Res 1978; 10: 294-7.
119. Pritchard JF, Schneck DW. Effects of ethanol and phenobarbital on the metabolism of propranolol by 9000 g rat liver supernatant. Biochem Pharmacol 1977; 26: 2453-4.
120. Sotaniemi EA, Anttila M, Rautio A, Stengard J, Saulcko P, Jarvensivu P. Propranolol and sotalol metabolism after a drinking party. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 29: 705-10.
121. Carulli N, Manenti F, Gallo M, Salvioli GF. Alcohol-drugs interaction in man: Alcohol and tolbutamide. Eur J Clin Invest 1971; 1: 421-4.
122. Kater RMH, Roggin G, Tobon F, Zieve P, Iber FL. Increased rate of clearance of drugs from the circulation of alcoholics. Am J Med Sci 1969; 258: 35-9.
123. Kater RMH, Tobon F, Iber FL. Increased rate of tolbutamide metabolism in alcoholic patients. JAMA 1969; 207: 363-5.
124. Sellman R, Kanto J, Raijola E, Pekkarinen A. Human and animal study on elimination from plasma and metabolism of diazepam after chronic alcohol intake. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1975; 36: 33-8.
125. Grassi GG, Grassi C. Ethanol-antibiotic interactions at hepatic level. Int J Clin Pharmacol 1975; 11: 216-25.
126. Lieber CS. Cytochrome P4502E1: Its physiological and pathological role. Physiol Rev 1997; 77: 517-44.
127. Gebhardt AC, Lucas D, Ménez JF, Seitz HK. Chlormethiazole inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 as assessed by chlorzoxazone hydroxylation in humans. Hepatology 1997; 26: 957-61.
128. Fang C, Lindros KO, Badger TM, Ronis MJJ, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Zonated expression of cytokines in rat liver: effect of chronic ethanol and the cytochrome P450 2E1 inhibitor, chlormethiazole. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1304-10.
129. Eap CB, Schuyder C, Besson J, Savary L, Buclin T. Inhibition of CYP2E1 by chlormethiazole as measured by chlorzoxazone pharmacokinetics in patients with alcoholism and in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 64: 52-7.
130. French S, Morimoto M, Reitz R, Koop D, Klopfenstein B, Estes K, et al. Lipid peroxidation, CYP2E1 and arachidonic acid metabolism in alcoholic liver disease in rats. J Nutr 1997; 127: 907S-11S.
131. Kim ND, Kwak MK, Kim SG. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 expression by 2-(allylthio) pyrazine, a potential chemoprotective agent: hepatoprotective effects. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 53: 261-9.
132. Morimoto M, Hagbjork AL, Nanji AA, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lindros KO, Fu PC, et al. Role of cytochrome P450 2E1 in alcoholic liver disease pathogenesis. Alcohol 1993; 10: 459-64.
133. Morimoto M, Hagbjork AL, Wan YJY, Fu PC, Clot P, Albano E, et al. Modulation of experimental alcohol-induced liver disease by cytochrome P450 2E1 inhibitors. Hepatology 1995; 21: 1610-17.
134. Mathews JM, Etheridge AS, Raymer JH, Black SR, Pulliam DW, Bucher JR. Selective inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 in vivo and in vitro with trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. Chem Res Toxicol 1998; 11: 778-85.
135. Aleynik SI, Leo MA, Takeshige U, Aleynik M, Lieber CS. Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine is the active antioxidant of polyenylphosphatidylcholine. J Invest Med 1999; 47: 507-12.
136. Navder KP, Baraona E, Lieber CS. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine decreases alcoholic hyperlipemia without affecting the alcoholinduced rise of HDL-cholesterol. Life Sci 1997; 61: 1907-14.
137. Navder KP, Baraona E, Leo MA, Lieber CS. Oxidation of LDL in baboons is increased by alcohol and attenuated by polyenylphosphatidylcholine. J Lipid Res 1999; 40: 983-7.
138. Aleynik SI, Leo MA, Lieber CS. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine intake increases dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine content and antioxidant capacity in human plasma. Hepatology 1999; 30: 544A.
139. Seitz HK, Poschl G. Antioxidant drugs and colchicine in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease; In: Arroyo V, Bosch J, Rodes J, eds. Treatments in Hepatology. Barcelona, Masson, pp. 271-6, 1995.
140. Lieber CS. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases. In: Sies H, editor. Adv Pharmacol 1997; 38: 601-28.
141. Lieber CS. Treatment of alcoholic liver disease. In: Brechot C, Lebrec D, Poupon R, editors. New Treatments in Hepatology. Paris: 1997. p. 89-125.
142. Lieber CS. Metabolism of alcohol. Clin Liver Dis 1998; 2: 673-702.
143. Faller J, Fox IH. Evidence for increased urate production by activation of adenine nucleotide turnover. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1598-602.
144. Lieber CS, DeCarli LM, Schmid R. Effects of ethanol on fatty acid metabolism in liver slices. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1959; 1: 302-6.
145. Lieber CS, Pignon J-P. Ethanol and lipids. In: Fruchart JC, Shepherd J, editors. Human Plasma Lipoproteins: Chemistry, Physiology and Pathology. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter; 1989. p. 245-80.
146. Lieber CS, Schmid R. The effect of ethanol on fatty acid metabolism: Stimulation of hepatic fatty acid synthesis in vitro. J Clin Invest 1961; 40: 394-9.
147. Galli A, Price D, Crabb D. High-level expression of rat class I alcohol dehydrogenase is sufficient for ethanol-induced fat accumulation in transduced HeLa cells. Hepatology 1999; 29: 1164-70.
148. Videla L, Israel Y. Factors that modify the metabolism of ethanol in rat liver and adaptive changes produced by its chronic administration. Biochem J 1970; 118: 275-81.
149. Israel Y, Kalant H, Orrego H, Khanna JM, Videla L, Phillips JM. Experimental alcohol-induced hepatic necrosis: Suppression by propylthiouracil. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975; 72: 1137-41.
150. Kessler BJ, Lieber JB, Bronfin GJ, Sass M. The hepatic blood flow and splanchnic oxygen consumption in alcohol fatty liver. J Clin Invest 1954; 33: 1338-45.
151. Jauhonen P, Baraona E, Miyakawa H, Lieber CS. Mechanism for selective perivenular hepatotoxicity of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1982; 6: 350-7.
152. Sato N, Kamada T, Kawano S, Hayashi N, Kishida Y, Meren H, et al. Effect of acute and chronic ethanol consumption on hepatic tissue oxygen tension in rats. Pharmacology 1983; 18: 443-7.
153. Shaw S, Heller E, Friedman H, Baraona E, Lieber CS. Increased hepatic oxygenation following ethanol administration in the baboon. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1977; 56: 509-13.
154. Stein SW, Lieber CS, Leevy CM, Cherrick GR, Abelmann WH. The effect of ethanol upon systemic hepatic blood flow in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1963; 13: 68-74.
155. Carmichael FJ, Saldivia V, Israel Y, McKaigney JR Orrego H. Ethanol-induced increase in portal hepatic blood flow: interference by anesthetic agents. Hepatology 1987; 7: 89-94.
156. Lieber CS, Baraona E, Hernandez-Munoz R, Kubota S, Sato N, Kawano S, et al. Impaired oxygen utilization: A new mechanism for the hepatotoxicity of ethanol in sub-human primates. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1682-90.
157. Jauhonen P, Baraona E, Lieber CS, Hassinen IE. Dependence of ethanol-induced redox shift on hepatic oxygen tensions prevailing in vivo. Alcohol 1985; 2: 163-7.
158. Kato S, Kawase T, Alderman J, Lieber CS. Role of xanthine oxidase in ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 203-10.
159. Buhler R, Hess M, von Wartburg J-P. Immunohistochemical localization of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase in liver tissue, cultured fibroblasts and Hela cells. Am J Pathol 1982; 108: 89-99.
160. Savolainen E-R, Leo MA, Timple R, Lieber CS. Acetaldehyde and lactate stimulate collagen synthesis of cultured baboon liver myofibroblasts. Gastroenterology 1984; 87: 777-87.
161. Casini A, Cunningham M, Rojkind M, Lieber CS. Acetaldehyde increases procollagen type I and fibronectin gene transcription in cultured rat fat-storing cells through a protein synthesis-dependent mechanism. Hepatology 1991; 13: 758-65.
162. Lieber CS, Spritz N, DeCarli LM. Role of dietary, adipose and endogenously synthesized fatty acids in the pathogenesis of the alcoholic fatty liver. J Clin Invest 1966; 45: 51-62.
163. Lieber CS, Spritz N. Effects of prolonged ethanol intake in man: role of dietary, adipose and endogenously synthesized fatty acids in the pathogenesis of the alcoholic fatty liver. J Clin Invest 1966; 45: 1400-11.
164. Nakano M, Worner T, Lieber CS. Perivenular fibrosis in alcoholic liver injury: ultrastructure of histologic progression. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 777-85.
165. Popper H, Lieber CS. Histogenesis of alcoholic fibrosis and cirrhosis in the baboon. Am J Pathol 1980; 98: 695-716.
166. Oneta CM, Mak KM, Lieber CS. Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine selectively modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced Kupffer cell activation. J Lab Clin Med 1999; 134: 466-70.
167. Paronetto F. Immunologic reactions in alcoholic liver disease. In: Lieber CS, editor. Medical and Nutritional Complications of Alcoholism: Mechanisms and Management. New York: Plenum Press; 1992. p. 283-305.
168. Rosman AS, Paronetto F, Galvin K, Williams RJ, Lieber CS. Hepatitis C virus antibody in alcoholic patients: Association with the presence of portal and/or lobular hepatitis. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 965-9.
169. Schiff ER. Hepatitis C and alcohol. Hepatology 1997; 26: 39S-42S.
170. Ostapowicz G, Watson KJR, Locarnini SA, Desmond PV. Role of alcohol in the progression of liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1730-5.
171. Pessione F, Degos F, Marcellin P, Duchatelle V, Njapoum C, Martinot-Peignoux M, et al. Effect of alcohol consumption on serum hepatitis C virus RNA and histological lesions in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1717-22.
172. Wiley TE, McCarthy M, Breidi L, McCarthy M, Layden TJ. Impact of alcohol on the histological and clinical progression of hepatitis C infection. Hepatology 1998; 28: 805-9.
173. Corrao G, Arico S. Independent and combined action of hepatitis C virus infection and alcohol consumption on the risk of symptomatic liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 1998; 27: 914-19.
174. Tsutsumi M, Ishizaki M, Takada A. Relative risk for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis: A multiple logistic-regression coefficient analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20: 758-62.
175. Weiner FR, Esposti SD, Zern MA. A role for cytokines as regulators of hepatic fibrogenesis. Gastroenterol Jpn 1993; 28: 97-101.
176. Czaja M, Xu J, Alt E. Prevention of carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver injury by soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 1849-54.
177. Carithers RL Jr, Herlong FH, Diehl AM, Shaw EW, Combes B, Fallon HJ, et al. Methylprednisone therapy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. A randomized multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 685-90.
178. Ramond MJ, Poynard T, Rueff B. A randomized trial of prednisolone in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 507-12.
179. Mendenhall CL, Anderson S, Garcia-Pont P, Goldberg S, Kiernan T, Seeff LB, et al. Short-term and long-term survival in patients with alcoholic hepatitis treated with oxandrolone and prednisolone. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1464-70.
180. Kershenobich D, Vargas F, Garcia-Tsao G, Tomayo RP, Gent M, Rojkind M. Colchicine in the treatment of cirrhosis of the liver. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1709-13.
181. Boyer LJ, Ransohoff FD. Is colchicine effective therapy for cirrhosis? N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1751-2.
182. Consensus Conference: Liver transplantation. JAMA 1983; 250: 2961-4.
183. Bird GL, O'Grady JG, Harvey FA, Calne RY, Williams R. Liver transplantation in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: Selection criteria and rates of survival and relapse. Br Med J 1990; 301: 15-7.
184. Osorio RW, Ascher NL, Avery M, Bacchetti P, Roberts JP Lake JR. Predicting recidivism after orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 1994; 20: 105-10.
185. Lucey MR, Merion RM, Henley KS, Campbell DA Jr, Turcotte JG, Nostrant TT, et al. Selection for and outcome of liver transplantation in alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1736-41.
186. Bonet H, Manez R, Kramer D, Wright HI, Gavaler JS, Baddour N, et al. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: Survival of patients transplanted with alcoholic hepatitis plus cirrhosis as compared with those with cirrhosis alone. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17: 1102-6.
187. O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, Schottenfeld RS, Meyer RE, Rounsaville B. Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 881-7.
188. Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M, O'Brien CP. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 876-80.
189. Lieber CS, Worner TM. Drug treatment of alcoholism and alcohol withdrawal. Intern Med Specialist 1987; 8: 148-58.