메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 117, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 855-869

Fever in the ICU

Author keywords

Cytokines; Fever; ICU; Sinusitis; Tract infection; Urinary; Ventilator associated pneumonia

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; INTENSIVE CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SINUSITIS; URINARY TRACT INFECTION;

EID: 0034102143     PISSN: 00123692     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1378/chest.117.3.855     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (167)

References (219)
  • 1
    • 0028360248 scopus 로고
    • Causes of fever and pulmonary densities in patients with clinical manifestations of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 1 Meduri GU, Mauldin GL, Wunderink RG, et al. Causes of fever and pulmonary densities in patients with clinical manifestations of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1994; 106:221-235
    • (1994) Chest , vol.106 , pp. 221-235
    • Meduri, G.U.1    Mauldin, G.L.2    Wunderink, R.G.3
  • 2
    • 0032575904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concepts of fever
    • 2 Mackowiak PA. Concepts of fever. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:1870-1881
    • (1998) Arch Intern Med , vol.158 , pp. 1870-1881
    • Mackowiak, P.A.1
  • 3
    • 0028782669 scopus 로고
    • The neurologic basis of fever
    • 3 Saper CB, Breder CD. The neurologic basis of fever. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1880-1886
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.330 , pp. 1880-1886
    • Saper, C.B.1    Breder, C.D.2
  • 4
    • 0026043418 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-6 as an endogenous pyrogen: Induction of prostaglandin E2 in brain but not peripheral blood mononuclear cells
    • 4 Dinarello CA, Cannon JG, Mancilla J. Interleukin-6 as an endogenous pyrogen: induction of prostaglandin E2 in brain but not peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Brain Res 1991; 562:199-206
    • (1991) Brain Res , vol.562 , pp. 199-206
    • Dinarello, C.A.1    Cannon, J.G.2    Mancilla, J.3
  • 5
    • 0027916179 scopus 로고
    • The role of interleukin-1 in disease
    • 5 Dinarello CA, Wolff SM. The role of interleukin-1 in disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:106-113
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.328 , pp. 106-113
    • Dinarello, C.A.1    Wolff, S.M.2
  • 6
    • 0022459815 scopus 로고
    • Multiple biological activities of human recombinant interleukin 1
    • 6 Dinarello CA, Cannon JG, Mier JW, et al. Multiple biological activities of human recombinant interleukin 1. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:1734-1739
    • (1986) J Clin Invest , vol.77 , pp. 1734-1739
    • Dinarello, C.A.1    Cannon, J.G.2    Mier, J.W.3
  • 7
    • 0021684992 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-1 and the pathogenesis of the acute-phase response
    • 7 Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1 and the pathogenesis of the acute-phase response. N Engl J Med 1984; 311:1413-1418
    • (1984) N Engl J Med , vol.311 , pp. 1413-1418
    • Dinarello, C.A.1
  • 8
    • 0021175639 scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of interleukin 1/endogenous pyrogen in the brain of endotoxin-treated mice: A step in fever induction?
    • 8 Fontana A, Weber E, Dayer JM. Synthesis of interleukin 1/endogenous pyrogen in the brain of endotoxin-treated mice: a step in fever induction? J Immunol 1984; 133:1696-1698
    • (1984) J Immunol , vol.133 , pp. 1696-1698
    • Fontana, A.1    Weber, E.2    Dayer, J.M.3
  • 9
    • 0031660012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of hypothalamic interleukin-1 beta in fever induced by cecal ligation and puncture in rats
    • 9 Gourine AV, Rudolph K, Tesfaigzi J, et al. Role of hypothalamic interleukin-1 beta in fever induced by cecal ligation and puncture in rats. Am J Physiol 1998; 275(3 Pt 2):R754-R761
    • (1998) Am J Physiol , vol.275 , Issue.3 PT 2
    • Gourine, A.V.1    Rudolph, K.2    Tesfaigzi, J.3
  • 10
    • 0031868366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of IL-6 and TNF in thermoregulation and survival during sepsis in mice
    • 10 Leon LR, White AA, Kluger MJ. Role of IL-6 and TNF in thermoregulation and survival during sepsis in mice. Am J Physiol 1998; 275(1 Pt 2):R269-R277
    • (1998) Am J Physiol , vol.275 , Issue.1 PT 2
    • Leon, L.R.1    White, A.A.2    Kluger, M.J.3
  • 11
    • 0031908779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of knockout mice to understand the role of cytokines in fever
    • 11 Kluger MJ, Kozak W, Leon LR, et al. The use of knockout mice to understand the role of cytokines in fever. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1998; 25:141-144
    • (1998) Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol , vol.25 , pp. 141-144
    • Kluger, M.J.1    Kozak, W.2    Leon, L.R.3
  • 12
    • 0028235880 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-1 beta causes the increase in anterior hypothalamic interleukin-6 during LPS-induced fever in rats
    • 12 Klir JJ, McClellan JL, Kluger MJ. Interleukin-1 beta causes the increase in anterior hypothalamic interleukin-6 during LPS-induced fever in rats. Am J Physiol 1994; 266(6 Pt 2):R1845-R1848
    • (1994) Am J Physiol , vol.266 , Issue.6 PT 2
    • Klir, J.J.1    McClellan, J.L.2    Kluger, M.J.3
  • 13
    • 0027515268 scopus 로고
    • Role of hypothalamic interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in LPS fever in rat
    • 13 Klir JJ, Roth J, Szelenyi Z, et al. Role of hypothalamic interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in LPS fever in rat. Am J Physiol 1993; 265(3 Pt 2):R512-R517
    • (1993) Am J Physiol , vol.265 , Issue.3 PT 2
    • Klir, J.J.1    Roth, J.2    Szelenyi, Z.3
  • 14
    • 0030873262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concepts of fever: Recent advances and lingering dogma
    • 14 Mackowiak PA, Bartiett JG, Borden EC, et al. Concepts of fever: recent advances and lingering dogma. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:119-138
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.25 , pp. 119-138
    • Mackowiak, P.A.1    Bartiett, J.G.2    Borden, E.C.3
  • 16
    • 0018196390 scopus 로고
    • Fever and survival in rabbits infected with Pasteurella multocida
    • 16 Kluger MJ, Vaughn LK. Fever and survival in rabbits infected with Pasteurella multocida. J Physiol 1978; 282: 243-251
    • (1978) J Physiol , vol.282 , pp. 243-251
    • Kluger, M.J.1    Vaughn, L.K.2
  • 17
    • 0017125010 scopus 로고
    • Fever and antipyresis in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis
    • 17 Bernheim HA, Kluger MJ. Fever and antipyresis in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Am J Physiol 1976; 231:198-203
    • (1976) Am J Physiol , vol.231 , pp. 198-203
    • Bernheim, H.A.1    Kluger, M.J.2
  • 18
    • 0016725484 scopus 로고
    • Avian febrile response
    • 18 D'Alecy LG, Kluger MJ. Avian febrile response. J Physiol 1975; 253:223-232
    • (1975) J Physiol , vol.253 , pp. 223-232
    • Alecy, L.G.1    Kluger, M.J.2
  • 19
    • 0016183721 scopus 로고
    • Fever in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis
    • 19 Vaughn LK, Bernheim HA, Kluger MJ. Fever in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Nature 1974; 252:473-474
    • (1974) Nature , vol.252 , pp. 473-474
    • Vaughn, L.K.1    Bernheim, H.A.2    Kluger, M.J.3
  • 20
    • 0017767851 scopus 로고
    • Survival value of fever in fish
    • 20 Covert JB, Reynolds WW. Survival value of fever in fish. Nature 1977; 267:43-45
    • (1977) Nature , vol.267 , pp. 43-45
    • Covert, J.B.1    Reynolds, W.W.2
  • 21
    • 0017112579 scopus 로고
    • Fever: Effect of drug-induced antipyresis on survival
    • 21 Bernheim HA, Kluger MJ. Fever: effect of drug-induced antipyresis on survival. Science 1976; 193:237-239
    • (1976) Science , vol.193 , pp. 237-239
    • Bernheim, H.A.1    Kluger, M.J.2
  • 23
    • 0020640945 scopus 로고
    • Fever and immunoregulation: III. Hyperthermia augments the primary in vitro humoral immune response
    • 23 Jampel HD, Duff GW, Gershon RK, et al. Fever and immunoregulation: III. Hyperthermia augments the primary in vitro humoral immune response. J Exp Med 1983; 157:1229-1238
    • (1983) J Exp Med , vol.157 , pp. 1229-1238
    • Jampel, H.D.1    Duff, G.W.2    Gershon, R.K.3
  • 24
    • 0018885767 scopus 로고
    • Effect of temperature on the chemotaxis, phagocytic engulfment, digestion and O2 consumption of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
    • 24 van Oss CJ, Absolom DR, Moore LL, et al. Effect of temperature on the chemotaxis, phagocytic engulfment, digestion and O2 consumption of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Reticuloendothel Soc 1980; 27:561-565
    • (1980) J Reticuloendothel Soc , vol.27 , pp. 561-565
    • Van Oss, C.J.1    Absolom, D.R.2    Moore, L.L.3
  • 25
    • 0021703559 scopus 로고
    • Neutrophil migration in vitro and in vivo during hypothermia
    • 25 Biggar WD, Bohn DJ, Kent G, et al. Neutrophil migration in vitro and in vivo during hypothermia. Infect Immunol 1984; 46:857-859
    • (1984) Infect Immunol , vol.46 , pp. 857-859
    • Biggar, W.D.1    Bohn, D.J.2    Kent, G.3
  • 26
    • 0020086109 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of human natural killer cells to hyperthermia
    • 26 Azocar J, Yunis EJ, Essex M. Sensitivity of human natural killer cells to hyperthermia. Lancet 1982; 1:16-17
    • (1982) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 16-17
    • Azocar, J.1    Yunis, E.J.2    Essex, M.3
  • 27
    • 0025354275 scopus 로고
    • Antipyresis and fever
    • 27 Styrt B, Sugarman B. Antipyresis and fever. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150:1589-1597
    • (1990) Arch Intern Med , vol.150 , pp. 1589-1597
    • Styrt, B.1    Sugarman, B.2
  • 29
    • 0022622973 scopus 로고
    • Influence of body temperature on bacterial growth rates in experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits
    • 29 Small PM, Tauber MG, Hackbarth CJ, et al. Influence of body temperature on bacterial growth rates in experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits. Infect Immunol 1986; 52:484-487
    • (1986) Infect Immunol , vol.52 , pp. 484-487
    • Small, P.M.1    Tauber, M.G.2    Hackbarth, C.J.3
  • 30
    • 0023619317 scopus 로고
    • The influence of fever on the development of experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis
    • 30 Sande MA, Sande ER, Woolwine JD, et al. The influence of fever on the development of experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. J Infect Dis 1987; 156:849-850
    • (1987) J Infect Dis , vol.156 , pp. 849-850
    • Sande, M.A.1    Sande, E.R.2    Woolwine, J.D.3
  • 31
    • 0024552780 scopus 로고
    • Elevated environmental temperature enhances immunity in experimental Chagas' disease
    • 31 Anderson KJ, Kuhn RE. Elevated environmental temperature enhances immunity in experimental Chagas' disease. Infect Immunol 1989; 57:13-17
    • (1989) Infect Immunol , vol.57 , pp. 13-17
    • Anderson, K.J.1    Kuhn, R.E.2
  • 32
    • 0014652533 scopus 로고
    • Temperature as a factor in resistance of young puppies to canine herpesvirus
    • 32 Carmichael LE, Barnes FD, Percy DH. Temperature as a factor in resistance of young puppies to canine herpesvirus. J Infect Dis 1969; 120:669-678
    • (1969) J Infect Dis , vol.120 , pp. 669-678
    • Carmichael, L.E.1    Barnes, F.D.2    Percy, D.H.3
  • 33
    • 0014972601 scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting mortality of gram-negative rod bacteremia
    • 33 Bryant RE, Hood AF, Hood CE, et al. Factors affecting mortality of gram-negative rod bacteremia. Arch Intern Med 1971; 127:120-128
    • (1971) Arch Intern Med , vol.127 , pp. 120-128
    • Bryant, R.E.1    Hood, A.F.2    Hood, C.E.3
  • 34
    • 0018143159 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: A review of 28 cases with emphasis on improved survival and factors influencing prognosis
    • 34 Weinstein MR, Iannini PB, Stratton CW, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a review of 28 cases with emphasis on improved survival and factors influencing prognosis. Am J Med 1978; 64:592-598
    • (1978) Am J Med , vol.64 , pp. 592-598
    • Weinstein, M.R.1    Iannini, P.B.2    Stratton, C.W.3
  • 35
    • 0024346168 scopus 로고
    • Acetaminophen: More harm than good for chickenpox?
    • 35 Dorn TF, DeAngelis C, Baumgardner RA, et al. Acetaminophen: more harm than good for chickenpox? J Pediatr 1989; 114:1045-1048
    • (1989) J Pediatr , vol.114 , pp. 1045-1048
    • Dorn, T.F.1    DeAngelis, C.2    Baumgardner, R.A.3
  • 36
    • 0028873041 scopus 로고
    • Effect of cooling on oxygen consumption in febrile critically ill patients
    • 36 Manthous CA, Hall JB, Olson D, et al. Effect of cooling on oxygen consumption in febrile critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151:10-14
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.151 , pp. 10-14
    • Manthous, C.A.1    Hall, J.B.2    Olson, D.3
  • 37
    • 0031885950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combating hyperthermia in acute stroke: A significant clinical concern
    • 37 Ginsberg MD, Busto R. Combating hyperthermia in acute stroke: a significant clinical concern. Stroke 1998; 29:529-534
    • (1998) Stroke , vol.29 , pp. 529-534
    • Ginsberg, M.D.1    Busto, R.2
  • 38
    • 0032488370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrapartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: The Western Australian case-control study
    • 38 Badawi N, Kurinczuk JJ, Keogh JM, et al. Intrapartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study. BMJ 1998; 317:1554-1558
    • (1998) BMJ , vol.317 , pp. 1554-1558
    • Badawi, N.1    Kurinczuk, J.J.2    Keogh, J.M.3
  • 39
    • 0021459810 scopus 로고
    • Does maternal pyrexia embarrass the fetus?
    • 39 Quinn M, Matthews TG. Does maternal pyrexia embarrass the fetus? Irish Med J 1984; 77:218-219
    • (1984) Irish Med J , vol.77 , pp. 218-219
    • Quinn, M.1    Matthews, T.G.2
  • 40
    • 0029339592 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of five methods of temperature measurement in febrile intensive care patients
    • 40 Schmitz T, Bair N, Falk M, et al. A comparison of five methods of temperature measurement in febrile intensive care patients. Am J Crit Care 1995; 4:286-292
    • (1995) Am J Crit Care , vol.4 , pp. 286-292
    • Schmitz, T.1    Bair, N.2    Falk, M.3
  • 41
    • 0025801269 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of pulmonary artery, rectal, and tympanic membrane temperatures in adult intensive care unit patients
    • 41 Milewski A, Ferguson KL, Terndrup TE. Comparison of pulmonary artery, rectal, and tympanic membrane temperatures in adult intensive care unit patients. Clin Pediatr 1991; 30(4 Suppl):13-16
    • (1991) Clin Pediatr , vol.30 , Issue.4 SUPPL. , pp. 13-16
    • Milewski, A.1    Ferguson, K.L.2    Terndrup, T.E.3
  • 42
    • 0025770953 scopus 로고
    • Core temperature measurement in the intensive care unit
    • 42 Nierman DM. Core temperature measurement in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:818-823
    • (1991) Crit Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 818-823
    • Nierman, D.M.1
  • 43
    • 0027487285 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ear-based, bladder, oral, and axillary methods for core temperature measurement
    • 43 Erickson RS, Kirklin SK. Comparison of ear-based, bladder, oral, and axillary methods for core temperature measurement. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:1528-1534
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 1528-1534
    • Erickson, R.S.1    Kirklin, S.K.2
  • 44
    • 0021351113 scopus 로고
    • Thermal and cardiovascular changes during three methods of resuscitation from mild hypothermia
    • 44 Hayward JS, Eckerson JD, Kemna D. Thermal and cardiovascular changes during three methods of resuscitation from mild hypothermia. Resuscitation 1984; 11:21-33
    • (1984) Resuscitation , vol.11 , pp. 21-33
    • Hayward, J.S.1    Eckerson, J.D.2    Kemna, D.3
  • 45
    • 0022541360 scopus 로고
    • Esophageal and tympanic temperature responses to core blood temperature changes during hyperthermia
    • 45 Shiraki K, Konda N, Sagawa S. Esophageal and tympanic temperature responses to core blood temperature changes during hyperthermia. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61:98-102
    • (1986) J Appl Physiol , vol.61 , pp. 98-102
    • Shiraki, K.1    Konda, N.2    Sagawa, S.3
  • 46
    • 0023746479 scopus 로고
    • Independence of brain and tympanic temperatures in an unanesthetized human
    • 46 Shiraki K, Sagawa S, Tajima F, et al. Independence of brain and tympanic temperatures in an unanesthetized human. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65:482-486
    • (1988) J Appl Physiol , vol.65 , pp. 482-486
    • Shiraki, K.1    Sagawa, S.2    Tajima, F.3
  • 47
    • 0031989753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice parameters for evaluating new fever in critically ill adult patients
    • 47 O'Grady NP, Barie PS, Bartlett J, et al. Practice parameters for evaluating new fever in critically ill adult patients. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:392-408
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 392-408
    • Grady, N.P.1    Barie, P.S.2    Bartlett, J.3
  • 48
    • 0018626707 scopus 로고
    • Fever patterns: Their lack of clinical significance
    • 48 Musher DM, Fainstein V, Young EJ, et al. Fever patterns: their lack of clinical significance. Arch Intern Med 1979; 139:1225-1228
    • (1979) Arch Intern Med , vol.139 , pp. 1225-1228
    • Musher, D.M.1    Fainstein, V.2    Young, E.J.3
  • 49
    • 0029584499 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in patients in intensive care units
    • 49 Chastre J, Fagon JY, Trouillet JL. Diagnosis and treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in patients in intensive care units. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21(Suppl 3):S226-S237
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Chastre, J.1    Fagon, J.Y.2    Trouillet, J.L.3
  • 50
    • 0027382380 scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia: A multivariate analysis
    • 50 Kollef MH. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: a multivariate analysis. JAMA 1993; 270:1965-1970
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.270 , pp. 1965-1970
    • Kollef, M.H.1
  • 51
    • 0000032332 scopus 로고
    • Surgical complications
    • Schwartz SI, Shires GT, Spencer FC et al, eds. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
    • 51 Hiyama DT, Zinner MJ. Surgical complications. In: Schwartz SI, Shires GT, Spencer FC et al, eds. Principles of surgery. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1994; 455-487
    • (1994) Principles of Surgery , pp. 455-487
    • Hiyama, D.T.1    Zinner, M.J.2
  • 52
    • 0024972597 scopus 로고
    • Clinical significance of Candida isolated from peritoneum in surgical patients
    • 52 Calandra T, Bille J, Schneider R, et al. Clinical significance of Candida isolated from peritoneum in surgical patients. Lancet 1989; 2:1437-1440
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1437-1440
    • Calandra, T.1    Bille, J.2    Schneider, R.3
  • 53
    • 8044222757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of invasive mycosis in ICU patients: A prospective multicenter study in 435 non-neutropenic patients
    • Paul-Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy, Divisions of Mycology and Pneumonia Research
    • 53 Petri MG, Konig J, Moecke HP, et al. Epidemiology of invasive mycosis in ICU patients: a prospective multicenter study in 435 non-neutropenic patients. Paul-Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy, Divisions of Mycology and Pneumonia Research. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23:317-325
    • (1997) Intensive Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 317-325
    • Petri, M.G.1    Konig, J.2    Moecke, H.P.3
  • 54
    • 0031035533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: Analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy
    • Study Group of Fungal Infection in the ICU
    • 54 Nolla-Salas J, Sitges-Serra A, Leon-Gil G, et al. Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Study Group of Fungal Infection in the ICU. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23:23-30
    • (1997) Intensive Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 23-30
    • Nolla-Salas, J.1    Sitges-Serra, A.2    Leon-Gil, G.3
  • 55
    • 0029242634 scopus 로고
    • The febrile platelet transfusion reaction: A cytokine shower
    • 55 Ferrara JL. The febrile platelet transfusion reaction: a cytokine shower. Transfusion 1995; 35:89-90
    • (1995) Transfusion , vol.35 , pp. 89-90
    • Ferrara, J.L.1
  • 56
    • 0032917584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proinflammatory cytokines in early assessment of the prognosis of acute pancreatitis
    • 56 Chen CC, Wang SS, Lee FY, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines in early assessment of the prognosis of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94:213-218
    • (1999) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.94 , pp. 213-218
    • Chen, C.C.1    Wang, S.S.2    Lee, F.Y.3
  • 57
    • 0031785815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium fusidate and the cytokine response in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis
    • 57 Osman MO, El-Sefi T, Lausten SB, et al. Sodium fusidate and the cytokine response in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1998; 85:1487-1492
    • (1998) Br J Surg , vol.85 , pp. 1487-1492
    • Osman, M.O.1    El-Sefi, T.2    Lausten, S.B.3
  • 58
    • 0031666486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of cytokines in the neuropathology of stroke and neurotrauma
    • 58 Feuerstein GZ, Wang X, Barone FC. The role of cytokines in the neuropathology of stroke and neurotrauma. Neuroimmunomodulation 1998; 5:143-159
    • (1998) Neuroimmunomodulation , vol.5 , pp. 143-159
    • Feuerstein, G.Z.1    Wang, X.2    Barone, F.C.3
  • 59
    • 0031685143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of inflammation after acute stroke: Utility of pursuing anti-adhesion molecule therapy
    • 59 DeGraba TJ. The role of inflammation after acute stroke: utility of pursuing anti-adhesion molecule therapy. Neurology 1998; 51(3 Suppl 3):S62-S68
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.51 , Issue.3 SUPPL. 3
    • DeGraba, T.J.1
  • 60
    • 0030730755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proinflammatory cytokines, measured in a mixed population on arrival in the emergency department, are related to mortality and severity of disease
    • 60 Carlstedt F, Lind L, Lindahl B. Proinflammatory cytokines, measured in a mixed population on arrival in the emergency department, are related to mortality and severity of disease. J Intern Med 1997; 242:361-365
    • (1997) J Intern Med , vol.242 , pp. 361-365
    • Carlstedt, F.1    Lind, L.2    Lindahl, B.3
  • 61
    • 0030871475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of cytokine expression in leukocytes in acute myocardial infarction
    • 61 Marx N, Neumann FJ, Ott I, et al. Induction of cytokine expression in leukocytes in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30:165-170
    • (1997) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.30 , pp. 165-170
    • Marx, N.1    Neumann, F.J.2    Ott, I.3
  • 62
    • 0026725676 scopus 로고
    • Hypothermia in the sepsis syndrome and clinical outcome
    • The Methylprednisolone Severe Sepsis Study Group
    • 62 Clemmer TP, Fisher CJ, Jr, Bone RC, et al. Hypothermia in the sepsis syndrome and clinical outcome. The Methylprednisolone Severe Sepsis Study Group. Crit Care Med 1992; 20:1395-1401
    • (1992) Crit Care Med , vol.20 , pp. 1395-1401
    • Clemmer, T.P.1    Fisher C.J., Jr.2    Bone, R.C.3
  • 63
    • 0025321926 scopus 로고
    • Impact of encephalopathy on mortality in the sepsis syndrome
    • The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group
    • 63 Sprung CL, Peduzzi PN, Shatney CH, et al. Impact of encephalopathy on mortality in the sepsis syndrome. The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:801-806
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 801-806
    • Sprung, C.L.1    Peduzzi, P.N.2    Shatney, C.H.3
  • 64
    • 0032944741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of hypothermie sepsis
    • 64 Arons MM, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, et al. Effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of hypothermie sepsis. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:699-707
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 699-707
    • Arons, M.M.1    Wheeler, A.P.2    Bernard, G.R.3
  • 65
    • 4243228906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothermia and cytokines in septic shock
    • 65 Marik PE, Zaloga GP. Hypothermia and cytokines in septic shock [abstract]. Crit Care Med 1999; 27(Suppl):A136
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Marik, P.E.1    Zaloga, G.P.2
  • 66
    • 0025856629 scopus 로고
    • The evaluation of fever in the intensive care unit
    • 66 Clarke DE, Kimelman J, Raffin TA. The evaluation of fever in the intensive care unit. Chest 1991; 100:213-220
    • (1991) Chest , vol.100 , pp. 213-220
    • Clarke, D.E.1    Kimelman, J.2    Raffin, T.A.3
  • 67
    • 0031964593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fever in the critical care unit
    • 67 Cunha BA. Fever in the critical care unit. Crit Care Clin 1998; 14:1-14
    • (1998) Crit Care Clin , vol.14 , pp. 1-14
    • Cunha, B.A.1
  • 68
    • 0025344588 scopus 로고
    • Febrile reactions after platelet transfusion: The effect of single versus multiple donors
    • 68 Chambers LA, Kruskall MS, Pacini DG, et al. Febrile reactions after platelet transfusion: the effect of single versus multiple donors. Transfusion 1990; 30:219-221
    • (1990) Transfusion , vol.30 , pp. 219-221
    • Chambers, L.A.1    Kruskall, M.S.2    Pacini, D.G.3
  • 69
    • 0025736190 scopus 로고
    • Drug fever: Remember to consider it in diagnosis
    • 69 Hanson MA. Drug fever: remember to consider it in diagnosis. Postgrad Med 1991; 89:167-170
    • (1991) Postgrad Med , vol.89 , pp. 167-170
    • Hanson, M.A.1
  • 70
    • 0023269339 scopus 로고
    • Drug fever: A critical appraisal of conventional concepts; an analysis of 51 episodes in two Dallas hospitals and 97 episodes reported in the English literature
    • 70 Mackowiak PA, LeMaistre CF. Drug fever: a critical appraisal of conventional concepts; an analysis of 51 episodes in two Dallas hospitals and 97 episodes reported in the English literature. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106:728-733
    • (1987) Ann Intern Med , vol.106 , pp. 728-733
    • Mackowiak, P.A.1    LeMaistre, C.F.2
  • 71
    • 0023425157 scopus 로고
    • Drug fever: Mechanisms, maxims and misconceptions
    • 71 Mackowiak PA. Drug fever: mechanisms, maxims and misconceptions. Am J Med Sci 1987; 294:275-286
    • (1987) Am J Med Sci , vol.294 , pp. 275-286
    • Mackowiak, P.A.1
  • 72
    • 0019556873 scopus 로고
    • Nonhemolytic, noninfectious transfusion reactions
    • 72 Barton JC. Nonhemolytic, noninfectious transfusion reactions. Semin Hematol 1981; 18:95-121
    • (1981) Semin Hematol , vol.18 , pp. 95-121
    • Barton, J.C.1
  • 74
    • 2442559880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse drug reactions
    • Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ et al, eds. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
    • 74 Wood AJJ. Adverse drug reactions. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ et al, eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1998; 422-430
    • (1998) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine , pp. 422-430
    • Wood, A.J.J.1
  • 75
    • 0013642110 scopus 로고
    • Postoperative fever
    • Mackowiak PA, ed. New York, NY: Raven Press
    • 75 Fry DE. Postoperative fever. In: Mackowiak PA, ed. Fever: basic mechanisms and management. New York, NY: Raven Press, 1991; 243-254
    • (1991) Fever: Basic Mechanisms and Management , pp. 243-254
    • Fry, D.E.1
  • 76
    • 0028854174 scopus 로고
    • Lack of association between atelectasis and fever
    • 76 Engoren M. Lack of association between atelectasis and fever. Chest 1995; 107:81-84
    • (1995) Chest , vol.107 , pp. 81-84
    • Engoren, M.1
  • 77
    • 0013661930 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of postoperative pulmonary atelectasis an experimental study
    • 77 Shields RT. Pathogenesis of postoperative pulmonary atelectasis an experimental study. Arch Surg 1949; 48:489-503
    • (1949) Arch Surg , vol.48 , pp. 489-503
    • Shields, R.T.1
  • 78
    • 0013681903 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of fever in pulmonary atelectasis
    • 78 Lansing AM. Mechanism of fever in pulmonary atelectasis. Arch Surg 1963; 87:168-174
    • (1963) Arch Surg , vol.87 , pp. 168-174
    • Lansing, A.M.1
  • 79
    • 0027414192 scopus 로고
    • A model of pulmonary atelectasis in rats: Activation of alveolar macrophage and cytokine release
    • 79 Kisala JM, Ayala A, Stephan RN, et al. A model of pulmonary atelectasis in rats: activation of alveolar macrophage and cytokine release. Am J Physiol 1993; 264(3 Pt 2):R610-R614
    • (1993) Am J Physiol , vol.264 , Issue.3 PT 2
    • Kisala, J.M.1    Ayala, A.2    Stephan, R.N.3
  • 80
    • 0019985979 scopus 로고
    • Febrile transfusion reaction: What blood component should be given next?
    • 80 Menitove JE, Mc Elligott MC, Aster RH. Febrile transfusion reaction: what blood component should be given next? Vox Sanguinis 1982; 42:318-321
    • (1982) Vox Sanguinis , vol.42 , pp. 318-321
    • Menitove, J.E.1    Mc Elligott, M.C.2    Aster, R.H.3
  • 81
    • 0013643475 scopus 로고
    • Febrile and nonimmune transfusions reactions
    • Rossi EC, Simon TL, Moss GS, eds. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins
    • 81 Snyder EL, Stack G. Febrile and nonimmune transfusions reactions. In: Rossi EC, Simon TL, Moss GS, eds. Principles of transfusion medicine. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1991
    • (1991) Principles of Transfusion Medicine
    • Snyder, E.L.1    Stack, G.2
  • 82
    • 0027941601 scopus 로고
    • Blood transfusion as a cause of leucocytosis in critically ill patients
    • 82 Fenwick JC, Cameron M, Naiman SC, et al. Blood transfusion as a cause of leucocytosis in critically ill patients. Lancet 1994; 344:855-856
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 855-856
    • Fenwick, J.C.1    Cameron, M.2    Naiman, S.C.3
  • 83
    • 0026075985 scopus 로고
    • Fibroproliferative phase of ARDS: Clinical findings and effects of corticosteroids
    • 83 Meduri GU, Belenchia JM, Estes RJ, et al. Fibroproliferative phase of ARDS: clinical findings and effects of corticosteroids. Chest 1991; 100:943-952
    • (1991) Chest , vol.100 , pp. 943-952
    • Meduri, G.U.1    Belenchia, J.M.2    Estes, R.J.3
  • 84
    • 0032496894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial
    • 84 Meduri GU, Headley S, Golden E, et al. Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 280:159-165
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.280 , pp. 159-165
    • Meduri, G.U.1    Headley, S.2    Golden, E.3
  • 85
    • 0020538754 scopus 로고
    • Acute acalculous cholecystitis in the critically ill patient
    • 85 Orlando R, Gleason E, Drezner AD. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in the critically ill patient. Am J Surg 1983; 145:472-476
    • (1983) Am J Surg , vol.145 , pp. 472-476
    • Orlando, R.1    Gleason, E.2    Drezner, A.D.3
  • 86
    • 0018097947 scopus 로고
    • Acalculous cholecystitis in critically ill patients
    • 86 Long TN, Heimbach DM, Carrico CJ. Acalculous cholecystitis in critically ill patients. Am J Surg 1978; 136:31-36
    • (1978) Am J Surg , vol.136 , pp. 31-36
    • Long, T.N.1    Heimbach, D.M.2    Carrico, C.J.3
  • 87
    • 0015404388 scopus 로고
    • Continuous positive-pressure ventilation and portal flow in dogs with pulmonary edema
    • 87 Johnson EE, Hedley-White J. Continuous positive-pressure ventilation and portal flow in dogs with pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 1972; 33:385-389
    • (1972) J Appl Physiol , vol.33 , pp. 385-389
    • Johnson, E.E.1    Hedley-White, J.2
  • 88
    • 0016643603 scopus 로고
    • Continuous positive pressure ventilation and choledochoduodenal flow resistance
    • 88 Johnson EE, Hedley-White J. Continuous positive pressure ventilation and choledochoduodenal flow resistance. J Appl Physiol 1975; 39:937-942
    • (1975) J Appl Physiol , vol.39 , pp. 937-942
    • Johnson, E.E.1    Hedley-White, J.2
  • 89
    • 0028896885 scopus 로고
    • Acute acalculous cholecystitis
    • 89 Barie PS, Fischer E. Acute acalculous cholecystitis. J Am Coll Surg 1995; 180:232-244
    • (1995) J Am Coll Surg , vol.180 , pp. 232-244
    • Barie, P.S.1    Fischer, E.2
  • 90
    • 0025514017 scopus 로고
    • Acalculous cholecystitis: A new perspective
    • 90 Malet PF. Acalculous cholecystitis: a new perspective. Gastroenterology 1990; 99:1529-1530
    • (1990) Gastroenterology , vol.99 , pp. 1529-1530
    • Malet, P.F.1
  • 91
    • 0021265015 scopus 로고
    • Parenteral nutrition-induced gallbladder disease: A reason for early cholecystectomy
    • 91 Roslyn JJ, Pitt HA, Mann L, et al. Parenteral nutrition-induced gallbladder disease: a reason for early cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 1984; 148:58-63
    • (1984) Am J Surg , vol.148 , pp. 58-63
    • Roslyn, J.J.1    Pitt, H.A.2    Mann, L.3
  • 92
    • 0018587190 scopus 로고
    • Acute acalculous cholecystitis: A complication of hyperalimentation
    • 92 Petersen SR, Sheldon GF. Acute acalculous cholecystitis: a complication of hyperalimentation. Am J Surg 1979; 138: 814-817
    • (1979) Am J Surg , vol.138 , pp. 814-817
    • Petersen, S.R.1    Sheldon, G.F.2
  • 93
    • 0019441510 scopus 로고
    • Acute acalculous cholecystitis: Ultrasonic diagnosis
    • 93 Deitch EA, Engel JM. Acute acalculous cholecystitis: ultrasonic diagnosis. Am J Surg 1981; 142:290-292
    • (1981) Am J Surg , vol.142 , pp. 290-292
    • Deitch, E.A.1    Engel, J.M.2
  • 94
    • 0019490671 scopus 로고
    • Utility and accuracy of ultrasonically measured gallbladder wall as a diagnostic criteria in biliary tract disease
    • 94 Deitch EA. Utility and accuracy of ultrasonically measured gallbladder wall as a diagnostic criteria in biliary tract disease. Dig Dis Sci 1981; 26:686-693
    • (1981) Dig Dis Sci , vol.26 , pp. 686-693
    • Deitch, E.A.1
  • 95
    • 0020674701 scopus 로고
    • Predictive value of an abnormal hepatobiliary scan in patients with severe inter-current illness
    • 95 Kalff V, Froelich JW, Lloyd R, et al. Predictive value of an abnormal hepatobiliary scan in patients with severe inter-current illness. Radiology 1983; 146:191-194
    • (1983) Radiology , vol.146 , pp. 191-194
    • Kalff, V.1    Froelich, J.W.2    Lloyd, R.3
  • 96
    • 0025804936 scopus 로고
    • Computed tomography as an adjunct to ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis
    • 96 Blankenberg F, Wirth R, Jeffrey RBJ, et al. Computed tomography as an adjunct to ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis. Gastrointest Radiol 1991; 16:149-153
    • (1991) Gastrointest Radiol , vol.16 , pp. 149-153
    • Blankenberg, F.1    Wirth, R.2    Jeffrey, R.B.J.3
  • 97
    • 0000082415 scopus 로고
    • Gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary system
    • Schwartz SI, Shires GT, Spencer FC et al, ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
    • 97 Roslyn JJ, Zinner MJ. Gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary system. In: Schwartz SI, Shires GT, Spencer FC et al, ed. Principles of surgery. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1994; 1367-1399
    • (1994) Principles of Surgery , pp. 1367-1399
    • Roslyn, J.J.1    Zinner, M.J.2
  • 98
    • 0032175652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients: An analysis of 69 patients
    • 98 Kiviniemi H, Makela JT, Autio R, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients: an analysis of 69 patients. Int Surg 1998; 83:299-302
    • (1998) Int Surg , vol.83 , pp. 299-302
    • Kiviniemi, H.1    Makela, J.T.2    Autio, R.3
  • 99
    • 85047678440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Percutaneous cholecystectomy for patients with acute cholecystitis and an increased surgical risk
    • 99 van Overhagen H, Meyers H, Tilanus HW, et al. Percutaneous cholecystectomy for patients with acute cholecystitis and an increased surgical risk. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1996; 19:72-76
    • (1996) Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol , vol.19 , pp. 72-76
    • Van Overhagen, H.1    Meyers, H.2    Tilanus, H.W.3
  • 100
    • 0031048566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive power of clinical symptoms in patients with presumptive deep venous thrombosis
    • 100 Diamond PT, Macciocchi SN. Predictive power of clinical symptoms in patients with presumptive deep venous thrombosis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1997; 76:49-51
    • (1997) Am J Phys Med Rehabil , vol.76 , pp. 49-51
    • Diamond, P.T.1    Macciocchi, S.N.2
  • 101
    • 0030901611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The incidence of deep venous thrombosis in ICU patients
    • 101 Marik PE, Andrews L, Maini B. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis in ICU patients. Chest 1997; 111:661-664
    • (1997) Chest , vol.111 , pp. 661-664
    • Marik, P.E.1    Andrews, L.2    Maini, B.3
  • 102
    • 0021832459 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of infections in different ICU's within the same hospital
    • 102 Brown RB, Hosmer D, Chen HC, et al. A comparison of infections in different ICU's within the same hospital. Crit Care Med 1985; 13:472-476
    • (1985) Crit Care Med , vol.13 , pp. 472-476
    • Brown, R.B.1    Hosmer, D.2    Chen, H.C.3
  • 103
    • 14044249555 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial infection rates in adult and pediatric intensive care units in the United States
    • National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System
    • 103 Jarvis WR, Edwards JR, Culver DH, et al. Nosocomial infection rates in adult and pediatric intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med 1991; 91(3B):185S-191S
    • (1991) Am J Med , vol.91 , Issue.3 B
    • Jarvis, W.R.1    Edwards, J.R.2    Culver, D.H.3
  • 104
    • 0029148091 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe: Results of the European prevalence of infection in intensive care (EPIC) study
    • EPIC International Advisory Committee.
    • 104 Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe: results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. EPIC International Advisory Committee. JAMA 1995; 274:639-644
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.274 , pp. 639-644
    • Vincent, J.L.1    Bihari, D.J.2    Suter, P.M.3
  • 105
    • 0020084331 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial infections in intensive care wards: A multicenter prospective study
    • 105 Daschner FD, Frey P, Wolff G, et al. Nosocomial infections in intensive care wards: a multicenter prospective study. Intensive Care Med 1982; 8:5-9
    • (1982) Intensive Care Med , vol.8 , pp. 5-9
    • Daschner, F.D.1    Frey, P.2    Wolff, G.3
  • 106
    • 0028056633 scopus 로고
    • Influence of nosocomial infection on mortality rate in an intensive care unit
    • 106 Bueno-Cavanillas A, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Lopez-Luque A, et al. Influence of nosocomial infection on mortality rate in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:55-60
    • (1994) Crit Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 55-60
    • Bueno-Cavanillas, A.1    Delgado-Rodriguez, M.2    Lopez-Luque, A.3
  • 107
    • 0026275937 scopus 로고
    • Impact of ICU nosocomial infections on outcome from surgical care
    • 107 Bjerke HS, Leyerle B, Shabot MM. Impact of ICU nosocomial infections on outcome from surgical care. Am Surg 1991; 57:798-802
    • (1991) Am Surg , vol.57 , pp. 798-802
    • Bjerke, H.S.1    Leyerle, B.2    Shabot, M.M.3
  • 108
    • 0023237358 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial infections in a respiratory intensive care unit
    • 108 Potgieter PD, Linton DM, Oliver S, et al. Nosocomial infections in a respiratory intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1987; 15:495-498
    • (1987) Crit Care Med , vol.15 , pp. 495-498
    • Potgieter, P.D.1    Linton, D.M.2    Oliver, S.3
  • 109
    • 0019149379 scopus 로고
    • Study on the efficacy of nosocomial infection control (SENIC project): Summary of study design
    • 109 Haley RW, Quade D, Freeman HE, et al. Study on the efficacy of nosocomial infection control (SENIC Project): summary of study design. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 111:472-485
    • (1980) Am J Epidemiol , vol.111 , pp. 472-485
    • Haley, R.W.1    Quade, D.2    Freeman, H.E.3
  • 111
    • 0028872968 scopus 로고
    • Decision making in nosocomial pneumonia: An analytic approach to the interpretation of quantitative bronchoscopic cultures
    • 111 Baker AM, Bowton DL, Haponik EF. Decision making in nosocomial pneumonia: an analytic approach to the interpretation of quantitative bronchoscopic cultures. Chest 1995; 107:85-95
    • (1995) Chest , vol.107 , pp. 85-95
    • Baker, A.M.1    Bowton, D.L.2    Haponik, E.F.3
  • 112
    • 0029988992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of pulmonary infections in mechanically ventilated patients
    • 112 Chastre J, Trouillet JL, Fagon JY. Diagnosis of pulmonary infections in mechanically ventilated patients. Semin Respir Infect 1996; 11:65-76
    • (1996) Semin Respir Infect , vol.11 , pp. 65-76
    • Chastre, J.1    Trouillet, J.L.2    Fagon, J.Y.3
  • 113
    • 0024559819 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation: Prospective analysis of 52 episodes with use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture techniques
    • 113 Fagon JY, Chastre J, Domart Y, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation: prospective analysis of 52 episodes with use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture techniques. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139:877-884
    • (1989) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.139 , pp. 877-884
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Domart, Y.3
  • 114
    • 0028967903 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 114 Meduri GU. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 1995; 16:61-93
    • (1995) Clin Chest Med , vol.16 , pp. 61-93
    • Meduri, G.U.1
  • 115
    • 0023813273 scopus 로고
    • Detection of nosocomial lung infection in ventilated patients: Use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture in 147 patients
    • 115 Fagon JY, Chastre J, Hance AJ, et al. Detection of nosocomial lung infection in ventilated patients: use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture in 147 patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138:110-116
    • (1988) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.138 , pp. 110-116
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Hance, A.J.3
  • 116
    • 0025102886 scopus 로고
    • Incidence, risk, and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients
    • 116 Torres A, Aznar R, Gatell JM, et al. Incidence, risk, and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142:523-528
    • (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.142 , pp. 523-528
    • Torres, A.1    Aznar, R.2    Gatell, J.M.3
  • 117
    • 0030057239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: Influence of diagnostic tools
    • 117 Timsit JF, Chevret S, Valcke J, et al. Mortality of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: influence of diagnostic tools. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:116-123
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 116-123
    • Timsit, J.F.1    Chevret, S.2    Valcke, J.3
  • 118
    • 0028793227 scopus 로고
    • Reappraisal of distal diagnostic testing in the diagnosis of ICU-acquired pneumonia
    • 118 Timsit JF, Misset B, Goldstein FW, et al. Reappraisal of distal diagnostic testing in the diagnosis of ICU-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1995; 108:1632-1639
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108 , pp. 1632-1639
    • Timsit, J.F.1    Misset, B.2    Goldstein, F.W.3
  • 119
    • 0021226434 scopus 로고
    • Effect of intensive care unit nosocomial pneumonia on duration and mortality
    • 119 Craig CP, Connelley S. Effect of intensive care unit nosocomial pneumonia on duration and mortality. Am J Infect Control 1984; 12:233-238
    • (1984) Am J Infect Control , vol.12 , pp. 233-238
    • Craig, C.P.1    Connelley, S.2
  • 120
    • 0031028968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of microbiologic diagnostic criteria to morbidity and mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 120 Bregeon F, Papazian L, Visconti A, et al. Relationship of microbiologic diagnostic criteria to morbidity and mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. JAMA 1997; 277:655-662
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.277 , pp. 655-662
    • Bregeon, F.1    Papazian, L.2    Visconti, A.3
  • 121
    • 0027466159 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: A cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay
    • 121 Fagon JY, Chastre J, Hance AJ, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay. Am J Med 1993; 94:281-288
    • (1993) Am J Med , vol.94 , pp. 281-288
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Hance, A.J.3
  • 122
    • 0027474987 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of clinical judgment in the identification and treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients
    • 122 Fagon JY, Chastre J, Hance AJ, et al. Evaluation of clinical judgment in the identification and treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients. Chest 1993; 103:547-553
    • (1993) Chest , vol.103 , pp. 547-553
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Hance, A.J.3
  • 123
    • 0029047004 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of bronchoscopic vs blind protected specimen brush sampling in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 123 Marik PE, Brown WJ. A comparison of bronchoscopic vs blind protected specimen brush sampling in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1995; 108:203-207
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108 , pp. 203-207
    • Marik, P.E.1    Brown, W.J.2
  • 124
    • 0029153763 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia
    • 124 Chastre J, Fagon JY, Bornet-Lecso M, et al. Evaluation of bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:231-240
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 231-240
    • Chastre, J.1    Fagon, J.Y.2    Bornet-Lecso, M.3
  • 125
    • 0028999267 scopus 로고
    • The safety and diagnostic accuracy of minibronchoalveolar lavage in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 125 Kollef MH, Bock KR, Richards RD, et al. The safety and diagnostic accuracy of minibronchoalveolar lavage in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122:743-748
    • (1995) Ann Intern Med , vol.122 , pp. 743-748
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Bock, K.R.2    Richards, R.D.3
  • 126
    • 0030466337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Is it possible to define a cutoff value of infected cells in BAL fluid?
    • 126 Allaouchiche B, Jaumain H, Dumontet C, et al. Early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: is it possible to define a cutoff value of infected cells in BAL fluid? Chest 1996; 110:1558-1565
    • (1996) Chest , vol.110 , pp. 1558-1565
    • Allaouchiche, B.1    Jaumain, H.2    Dumontet, C.3
  • 127
    • 0029978566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective evaluation of a semiquantitative dip slide method compared with quantitative bacterial cultures of BAL fluid
    • 127 Speich R, Wust J, Hess T, et al. Prospective evaluation of a semiquantitative dip slide method compared with quantitative bacterial cultures of BAL fluid. Chest 1996; 109:1423-1429
    • (1996) Chest , vol.109 , pp. 1423-1429
    • Speich, R.1    Wust, J.2    Hess, T.3
  • 128
    • 0029859146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The accuracy of elevated concentrations of endotoxin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the rapid diagnosis of gram-negative pneumonia
    • 128 Kollef MH, Eisenberg PR, Ohlendorf MF, et al. The accuracy of elevated concentrations of endotoxin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the rapid diagnosis of gram-negative pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:1020-1028
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 1020-1028
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Eisenberg, P.R.2    Ohlendorf, M.F.3
  • 129
    • 0029951925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of airway visualization in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients
    • 129 Timset JF, Misset B, Azoulay E, et al. Usefulness of airway visualization in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients. Chest 1996; 110:172-179
    • (1996) Chest , vol.110 , pp. 172-179
    • Timset, J.F.1    Misset, B.2    Azoulay, E.3
  • 130
    • 0031030071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of quantitative cultures of BAL fluid for diagnosing nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients
    • 130 Jourdain B, Joly-Guillou ML, Dombret MC, et al. Usefulness of quantitative cultures of BAL fluid for diagnosing nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients. Chest 1997; 111:411-418
    • (1997) Chest , vol.111 , pp. 411-418
    • Jourdain, B.1    Joly-Guillou, M.L.2    Dombret, M.C.3
  • 131
    • 0029920555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of intracellular bacteria detection in the diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia
    • 131 Torres A, el-Ebiary M, Fabregas N, et al. Value of intracellular bacteria detection in the diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia. Thorax 1996; 51:378-384
    • (1996) Thorax , vol.51 , pp. 378-384
    • Torres, A.1    El-Ebiary, M.2    Fabregas, N.3
  • 132
    • 0027742167 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 132 el-Ebiary M, Torres A, Gonzalez J, et al. Quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:1552-1557
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.148 , pp. 1552-1557
    • El-Ebiary, M.1    Torres, A.2    Gonzalez, J.3
  • 133
    • 0029055820 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic tests for pneumonia in ventilated patients: Prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy using histology as a diagnostic gold standard
    • 133 Marquette GH, Copin MC, Wallet F, et al. Diagnostic tests for pneumonia in ventilated patients: prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy using histology as a diagnostic gold standard. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151:1878-1888
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.151 , pp. 1878-1888
    • Marquette, G.H.1    Copin, M.C.2    Wallet, F.3
  • 134
    • 0030793580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A comparison of histologic, microbiologic, and clinical criteria
    • 134 Kirdand SH, Corely DE, Winterbauer RH, et al. The diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a comparison of histologic, microbiologic, and clinical criteria. Chest 1997; 112:445-457
    • (1997) Chest , vol.112 , pp. 445-457
    • Kirdand, S.H.1    Corely, D.E.2    Winterbauer, R.H.3
  • 135
    • 0030836693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproducibility of the histologic diagnosis of pneumonia among a panel of four pathologists: Analysis of a gold standard
    • 135 Corely DE, Kirdand SH, Winterbauer RH, et al. Reproducibility of the histologic diagnosis of pneumonia among a panel of four pathologists: analysis of a gold standard. Chest 1997; 112:458-465
    • (1997) Chest , vol.112 , pp. 458-465
    • Corely, D.E.1    Kirdand, S.H.2    Winterbauer, R.H.3
  • 136
    • 0029859905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Impact on survival; a decision analysis
    • 136 Sterling TR, Ho EJ, Brehm WT, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: impact on survival; a decision analysis. Chest 1996; 110:1025-1034
    • (1996) Chest , vol.110 , pp. 1025-1034
    • Sterling, T.R.1    Ho, E.J.2    Brehm, W.T.3
  • 137
    • 0030901413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of BAL data on the therapy and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 137 Luna CM, Vujacich P, Niederman MS, et al. Impact of BAL data on the therapy and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1997; 111:676-685
    • (1997) Chest , vol.111 , pp. 676-685
    • Luna, C.M.1    Vujacich, P.2    Niederman, M.S.3
  • 138
    • 0030788929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The value of routine microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 138 Rello J, Gallego M, Mariscal D, et al. The value of routine microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:196-200
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.156 , pp. 196-200
    • Rello, J.1    Gallego, M.2    Mariscal, D.3
  • 139
    • 0031936787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of mini-BAL cultures on patients outcomes: Implications for the antibiotic management of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 139 Kollef MH, Ward S. The influence of mini-BAL cultures on patients outcomes: implications for the antibiotic management of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1998; 113: 412-420
    • (1998) Chest , vol.113 , pp. 412-420
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Ward, S.2
  • 140
    • 0029907162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of nonbronchoscopic techniques with bronchoscopic brushing in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 140 Wearden PD, Chendrasekhar A, Timberlake GA. Comparison of nonbronchoscopic techniques with bronchoscopic brushing in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Trauma 1996; 41:703-707
    • (1996) J Trauma , vol.41 , pp. 703-707
    • Wearden, P.D.1    Chendrasekhar, A.2    Timberlake, G.A.3
  • 141
    • 8944260904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Blind" protected specimen brushing versus bronchoscopic techniques in the aetiolological diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 141 Bello S, Tajada A, Chacon E, et al. "Blind" protected specimen brushing versus bronchoscopic techniques in the aetiolological diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 1996; 9:1494-1499
    • (1996) Eur Respir J , vol.9 , pp. 1494-1499
    • Bello, S.1    Tajada, A.2    Chacon, E.3
  • 142
    • 0028875696 scopus 로고
    • Bronchoscopic or blind sampling techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 142 Papazian L, Thomas P, Garbe L, et al. Bronchoscopic or blind sampling techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:1982-1991
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 1982-1991
    • Papazian, L.1    Thomas, P.2    Garbe, L.3
  • 143
    • 0026690078 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic value of the blind brush in mechanically-ventilated patients with nosocomial pneumonia
    • 143 Leal-Noval SR, Alfaro-Rodriguez E, Murillo-Cabeza F, et al. Diagnostic value of the blind brush in mechanically-ventilated patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 1992; 18:410-414
    • (1992) Intensive Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 410-414
    • Leal-Noval, S.R.1    Alfaro-Rodriguez, E.2    Murillo-Cabeza, F.3
  • 144
    • 0026738429 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial bronchopneumonia in the critically ill: Histologic and bacteriologic aspects
    • 144 Rouby JJ, De Lassale EM, Poete P, et al. Nosocomial bronchopneumonia in the critically ill: histologic and bacteriologic aspects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:1059-1066
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.146 , pp. 1059-1066
    • Rouby, J.J.1    De Lassale, E.M.2    Poete, P.3
  • 145
    • 0031809770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of mini-bronchoalveolar lavage and blind-protected specimen brush sampling in ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia
    • 145 Marik PE, Careau P. A comparison of mini-bronchoalveolar lavage and blind-protected specimen brush sampling in ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia. J Crit Care 1998; 13:67-72
    • (1998) J Crit Care , vol.13 , pp. 67-72
    • Marik, P.E.1    Careau, P.2
  • 146
    • 0023137292 scopus 로고
    • Acute paranasal sinusitis related to nasotracheal intubation of head-injured patients
    • 146 Grindlinger GA, Niehoff J, Hughes L, et al. Acute paranasal sinusitis related to nasotracheal intubation of head-injured patients. Crit Care Med 1987; 15:214-217
    • (1987) Crit Care Med , vol.15 , pp. 214-217
    • Grindlinger, G.A.1    Niehoff, J.2    Hughes, L.3
  • 147
    • 0022654752 scopus 로고
    • Paranasal sinusitis associated with nasotracheal intubation: A frequently unrecognized and treatable source of sepsis
    • 147 Deutschman CS, Wilton P, Sinow J, et al. Paranasal sinusitis associated with nasotracheal intubation: a frequently unrecognized and treatable source of sepsis. Crit Care Med 1986; 14:111-114
    • (1986) Crit Care Med , vol.14 , pp. 111-114
    • Deutschman, C.S.1    Wilton, P.2    Sinow, J.3
  • 148
    • 0027977914 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors and clinical relevance of nosocomial maxillary sinusitis in the critically ill
    • 148 Rouby JJ, Laurent P, Gosnach M, et al. Risk factors and clinical relevance of nosocomial maxillary sinusitis in the critically ill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:776-783
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.150 , pp. 776-783
    • Rouby, J.J.1    Laurent, P.2    Gosnach, M.3
  • 149
    • 0024803697 scopus 로고
    • Prolonged nasotracheal intubation and its association with inflammation of paranasal sinuses
    • 149 Fassoulaki A, Pamouktsoglou P. Prolonged nasotracheal intubation and its association with inflammation of paranasal sinuses. Anesth Analg 1989; 69:50-52
    • (1989) Anesth Analg , vol.69 , pp. 50-52
    • Fassoulaki, A.1    Pamouktsoglou, P.2
  • 150
    • 0033018177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized study assessing the systematic search for maxillary sinusitis in nasotracheally mechanically ventilated patients
    • 150 Holzapfel L, Chastang C, Demingeon G, et al. Randomized study assessing the systematic search for maxillary sinusitis in nasotracheally mechanically ventilated patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:695-701
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.159 , pp. 695-701
    • Holzapfel, L.1    Chastang, C.2    Demingeon, G.3
  • 151
    • 0023783974 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of sinusitis in patients with nasotracheal intubation
    • 151 Hansen M, Poulsen MR, Bendixen DK, et al. Incidence of sinusitis in patients with nasotracheal intubation. Br J Anaesth 1988; 61:231-232
    • (1988) Br J Anaesth , vol.61 , pp. 231-232
    • Hansen, M.1    Poulsen, M.R.2    Bendixen, D.K.3
  • 153
    • 0027165243 scopus 로고
    • Influence of long-term oro-or nasotracheal intubation on nosocomial maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia: Results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial
    • 153 Holzapfel L, Chevret S, Madinier G, et al. Influence of long-term oro-or nasotracheal intubation on nosocomial maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia: results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:1132-1138
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 1132-1138
    • Holzapfel, L.1    Chevret, S.2    Madinier, G.3
  • 154
    • 0033531147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of two antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters
    • 154 Darouiche R, Raad I, Heard SO, et al. A comparison of two antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1-8
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 1-8
    • Darouiche, R.1    Raad, I.2    Heard, S.O.3
  • 155
    • 0002521284 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis, prevention, and management of infections due to intravascular devices used for infusion therapy
    • Bisno A, Waldvogel F, eds. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology
    • 155 Maid DG. Pathogenesis, prevention, and management of infections due to intravascular devices used for infusion therapy. In: Bisno A, Waldvogel F, eds. Infections associated with indwelling medical devices. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1989; 161-177
    • (1989) Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices , pp. 161-177
    • Maid, D.G.1
  • 156
    • 0029824936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective, randomized trial of two antiseptic solutions for prevention of central venous or arterial catheter colonization and infection in intensive care unit patients
    • 156 Mimoz O, Pieroni L, Lawrence C, et al. Prospective, randomized trial of two antiseptic solutions for prevention of central venous or arterial catheter colonization and infection in intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 1818-1823
    • (1996) Crit Care Med , vol.24 , pp. 1818-1823
    • Mimoz, O.1    Pieroni, L.2    Lawrence, C.3
  • 157
    • 0030902711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central venous catheter-related sepsis in a cohort of 366 hospitalized patients
    • 157 Tacconelli E, Tumbarello M, Pittiruti M, et al. Central venous catheter-related sepsis in a cohort of 366 hospitalized patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16:203-209
    • (1997) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. 203-209
    • Tacconelli, E.1    Tumbarello, M.2    Pittiruti, M.3
  • 158
    • 0033531178 scopus 로고
    • The evolving technology of venous access
    • 158 Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. The evolving technology of venous access. N Engl J Med 1991; 340:48-49
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 48-49
    • Wenzel, R.P.1    Edmond, M.B.2
  • 159
    • 0019542560 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of polyantibiotic and iodophor ointments in prevention of vascular catheter-related infection
    • 159 Maid DG, Brand JD. A comparative study of polyantibiotic and iodophor ointments in prevention of vascular catheter-related infection. Am J Med 1981; 70:739-744
    • (1981) Am J Med , vol.70 , pp. 739-744
    • Maid, D.G.1    Brand, J.D.2
  • 160
    • 0029998078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of subcutaneous tunneling on internal jugular catheter-related sepsis in critically ill patients: A prospective randomized multicenter study
    • 160 Timsit JF, Sebille V, Farkas JC, et al. Effect of subcutaneous tunneling on internal jugular catheter-related sepsis in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized multicenter study. JAMA 1996; 276:1416-1420
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.276 , pp. 1416-1420
    • Timsit, J.F.1    Sebille, V.2    Farkas, J.C.3
  • 161
    • 0024544831 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of an attachable subcutaneous cuff for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infection: A randomized controlled trial
    • 161 Flowers RI, Schwenzer J, Kopel RF. Efficacy of an attachable subcutaneous cuff for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infection: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1989; 261:878-883
    • (1989) JAMA , vol.261 , pp. 878-883
    • Flowers, R.I.1    Schwenzer, J.2    Kopel, R.F.3
  • 162
    • 0029924031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of subcutaneous silver-impregnated cuffs in preventing central venous catheter infections
    • 162 Hasaniya NWMA, Angelis M, Brown MR, et al. Efficacy of subcutaneous silver-impregnated cuffs in preventing central venous catheter infections. Chest 1996; 109:1030-1032
    • (1996) Chest , vol.109 , pp. 1030-1032
    • Hasaniya, N.W.M.A.1    Angelis, M.2    Brown, M.R.3
  • 163
    • 0000160327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of infections associated with intravascular devices
    • 163 Raad I, Darouiche R. Prevention of infections associated with intravascular devices. Curr Opin Crit Care 1996; 2:361-365
    • (1996) Curr Opin Crit Care , vol.2 , pp. 361-365
    • Raad, I.1    Darouiche, R.2
  • 164
    • 0031940769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial durability and rare ultrastructural colonization of indwelling central catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin
    • 164 Raad I, Darouiche RO, Hachem R, et al. Antimicrobial durability and rare ultrastructural colonization of indwelling central catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:219-224
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 219-224
    • Raad, I.1    Darouiche, R.O.2    Hachem, R.3
  • 165
    • 0030753776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central venous catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin for the prevention of catheter-related colonization and blood stream infections: A randomized, double-blind trial
    • 165 Raad I, Darouiche R, Dupuis J, et al. Central venous catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin for the prevention of catheter-related colonization and blood stream infections: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127:267-274
    • (1997) Ann Intern Med , vol.127 , pp. 267-274
    • Raad, I.1    Darouiche, R.2    Dupuis, J.3
  • 166
    • 0030791566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection by use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter: A randomized, controlled trial
    • 166 Maki DG, Stolz SM, Wheeler S, et al. Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection by use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127:257-266
    • (1997) Ann Intern Med , vol.127 , pp. 257-266
    • Maki, D.G.1    Stolz, S.M.2    Wheeler, S.3
  • 167
    • 0030000790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreasing catheter-related infection and hospital costs by continuous quality improvement
    • 167 Civatta JM, Hudson-Civatta J, Ball S. Decreasing catheter-related infection and hospital costs by continuous quality improvement. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:1660-1665
    • (1996) Crit Care Med , vol.24 , pp. 1660-1665
    • Civatta, J.M.1    Hudson-Civatta, J.2    Ball, S.3
  • 168
    • 9544249499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma radiation-sterilized, triple-lumen catheters coated with a low concentration of chlorhexidine were not efficacious at preventing catheter infections in intensive care unit patients
    • 168 Sherertz RJ, Hard SO, Raad II, et al. Gamma radiation-sterilized, triple-lumen catheters coated with a low concentration of chlorhexidine were not efficacious at preventing catheter infections in intensive care unit patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:1995-1997
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 1995-1997
    • Sherertz, R.J.1    Hard, S.O.2    Raad, I.I.3
  • 169
    • 0029776039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No difference in catheter sepsis between standard and antiseptic central venous catheters: A prospective randomized trial
    • 169 Pemberton LB, Ross V, Cuddy P, et al. No difference in catheter sepsis between standard and antiseptic central venous catheters: a prospective randomized trial. Arch Surg 1996; 131:986-989
    • (1996) Arch Surg , vol.131 , pp. 986-989
    • Pemberton, L.B.1    Ross, V.2    Cuddy, P.3
  • 170
    • 0030054516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure of antiseptic bonding to prevent central venous catheter-related infection and sepsis
    • 170 Ciresi DL, Albrecht RM, Volkers PA, et al. Failure of antiseptic bonding to prevent central venous catheter-related infection and sepsis. Am Surg 1996; 62:641-646
    • (1996) Am Surg , vol.62 , pp. 641-646
    • Ciresi, D.L.1    Albrecht, R.M.2    Volkers, P.A.3
  • 171
    • 0025904907 scopus 로고
    • Use of femoral venous catheters in critically ill adults: Prospective study
    • 171 Williams JF, Seneff MG, Friedman BC, et al. Use of femoral venous catheters in critically ill adults: prospective study. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:550-553
    • (1991) Crit Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 550-553
    • Williams, J.F.1    Seneff, M.G.2    Friedman, B.C.3
  • 172
    • 0030848331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central venous catheter replacement strategies: A systemic review of the literature
    • 172 Cook D, Randolph A, Kernerman P, et al. Central venous catheter replacement strategies: a systemic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:1417-1424
    • (1997) Crit Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 1417-1424
    • Cook, D.1    Randolph, A.2    Kernerman, P.3
  • 173
    • 0026746473 scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of scheduled replacement of central venous and pulmonary artery catheters
    • 173 Cobb DK, High KP, Sawyer WT, et al. A controlled trial of scheduled replacement of central venous and pulmonary artery catheters. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1062-1068
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 1062-1068
    • Cobb, D.K.1    High, K.P.2    Sawyer, W.T.3
  • 174
    • 0017734445 scopus 로고
    • A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter related infection
    • 174 Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter related infection. N Engl J Med 1977; 296:1305-1309
    • (1977) N Engl J Med , vol.296 , pp. 1305-1309
    • Maki, D.G.1    Weise, C.E.2    Sarafin, H.W.3
  • 175
    • 0026512226 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative tip culture methods and the diagnosis of central venous catheter-related infections
    • 175 Raad I, Sabbagh MF, Rand KH, et al. Quantitative tip culture methods and the diagnosis of central venous catheter-related infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 15:13-20
    • (1991) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 13-20
    • Raad, I.1    Sabbagh, M.F.2    Rand, K.H.3
  • 176
    • 0025008941 scopus 로고
    • Three-year experience with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical microbiology laboratory
    • 176 Sherertz RJ, Raad I, Belani A, et al. Three-year experience with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:76-82
    • (1990) J Clin Microbiol , vol.28 , pp. 76-82
    • Sherertz, R.J.1    Raad, I.2    Belani, A.3
  • 177
    • 0019962073 scopus 로고
    • Mortality associated with nosocomial urinary tract infection
    • 177 Platt R, Polk BF, Murdock B, et al. Mortality associated with nosocomial urinary tract infection. N Engl J Med 1982; 307:637-642
    • (1982) N Engl J Med , vol.307 , pp. 637-642
    • Platt, R.1    Polk, B.F.2    Murdock, B.3
  • 178
    • 0021167075 scopus 로고
    • Association of rectal and urethral colonization with urinary tract infection in patients with indwelling catheters
    • 178 Daifuku R, Stamm W. Association of rectal and urethral colonization with urinary tract infection in patients with indwelling catheters. JAMA 1984; 252:2028-2030
    • (1984) JAMA , vol.252 , pp. 2028-2030
    • Daifuku, R.1    Stamm, W.2
  • 179
    • 0021680068 scopus 로고
    • Bacteriuria in the catheterized patient: What quantitative level of bacteriuria is relevant?
    • 179 Stark RP, Maki DG. Bacteriuria in the catheterized patient: what quantitative level of bacteriuria is relevant? N Engl J Med 1984; 311:560-564
    • (1984) N Engl J Med , vol.311 , pp. 560-564
    • Stark, R.P.1    Maki, D.G.2
  • 180
    • 0025062852 scopus 로고
    • Effect of sample volume on yield of positive blood cultures from adult patients with hematological malignancy
    • 180 Brown DF, Warren RE. effect of sample volume on yield of positive blood cultures from adult patients with hematological malignancy. J Clin Pathol 1990; 43:777-779
    • (1990) J Clin Pathol , vol.43 , pp. 777-779
    • Brown, D.F.1    Warren, R.E.2
  • 181
  • 182
    • 0030765321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catheter-associated urinary tract infections
    • 182 Warren JW. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997; 11:609-619
    • (1997) Infect Dis Clin North Am , vol.11 , pp. 609-619
    • Warren, J.W.1
  • 183
    • 0020506171 scopus 로고
    • Urinary tract etiology of bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients
    • 183 Krieger JN, Kaiser DL, Wenzel RP. Urinary tract etiology of bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis 1983; 148:57-62
    • (1983) J Infect Dis , vol.148 , pp. 57-62
    • Krieger, J.N.1    Kaiser, D.L.2    Wenzel, R.P.3
  • 184
    • 0020209593 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of daily bacteriologic monitoring to identify preventable episodes of catheter-associated urinary tract infection
    • 184 Garibaldi RA, Mooney BR, Epstein BJ, et al. An evaluation of daily bacteriologic monitoring to identify preventable episodes of catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Infect Control 1982; 3:466-470
    • (1982) Infect Control , vol.3 , pp. 466-470
    • Garibaldi, R.A.1    Mooney, B.R.2    Epstein, B.J.3
  • 185
    • 0031878855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection in the UK, 1993-1996
    • 185 Wilcox MH, Smyth ET. Incidence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection in the UK, 1993-1996. J Hosp Infect 1998; 39:181-187
    • (1998) J Hosp Infect , vol.39 , pp. 181-187
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Smyth, E.T.2
  • 186
    • 0031961110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology and typing of Clostridium difficile
    • 186 Brazier JS. The epidemiology and typing of Clostridium difficile. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41(Suppl C):47-57
    • (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.41 , Issue.SUPPL. C , pp. 47-57
    • Brazier, J.S.1
  • 187
    • 0031229637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: Epidemiology, risk factors, and infection control
    • 187 Lai KK, Melvin ZS, Menard MJ, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: epidemiology, risk factors, and infection control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18:628-632
    • (1997) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.18 , pp. 628-632
    • Lai, K.K.1    Melvin, Z.S.2    Menard, M.J.3
  • 188
    • 0028065091 scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: A statement for the healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke council
    • American Heart Association
    • 188 Adams HP, Brott TG, Crowell RM, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a statement for the healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke council, American Heart Association. Circulation 1994; 90:1588-1601
    • (1994) Circulation , vol.90 , pp. 1588-1601
    • Adams, H.P.1    Brott, T.G.2    Crowell, R.M.3
  • 189
    • 0032065412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • 189 Borriello SP. Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41(Suppl C):13-19
    • (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.41 , Issue.SUPPL. C , pp. 13-19
    • Borriello, S.P.1
  • 190
    • 0028783711 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile colitis: An efficient clinical approach to diagnosis
    • 190 Manabe YC, Vinetz JM, Moore RD, et al. Clostridium difficile colitis: an efficient clinical approach to diagnosis. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123:835-840
    • (1995) Ann Intern Med , vol.123 , pp. 835-840
    • Manabe, Y.C.1    Vinetz, J.M.2    Moore, R.D.3
  • 191
    • 0031971939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • 191 Brazier JS. The diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41(Suppl C):29-40
    • (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.41 , Issue.SUPPL. C , pp. 29-40
    • Brazier, J.S.1
  • 193
    • 0027511893 scopus 로고
    • Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980-1990
    • National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System
    • 193 Beck-Sague C, Jarvis WR. Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980-1990. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. J Infect Dis 1993; 167:1247-1251
    • (1993) J Infect Dis , vol.167 , pp. 1247-1251
    • Beck-Sague, C.1    Jarvis, W.R.2
  • 194
    • 0031846141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of Candida sp isolated from bronchoscopic samples in nonneutropenic patients
    • 194 Rello J, Esandi ME, Diaz E, et al. The role of Candida sp isolated from bronchoscopic samples in nonneutropenic patients. Chest 1998; 114:146-149
    • (1998) Chest , vol.114 , pp. 146-149
    • Rello, J.1    Esandi, M.E.2    Diaz, E.3
  • 195
    • 0030843611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significance of the isolation of Candida species from respiratory samples in critically ill, non-neutropenic patients: An immediate postmortem histologic study
    • 195 el Ebiary M, Torres A, Fabregas N, et al. Significance of the isolation of Candida species from respiratory samples in critically ill, non-neutropenic patients: an immediate postmortem histologic study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156(2 Pt 1):583-590
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.156 , Issue.2 PT 1 , pp. 583-590
    • El Ebiary, M.1    Torres, A.2    Fabregas, N.3
  • 196
    • 0030821445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The value of lumbar puncture in the evaluation of critically ill, non-immunosuppressed, surgical patients: A retrospective analysis of 70 cases
    • 196 Adelson-Mitty J, Fink MP, Lisbon A. The value of lumbar puncture in the evaluation of critically ill, non-immunosuppressed, surgical patients: a retrospective analysis of 70 cases. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23:749-752
    • (1997) Intensive Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 749-752
    • Adelson-Mitty, J.1    Fink, M.P.2    Lisbon, A.3
  • 197
    • 0030748105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospective analysis: Are fever and mental status indications for lumbar puncture in a hospitalized patient who has not undergone neurosurgery
    • 197 Metersky ML, Williams A, Rafanan AL. Retrospective analysis: are fever and mental status indications for lumbar puncture in a hospitalized patient who has not undergone neurosurgery. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:285-288
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.25 , pp. 285-288
    • Metersky, M.L.1    Williams, A.2    Rafanan, A.L.3
  • 198
    • 0027406605 scopus 로고
    • The effect of antibiotic therapy on recovery of intracellular bacteria from bronchoalveolar lavage in suspected ventilator-associated nosocomial pneumonia
    • 198 Dotson RG, Pingleton SK. The effect of antibiotic therapy on recovery of intracellular bacteria from bronchoalveolar lavage in suspected ventilator-associated nosocomial pneumonia. Chest 1993; 103:541-546
    • (1993) Chest , vol.103 , pp. 541-546
    • Dotson, R.G.1    Pingleton, S.K.2
  • 199
    • 0031942603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic accuracy of protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage in nosocomial pneumonia: Impact of previous antimicrobial treatments
    • 199 Souweine B, Veber B, Bedos JP, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage in nosocomial pneumonia: impact of previous antimicrobial treatments. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:236-244
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 236-244
    • Souweine, B.1    Veber, B.2    Bedos, J.P.3
  • 200
    • 0031783167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteraemia in the adult intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Nottingham, uk, 1985-1996
    • 200 Crowe M, Ispahani P, Humphreys H, et al. Bacteraemia in the adult intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Nottingham, UK, 1985-1996. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17:377-384
    • (1998) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.17 , pp. 377-384
    • Crowe, M.1    Ispahani, P.2    Humphreys, H.3
  • 201
    • 0031037596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial bacteremia in critically ill patients: A multicenter study evaluating epidemiology and prognosis
    • Spanish Collaborative Group for Infections in Intensive Care Units of Sociedad Espanola de Medicina Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias (SEMIUC)
    • 201 Valles J, Leon C, Alvarez-Lerma F. Nosocomial bacteremia in critically ill patients: a multicenter study evaluating epidemiology and prognosis. Spanish Collaborative Group for Infections in Intensive Care Units of Sociedad Espanola de Medicina Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias (SEMIUC). Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:387-395
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 387-395
    • Valles, J.1    Leon, C.2    Alvarez-Lerma, F.3
  • 202
    • 0029793532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia and severe sepsis in adults: A multicenter prospective survey in ICUs and wards of 24 hospitals
    • French Bacteremia-Sepsis Study Group
    • 202 Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J. Bacteremia and severe sepsis in adults: a multicenter prospective survey in ICUs and wards of 24 hospitals. French Bacteremia-Sepsis Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154(3 Pt 1):617-624
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , Issue.3 PT 1 , pp. 617-624
    • Brun-Buisson, C.1    Doyon, F.2    Carlet, J.3
  • 203
    • 0029147346 scopus 로고
    • Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: A multicenter prospective study in intensive care units
    • French ICU Group for Severe Sepsis.
    • 203 Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a multicenter prospective study in intensive care units. French ICU Group for Severe Sepsis. JAMA 1995; 274:968-974
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.274 , pp. 968-974
    • Brun-Buisson, C.1    Doyon, F.2    Carlet, J.3
  • 204
    • 0030699273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Routine surveillance blood cultures: Their place in the management of critically ill patients
    • 204 Levin PD, Hersch M, Rudensky B, et al. Routine surveillance blood cultures: their place in the management of critically ill patients. J Infect 1997; 35:125-128
    • (1997) J Infect , vol.35 , pp. 125-128
    • Levin, P.D.1    Hersch, M.2    Rudensky, B.3
  • 205
    • 0001172272 scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia: A consideration of some experimental and clinical aspects
    • 205 Bennett IL, Beeson RB. Bacteremia: a consideration of some experimental and clinical aspects. Yale J Biol Med 1954; 262:241-262
    • (1954) Yale J Biol Med , vol.262 , pp. 241-262
    • Bennett, I.L.1    Beeson, R.B.2
  • 206
  • 207
    • 0025060265 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity and specificity of blood cultures obtained through intravascular catheters
    • 207 Wormser GP, Onorato IM, Preminger TJ, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of blood cultures obtained through intravascular catheters. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:152-156
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 152-156
    • Wormser, G.P.1    Onorato, I.M.2    Preminger, T.J.3
  • 208
    • 0020768386 scopus 로고
    • The importance of volume of blood culture in the detection of bacteremia and fungemia
    • 208 Ilstrup DM, Washington JA. The importance of volume of blood culture in the detection of bacteremia and fungemia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1983; 1:107-110
    • (1983) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.1 , pp. 107-110
    • Ilstrup, D.M.1    Washington, J.A.2
  • 209
    • 0027381788 scopus 로고
    • Detection of bacteremia in adults: Consequences of culturing an inadequate volume of blood
    • 209 Mermel LA, Maki DG. Detection of bacteremia in adults: consequences of culturing an inadequate volume of blood. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119:270-272
    • (1993) Ann Intern Med , vol.119 , pp. 270-272
    • Mermel, L.A.1    Maki, D.G.2
  • 210
    • 0029948834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of the resin blood culture medium on the treatment of critically ill patients
    • 210 Levin PD, Yinnon AM, Hersch M, et al. Impact of the resin blood culture medium on the treatment of critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:797-801
    • (1996) Crit Care Med , vol.24 , pp. 797-801
    • Levin, P.D.1    Yinnon, A.M.2    Hersch, M.3
  • 211
    • 0028314265 scopus 로고
    • Nuclear medicine in the acutely ill patient: II
    • 211 Davis LP, Fink-Bennett D. Nuclear medicine in the acutely ill patient: II. Crit Care Clin 1994; 10:383-400
    • (1994) Crit Care Clin , vol.10 , pp. 383-400
    • Davis, L.P.1    Fink-Bennett, D.2
  • 212
    • 0029882252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of gallium-67 scintigraphy in diagnosing sources of fever in ventilated patients
    • 212 Meduri GU, Belenchia JM, Massie JD, et al. The role of gallium-67 scintigraphy in diagnosing sources of fever in ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22:395-403
    • (1996) Intensive Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 395-403
    • Meduri, G.U.1    Belenchia, J.M.2    Massie, J.D.3
  • 213
    • 0031903708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality of space-occupying ('malignant') middle cerebral artery infarction under conservative intensive care
    • 213 Berrouschot J, Sterker M, Bettin S, et al. Mortality of space-occupying ('malignant') middle cerebral artery infarction under conservative intensive care. Intensive Care Med 1998; 24:620-623
    • (1998) Intensive Care Med , vol.24 , pp. 620-623
    • Berrouschot, J.1    Sterker, M.2    Bettin, S.3
  • 214
    • 0027440467 scopus 로고
    • A phase II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury
    • 214 Clifton GL, Allen S, Barrodale P, et al. A phase II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma 1993; 10:263-271
    • (1993) J Neurotrauma , vol.10 , pp. 263-271
    • Clifton, G.L.1    Allen, S.2    Barrodale, P.3
  • 215
    • 0027297094 scopus 로고
    • The use of moderate therapeutic hypothermia for patients with severe head injuries: A preliminary report
    • 215 Marion DW, Obrist WD, Carlier PM, et al. The use of moderate therapeutic hypothermia for patients with severe head injuries: a preliminary report. J Neurosurg 1993; 79:354-362
    • (1993) J Neurosurg , vol.79 , pp. 354-362
    • Marion, D.W.1    Obrist, W.D.2    Carlier, P.M.3
  • 216
    • 0031045652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia
    • 216 Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, et al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:540-546
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 540-546
    • Marion, D.W.1    Penrod, L.E.2    Kelsey, S.F.3
  • 217
    • 0028340456 scopus 로고
    • Fever: Blessing or curse? a unifying hypothesis
    • 217 Mackowiak PA. Fever: blessing or curse? A unifying hypothesis. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120:1037-1040
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.120 , pp. 1037-1040
    • Mackowiak, P.A.1
  • 218
    • 0030949338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of and effectiveness of hypothermia blankets for febrile patients in the intensive care unit
    • 218 O'Donnel J, Axelrod P, Fisher C, et al. Use of and effectiveness of hypothermia blankets for febrile patients in the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:1208-1213
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 1208-1213
    • Donnel, J.1    Axelrod, P.2    Fisher, C.3
  • 219
    • 0033134696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of physical treatment on induced fever in humans
    • 219 Lenhardt R, Negishi C, Sessler DI, et al. The effects of physical treatment on induced fever in humans. Am J Med 1999; 106:550-555
    • (1999) Am J Med , vol.106 , pp. 550-555
    • Lenhardt, R.1    Negishi, C.2    Sessler, D.I.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.