Inflammatory bowel disease: Progress toward a gene

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 207-218

  Van Heel, David A ^a,b   Satsangi, Jack ^a,b   Carey, Alisoun H ^c   Jewell, Derek P ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b RADCLIFFE INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^c Oxagen Ltd   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Colitis; Crohn's disease; Genetics; Inflammatory bowel disease; Review; Ulcerative colitis

Indexed keywords

HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 2; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT;

CHROMOSOME 1; CHROMOSOME 10; CHROMOSOME 12; CHROMOSOME 16; CHROMOSOME 22; CHROMOSOME 3; CHROMOSOME 4; CHROMOSOME 6; CHROMOSOME 7; CHROMOSOME MAP; CROHN DISEASE; ENTERITIS; GENE LOCUS; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; X CHROMOSOME;

EID: 0034027022     PISSN: 08357900     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2000/361309     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Nordenvall B, Brostrom O, Berglund M, et al. Incidence of ulcerative colitis in Stockholm county 1955 - 1979. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985;20:783-90.
2. Garland CF, Lilienfeld AM, Mendeloff AI, Markowitz JA, Terell KB, Garland FC. Incidence rates of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in fifteen areas of the United States. Gastroenterology 1981;81:1115-24.
3. Binder V, Both H, Hansen PK, Hendriksen C, Kreiner S, Torp-Pedersen K. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in the County of Copenhagen, 1962 -1978. Gastroenterology 1982;83:563-8.
4. Evans JG, Acheson DE. An epidemiological study of ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis in the Oxford area. Gut 1965;6:311-24.
5. Morris T, Rhodes J. Incidence of ulcerative colitis in the Cardiff region 1968 -1977. Gut 1984;25:846-8.
6. Lee FI, Costello FT. Crohn's disease in Blackpool - incidence and prevalence 1968-80. Gut 1985;26:274-8.
7. Monk M, Mendeloff AI, Seigel CI, Lilienfeld A. An epidemiological study of ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis among adults in Baltimore. 1. Hospital incidence and prevalence, 1960-1963. Gastroenterology 1967;53:198-210.
8. Acheson ED. The distribution of ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis in United States veterans with particular reference to the Jewish religion. Gut 1960;1:91-3.
9. Gilat T, Grossman A, Fireman Z, Rosen P. Inflammatory bowel disease in Jews. In: McConnell R, Rozen P, Langman M, Gilat T, eds. The Genetics and Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Basel: Karger, 1986:135-40.
10. Yang H, McElree C, Roth M-P, Shanahan F, Targan ST, Rotter JI. Familial empirical risks for inflammatory bowel disease: differences between Jews and non-Jews. Gut 1993;34:517-24.
11. Robinson WW, Bentlif PS, Kelsey JR. Observations on 261 consecutive patients with inflammatory bowel disease seen in the southwest United States. Dig Dis Sci 1980;25:198-204.
12. Samuels AD, Weese JL, Berman PM, Kirsner JB. An epidemiologic and demographic study of inflammatory bowel disease in black patients. Dig Dis Sci 1974;19:156-60.
13. Roth MP, Petersen GM, McElree C, Feldman E, Rotter JI. Geographic origins of Jewish patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1989;97:900-4.
14. Monsen U, Bernell O, Johansson C, Hellers G. Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among relatives of patients with Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991;26:302-6.
15. Lashner BA, Evans AA, Kirsner JB, Hanauer SB. Prevalence and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in family members. Gastroenterology 1986;91:1396-400.
16. Farmer RG, Michener WM, Mortimer EA. Studies of family history among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol 1980;9:271-7.
17. Korelitz BI. Epidemiological evidence for a hereditary component in Crohn's disease. In: Pena AS, Wterman IT, Booth CC, Strober W, eds. Recent Advances in Crohn's Disease. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981:208-12.
18. Weterman IT, Pena AS. Familial incidence of Crohn's disease in The Netherlands and a review of the literature. Gastroenterology 1984;86:449-52.
19. McConnell RB. Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. In: Allan RN, Keighley MRB, Alexander-Williams J, Hawkins C, eds. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1990:11-23.
20. Polito JM, Childs B, Mellits D, Tokayer AZ, Harris ML, Bayless TM. Crohn's disease: influence of age at diagnosis on site and clinical type of disease. Gastroenterology 1996;111:580-6.
21. Colombel J-F, Grandbastian B, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Clinical characteristics of Crohn's disease in 72 families. Gastroenterology 1996;111:604-7.
22. Satsangi J, Rosenberg WMC, Jewell DP. The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in relatives of patients with Crohn's disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994;6:413-6.
23. Orholm M, Munkolm P, Langholz E, Nielsen OH, Sorensen TI, Binder V. Familial occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med 1991;324:84-8.
24. Peeters M, Nevens H, Baert F, et al. Familial aggregation in Crohn's disease: increased age adjusted risk and concordance in clinical characteristics. Gastroenterology 1996;111:597-603.
25. Risch N. Linkage strategies for genetically complex traits. II. The power of affected relative pairs. Am J Hum Gen 1990;46:229-41.
26. Bayless TM, Tokayer AZ, Polito JM, Quaskey SA, Mellits ED, Harris ML. Crohn's disease: concordance for site and clinical type in affected family members - potential heriditary influences. Gastroenterology 1996;111:573-9.
27. Satsangi J, Grootscholten C, Holt H, Jewell DP. Clinical patterns of familial inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1996;38:738-41.
28. Lee JCW, Lennard-Jones JE. Inflammatory bowel disease in 67 families each with 3 or more affected first-degree relatives. Gastroenterology 1996;111:587-96.
29. Polito JM, Rees RC, Childs B, Mendeloff AI, Harris ML, Bayless TM. Preliminary evidence for genetic anticipation in Crohn's disease. Lancet 1996;347:798-800.
30. Tysk C, Lindberg E, Järnerot G, Flodérus-Myrhed B. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study of heritability and the influence of smoking. Gut 1988;29:990-6.
31. Thompson NP, Driscoll R, Pounder RE, Wakefield AJ. Genetics versus environment in inflammatory bowel disease: results of a British twin study. BMJ 1996;312:95-6.
32. Orholm M, Binder V, Sorenson T, Kyvik K. Inflammatory bowel disease in a Danish twin register. Gut 1196;39:A187. (Abst 1071)
33. Breslin N, Todd A, Kilgallen C, O'Morain C. Monozygotic twins with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: A unique case report. Gut 1997;41:557-60.
34. Monsen U, Iselius L, Johansson C, Hellers G. Evidence for a major additive gene in ulcerative colitis. Clin Genet 1989;36:411-4.
35. Orholm M, Iselius L, Sorensen TI, Munkholm P, Langholz E, Binder V. Investigations of inheritance of chronic inflammatory bowel disease by complex segregation analysis. BMJ 1993;306:20-4.
36. Kuster W, Pascoe L, Purrman J, Funk S, Majewski F. The genetics of Crohn's disease: complex segregation analysis of a family study with 265 patients with Crohn's disease and 5387 relatives. Am J Genet 1989;32:105-8.
37. Yang H, Shohat T, Rotter J. The Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. In: McDermott R, Stenson W, eds. Current Topics in Gastroenterology: Inflammatory Bowel Disease. New York: Elsevier, 1992:17-51.
38. Satsangi J, Parkes M, Louis E, et al. Two-stage genome-wide search in inflammatory bowel disease: evidence for susceptibility loci on chromosomes 3, 7 and 12. Nature Genetics 1996;14:199-202.
39. Hampe J, Schreiber S, Shaw SH, et al. A genomewide analysis provides evidence for novel linkages in inflammatory bowel disease in a large European cohort. Am J Hum Genet 1999;64:808-16.
40. Calkins BM. A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1989;34:1841.
41. Jeejeebhoy KN. Nutritional aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. In: Kirsner JB, Shorter RB, eds. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1995:734-9.
42. Wakefield AJ, Pittilo RM, Sim R, et al. Evidence of persistent measles virus in Crohn's disease. J Med Virol 1993;39:345-53.
43. Fiocchi C, Hilfiker M. Interleukin 2 activity of human intestinal mucosa mononuclear cells. Decreased levels in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1984;86:734-42.
44. Weber JL. Informativeness of human (dC-dA)n. (dG-dT)n polymorphisms. Genomics 1990;7:524-30.
45. Lander ES, Kruglyak L. Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results. Nature Genetics 1995;11:241-7.
46. Hugot JP, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease on chromosome 16. Nature 1996;379:821-3.
47. Lesage S, Hugot J, Colombel J, et al. Linkage analysis of chromosome 12 loci in Crohn's disease families. Gastroenterology 1999;116:A740. (Abst G3212)
48. Parkes M, Satsangi J, Merriman A, Jewell DP. Precision mapping of chromosome 12 linkage in IBD: evidence of a haplotype association. Gastroenterology 1998;114(Suppl 2):A1058. (Abst G4322)
49. Ohmen JD, Yang H, Yamomoto KK, et al. Susceptibility locus for inflammatory bowel disease on chromosome 16 has a role in Crohn's disease but not in ulcerative colitis. Hum Mol Gen 1996;5:1679-83.
50. Yang H, Ohmen J, Ma R, et al. Linkage and association between Crohn's disease and a putative locus on chromosome 12. Gastroenterology 1998;114(Suppl 2):G4581. (Abst)
51. Cavanaugh JA, Callen DF, Wilson SR, et al. Analysis of Australian Crohn's disease pedigrees refines the localization for susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease on chromosome 16. Ann Hum Gen 1998;62:291-8.
52. Xu J, Meyers D, Pericak-Vance M. Lod Score Analysis. In: Haines J, Pericak-Vance M, eds. Approaches to Gene Mapping in Complex Human Disease. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1998:253-72.
53. Mirza MM, Lee J, Teare D, et al. Evidence of linkage of the inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility locus on chromosome 16 (IBD1) to ulcerative colitis. J Med Genet 1998;35:218-21.
54. Duerr RH, Barmada MM, Zhang L, et al. Linkage and association between inflammatory bowel disease and a locus on chromosome 12. Am J Hum Genet 1998;63:95-100.
55. Speer M. Sample Size and Power. In: Haines J, Pericak-Vance M, eds. Approaches to Gene Mapping in Complex Human Disease. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1998:161-200.
56. Duerr R, Zhang L, Ford M, Chensny L. Further evidence for linkage between Crohn's disease and a locus on chromosome 7. Gastroenterology 1999;116(Supp 2):A703. (Abst G3057)
57. Akolkar P, Gulwani B, Lin X, Danzi S, Terwilliger J, Silver J. Fine mapping of regions linked to Crohn's disease on chromosomes 12 and 16. Am J Hum Genet 1998;63:A279. (Abst A279)
58. Rioux JD, Daly MJ, Green T, et al. Absence of linkage between inflammatory bowel disease and selected loci on chromosomes 3, 7, 12 and 16. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1062-5.
59. Vermeire S, Peeters M, Vlietinck R, et al. No evidence for linkage to chromosomes 16,12,7 and 3 in the Belgian population may reflect genetic heterogeneity of IBD. Digestion 1998;59(Suppl 3):132. (Abst FoLM1282)
60. Cho JH, Nicolae DL, Gold LH, et al. Identification of novel susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease on chromosomes 1p, 3q and 4q: evidence for epistasis between 1p and IBD1. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1998;95:7502-7.
61. Brant S, LaBuda M, Lee S, et al. Younger age of diagnosis identifies families with greater linkage evidence for IBD loci on chromosomes 1p, 3q and 16. Gastroenterology 1999;116:A673. (Abst G2932).
62. Hayward P, Satsangi J, Jewell DP. Inflammatory bowel disease and the X chromosome. Q J Med 1996;89:713-8.
63. Price WH. A high incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in patients with Turner's syndrome. J Med Genet 1979;16:263-6.
64. Arulanantham K, Kramer MS, Gryboski JD. The association of inflammatory bowel disease and X chromosomal abnormality. Paediatrics 1980;66:63-7.
65. Kohler JA, Grant DB. Crohn's disease in Turner's syndrome. BMJ 1981;282:950.
66. Scarpa R, Lubrano E, Castiglione F, Morace F, Ames PR, Oriente P. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and Turner's syndrome: a novel association. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996;14:449-50. (Lett)
67. Manzione NC, Kram M, Kram E, Das KM. Turner's syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: a case report with immunologic studies. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83:1294-7.
68. Vermeire S, Satsangi J, Peeters M, Parkes M, Jewell D, Rutgeerts P. Susceptibility locus on short arm of the X chromosome in IBD. Digestion 1998;1998:14. (Abst GaPP0043)
69. Strachan T, Read A. Human Molecular Genetics. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited, 1996:596.
70. Risch N, Merikangas K. The future of genetic studies of human complex diseases. Science 1996;273:1516-7.
71. Spielman RS, McGinnis RE, Ewens WJ. Transmission rest for linkage disequilibrium: the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Am J Hum Gen 1993;52:506-16.
72. Spielman RS, Ewens WJ. The TDT and other family-based tests for linkage disequilibrium and association. Am J Hum Genet 1996;59:983-9.
73. Deloukas P, Schuler GD, Gyapay G, et al. A physical map of 30,000 human genes. Science 1998;282:744-6.
74. Deloukas P, Schuler GD, Gyapay G, et al. A new gene map of the human genome ttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genemap98/, 1998.
75. Hampe J, Hermann B, Bridger S, MacPherson AJ, Mathew CG, Schreiber S. The interferon-gamma gene as a positional and functional candidate gene for inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 1998;13:260-3.
76. Simmons J, Mullighan C, Welsh K, Jewell D. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism: further evidence for an association with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1998;114:A1086. (Abst G4446).
77. Stokkers P, Huibregtse KJ, Reitsma P, Tytgat G, Vandeventer S. Analysis of a positional candidate gene for inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1999;116(Suppl 2):A825. (Abst G3579).
78. Hugot J, Zouali H, Colombel J, et al. Mutation screening in the CD19 and CD43 (sialophorin) genes in Crohn's disease patients. Gastroenterology 1999;16(Suppl 2):A740. (Abst G3213)
79. Satsangi J, Welsh KI, Bunce M, et al. Contribution of genes of the major histocompatibility complex to susceptibility and disease phenotype in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1996;347:1212-7.
80. Mathew CG, Easton D, Lennard-Jones JE. HLA and inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1996;348:68.
81. Hugot JP, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Linkage analyses of chromosome 6 loci, including HLA, in familial aggregations of Crohn's disease. Am J Med Genetics 1994;52:207-13.
82. Bouma G, Crusius JB, Garcia-Gonzalez MA, et al. Genetic markers in clinically well defined patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Clin Exp Immunol 1999;115:294-300.
83. Roussomoustakaki M, Satsangi J, Welsh KI, et al. Genetic markers may predict disease behaviour in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1997;112:1845-53.
84. Toyoda H, Wang S-J, Yang H, et al. Distinct association of HLA Class II genes with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1993;104:741-8.
85. Duerr RH, Neigut DA. Molecularly defined HLA-DR2 alleles in ulcerative colitis and an anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive subgroup. Gastroenterology 1995;108:423-7.
86. Bioque G, Bouma G, Crusius JBA, et al. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity in IBD: 1. The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the predisposition to suffer from ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996;8:105-10.
87. McConnell R. Ulcerative colitis - genetics feature. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983;18:14.1.
88. Smolen JS, Gangl A, Polterauer P, Menzel EJ, Mayr WR. HLA antigens in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1982;82:34-8.
89. Mehal WZ, Lo YD, Wordsworth BP, et al. HLA DR4 is a marker for rapid disease progression in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 1994;106:160-7.
90. Zetterquist H, Broome U, Einarsson K, Olerup O. HLA class II genes in primary sclerosing cholangitis and chronic inflammatory bowel disease: no HLA-DRw52a association in Swedish patients with sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 1992;33:942-6.
91. Cottone M, Bunce M, Taylor C, Ting A, Jewell D. Ulcerative colitis and HLA phenotype. Gut 1985;26:952-4.
92. Asakura H, Tsuchiya M, Aiso S, et al. Association of the human leukocyte DR2 antigen with Japanese ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1982;82:413-8.
93. Futami S, Aoyama N, Honsako Y, et al. HLA-DRB1*1502 allele, subtype of DR15, is associated with susceptibility to ulcerative colitis and its progression. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:814-8.
94. Sugimura K, Asakura H, Mizuki N, et al. Analysis of genes within the HLA region affecting susceptibility to ulcerative colitis. Hum Immunol 1993;36:112-8.
95. Masuda H, Nakamura Y, Tanaka T, Hayakawa S. Distinct relationship between HLA-DR genes and intractability of ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:1957-62.
96. Uyar FA, Imeryuz N, Saruhan-Direskeneli G, et al. The distribution of HLA-DRB alleles in ulcerative colitis patients in Turkey. Eur J Immunogenet 1998;25:293-6.
97. Yang H, Plevy S, Taylor K, et al. Linkage of Crohn's disease to the major histocompatibility region is detected by multiple non-parametric analyses. Gut 1999;44:519-26.
98. Danze P-M, Colombel J-F, Jacquot S, et al. Association of HLA Class II genes with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Gut 1996;39:69-72.
99. Reinshagen M, Loeliger C, Kuehni P, et al. HLA Class II gene frequencies in Crohn's disease: a population based analysis in Germany. Gut 1996;38:538-42.
100. Forcione DG, Sands B, Isselbacher KJ, Rustgi A, Podolsky DK, Pillai S. An increased risk of Crohn's disease in individuals who inherit the HLA class II DRB3*0301 allele. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:5094-8.
101. Cariappa A, Sands B, Forcione D, Finkelstein D, Podolsky DK, Pillai S. Analysis of MHC class II DP, DQ and DR alleles in Crohn's disease. Gut 1998;43:210-5.
102. Heresbach D, Alizadeh M, Bretagne J. Investigation of the association of major histocompatibility complex genes, including HLA Class I, Class II and TAP genes, with clinical forms of Crohn's disease. Eur J Immunogenet 1996;23:141-51.
103. Bouma G, Poen AC, Garcia-Gonzalez MA, et al. HLA-DRB1*03, but not the TNFα-308 promoter gene polymorphism, confers protection against fistulising Crohn's disease. Immunogenetics 1998;47:451-5.
104. Nakajima A, Matsuhashi N, Kodoma T, Yazaki Y, Takazoe M, Kimura A. HLA-linked susceptibility and resistance genes in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1995;109:1462-7.
105. Orchard TR, Wordsworth BP, Jewell DP. Peripheral arthropathies in inflammatory bowel disease: their articular ditribution and natural history. Gut 1998;42:387-91.
106. Orchard TR, Thiyagaraja S, Walsh KI, Wordsworth BP, Jewell DP. HLA genes are important phenotype determining genes in the peripheral arthropathies of IBD. Gastroenterology 1998;114:A1056. (Abst G4321)
107. Stokkers P, Reitsma P, Tytgat G, van Deventer S. HLA-DR phenotypes and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 1999;116:A825. (Abst G3580)
108. Mansfield JC, Holden H, Tarlow JK, et al. Novel genetic association between ulcerative colitis and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Gastroenterology 1994;106:637-42.
109. Louis E, Satsangi J, Roussomoustakaki M, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1996;39:705-10.
110. Hacker UT, Gomolka M, Keller E, et al. Lack of association between an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism and ulcerative colitis. Gut 1997;40:623-7.
111. Heresbach D, Alizadeh M, Dabadie A, et al. Significance of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genetic polymorphism in inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:1164-9.
112. Yang H, Vora DK, Targan SR, Toyoda H, Beaudet AL, Rotter JI. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene associations with immunologic subsets of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1995;109:440-8.
113. Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, McAdam KPWJ, Whittle HC, Hill AVS. Variations in the NRAMP1 gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africans. N Engl J Med 1998;338:640-4.
114. Hofmeister A, Neibergs HL, Pokorny RM. The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein gene is associated with Crohn's disease. Surgery 1997;122:173-8.
115. Bachvarov DR, Landry M, Houle S, Pare P, Marceau F. Altered frequency of a promoter polymorphic allele of the kinin B1 receptor gene in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1045-8.
116. Targan SR, Hanauer SB, van Deventer SJ, et al. A short-term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alpha for Crohn's disease. Crohn's Disease cA2 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1029-35.
117. Bouma G, Crusius JB, Oudkerk Pool M, et al. Secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha and lymphotoxin alpha in relation to polymorphisms in the TNF genes and HLA-DR alleles. Relevance for inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Immunol 1996;43:456-63.
118. Bouma G, Xia B, Crusius JBA, et al. Distribution of four polymorphisms in the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) genes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clin Exp Immunol 1996;103:391-6.
119. Plevy SE, Targan SR, Yang H, Fernandez D, Rotter JI, Toyoda H. Tumor necrosis factor microsatellites define a Crohn's disease-associated haplotype on chromosome 6. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1053-60.
120. Heresbach D, Ababou A, Bourienne A, et al. [Polymorphism of the microsatellites and tumor necrosis factor genes in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1997;21:555-61.
121. Heresbach D, Alizadeh M, Bretagne JF, et al. TAP gene transporter polymorphism in inflammatory bowel diseases. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997;32:1022-7.
122. Orchard T, Vaughan R, Simmons J, Welsh K, Jewell D. MHC class I like gene-A (MICA) is associated with ulcerative colitis but not Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1999;116:A7. (Abst G3423)
123. Simmons J, Marshall S, Welsh K, Jewell D. C-C Chemokine receptor 5 polymorphism in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1999;116:A821 (Abst G3561)
124. Kyo K, Parkes M, Takei Y, et al. Association of ulcerative colitis with rare VNTR alleles of the human intestinal mucin gene, MUC3. Hum Mol Genet 1999;8:307-11.
125. Mahler M, Bristol IJ, Sundberg JP, et al. Genetic analysis of susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Genomics 1999;55:147-56.
126. Mombaerts P, Mizoguchi E, Grusby MJ, Glimcher LH, Bhan AK, Tonegawa S. Spontaneous development of inflammatory bowel disease in T-cell receptor mutant mouse. Cell 1993;175:275-82.
127. Kuhn RG, Lohler J, Rennick D, Rajewsky K, Muller W. Interleukin 10 deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell 1993;75:263-74.
128. Sadlack B, Merz H, Schorle H, Schimpl A, Feller AC, Horak I. Ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice with a disrupted interleukin 2 gene. Cell 1993;75:253-61.
129. Watanabe M, Ueno Y, Yajima T, et al. Interleukin 7 transgenic mice develop chronic colitis with decreased interleukin 7 protein accumulation in the colonic mucosa. J Exp Med 1998;187:389-402.
130. Podolsky DK. Lessons from genetic models of inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1997;60:163-5.
131. Rudolph U, Finegold MJ, Rich SS, et al. Ulcerative colitis and adenocarcinoma of the colon in Gai2-deficient mice. Nature Genetics 1995;10:143-9.
132. Ehrhardt R, Ludviksson B, Gray B, Neurath M, Stober W. Induction and prevention of colonic inflammation in 1L-2 deficient mice. J Immunol 1997;158:566-73.
133. Kruglyak L, Lander ES. Limits on fine mapping of complex traits. Am J Hum Genet 1996;58:1092-3. (Lett)
134. Curran ME, Lau KF, Hampe J, et al. Genetic analysis of inflammatory bowel disease in a large European cohort supports linkage to chromosomes 12 and 16. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1066-71.
135. Kruglyak L, Lander ES. High-resolution genetic mapping of complex traits. Am J Hum Genet 1995;56:1212-23.
136. Cavanaugh J. IBD Consortium Genetic Analysis Home Page ttp://pride.anu.edu.au/~ibd/index.html, 1999.
137. SNP attack on complex traits. Nat Genet 1998;20:217-8.
138. Wang D, Fan J, Siao C, et al. Large-scale identification, mapping, and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome. Science 1998;280:1077-82.
139. To affinity... and beyond! Nat Genet 1996;14:367-70.
140. Bonn D. International consortium SN(i)Ps away at individuality. Lancet 1999;353:1684.
141. Zhao LP, Aragaki C, Hsu L, Quiaoit F. Mapping of complex traits by single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet 1998;63:225-40.
142. Colombel J, Lille C, Touze I, et al. Genotypic analysis of the thiopurine s-methyltransferase (TPMT) gene in patients with Crohn's disease and severe myelosuppresion during azathioprine therapy. Gastroenterology 1999;116:A688. (Abst G2996)
143. Parkes M, Satsangi J, Lathrop GM, Bell JI. Susceptibility loci in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1996;348:1588. (Lett)
144. Brant SR, Fu Y, Fields CT, et al. American families with Crohn's disease have strong evidence for linkage to chromosome 16 but not chromosome 12. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1056-61.