Subtilase-like pro-protein convertases: From molecular specificity to therapeutic applications

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-22

  Bergeron, F ^a   Leduc, R ^a   Day, R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENZYME INHIBITOR; MESSENGER RNA; PEPTIDE HORMONE; PRODYNORPHIN;

BIOSYNTHESIS; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0033993470     PISSN: 09525041     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1677/jme.0.0240001     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Abrami L, Fivaz M, Decroly E, Seidah NG, Jean F, Thomas G, Leppla SH, Buckley JT & van der Goot FG 1998 The pore-forming toxin proaerolysin is activated by furin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 32656-32661.
2. Alarcon C, Cheatham B, Lincoln B, Kahn CR, Siddle K & Rhodes CJ 1994 A Kex2-related endopeptidase activity present in rat liver specifically processes the insulin proreceptor. Biochemical Journal 301 257-265.
3. Anderson ED, Thomas L, Hayflick JS & Thomas G 1993 Inhibition of HIV-1 gp160-dependent membrane fusion by a furin-directed alpha 1-antitrypsin variant. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 24887-24891.
4. Anderson ED, VanSlyke JK, Thulin CD, Jean F & Thomas G 1997 Activation of the furin endoprotease is a multiple-step process: requirements for acidification and internal propeptide cleavage. EMBO Journal 16 1508-1518.
5. Angliker H 1995 Synthesis of tight binding inhibitors and their action on the proprotein-processing enzyme furin. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 38 4014-4018.
6. Apletalina E, Appel J, Lamango NS, Houghten RA & Lindberg I 1998 Identification of inhibitors of prohormone convertases 1 and 2 using a peptide combinatorial library. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 26589-26595.
7. Ayoubi TA, van Duijnhoven HL, van de Ven WJ, Jenks BG, Roubos EW & Martens GJ 1990 The neuroendocrine polypeptide 7B2 is a precursor protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265 15644-15647.
8. Ballinger MD, Tom J & Wells JA 1996 Furilisin: a variant of subtilisin BPN′ engineered for cleaving tribasic substrates. Biochemistry 35 13579-13585.
9. Basak A, Schmidt C, Ismail AA, Seidah NG, Chretien M & Lazure C 1995 Peptidyl substrates containing unnatural amino acid at the P′1 position are potent inhibitors of prohormone convertases. International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 46 228-237.
10. Basak A, Cooper S, Roberge AG, Banik UK, Chretien M & Seidah NG 1999 Inhibition of proprotein convertases-1, -7 and furin by diterpines of Andrographis paniculata and their succinoyl esters. Biochemical Journal 338 107-113.
11. Beaubien G, Schafer MK, Weihe E, Dong W, Chretien M, Seidah NG & Day R 1995 The distinct gene expression of the pro-hormone convertases in the rat heart suggests potential substrates. Cell Tissue Research 279 539-549.
12. Benjannet S, Rondeau N, Day R, Chretien M & Seidah NG 1991 PC1 and PC2 are proprotein convertases capable of cleaving proopiomelanocortin at distinct pairs of basic residues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 88 3564-3568.
13. Bennett DL, Bailyes EM, Nielsen E, Guest PC, Rutherford NG, Arden SD & Hutton JC 1992 Identification of the type 2 proinsulin processing endopeptidase as PC2, a member of the eukaryote subtilisin family. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 15229-15236.
14. Bentley AK, Rees DJ, Rizza C & Brownlee GG 1986 Defective propeptide processing of blood clotting factor IX caused by mutation of arginine to glutamine at position - 4. Cell 45 343-348.
15. Bloomquist BT, Eipper BA & Mains RE 1991 Prohormone-converting enzymes: regulation and evaluation of function using antisense RNA. Molecular Endocrinology 5 2014-2024.
16. Boudreault A, Gauthier D & Lazure C 1998 Proprotein convertase PC1/3-related peptides are potent slow tight-binding inhibitors of murine PC1/3 and Hfurin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 31574-31580.
17. Brakch N, Galanopoulou AS, Patel YC, Boileau G & Seidah NG 1995 Comparative proteolytic processing of rat prosomatostatin by the convertases PC1, PC2, furin, PACE4 and PC5 in constitutive and regulated secretory pathways. FEBS Letters 362 143-146.
18. Braks JA & Martens GJ 1994 7B2 is a neuroendocrine chaperone that transiently interacts with prohormone convertase PC2 in the secretory pathway. Cell 78 263-273.
19. Brennan SO 1989 Propeptide cleavage: evidence from human proalbumins. Molecular Biology and Medicine 6 87-92.
20. Bresnahan PA, Leduc R, Thomas L, Thorner J, Gibson HL, Brake AJ, Barr PJ & Thomas G 1990 Human fur gene encodes a yeast KEX2-like endoprotease that cleaves pro-beta-NGF in vivo. Journal of Cellular Biology 111 2851-2859.
21. Bruzzaniti A, Goodge K, Jay P, Taviaux SA, Lam MH, Berta P, Martin TJ, Moseley JM & Gillespie MT 1996 PC8 [corrected], a new member of the convertase family [published erratum appears in Biochemical Journal 1996 316 1007]. Biochemical Journal 314 727-731.
22. Campan M, Yoshizumi M, Seidah NG, Lee ME, Bianchi C & Haber E 1996 Increased proteolytic processing of protein tyrosine phosphatase mu in confluent vascular endothelial cells: the role of PC5, a member of the subtilisin family. Biochemistry 35 3797-3802.
23. Chan SJ, Oliva AA Jr, LaMendola J, Grens A, Bode H & Steiner DF 1992 Conservation of the prohormone convertase gene family in metazoa: analysis of cDNAs encoding a PC3-like protein from hydra. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 89 6678-6682.
24. Creemers JW, Groot Kormelink PJ, Roebroek AJ, Nakayama K & Van de Ven WJ 1993a Proprotein processing activity and cleavage site selectivity of the Kex2-like endoprotease PACE4. FEBS Letters 336 65-69.
25. Creemers JW, Siezen RJ, Roebroek AJ, Ayoubi TA, Huylebroeck D & Van de Ven WJ 1993b Modulation of furin-mediated proprotein processing activity by site-directed mutagenesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 21826-21834.
26. Creemers JW, Vey M, Schafer W, Ayoubi TA, Roebroek AJ, Klenk HD, Garten W & Van de Ven WJ 1995 Endoproteolytic cleavage of its propeptide is a prerequisite for efficient transport of furin out of the endoplasmic reticulum. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 2695-2702.
27. Cui Y, Jean F, Thomas G & Christian JL 1998 BMP-4 is proteolytically activated by furin and/or PC6 during vertebrate embryonic development. EMBO Journal 17 4735-4743.
28. Dahlen JR, Jean F, Thomas G, Foster DC & Kisiel W 1998 Inhibition of soluble recombinant furin by human proteinase inhibitor 8. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 1851-1854.
29. Day R & Akil H 1989 The posttranslational processing of prodynorphin in the rat anterior pituitary. Endocrinology 124 2392-2405.
30. Day R, Schafer MK, Watson SJ, Chretien M & Seidah NG 1992 Distribution and regulation of the prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 in the rat pituitary. Molecular Endocrinology 6 485-497.
31. Day R, Schafer MK, Cullinan WE, Watson SJ, Chretien M & Seidah NG 1993 Region specific expression of furin mRNA in the rat brain. Neuroscience Letters 149 27-30.
32. Day R, Lazure C, Basak A, Boudreault A, Limperis P, Dong W & Lindberg I 1998 Prodynorphin processing by proprotein convertase 2. Cleavage at single basic residues and enhanced processing in the presence of carboxypeptidase activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 829-836.
33. De Bie I, Marcinkiewicz M, Malide D, Lazure C, Nakayama K, Bendayan M & Seidah NG 1996 The isoforms of proprotein convertase PC5 are sorted to different sub-cellular compartments. Journal of Cellular Biology 135 1261-1275.
34. Decroly E, Vandenbranden M, Ruysschaert JM, Cogniaux J, Jacob GS, Howard SC, Marshall G, Kompelli A, Basak A, Jean F et al. 1994 The convertases furin and PC1 can both cleave the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 envelope glycoprotein gp160 into gp120 (HIV-1 SU) and gp41 (HIV-1 TM). Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 12240-12247.
35. Decroly E, Wouters S, Di Bello C, Lazure C, Ruysschaert JM & Seidah NG 1996 Identification of the paired basic convertases implicated in HIV gp160 processing based on in vitro assays and expression in CD4(+) cell lines [published erratum appears in Journal of Biological Chemistry 1997 272 8836]. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 30442-30450.
36. Denault JB & Leduc R 1996 Furin/PACE/SPC1: a convertase involved in exocytic and endocytic processing of precursor proteins. FEBS Letters 379 113-116.
37. Denault JB, Claing A, D'Orleans-Juste P, Sawamura T, Kido T, Masaki T & Leduc R 1995a Processing of proendothelin-1 by human furin convertase. FEBS Letters 362 276-280.
38. Denault JB, D'Orleans-Juste P, Masaki T & Leduc R 1995b Inhibition of convertase-related processing of proendothelin-1. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 26 S47-S50.
39. Dhanvantari S, Seidah NG & Brubaker PL 1996 Role of prohormone convertases in the tissue-specific processing of proglucagon. Molecular Endocrinology 10 342-355.
40. Dong W, Marcinkiewicz M, Vieau D, Chretien M, Seidah NG & Day R 1995 Distinct mRNA expression of the highly homologous convertases PC5 and PACE4 in the rat brain and pituitary. Journal of Neuroscience 15 1778-1796.
41. Dong W, Seidel B, Marcinkiewicz M, Chretien M, Seidah NG & Day R 1997 Cellular localization of the prohormone convertases in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei: selective regulation of PC1 in corticotrophin-releasing hormone parvocellular neurons mediated by glucocorticoids. Journal of Neuroscience 17 563-575.
42. Dong W, Fricker LD & Day R 1999 Carboxypeptidase D is a potential candidate to carry out redundant processing functions of carboxypeptidase E based on comparative distribution studies in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 89 1301-1317.
43. Dubois CM, Laprise MH, Blanchette F, Gentry LE & Leduc R 1995 Processing of transforming growth factor beta 1 precursor by human furin convertase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 10618-10624.
44. Dufour EK, Denault JB, Hopkins PC & Leduc R 1998 Serpin-like properties of alphal-antitrypsin Portland towards furin convertase. FEBS Letters 426 41-46.
45. Dupuy A, Lindberg I, Zhou Y, Akil H, Lazure C, Chretien M, Seidah NG & Day R 1994 Processing of prodynorphin by the prohormone convertase PC1 results in high molecular weight intermediate forms. Cleavage at a single arginine residue. FEBS Letters 337 60-65.
46. Eder J, Rheinnecker M & Fersht AR 1993 Folding of subtilisin BPN′: role of the pro-sequence. Journal of Molecular Biology 233 293-304.
47. Fricker LD 1991 Peptide processing exopeptidases: amino- and carboxypeptidases involved in peptide biosynthesis. In Peptide Biosynthesis and Processing, pp 199-229. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
48. 2+-dependent serine protease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 86 1434-1438.
49. Fuller RS, Brake AJ & Thorner J 1989b Intracellular targeting and structural conservation of a prohormone-processing endoprotease. Science 246 482-486.
50. Furuta M, Yano H, Zhou A, Rouille Y, Holst JJ, Carroll R, Ravazzola M, Orci L, Furuta H & Steiner DF 1997 Defective prohormone processing and altered pancreatic islet morphology in mice lacking active SPC2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 94 6646-6651.
51. Furuta M, Carroll R, Martin S, Swift HH, Ravazzola M, Orci L & Steiner DF 1998 Incomplete processing of proinsulin to insulin accompanied by elevation of Des-31,32 proinsulin intermediates in islets of mice lacking active PC2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 3431-3437.
52. Garten W, Hallenberger S, Ortmann D, Schafer W, Vey M, Angliker H, Shaw E & Klenk HD 1994 Processing of viral glycoproteins by the subtilisin-like endoprotease furin and its inhibition by specific peptidylchloroalkylketones. Biochimie 76 217-225.
53. Gluschankof P & Fuller RS 1994 A C-terminal domain conserved in precursor processing proteases is required for intramolecular N-terminal maturation of pro-Kex2 protease. EMBO Journal 13 2280-2288.
54. Goodman LJ & Gorman CM 1994 Autoproteolytic activation of the mouse prohormone convertase mPC1. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 201 795-804.
55. Gordon VM, Klimpel KR, Arora N, Henderson MA & Leppla SH 1995 Proteolytic activation of bacterial toxins by eukaryotic cells is performed by furin and by additional cellular proteases. Infection and Immunity 63 82-87.
56. Guest PC, Arden SD, Bennett DL, Clark A, Rutherford NG & Hutton JC 1992 The post-translational processing and intracellular sorting of PC2 in the islets of Langerhans. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 22401-22406.
57. Hallenberger S, Bosch V, Angliker H, Shaw E, Klenk HD & Garten W 1992 Inhibition of furin-mediated cleavage activation of HIV-1 glycoprotein gp160. Nature 360 358-361.
58. van Horssen AM, van den Hurk WH, Bailyes EM, Hutton JC, Martens GJ & Lindberg I 1995 Identification of the region within the neuroendocrine polypeptide 7B2 responsible for the inhibition of prohormone convertase PC2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 14292-14296.
59. Hosaka M, Nagahama M, Kim WS, Watanabe T, Hatsuzawa K, Ikemizu J, Murakami K & Nakayama K 1991 Arg-X-Lys/Arg-Arg motif as a signal for precursor cleavage catalyzed by furin within the constitutive secretory pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266 12127-12130.
60. Hsi KL, Seidah NG, De Serres G & Chretien M 1982 Isolation and NH2-terminal sequence of a novel porcine anterior pituitary polypeptide. Homology to proinsulin, secretin and Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein TVFV60. FEBS Letters 147 261-266.
61. Inocencio NM, Sucic JF, Moehring JM, Spence MJ & Moehring TJ 1997 Endoprotease activities other than furin and PACE4 with a role in processing of HIV-I gp160 glycoprotems in CHO-K1 cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 1344-1348.
62. Jackson RS, Creemers JW, Ohagi S, Raffin-Sanson ML, Sanders L, Montague CT, Hutton JC & O'Rahilly S 1997 Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene [see comments]. Nature Genetics 16 303-306.
63. Jean F, Basak A, Rondeau N, Benjannet S, Hendy GN, Seidah NG, Chretien M & Lazure C 1993 Enzymic characterization of murine and human prohormone convertase-1 (mPC1 and hPC1) expressed in mammalian GH4C1 cells. Biochemical Journal 292 891-900.
64. Jean F, Boudreault A, Basak A, Seidah NG & Lazure C 1995 Fluorescent peptidyl substrates as an aid in studying the substrate specificity of human prohormone convertase PC1 and human furin and designing a potent irreversible inhibitor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 19225-19231.
65. Jean F, Stella K, Thomas L, Liu G, Xiang Y, Reason AJ & Thomas G 1998 alpha1-antitrypsin Portland, a bioengineered serpin highly selective for furin: application as an antipathogenic agent. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95 7293-7298.
66. Jeannotte R, Paquin J, Petit-Turcotte C & Day R 1997 Convertase PC2 and the neuroendocrinc polypeptide 7B2 are co-induced and processed during neuronal differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. DNA Cell Biology 16 1175-1187.
67. Johanning K, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Lazure C, Lamango NS, Steiner DF & Lindberg I 1998 Specificity of prohormone convertase 2 on proenkephalin and proenkephalin-related substrates. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 22672-22680.
68. Jones BG, Thomas L, Molloy SS, Thulin CD, Fry MD, Walsh KA & Thomas G 1995 Intracellular trafficking of furin is modulated by the phosphorylation state of a casein kinase II site in its cytoplasmic tail. EMBO Journal 14 5869-5883.
69. Julius D, Brake A, Blair L, Kunisawa R & Thorner J 1984 Isolation of the putative structural gene for the lysine-arginine-cleaving endopeptidase required for processing of yeast prepro-alpha-factor. Cell 37 1075-1089.
70. Kayo T, Sawada Y, Suda M, Konda Y, Izumi T, Tanaka S, Shibata H & Takeuchi T 1997 Proprotein-processing endoprotease furin controls growth of pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes 46 1296-1304.
71. Kemmler W, Steiner DF & Borg J 1973 Studies on the conversion ot promsulin to insulin. 3. Studies in vitro with a crude secretion granule fraction isolated from rat islets of Langerhans. Journal of Biological Chemistry 248 4544-4551.
72. Kiefer MC, Tucker JE, Joh R, Landsberg KE, Saltman D & Barr PJ 1991 Identification of a second human subtilisin-like protease gene in the fes/fps region of chromosome 15. DNA Cell Biology 10 757-769.
73. Knoell DL & Yiu IM 1998 Human gene therapy for hereditary diseases: a review of trials. American Journal of Health System Pharmacy 55 899-904.
74. Lamango NS, Zhu X & Lindberg I 1996 Purification and enzymatic characterization of recombinant prohormone convertase 2: stabilization of activity by 21 kDa 7B2. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 330 238-250.
75. Lamango NS, Apletalina E, Liu J & Lindberg I 1999 The proteolytic maturation of prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) is a pH-driven process. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 362 275-282.
76. Lazure C, Gauthier D, Jean F, Boudreault A, Seidah NG, Bennett HP & Hendy GN 1998 In vitro cleavage of internally quenched fluorogenic human proparathyroid hormone and proparathyroid-related peptide substrates by furin. Generation of a potent inhibitor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 8572-8580.
77. Ledgerwood EC, Brennan SO, Birch NP & George PM 1996 The specificity of the neurocndocrine convertase PC3 is determined by residues NH2- and COOH-terminal to the cleavage site. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 39 1167-1176.
78. Leduc R, Molloy SS, Thorne BA & Thomas G 1992 Activation of human furin precursor processing endoprotease occurs by an intramolecular autoproteolytic cleavage. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 14304-14308.
79. Lindberg I, van den Hurk WH, Bui C & Batie CJ 1995 Enzymatic characterization of immunopurified prohormone convertase 2: potent inhibition by a 7B2 peptide fragment [published erratum appears in Biochemistry 1995 34 7780]. Biochemistry 34 5486-5493.
80. Lipkind G, Gong Q & Steiner DF 1995 Molecular modeling of the substrate specificity of prohormone convertases SPC2 and SPC3. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 13277-13284.
81. Lipkind GM, Zhou A & Steiner DF 1998 A model for the structure of the P domains in the subtilisin-like prohormone convertases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95 7310-7315.
82. Logeat F, Bessia C, Brou C, LeBail O, Jarriault S, Seidah NG & Israel A 1998 The Notch1 receptor is cleaved constitutively by a furin-like convertase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95 8108-8112.
83. van de Loo JW, Creemers JW, Bright NA, Young BD, Roebroek AJ & Van de Ven WJ 1997 Biosynthesis, distinct post-translational modifications, and functional characterization of lymphoma proprotein convertase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 27116-27123.
84. Lu W, Zhang W, Molloy SS, Thomas G, Ryan K, Chiang Y, Anderson S & Laskowski M Jr 1993 Arg15-Lys17-Arg18 turkey ovomucoid third domain inhibits human furin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 14583-14585.
85. Lusson J, Vieau D, Hamelin J, Day R, Chretien M & Seidah NG 1993 cDNA structure of the mouse and rat subtilisin/ kexin-like PC5: a candidate proprotein convertase expressed in endocrine and nonendocrine cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 90 6691-6695.
86. Lusson J, Benjannet S, Hamelin J, Savaria D, Chretien M & Seidah NG 1997 The integrity of the RRGDL sequence of the proprotein convertase PC1 is critical for its zymogen and C-terminal processing and for its cellular trafficking. Biochemical Journal 326 737-744.
87. Mains RE, Dickerson IM, May V, Stoffers DA, Perkins SN, Ouafik L, Husten EJ & Kipper BA 1990 Cellular and molecular aspects ot peptide hormone biosynthesis. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 11 52-89.
88. Mains RE, Berard CA, Denault JB, Zhou A, Johnson RC & Leduc R 1997 PACE4: a subtilisin-like endoprotease with unique properties. Biochemical Journal 321 587-593.
89. Martens GJ 1988 Cloning and sequence analysis of human pituitary cDNA encoding the novel polypeptide 7B2. FEBS Letters 234 160-164.
90. Martens GJ, Braks JA, Eib W, Zhou Y & Lindberg I 1994 The neuroendocrine polypeptide 7B2 is an endogenous inhibitor of prohormone convertase PC2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 91 5784-5787.
91. Matthews DJ, Goodman LJ, Gorman CM & Wells JA 1994a A survey of furin substrate specificity using substrate phage display. Protein Science 3 1197-1205.
92. Matthews G, Shennan KI, Seal AJ, Taylor NA, Colman A & Docherty K 1994b Autocatalytic maturation of the prohormone convertase PC2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 588-592.
93. Mbikay M, Grant SG, Sirois F, Tadros H, Skowronski J, Lazure C, Seidah NG, Hanahan D & Chretien M 1989 cDNA sequence of neuroendocrine protein 7B2 expressed in beta cell tumors of transgenic mice. International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 33 39-45.
94. Meerabux J, Yaspo ML, Roebroek AJ, Van de Ven WJ, Lister TA & Young BD 1996 A new member of the proprotein convertase gene family (LPC) is located at a chromosome translocation breakpoint in lymphomas. Cancer Research 56 448-451.
95. Mizuno K, Nakamura T, Ohshima T, Tanaka S & Matsuo H 1988 Yeast KEX2 genes encodes an endopeptidase homologous to subtilisin-like serine proteases. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 156 246-254.
96. Mizuno K, Nakamura T, Ohshima T, Tanaka S & Matsuo H 1989 Characterization of KEX2-encoded endopeptidase from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 159 305-311.
97. Molloy SS, Bresnahan PA, Leppla SH, Klimpel KR & Thomas G 1992 Human furin is a calcium-dependent serine endoprotease that recognizes the sequence Arg-X-X-Arg and efficiently cleaves anthrax toxin protective antigen. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 16396-16402.
98. Molloy SS, Thomas L, VanSlyke JK, Stenberg PE & Thomas G 1994 Intracellular trafficking and activation of the furin proprotein convertase: localization to the TGN and recycling from the cell surface. EMBO Journal 13 18-33.
99. Molloy SS, Thomas L, Kamibayashi C, Mumby MC & Thomas G 1998 Regulation of endosome sorting by a specific PP2A isoform. Journal of Cellular Biology 142 1399-1411.
100. Molloy SS, Anderson ED, Jean F & Thomas G 1999 Bi-cycling the furin pathway: from TGN localization to pathogen activation and embryogenesis. Trends in Cell Biology 9 28-35.
101. Mondino A, Giordano S & Comoglio PM 1991 Defective posttranslational processing activates the tyrosine kinase encoded by the MET proto-oncogene (hepatocyte growth factor receptor). Molecular and Cellular Biology 11 6084-6092.
102. Mori K, Imamaki A, Nagata K, Yonetomi Y, Kiyokage-Yoshimoto R, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT, Nagahama M, Tsuji A & Matsuda Y 1999 Subtilisin-like proprotein convertases, PACE4 and PC8, as well as furin, are endogenous proalbumin convertases in HepG2 cells. Journal of Biochemistry 125 627-633.
103. Morikawa Y, Barsov E & Jones I 1993 Legitimate and illegitimate cleavage of human immunodeficiency virus glycoproteins by furin. Journal of Virology 67 3601-3604.
104. Muller L, Zhu X & Lindberg I 1997 Mechanism of the facilitation of PC2 maturation by 7B2: involvement in ProPC2 transport and activation but not folding. Journal of Cellular Biology 139 625-638.
105. Munzer JS, Basak A, Zhong M, Mamarbachi A, Hamelin J, Savaria D, Lazure C, Benjannet S, Chretien M & Seidah NG 1997 In vitro characterization of the novel proprotein convertase PC7. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 19672-19681.
106. Muzzin P, Eisensmith RC, Copeland KC & Woo SL 1997 Hepatic insulin gene expression as treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus in rats. Molecular Endocrinology 11 833-837.
107. Nachtigal MW & Ingraham HA 1996 Bioactivation of Mullerian inhibiting substance during gonadal development by a kex2/subtilisin-like endoprotease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 93 7711-7716.
108. Naggert JK, Fricker LD, Varlamov O, Nishina PM, Rouille Y, Steiner DF, Carroll RJ, Paigen BJ & Leiter EH 1995 Hyperproinsulinaemia in obese fat/fat mice associated with a carboxypeptidase E mutation which reduces enzyme activity. Nature Genetics 10 135-142.
109. Nakagawa T, Hosaka M, Torii S, Watanabe T, Murakami K & Nakayama K 1993 Identification and functional expression of a new member of the mammalian Kex2-like processing endoprotease family: its striking structural similarity to PACE4. Journal of Biochemistry 113 132-135.
110. Nakayama K 1997 Furin: a mammalian subtilisin/Kex2p-like endoprotease involved in processing of a wide variety of precursor proteins. Biochemical Journal 327 625-635.
111. Nakayama K, Kim WS, Torii S, Hosaka M, Nakagawa T, Ikemizu J, Baba T & Murakami K 1992 Identification of the fourth member of the mammalian endoprotease family homologous to the yeast Kex2 protease. Its testis-specific expression. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 5897-5900.
112. Ohnishi Y, Shioda T, Nakayama K, Iwata S, Gotoh B, Hamaguchi M & Nagai Y 1994 A furin-defective cell line is able to process correctly the gp160 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Journal of Virology 68 4075-4079.
113. van den Ouweland AM, Van Groningen JJ, Roebroek AJ, Onnekink C & van de Ven WJ 1989 Nucleotide sequence analysis of the human fur gene. Nucleic Acids Research 17 7101-7102.
114. van den Ouweland AM, van Duijnhoven HL, Keizer GD, Dorssers LC & van de Ven WJ 1990 Structural homology between the human fur gene product and the subtilisin-like protease encoded by yeast KEX2 [published erratum appears in Nucleic Acids Research 1990 18 1332]. Nucleic Acids Research 18 664.
115. Paquet L, Bergeron F, Boudreault A, Seidah NG, Chretien M, Mbikay M & Lazure C 1994 The neuroendocrine precursor 7B2 is a sulfated protein proteolytically processed by a ubiquitous furin-like convertase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 19279-19285.
116. Peters T Jr 1987 Intracellular precursor forms of plasma proteins: their functions and possible occurrence in plasma. Clinical Chemistry 33 1317-1325.
117. Rehemtulla A, Barr PJ, Rhodes CJ & Kaufman RJ 1993 PACE4 is a member of the mammalian propeptidase family that has overlapping but not identical substrate specificity to PACE. Biochemistry 32 11586-11590.
118. Rheinnecker M, Baker G, Eder J & Fersht AR 1993 Engineering a novel specificity in subtilisin BPN′. Biochemistry 32 1199-1203.
119. Rockwell NC & Fuller RS 1998 Interplay between S1 and S4 subsites in Kex2 protease: Kex2 exhibits dual specificity for the P4 side chain. Biochemistry 37 3386-3391.
120. Roebroek AJ, Creemers JW, Ayoubi TA & Van de Ven WJ 1994 Furin-mediated proprotein processing activity: involvement of negatively charged amino acid residues in the substrate binding region. Biochimie 76 210-216.
121. Roebroek AJ, Umans L, Pauli IG, Robertson EJ, van Leuven F, Van de Ven WJ & Constam DB 1998 Failure of ventral closure and axial rotation in embryos lacking the proprotein convertase furin. Development 125 4863-4876.
122. Rothenberg ME, Eilertson CD, Klein K, Mackin RB & Noe BD 1996 Evidence for redundancy in propeptide/ prohormone convertase activities in processing proglucagon: an antisense study. Molecular Endocrinology 10 331-341.
123. Rott R, Klenk HD, Nagai Y & Tashiro M 1995 Influenza viruses, cell enzymes, and pathogenicity. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 152 S16-S19.
124. Rouille Y, Westermark G, Martin SK & Steiner DF 1994 Proglucagon is processed to glucagon by prohormone convertase PC2 in alpha TC1-6 cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 91 3242-3246.
125. Rouille Y, Martin S & Steiner DF 1995 Differential processing of proglucagon by the subtilisin-like prohormone convertases PC2 and PC3 to generate either glucagon or glucagon-like peptide. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 26488-26496.
126. Rouille Y, Bianchi M, Irminger JC & Halban PA 1997a Role of the prohormone convertase PC2 in the processing of proglucagon to glucagon. FEBS Letters 413 119-123.
127. Rouille Y, Kantengwa S, Irminger JC & Halban PA 1997b Role of the prohormone convertase PC3 in the processing of proglucagon to glucagon-like peptide 1. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 32810-32816.
128. Rovere C, Barbero P, Maoret JJ, Laburthe M & Kitabgi P 1998 Pro-neurotensin/neuromedin N expression and processing in human colon cancer cell lines. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 246 155-159.
129. Rovere C, Luis J, Lissitzky JC, Basak A, Marvaldi J, Chretien M & Seidah NG 1999 The RGD motif and the C-terminal segment of proprotein convertase 1 are critical for its cellular trafficking but not for its intracellular binding to integrin alpha5beta1. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 12461-12467.
130. Schafer MK, Day R, Cullinan WE, Chretien M, Seidah NG & Watson SJ 1993 Gene expression of prohormone and proprotein convertases in the rat CNS: a comparative in situ hybridization analysis. Journal of Neuroscience 13 1258-1279.
131. Schafer W, Stroh A, Berghofer S, Seiler J, Vey M, Kruse ML, Kern HF, Klenk HD & Garten W 1995 Two independent targeting signals in the cytoplasmic domain determine trans-Golgi network localization and endosomal trafficking of the proprotein convertase furin. EMBO Journal 14 2424-2435.
132. Schlechter I & Berger A 1967 On the size of the active site in proteases. I. Papain. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 27 157-162.
133. Scougall K, Taylor NA, Jermany JL, Docherty K & Shennan KI 1998 Differences in the autocatalytic cleavage of pro-PC2 and pro-PC3 can be attributed to sequences within the propeptide and Asp310 of pro-PC2. Biochemical Journal 334 531-537.
134. Seidah NG, Hsi KL, De Serres G, Rochemont J, Hamelin J, Antakly T, Cantin M & Chretien M 1983 Isolation and NH2-terminal sequence of a highly conserved human and porcine pituitary protein belonging to a new superfamily. Immunocytochemical localization in pars distalis and pars nervosa of the pituitary and in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 225 525-534.
135. Seidah NG, Gaspar L, Mion P, Marcinkiewicz M, Mbikay M & Chretien M 1990 cDNA sequence of two distinct pituitary proteins homologous to Kex2 and furin gene products: tissue-specific mRNAs encoding candidates for pro-hormone processing proteinases. DNA Cell Biology 9 415-424.
136. Seidah NG, Day R, Hamelin J, Gaspar A, Collard MW & Chretien M 1992 Testicular expression of PC4 in the rat: molecular diversity of a novel germ cell-specific Kex2/subtilisin-like proprotein convertase. Molecular Endocrinology 6 1559-1570.
137. Seidah NG, Chretien M & Day R 1994 The family of subtilisin/ kexin like pro-protein and pro-hormone convertases: divergent or shared functions. Biochimie 76 197-209.
138. Seidah NG, Benjannet S, Pareek S, Chretien M & Murphy RA 1996a Cellular processing of the neurotrophin precursors of NT3 and BDNF by the mammalian proprotein convertases. FEBS Letters 379 247-250.
139. Seidah NG, Benjannet S, Pareek S, Savaria D, Hamelin J, Goulet B, Laliberte J, Lazure C, Chretien M & Murphy RA 1996b Cellular processing of the nerve growth factor precursor by the mammalian pro-protein convertases. Biochemical Journal 314 951-960.
140. Seidah NG, Hamelin J, Mamarbachi M, Dong W, Tardos H, Mbikay M, Chretien M & Day R 1996c cDNA structure, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization of rat PC7, a novel mammalian proprotein convertase closest to yeast kexin-like proteinases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 93 3388-3893.
141. Seidel B, Dong W, Savaria D, Zheng M, Pintar JE & Day R 1998 Neuroendocrine protein 7B2 is essential for proteolytic conversion and activation of proprotein convertase 2 in vivo. DNA Cell Biology 17 1017-1029.
142. Shapiro J, Sciaky N, Lee J, Bosshart H, Angeletti RH & Bonifacino JS 1997. Localization of endogenous furin in cultured cell lines. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 45 3-12.
143. Shen FS, Seidah NG & Lindberg I 1993 Biosynthesis of the prohormone convertase PC2 in Chinese hamster ovary cells and in rat insulinoma cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 24910-24915.
144. Shennan KI, Seal AJ, Smeekens SP, Steiner DF & Docherty K 1991 Site-directed mutagenesis and expression of PC2 in microinjected Xenopus oocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266 24011-24017.
145. Shennan KI, Taylor NA, Jermany JL, Matthews G & Docherty K 1995 Differences in pH optima and calcium requirements for maturation of the prohormone convertases PC2 and PC3 indicates different intracellular locations for these events. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 1402-1407.
146. Shinde U & Inouye M 1993 Intramolecular chaperones and protein folding. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 18 442-446.
147. Siezen RJ, Creemers JW & Van de Ven WJ 1994 Homology modelling of the catalytic domain of human furin. A model for the eukaryotic subtilisin-like proprotein convertases. European Journal of Biochemistry 222 255-266.
148. Smeekens SP, Montag AG, Thomas G, Albiges-Rizo C, Carroll R, Benig M,
149. Stroh A, Schafer W, Berghoter S, Eickmann M, Teuchert M, Burger I, Klenk HD & Garten W 1999 A mono phenylalanine-based motif (F790) and a leucine-dependent motif (LI760) mediate internalization of furin. European Journal of Cellular Biology 78 151-160.
150. Takahashi S, Kasai K, Hatsuzawa K, Kitamura N, Misumi Y, Ikehara Y, Murakami K & Nakayama K 1993 A mutation of furin causes the lack of precursor-processing activity in human colon carcinoma LoVo cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 195 1019-1026.
151. Takahashi S, Nakagawa T, Banno T, Watanabe T, Murakami K & Nakayama K 1995a Localization of furin to the trans-Golgi network and recycling from the cell surface involves Ser and Tyr residues within the cytoplasmic domain. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 28397-28401.
152. Takahashi S, Nakagawa T, Kasai K, Banno T, Duguay SJ, Van de Ven WJ, Murakami K & Nakayama K 1995b A second mutant allele of furin in the processing-incompetent cell line, LoVo. Evidence for involvement of the homo B domain in autocatalytic activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 26565-26569.
153. Taylor NA, Jan G, Scougall KT, Docherty K & Shennan KI 1998 Sorting of PC2 to the regulated secretory pathway in AtT20 cells. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 21 209-216.
154. Teuchert M, Schafer W, Berghofer S, Hoflack B, Klenk HD & Garten W 1999 Sorting of furin at the trans-Golgi network. Interaction of the cytoplasmic tail sorting signals with AP-1 Golgi-specific assembly proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 8199-8207.
155. Thomas G, Thorne BA, Thomas L, Allen RG, Hruby DE, Fuller R & Thorner J 1988 Yeast KEX2 endopeptidase correctly cleaves a neuroendocrine prohormone in mammalian cells. Science 241 226-230.
156. Thomas L, Leduc R, Thorne BA, Smeekens SP, Steiner DF & Thomas G 1991 Kex2-like endoproteases PC2 and PC3 accurately cleave a model prohormone in mammalian cells: evidence for a common core of neuroendocrine processing enzymes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 88 5297-5301.
157. Udupi V, Gomez G, Lambertz I, Qi X, Reed J & Greeley GH Jr 1997 Distribution of prohormone convertase-6 expression in the gastrointestinal tract and effects of a fasting-refeeding regimen and a high-fat diet on ileal prohormone convertase-6 expression. Endocrine 7 9-13.
158. Van Rompaey L, Ayoubi T, Van De Ven W & Marynen P 1997 Inhibition of intracellular proteolytic processing of soluble proproteins by an engineered alpha 2-macroglobulin containing a furin recognition sequence in the bait region. Biochemical Journal 326 507-514.
159. van de Ven WJ, Voorberg J, Fontijn R, Pannekoek H, van den Ouweland AM, van Duijnhoven HL, Roebroek AJ & Siezen RJ 1990 Furin is a subtilisin-like proprotein processing enzyme in higher eukaryotes. Molecular Biology Reports 14 265-275.
160. Volchkov VE, Feldmann H, Volchkova VA & Klenk HD 1998 Processing of the Ebola virus glycoprotein by the proprotein convertase furin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95 5762-5767.
161. Wan L, Molloy SS, Thomas L, Liu G, Xiang Y, Rybak SL & Thomas G 1998 PACS-1 defines a novel gene family of cytosolic sorting proteins required for trans-Golgi network localization. Cell 94 205-216.
162. Watanabe M, Hirano A, Stenglein S, Nelson J, Thomas G & Wong TC 1995 Engineered serine protease inhibitor prevents furin-catalyzed activation of the fusion glycoprotein and production of infectious measles virus. Journal of Virology 69 3206-3210.
163. Wells JA, Ferrari E, Henner DJ, Estell DA & Chen EY 1983 Cloning, sequencing, and secretion of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subtilisin in Bacillus subtilis. Nucleic Acids Research 11 7911-7925.
164. Westphal CH, Muller L, Zhou A, Zhu X, Bonner-Weir S, Schambelan M, Steiner DF, Lindberg I & Leder P 1999 The neuroendocrine protein 7B2 is required for peptide hormone processing in vivo and provides a novel mechanism for pituitary Cushing's disease. Cell 96 689-700.
165. Wise RJ, Barr PJ, Wong PA, Kiefer MC, Brake AJ & Kaufman RJ 1990 Expression of a human proprotein processing enzyme: correct cleavage of the von Willebrand factor precursor at a paired basic amino acid site. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 87 9378-9382.
166. Xin X, Varlamov O, Day R, Dong W, Bridgett MM, Leiter EH & Fricker LD 1997 Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding rat carboxypeptidase D. DNA Cell Biology 16 897-909.
167. Zarkik S, Decroly E, Wattiez R, Seidah NG, Burny A & Ruysschaert JM 1997 Comparative processing of bovine leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein gp72 by subtilisin/ kexin-like mammalian convertases. FEBS Letters 406 205-210.
168. Zheng M, Seidah NG & Pintar JE 1997 The developmental expression in the rat CNS and peripheral tissues of proteases PC5 and PACE4 mRNAs: comparison with other proprotein processing enzymes. Developmental Biology 181 268-283.
169. Zhou A, Paquet L & Mains RE 1995 Structural elements that direct specific processing of different mammalian subtilisin-like prohormone convertases. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 21509-21516.
170. Zhou A, Martin S, Lipkind G, LaMendola J & Steiner DF 1998 Regulatory roles of the P domain of the subtilisin-like prohormone convertases. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 11107-11114.
171. Zhu X & Lindberg I 1995 7B2 facilitates the maturation of proPC2 in neuroendocrine cells and is required for the expression of enzymatic activity. Journal of Cellular Biology 129 1641-1650.
172. Zhu X, Muller L, Mains RE & Lindberg I 1998 Structural elements of PC2 required for interaction with its helper protein 7B2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 1158-1164.