Economic integration in Central Asia: The Russian and Chinese relationship

Asian Survey

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 360-376

  Tang, Shiping ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; REGIONALIZATION; STRATEGIC APPROACH;

CHINA; RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0033895010     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3021137     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Boris Rumer and Stanislav Zhukov, "Between Two Gravitational Poles: Russia and China," in Central Asia: The Challenge of Independence, eds. Boris Rumer and Stanislav Zhukov (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 153.
2. For views from various sides, see Lu Gan, "Rhetoric and Reality: Sino-Russia Relationship in Perspective," East European and Central Asia Today (Shanghai), no. 2 (April 1998), pp. 24-27; Victor Larin, "Russia and China on the Threshold of the Third Millennium: So Who Is Going to Defend Our National Interest?" Far Eastern Affairs (FEA), no. 1 (1997), pp. 17-32; Stephen Bank, "Which Way for Sino-Russia Relations?" Orbis 42 (Summer 1998), pp. 345-61; and Jennifer Anderson, The Limits of Sino-Russian Strategic Partnership, Adelphi Paper no. 315 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1997).
3. For views from various sides, see Lu Gan, "Rhetoric and Reality: Sino-Russia Relationship in Perspective," East European and Central Asia Today (Shanghai), no. 2 (April 1998), pp. 24-27; Victor Larin, "Russia and China on the Threshold of the Third Millennium: So Who Is Going to Defend Our National Interest?" Far Eastern Affairs (FEA), no. 1 (1997), pp. 17-32; Stephen Bank, "Which Way for Sino-Russia Relations?" Orbis 42 (Summer 1998), pp. 345-61; and Jennifer Anderson, The Limits of Sino-Russian Strategic Partnership, Adelphi Paper no. 315 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1997).
4. For views from various sides, see Lu Gan, "Rhetoric and Reality: Sino-Russia Relationship in Perspective," East European and Central Asia Today (Shanghai), no. 2 (April 1998), pp. 24-27; Victor Larin, "Russia and China on the Threshold of the Third Millennium: So Who Is Going to Defend Our National Interest?" Far Eastern Affairs (FEA), no. 1 (1997), pp. 17-32; Stephen Bank, "Which Way for Sino-Russia Relations?" Orbis 42 (Summer 1998), pp. 345-61; and Jennifer Anderson, The Limits of Sino-Russian Strategic Partnership, Adelphi Paper no. 315 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1997).
5. For views from various sides, see Lu Gan, "Rhetoric and Reality: Sino-Russia Relationship in Perspective," East European and Central Asia Today (Shanghai), no. 2 (April 1998), pp. 24-27; Victor Larin, "Russia and China on the Threshold of the Third Millennium: So Who Is Going to Defend Our National Interest?" Far Eastern Affairs (FEA), no. 1 (1997), pp. 17-32; Stephen Bank, "Which Way for Sino-Russia Relations?" Orbis 42 (Summer 1998), pp. 345-61; and Jennifer Anderson, The Limits of Sino-Russian Strategic Partnership, Adelphi Paper no. 315 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1997).
6. For a broad survey of Russian policy makers' attitudes toward China, see Alexei D. Voskreseenski, "The Perception of China by Russia's Foreign Policy Elite," Issues and Studies 33:3 (March 1997), pp. 1-20.
7. Cited in Boris Rumer, "Disintegration and Reintegration in Central Asia: Dynamic and Prospects," in Central Asia in Transition: Dilemmas of Political and Economic Development, ed. Boris Rumer (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1996), pp. 14-15.
8. Vladimir Miasnikov, "Russia and China," in Damage Limitation or Crisis? Russia and the Outside World, eds. Robert D. Blackwill and Sergei A. Karaganov, CSIA (Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University) Studies in International Security, no. 5 (Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 1994), pp. 232-33.
9. For surveys of these perceptions, see Sherman Garnett, "The Russian Far East as a Factor in Russian-Chinese Relations," SAIS Review (Summer/Fall 1996), pp. 1-19; Alexei V. Zagorsky, "The Security Dimension," in Politics and Economics in the Russian Far East, ed. Tsuneo Akaha (New York: Routledge, 1997), pp. 23-45; and Elizabeth Wishnick, "Prospects for the Sino-Russian Partnership: Views from Moscow and the Russian Far East," Journal of East Asian Affairs (Seoul), 12:2 (Fall 1998), pp. 418-51.
10. For surveys of these perceptions, see Sherman Garnett, "The Russian Far East as a Factor in Russian-Chinese Relations," SAIS Review (Summer/Fall 1996), pp. 1-19; Alexei V. Zagorsky, "The Security Dimension," in Politics and Economics in the Russian Far East, ed. Tsuneo Akaha (New York: Routledge, 1997), pp. 23-45; and Elizabeth Wishnick, "Prospects for the Sino-Russian Partnership: Views from Moscow and the Russian Far East," Journal of East Asian Affairs (Seoul), 12:2 (Fall 1998), pp. 418-51.
11. For surveys of these perceptions, see Sherman Garnett, "The Russian Far East as a Factor in Russian-Chinese Relations," SAIS Review (Summer/Fall 1996), pp. 1-19; Alexei V. Zagorsky, "The Security Dimension," in Politics and Economics in the Russian Far East, ed. Tsuneo Akaha (New York: Routledge, 1997), pp. 23-45; and Elizabeth Wishnick, "Prospects for the Sino-Russian Partnership: Views from Moscow and the Russian Far East," Journal of East Asian Affairs (Seoul), 12:2 (Fall 1998), pp. 418-51.
12. Ludmila Zabrovskaya, "The Tumanggang Project: A View from the Primorie (Maritime)," FEA, no. 1 (1995), pp. 34-38; and "Russia: Ongoing Border Dispute with China Eye," Moscow Literaturnaya Gazeta, February 4, 1998, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report/Central Eurasia, February 19, 1998. For an overview, see Alexander Lukin, "The Image of China in Russia Border Regions," Asian Survey 38:9 (September 1998), pp. 821-35.
13. Ludmila Zabrovskaya, "The Tumanggang Project: A View from the Primorie (Maritime)," FEA, no. 1 (1995), pp. 34-38; and "Russia: Ongoing Border Dispute with China Eye," Moscow Literaturnaya Gazeta, February 4, 1998, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report/Central Eurasia, February 19, 1998. For an overview, see Alexander Lukin, "The Image of China in Russia Border Regions," Asian Survey 38:9 (September 1998), pp. 821-35.
14. Ludmila Zabrovskaya, "The Tumanggang Project: A View from the Primorie (Maritime)," FEA, no. 1 (1995), pp. 34-38; and "Russia: Ongoing Border Dispute with China Eye," Moscow Literaturnaya Gazeta, February 4, 1998, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report/Central Eurasia, February 19, 1998. For an overview, see Alexander Lukin, "The Image of China in Russia Border Regions," Asian Survey 38:9 (September 1998), pp. 821-35.
15. Ludmila Zabrovskaya, "The Tumanggang Project: A View from the Primorie (Maritime)," FEA, no. 1 (1995), pp. 34-38; and "Russia: Ongoing Border Dispute with China Eye," Moscow Literaturnaya Gazeta, February 4, 1998, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report/Central Eurasia, February 19, 1998. For an overview, see Alexander Lukin, "The Image of China in Russia Border Regions," Asian Survey 38:9 (September 1998), pp. 821-35.
16. For the debate over Tumen River (Tumenjiang) Development Project, see Zabrovskaya, "The Tumanggang Project"; and Vladimir Portiakov, "The Tumenjiang Project and Russia's Interest," FEA, no. 4 (1998), pp. 49-62.
17. For the debate over Tumen River (Tumenjiang) Development Project, see Zabrovskaya, "The Tumanggang Project"; and Vladimir Portiakov, "The Tumenjiang Project and Russia's Interest," FEA, no. 4 (1998), pp. 49-62.
18. On this point, see David Hoffman, "Russia Is Sinking into the Void of a 'Failed State'," Washington Post, February 27, 1999.
19. He Xinhua, "Russia's International Standing and the Sino-Russia Relationship," East European and Central Asia Today (Shanghai), no. 3 (June 1998), pp. 1-6; Lu, "Rhetoric and Reality"; Li Jingjie, "Chinese-Russian Relations: From Friendship to Strategic Partnership," FEA, no. 3 (1997), pp. 33-51; and Li Fenglin, "The Historic Choice of the People of our Two Countries," FEA, no. 2 (1997), pp. 35-38. Li Fenglin was China's ambassador to Russia.
20. He Xinhua, "Russia's International Standing and the Sino-Russia Relationship," East European and Central Asia Today (Shanghai), no. 3 (June 1998), pp. 1-6; Lu, "Rhetoric and Reality"; Li Jingjie, "Chinese-Russian Relations: From Friendship to Strategic Partnership," FEA, no. 3 (1997), pp. 33-51; and Li Fenglin, "The Historic Choice of the People of our Two Countries," FEA, no. 2 (1997), pp. 35-38. Li Fenglin was China's ambassador to Russia.
21. He Xinhua, "Russia's International Standing and the Sino-Russia Relationship," East European and Central Asia Today (Shanghai), no. 3 (June 1998), pp. 1-6; Lu, "Rhetoric and Reality"; Li Jingjie, "Chinese-Russian Relations: From Friendship to Strategic Partnership," FEA, no. 3 (1997), pp. 33-51; and Li Fenglin, "The Historic Choice of the People of our Two Countries," FEA, no. 2 (1997), pp. 35-38. Li Fenglin was China's ambassador to Russia.
22. He Xinhua, "Russia's International Standing and the Sino-Russia Relationship," East European and Central Asia Today (Shanghai), no. 3 (June 1998), pp. 1-6; Lu, "Rhetoric and Reality"; Li Jingjie, "Chinese-Russian Relations: From Friendship to Strategic Partnership," FEA, no. 3 (1997), pp. 33-51; and Li Fenglin, "The Historic Choice of the People of our Two Countries," FEA, no. 2 (1997), pp. 35-38. Li Fenglin was China's ambassador to Russia.
23. "Russia Will Help India Become a Power," Kommersant-Daily, October 10, 1997, in Current Digest of Soviet Press (hereafter CDSP) 39:41 (1997), p. 20.
24. "Russia Will Help India Become a Power," Kommersant-Daily, October 10, 1997, in Current Digest of Soviet Press (hereafter CDSP) 39:41 (1997), p. 20.
25. For overviews of these debates, see Voskreseenski, "The Perception of China"; and Lukin, "The Image of China."
26. For overviews of these debates, see Voskreseenski, "The Perception of China"; and Lukin, "The Image of China."
27. Lu, "Rhetoric and Reality."
28. For discussion on Russian realists' view on Sino-Russia relations, see A. Arbatov, "Russia's Foreign Policy Alternatives," International Security 18:2 (Fall 1993), pp. 5-43; and Voskreseenski, "The Perception of China."
29. For discussion on Russian realists' view on Sino-Russia relations, see A. Arbatov, "Russia's Foreign Policy Alternatives," International Security 18:2 (Fall 1993), pp. 5-43; and Voskreseenski, "The Perception of China."
30. Vladimir Lukin, himself a China hand and chairman of the Russian Duma's International Affairs Committee, predicated that "there are at least 15 years of good time." See Lukin, "Russia-China Strategic Partnership: A Predictable Reality," FEA, no. 3 (1997), pp. 58-65.
31. Quoted in "Forward in CIS?" Izvestia, January 9, 1998, in CDSP 50:2 (1998), pp. 1-3. Also see Gayaz Alimov, "Central Asia Won't Wait for Russia," Izvestia, March 28, 1998, in CDSP 50:13 (1998), pp. 17-18.
32. Quoted in "Forward in CIS?" Izvestia, January 9, 1998, in CDSP 50:2 (1998), pp. 1-3. Also see Gayaz Alimov, "Central Asia Won't Wait for Russia," Izvestia, March 28, 1998, in CDSP 50:13 (1998), pp. 17-18.
33. Quoted in "Forward in CIS?" Izvestia, January 9, 1998, in CDSP 50:2 (1998), pp. 1-3. Also see Gayaz Alimov, "Central Asia Won't Wait for Russia," Izvestia, March 28, 1998, in CDSP 50:13 (1998), pp. 17-18.
34. Quoted in "Forward in CIS?" Izvestia, January 9, 1998, in CDSP 50:2 (1998), pp. 1-3. Also see Gayaz Alimov, "Central Asia Won't Wait for Russia," Izvestia, March 28, 1998, in CDSP 50:13 (1998), pp. 17-18.
35. "Moscow Receives Karimov as Equal Partner," Kommersant-Daily, May 6, 1998, in CDSP 50:18 (1998), p. 20.
36. "Moscow Receives Karimov as Equal Partner," Kommersant-Daily, May 6, 1998, in CDSP 50:18 (1998), p. 20.
37. "China Wins Sudan Oilfield Project Bid," Xinhua News Agency, January 31, 1997; Ahmed Rashid and Trish Saywell, "Beijing Gusher: China Pays Hugely to Bag Energy Supplies Abroad," Far Eastern Economic Review, February 26, 1998, pp. 46-48; and Zhou Jiangmin, "Can China Deal with Its Need for Oil in the Next Century?" Strategy and Management (Beijing), no. 2 (June 1995), pp. 22-25.
38. "China Wins Sudan Oilfield Project Bid," Xinhua News Agency, January 31, 1997; Ahmed Rashid and Trish Saywell, "Beijing Gusher: China Pays Hugely to Bag Energy Supplies Abroad," Far Eastern Economic Review, February 26, 1998, pp. 46-48; and Zhou Jiangmin, "Can China Deal with Its Need for Oil in the Next Century?" Strategy and Management (Beijing), no. 2 (June 1995), pp. 22-25.
39. "China Wins Sudan Oilfield Project Bid," Xinhua News Agency, January 31, 1997; Ahmed Rashid and Trish Saywell, "Beijing Gusher: China Pays Hugely to Bag Energy Supplies Abroad," Far Eastern Economic Review, February 26, 1998, pp. 46-48; and Zhou Jiangmin, "Can China Deal with Its Need for Oil in the Next Century?" Strategy and Management (Beijing), no. 2 (June 1995), pp. 22-25.
40. James P. Dorian, Brett Wigdortz, and Dru Gladney, "Central Asia and Xinjiang, China; Emerging Energy, Economic and Ethnic Relations," Central Asian Survey (CAS) 16:4 (December 1997), pp. 461-86.
41. People's Daily, April 24-29, 1994.
42. Anthony Davis, "The Big Oil Shock," Asiaweek, September 24, 1997.
43. P. Stobdan, "Central Asia in Geopolitical Transition," Strategic Analysis (New Delhi), April 1998, pp. 95-118.
44. Heribert Dieter, "Regional Integration in Central Asia: Current Economic Position and Prospects," CAS 15:3/4 (December 1996), pp. 369-86; and Houman A. Sadri, "Integration in Central Asia: From Theory to Policy," CAS 16:4 (December 1997), pp. 573-86.
45. Heribert Dieter, "Regional Integration in Central Asia: Current Economic Position and Prospects," CAS 15:3/4 (December 1996), pp. 369-86; and Houman A. Sadri, "Integration in Central Asia: From Theory to Policy," CAS 16:4 (December 1997), pp. 573-86.
46. Markhamat Khasanova, "Kazakhstan: Foreign Trade Policy," in Central Asia: The Challenge of Independence, pp. 169-207; and Eshref F. Trushin, "Uzbekistan: Foreign Economic Activity," in Central Asia: The Challenge of Independence, pp. 208-33. Some of the numbers were calculated from Table 2 in page 213.
47. Markhamat Khasanova, "Kazakhstan: Foreign Trade Policy," in Central Asia: The Challenge of Independence, pp. 169-207; and Eshref F. Trushin, "Uzbekistan: Foreign Economic Activity," in Central Asia: The Challenge of Independence, pp. 208-33. Some of the numbers were calculated from Table 2 in page 213.
48. See R. Yu, "Economics Is the Foundation of the Union: Meeting of the Heads of Three States of Central Asia," Moscow Delovoy Mir, January 15, 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report/Soviet Union, January 15, 1997; and Sergei Guly, "Three Plus One Play in Tashkent," Noviye Izvestia, March 28, 1998, in CDSP, 50:13 (1998), p. 18.
49. See R. Yu, "Economics Is the Foundation of the Union: Meeting of the Heads of Three States of Central Asia," Moscow Delovoy Mir, January 15, 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report/Soviet Union, January 15, 1997; and Sergei Guly, "Three Plus One Play in Tashkent," Noviye Izvestia, March 28, 1998, in CDSP, 50:13 (1998), p. 18.
50. See R. Yu, "Economics Is the Foundation of the Union: Meeting of the Heads of Three States of Central Asia," Moscow Delovoy Mir, January 15, 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report/Soviet Union, January 15, 1997; and Sergei Guly, "Three Plus One Play in Tashkent," Noviye Izvestia, March 28, 1998, in CDSP, 50:13 (1998), p. 18.
51. See R. Yu, "Economics Is the Foundation of the Union: Meeting of the Heads of Three States of Central Asia," Moscow Delovoy Mir, January 15, 1997, in FBIS, Daily Report/Soviet Union, January 15, 1997; and Sergei Guly, "Three Plus One Play in Tashkent," Noviye Izvestia, March 28, 1998, in CDSP, 50:13 (1998), p. 18.
52. Boris Rumer and Stanislav Zhukov, "Economic Integration in Central Asia: Problems and Prospects," in Central Asia: The Challenge of Independence, pp. 104-05.
53. Bruno de Cordier, "The Economic Cooperation Organization: Towards a New Silk Road on the Ruins of the Cold War?" CAS 15:1 (March 1996), pp. 47-57; and Richard Pomfret, "The Economic Cooperation Organization: Current Status and Future Prospects," Europe-Asia Studies 49:4 (June 1997), pp. 657-68.
54. Bruno de Cordier, "The Economic Cooperation Organization: Towards a New Silk Road on the Ruins of the Cold War?" CAS 15:1 (March 1996), pp. 47-57; and Richard Pomfret, "The Economic Cooperation Organization: Current Status and Future Prospects," Europe-Asia Studies 49:4 (June 1997), pp. 657-68.
55. Pomfret, "The Economic Cooperation Organization."
56. Xing Guanchen, "China and Central Asian States: A New Relationship," East European and Central Asian Studies (EECAS) (Beijing), no. 1 (February 1996), pp. 58-64; Dorian, Wigdortz, and Gladney, "Central Asia and Xinjiang"; and Yao Qinghua et al., "Trade between China and Central Asia: Development and Prospect," EECAS, no. 6 (December 1998), pp. 74-82.
57. Xing Guanchen, "China and Central Asian States: A New Relationship," East European and Central Asian Studies (EECAS) (Beijing), no. 1 (February 1996), pp. 58-64; Dorian, Wigdortz, and Gladney, "Central Asia and Xinjiang"; and Yao Qinghua et al., "Trade between China and Central Asia: Development and Prospect," EECAS, no. 6 (December 1998), pp. 74-82.
58. Xing Guanchen, "China and Central Asian States: A New Relationship," East European and Central Asian Studies (EECAS) (Beijing), no. 1 (February 1996), pp. 58-64; Dorian, Wigdortz, and Gladney, "Central Asia and Xinjiang"; and Yao Qinghua et al., "Trade between China and Central Asia: Development and Prospect," EECAS, no. 6 (December 1998), pp. 74-82.
59. Dorian, Wigdortz, and Gladney, "Central Asia and Xinjiang"; and Yao et al., "Trade between China and Central Asia."
60. Dorian, Wigdortz, and Gladney, "Central Asia and Xinjiang"; and Yao et al., "Trade between China and Central Asia."
61. China Customs Statistics Monthly (Hong Kong), December 1997.
62. Witt Razkac, "Xinjiang and Its Central Asian Border Land," CAS 17:3 (September 1998), pp. 373-408.
63. Sanoussi Bilal and Marcelo Olarreaga, "Regionalism, Competition Policy, and Abuse of Dominant Position," Journal of World Trade 32:3 (June 1998), pp. 153-66.
64. Analysts at Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, author interviews, Beijing, September-December 1998.
65. David A. Baldwin, ed., Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993). For a fresh take on the debate, see Robert Jervis, "Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation: Understanding the Debate," International Security 24:1 (Summer 1999), pp. 42-63.
66. David A. Baldwin, ed., Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993). For a fresh take on the debate, see Robert Jervis, "Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation: Understanding the Debate," International Security 24:1 (Summer 1999), pp. 42-63.
67. Robert Jervis, "Cooperation under the Security Dilemma," World Politics 30:2 (January 1978), p. 171.
68. Implicitly, this connects to the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma game in which cooperation can be enforced by tit-for-tat under the long shadow of future. See Robert Axelord, Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984).
69. "Chinese Are Quietly Occupying Kazakhstan," Pravda-5, January 9, 1998, in CDSP 50:2 (1998), p. 21. See also Rumer, "Disintegration and Reintegration," in Central Asia in Transition, pp. 17-39. For a taboo-breaking exception, see Yuri Peskov, "Russia and China: Problems and Prospects of Cooperation with CIS Members in Central Asia," FEA, no. 3 (1997), pp. 9-23, and no. 4 (1997), pp. 48-58.
70. "Chinese Are Quietly Occupying Kazakhstan," Pravda-5, January 9, 1998, in CDSP 50:2 (1998), p. 21. See also Rumer, "Disintegration and Reintegration," in Central Asia in Transition, pp. 17-39. For a taboo-breaking exception, see Yuri Peskov, "Russia and China: Problems and Prospects of Cooperation with CIS Members in Central Asia," FEA, no. 3 (1997), pp. 9-23, and no. 4 (1997), pp. 48-58.
71. "Chinese Are Quietly Occupying Kazakhstan," Pravda-5, January 9, 1998, in CDSP 50:2 (1998), p. 21. See also Rumer, "Disintegration and Reintegration," in Central Asia in Transition, pp. 17-39. For a taboo-breaking exception, see Yuri Peskov, "Russia and China: Problems and Prospects of Cooperation with CIS Members in Central Asia," FEA, no. 3 (1997), pp. 9-23, and no. 4 (1997), pp. 48-58.
72. "Chinese Are Quietly Occupying Kazakhstan," Pravda-5, January 9, 1998, in CDSP 50:2 (1998), p. 21. See also Rumer, "Disintegration and Reintegration," in Central Asia in Transition, pp. 17-39. For a taboo-breaking exception, see Yuri Peskov, "Russia and China: Problems and Prospects of Cooperation with CIS Members in Central Asia," FEA, no. 3 (1997), pp. 9-23, and no. 4 (1997), pp. 48-58.
73. "Chinese Are Quietly Occupying Kazakhstan," Pravda-5, January 9, 1998, in CDSP 50:2 (1998), p. 21. See also Rumer, "Disintegration and Reintegration," in Central Asia in Transition, pp. 17-39. For a taboo-breaking exception, see Yuri Peskov, "Russia and China: Problems and Prospects of Cooperation with CIS Members in Central Asia," FEA, no. 3 (1997), pp. 9-23, and no. 4 (1997), pp. 48-58.
74. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Peace and Power, 5th ed. (New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 187.