Integration in Central Asia: From theory to policy

Central Asian Survey

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 573-586

  Sadri, Houman A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC POLICY; FOREIGN POLICY; GEOPOLITICAL RELATIONS; REGIONAL INTEGRATION;

ASIA, (CENTRAL);

EID: 0031404040     PISSN: 02634937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02634939708401012     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. For an overview of the rapidly changed political environment of Central Asia, see Hafeez Malik, 'Central Asia's geopolitical significance and problems of independence', in Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects, ed. Hafeez Malik (New York: St Martin's Press, 1994), pp 1-20.
2. In other words, the geopolitics of the whole region has changed. See Paul Thomas, 'Geopolitics around the Caspian', Energy Economist, No 142 (August 1993), pp 16-21.
3. Regarding the significance of the Central Asian fossil fuel resources, see 'Key issue: control of Central Asia oil reserves', Oil and Gas Journal (11 March 1996), pp 104-105.
4. James Dougherty and Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr, Contending Theories of International Relations, 3d edn (New York: Harper & Row, 1990), pp 431-432.
5. Jean Monnet was a French political economist who held many positions during his distinguished career, including that of Deputy Director of the League of Nations in the 1920s. From this experience, he learned about both the need for cooperation among European nations and the difficulty of achieving that cooperation. Although Monnet spoke of his grand vision of a United States of Europe, he proposed an economic alliance along functional lines.
6. Dorette Corbey, 'Dialectical Functionalism', International Organization 49, No 2 (Spring 1995), p 256.
7. For a discussion of integration, see Michael G. Huelshoff, 'Domestic politics and dynamic issue linkage: a reformation of integration theory', International Studies Quarterly, 38 (June 1994), pp 255-279. Also for an extensive discussion on the definition of integration, see C. Pentland, International Theory of European Integration (London: Faber, 1973).
8. For a discussion of integration, see Michael G. Huelshoff, 'Domestic politics and dynamic issue linkage: a reformation of integration theory', International Studies Quarterly, 38 (June 1994), pp 255-279. Also for an extensive discussion on the definition of integration, see C. Pentland, International Theory of European Integration (London: Faber, 1973).
9. See Joseph Nye, Peace in Parts: Integration and Conflict in Regional Organization (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971).
10. This situation is still prevalent in the international political economic setting of the CIS members. For instance, regarding the location of oil refineries, see 'Refineries in Kazakhstan', US-Kazakhstan Monitor 3, No 4 (September-October 1996), p 24.
11. See William Fierman, Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991).
12. Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959).
13. On the role of foreign powers, especially Asian powers, in Central Asian affairs, see S. Bland, 'Central-Asia international relations in the Asian context', Issues and Studies, 32, No 5 (5 May 1996), pp 96-124. On the Chinese role, see 'China and Turkey target Central Asia', International Trade Finance, No 178 (15 January 1993), pp 8-9.
14. On the role of foreign powers, especially Asian powers, in Central Asian affairs, see S. Bland, 'Central-Asia international relations in the Asian context', Issues and Studies, 32, No 5 (5 May 1996), pp 96-124. On the Chinese role, see 'China and Turkey target Central Asia', International Trade Finance, No 178 (15 January 1993), pp 8-9.
15. Michael Rywkin, Russia in Asia (New York: Collier Books, 1963).
16. Fierman, op cit.
17. Michael Mandelbaum, Central Asia and the World (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994).
18. Dale Eickelman, Russia's Muslim Frontiers (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993).
19. Graham Fuller, 'Central Asia, the quest for identity', Current History (1994), pp 145-149.
20. Peter Ferdinand, The New States of Central Asia and Their Neighbors (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994).
21. A conference organized by the Institute for Political and International Studies in Iran, held in Tehran, from 14 to 16 January 1996.
22. Seyed Rasoul Mousavi, 'Report' seminar on security and foreign policy in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Central Asia and The Caucasus Review 5, No 13 (Spring 1996), pp 1-36.
23. Fariborz Rais Dana, 'Integration based on the Caspian Jewel', a paper presented at Security and Foreign Policy in Central Asia and The Caucasus Conference, Tehran, 14-16 January 1996.
24. A key issue is the pipelines for transporting oil and gas. See 'Oil pipelines: no way out', The Economist, 331, No 7865 (29 May 1994), pp 64-65.
25. For examples, see CIA World Fact Book (Washington, DC: Government Publishing House, 1995), pp 476-480.
26. Kaveh Afrasiabi, 'Iran and Regional Economic Cooperation', US Iran Review 1, No 8 (1993), pp 10-11.
27. Mandelbaum, op cit.
28. The emphasis of ECO signalled improved economic and political ties in the region. See Salamat Ali, 'From Bazaar to Bloc: Tehran signals improved economic ties', Far Eastern Economic Review, 153, No 36 (5 September 1991), pp. 26-27.
29. Fuller, op cit.
30. Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, The New Geopolitics of Central Asia and its Borderlands (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994).
31. The completion of the project in May of 1996 connects Beijing, the Persian Gulf, and Europe. See New York Times, 14 May 1996. Also see Financial Times, 14 May 1996.
32. The completion of the project in May of 1996 connects Beijing, the Persian Gulf, and Europe. See New York Times, 14 May 1996. Also see Financial Times, 14 May 1996.
33. 'Central Asia: turning south', The Economist 333, No 7887 (29 October 1994), p 40.
34. For example, regarding the growing need for natural gas, see 'Gas Research Institute: US gas use to increase' and 'Big outlays needed for Europe's gas grid', in Oil and Gas Journal (2 September 1996), pp 36-37.
35. The US oil company, Mobile, purchased a quarter stake in the $20 billion joint venture to develop the Tengiz oil field in Kazakhstan. Financial Times, 5 May 1996.
36. Jim Bodgener, 'Iran and Turkey get moving', Energy Economist, No 154 (August 1994), pp 12-13.
37. For instance, Presidents Nazarbayev and Rafsanjani agreed to build an oil pipeline from Kazakhstan to the Iranian Persian Gulf coast. FBIS, 13 May 1996.
38. In fact, some experts suggest that Tehran and Washington are moving toward confrontation. A. Tarock, 'US-Iran relations heading for confrontation', Third World Quarterly 17, No 1 (March 1996), pp 149-167.
39. The accuracy of these charges, however, is questioned in some Western corners. For instance, see 'Is Iran the Godfather?', The Economist (17 August 1996), p 33. Also, see Bob Tippee, 'Iran seeking help in regaining prerevolution oil and gas flow', Oil and Gas Journal (14 February 1996), pp 18-21.
40. The accuracy of these charges, however, is questioned in some Western corners. For instance, see 'Is Iran the Godfather?', The Economist (17 August 1996), p 33. Also, see Bob Tippee, 'Iran seeking help in regaining prerevolution oil and gas flow', Oil and Gas Journal (14 February 1996), pp 18-21.
41. Jasjit Singh, 'Real and imagined threats in Central Asia', a paper presented at Security and Foreign Policy in Central Asia and the Caucasus Conference, Tehran, 14-16 January 1996.
42. For a discussion of Iranian non-alignment foreign policy strategy, see Houman A. Sadri, Revolutionary States, Leaders, and Foreign Relations (New York: Praeger, 1997), Chapter 5.
43. See Ali Akbar Velayati's opening remarks at the Security and Foreign Policy in Central Asia and the Caucasus Conference, Tehran, 14-16 January 1996.
44. Iran would naturally benefit economically from the transit of Central Asian trade. See President Hashemi Rafsanjani's address at the Security and Foreign Policy in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Tehran, 14-16 January 1996.
45. Recent reports suggest that Central Asian republics in general and Kazakhstan in particular must rely on Iranian and Russian routes to transport their fossil fuel for the time being. For instance, see 'The Year in Oil and Gas', US-Kazakhstan Monitor 3, No 4 (September-October 1996), especially p 9.
46. Some observers suggest that there will be more rivalry between Tehran and Islamabad in Central Asia. For instance, see Ahmed Rashid, 'Odd man out', Far Eastern Economic Review 158, No 24 (15 June 1995), p 34.
47. Beyond some political rivalry, there is a significant level of economic cooperation among Iran, Pakistan and Turkey. For example, Aral Energy News reported that Tehran and Istanbul agreed to construct a $1.1 billion oil refinery near Kurachi (21 August 1996), and the Turkish government signed a $20 billion gas deal with Iran, ignoring the threat of American sanctions (15 August 1996). Both reports were in Oil and Gas News, Aral Energy Link. World Wide Web.
48. For instance, see C. Lane, 'Germany new Ostpolitik', Foreign Affairs 74, No 6 (November-December 1995), p 77.
49. In addition to encouraging the foreign private sector, Tehran has been promoting the growing of the domestic private sector. See "Iran: back to basics', Banker 142, No 792 (February 1992), pp 27-33.
50. Some experts believe that US pressures have led Tehran to try to forge an alliance of states that have the common interest of resisting American pressures. See Ahmed Rashid, 'A friend indeed', Far Eastern Economic Review 158, No 24 (15 June 1995), pp 30-34.
51. For example, see Ali-Akbar Velayati's remarks at the Tehran conference.
52. In fact, one observer suggested that Russia is the key player. See Pat Davis Szymczak, 'Russia holds all the cards for Caspian Sea oil developments', Central European 4, No 10 October 1994), pp 27-29.
53. Foreign Minister Velayati's address to the university community at Razavi Islamic Sciences University located in Mashhad, Khorassan. See Kayhan International, 1 April 1996, p 3.
54. For example, see Michael S. Lelyveld, 'Russian jet sale to Iran leaves US interests behind', Journal of Commerce and Commercial 407, No 28634 (5 January 1996); p 1A. Also see Michael S. Lelyveld, 'Russian plans to sell arms to Iran Raises alarms in US, Journal of Commerce and Commercial 407, No 28664 (20 February 1996), p 1A.
55. For example, see Michael S. Lelyveld, 'Russian jet sale to Iran leaves US interests behind', Journal of Commerce and Commercial 407, No 28634 (5 January 1996); p 1A. Also see Michael S. Lelyveld, 'Russian plans to sell arms to Iran Raises alarms in US, Journal of Commerce and Commercial 407, No 28664 (20 February 1996), p 1A.
56. Kayhan International, 14 April 1996, p 3.
57. For a preliminary analysis of Central Asia in American foreign policy considerations, see Graham E. Fuller, 'Central Asia and American national interests', in Malik, op cit, pp 124-141.
58. The strategic alignment not only refers to similar foreign policy goals that both Iran and Russia pursue at the regional level, but also their growing trade.
59. Reuter, 12 August 1996, American On-Line.