Ecstasy (MDMA): A review of its possible persistent psychological effects

Psychopharmacology

Volumn 152, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 230-248

  Morgan, M J ^a  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine; Cognit ive performance; Ecstasy; MDMA; Neurotoxicity; Serotonin

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE;

COGNITION; DEPRESSION; DRUG ABUSE; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; NEUROTOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SLEEP DISORDER;

AFFECT; AGGRESSION; ANIMALS; ANXIETY; BRAIN; COGNITION DISORDERS; HUMANS; MEMORY; N-METHYL-3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN AGENTS; SLEEP;

EID: 0033778086     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002130000545     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Differential regulation by methylenedioxymethamphetamine of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor density and mRNA expression in rat hippocampus, frontal cortex, and brainstem
2. Persistent effects of (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy') on human sleep
3. Impulsiveness subtraits: Arousal and information processing
4. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine destroy serotonergic terminals in the rat brain: Quantification of neurodegeneration by measurements of [3H]paroxetine-labeled serotonin uptake sites
5. MDMA-induced neurotoxicity: Parameters of degeneration and recovery of brain serotonin neurons
6. Beck depression inventory. The psychological corporation
7. Psychiatric illness associated with 'Ecstasy'
8. Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA ('Ecstasy') users
9. Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid metabolites
10. An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility
11. Development of a more reliable version of the matching familiar figures test
12. Psychiatric sequelae of MDMA (Ecstasy) and related drugs
13. 1H MRS alterations in recreational 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy') users
14. Effect of ecstasy [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)] on cerebral blood flow: A co-registered SPECT and MRI study
15. A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants
16. Central serotonin and impulsive aggression
17. Subjective reports of the effects of the MDMA ('Ecstasy') experience in humans
18. Adverse symptomatology and suicide associated with the use of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'Ecstasy')
19. 5-HT loss in rat brain following 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), p-chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine administration and effects of chlormethiazole and dizocilpine
20. Biochemical and histological evidence that methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is toxic to neurons in the rat brain
21. Ecstasy (MDMA): Alerting users to the dangers
22. 'Ecstasy' psychosis and flashbacks
23. Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior
24. Mood and cognitive effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy'): Weekend 'high' followed by mid-week low
25. Level of use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) in humans correlates with EEG power and coherence
26. Ecstasy (MDMA) in recreational users: Self-reported psychological and physiological effects
27. Serotonin function and the mechanism of antidepressant action: Reversal of antidepressant-induced remission by rapid depletion of plasma tryptophan
28. The psychological and physiological effects of MDMA on normal volunteers
29. Reorganization of ascending 5-HT axon projections in animals previously exposed to the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy')
30. Places and patterns of drug use in the Scottish dance scene
31. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of chronic methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) treatment in rhesus monkeys
32. Mood state and brain electric activity in Ecstasy users
33. Relationship of generalized anxiety symptoms to urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and vanillylmandelic acid
34. Serotonergic function after 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('Ecstasy') in humans
35. Long-lasting effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) on serotonin system function in humans
36. Impaired cognitive performance in drug free users of recreational ecstasy (MDMA)
37. Role of 5-HT in defensive behavior and anxiety
38. Review of the pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy)
39. Subjective reports of the effects of MDMA in a clinical setting
40. The Hamilton depression scale
41. Patterns of ecstasy use by drug users
42. Altered serotonin innervation patterns in the forebrain of monkeys treated with (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine seven years previously: Factors influencing abnormal recovery
43. 3,4-methylenedioxy analogues of amphetamine: Defining the risks to humans
44. Intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials as an indicator of central serotonergic neurotransmission: A new hypothesis
45. Dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) and brain function
46. Serotonergic involvement in learning and memory
47. Direct effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on serotonin or dopamine release and uptake in the caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, substantia pars reticulata, and the dorsal raphe nucleus slices
48. Adverse psychological effects
49. Psychosis and recreational use of MDMA ('Ecstasy')
50. Hair analysis for drug abuse. XV. Disposition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its related compounds into rat hair and application to hair analysis for MDMA abuse
51. Evidence that both intragastric and subcutaneous administration of methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) produce serotonin neurotoxicity in rhesus monkeys
52. Toxic effect of MDMA on brain serotonin neurons
53. Chronic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use: Effects on mood and neuropsychological function?
54. Phenomenology and sequelae of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine use
55. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced serotonin deficits are followed by partial recovery over a 52-week period. Part II. Radioligand binding and autoradiography studies
56. Acute psychological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy') are attenuated by the serotonin uptake inhibitor Citalopram
57. Impulse control disorders
58. Behavioural analysis of the acute and chronic effects of MDMA treatment in the rat
59. Lasting neuropsychiatric sequelae of (±) methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('Ecstasy') in recreational users
60. Serotonin neurotoxicity after (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'Ecstasy'): A controlled study in humans
61. Brain serotonin neurotoxicity and primary pulmonary hypertension from fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine: A systematic review of the evidence
62. Position emission tomographic evidence of toxic effect of MDMA ('Ecstasy') on brain serotonin neurons in human beings
63. Cognitive performance in (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'ecstasy') users: A controlled study
64. Altered neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to m-chlorophenylpiperazine in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) users
65. Serotonin, memory, and the aging brain
66. Long term psychiatric and cognitive effects of MDMA use
67. Chronic paranoid psychosis after misuse of MDMA ('Ecstasy')
68. Flashbacks following MDMA
69. Diversity of psychopathology associated with use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('Ecstasy')
70. Neurochemistry and neurotoxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'Ecstasy')
71. Modification of 8-OH-DPAT effects on learning by manipulation of the assay conditions
72. History and epidemiology of amphetamine abuse in the United States
73. Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of the amygdala and hippocampus
74. Lasting psychological sequelae of recreational use of MDMA ('Ecstasy'): Controlled studies in humans
75. Recreational use of Ecstasy (MDMA) is associated with elevated impulsivity
76. Memory deficits associated with recreational use of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA)
77. A modified card-sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects
78. Effects of certain hallucinogenic amphetamine analogues on the release of [3H]serotonin from rat brain synaptosomes
79. Ecstasy - Long-term effects on the human central nervous system revealed by positron emission tomography
80. Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) cause selective ablation of serotonergic axon terminals in forebrain: Immunocytochemical evidence for neurotoxicity
81. The relationship between the degree of neurodegeneration of rat brain 5-HT nerve terminals and the dose and frequency of administration of MDMA ('Ecstasy')
82. MDMA (Ecstasy) precipitation of panic disorder
83. Tryptophan depletion in normal volunteers produces selective impairments in learning and memory
84. Ecstasy (MDMA) effects upon mood and cognition: Before, during and after a Saturday night dance
85. Cognitive performance in recreational users of MDMA or 'Ecstasy': Evidence for memory deficits
86. Psychobiological problems in heavy 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) polydrug users
87. Incidence of the recreational use of 3,4-methylenedimethoxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy') on an undergraduate campus
88. Monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of recreational users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'Ecstasy')
89. Subjective effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in recreational users
90. Neuroendocrine and mood responses to intravenous 1-tryptophan in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) users: Preliminary observations
91. Memory disturbances in 'Ecstasy' users are correlated with an altered serotonin neurotransmission
92. Toxic effects of MDMA on central serotonergic neurons in the primate: Importance of route and frequency of drug administration
93. Aminergic metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of humans previously exposed to MDMA: Preliminary observations
94. Lasting effects of (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on central serotonergic neurons in non-human primates
95. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('Ecstacy')-induced neurotoxicity: Studies in animals
96. Effects of cortical serotonin depletion by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on behavior, before and after additional cholinergic blockade
97. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced serotonin deficits are followed by partial recovery over a 52-week period. Part I. Synaptosomal uptake and tissue concentrations
98. Involvement of the amygdala in learning and memory: A critical review, with emphasis on anatomical relations
99. In vivo detection of short- and long-term MDMA neurotoxicity - A positron emission tomography study in the living baboon brain
100. Chronic atypical psychosis associated with MDMA ('ecstasy') abuse
101. MDMA ('Ecstasy') abuse: Psychopathological features and craving for chocolate: A case series
102. MDMA ('Ecstasy') consumption in the context of polydrug abuse: A report on 150 patients
103. Neurotoxicity of the psychedelic amphetamine methylenedioxymethamphetamine
104. Methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine neurotoxicity: Possible mechanisms of cell destruction
105. Behavioral consequences of partial monoamine depletion in the CNS after methamphetamine-like drugs: The conflict between pharmacology and toxicology
106. Reduced in vivo binding to the serotonin transporter in the cerebral cortex of MDMA ('ecstasy') users
107. Psychiatric complications of 'Ecstasy' use
108. Specific impairments of planning
109. Validating the consumption of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in an examination of the behavioural effects of 'Ecstasy' amongst recreational users
110. A test of possible cognitive and environmental influences on the mood lowering effect of tryptophan depletion in normal males
111. Recreational MDMA use in Sydney: A profile of 'Ecstasy' users and their experiences with the drug
112. A pure amnestic syndrome after MDMA ('Ecstasy') ingestion
113. Modulatory role of serotonin in neural information processing: Implications for human psychopathology
114. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy'): Pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans
115. Subjective memory assessment and test performance in elderly adults
116. Ecstasy use in Australia: Patterns of use and associated harm
117. High intensity dependence of auditory evoked dipole source activity indicated decreased serotonergic activity in abstinent ecstasy (MDMA) users
118. Psychological and cardiovascular effects and short-term sequelae of MDMA ('Ecstasy') in MDMA-na healthy volunteers
119. Working memory deficits in current and previous users of MDMA ('ecstasy')
120. A standardised memory scale for clinical use
121. Neurotransmitters and memory: Role of cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems
122. Panic disorder induced by large doses of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine resolved by paroxetine
123. Contents of 'Ecstasy'
124. The acute effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine on dopamine release in the awake-behaving rat
125. Tryptophan depletion causes rapid lowering of mood in normal males
126. Sensation seeking in England and America