Proprotein and prohormone convertases: A family of subtilases generating diverse bioactive polypeptides

Brain Research

Volumn 848, Issue 1-2, 1999, Pages 45-62

  Seidah, N G ^a   Chretien, M ^a  

^a CLIN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MONTREAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism; Neuropeptide; Precursor processing; Proprotein convertase; SKI 1 S1P; Subtilase

Indexed keywords

ENZYME; ENZYME INHIBITOR; HORMONE PRECURSOR; NEUROPEPTIDE; POLYPEPTIDE; PROTEIN PRECURSOR; PROTEINASE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR;

CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; CLASSIFICATION; ENZYME DEFICIENCY; FATTY ACID METABOLISM; HUMAN; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0033452452     PISSN: 00068993     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01909-5     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. E.D. Anderson L. Thomas J.S. Hayflick G. Thomas Inhibition of HIV-1 gp160-dependent membrane fusion by a furin-directed alpha 1-antitrypsin variant J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 24887 24891
2. E.D. Anderson J.K. Van Slyke C.D. Thulin F. Jean G. Thomas Activation of the furin endoprotease is a multiple-step process: requirements for acidification and internal propeptide cleavage EMBO J. 16 1997 1508 1518
3. E. Apletalina J. Appel N.S. Lamango R.A. Houghten I. Lindberg Identification of inhibitors of prohormone convertases 1 and 2 using a peptide combinatorial library J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 26589 26595
4. J.-C. Barale T. Blisnick H. Fujioka P.M. Alzari M. Aikawa C. Braun-Breton G. Langsley Plasmodium falciparum subtilisin-like protease 2, a merozoite candidate for the merozoite surface protein 1-42 maturase Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 1999 6445 6450
5. A. Basak S. Cooper A.G. Roberge U.K. Banik M. Chrétien N.G. Seidah Inhibition of proprotein convertases-1, -7 and furin by diterpines of Andrographis paniculata and their succinoyl esters Biochem. J. 338 1999 107 113
6. A. Basak, D. Gauthier, N.G. Seidah, C. Lazure, Synthetic peptides derived from the prosegments of proprotein convertase PC1 and furin are potent inhibitors of both proteases. In: J.P. Tam, P.T.P. Kaumaya, (Eds.), Peptides: Frontiers of Peptide Science, Proceedings of the 15th American Peptide Symposium, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1999, pp. 676–677.
7. G. Beaubien M.K.-H. Schäfer E. Weihe M. Chrétien N.G. Seidah R. Day The distinct gene expression of the pro-hormone convertases in the rat heart suggests potential substrates Cell Tissue Res. 279 1995 539 549
8. S. Benjannet M. Mamarbachi J. Hamelin D. Savaria J.S. Munzer M. Chrétien N.G. Seidah Residues unique to the prohormone convertase PC2 modulate its autoactivation, binding to 7B2 and enzymatic activity FEBS Lett. 428 1998 37 42
9. S. Benjannet N. Rondeau R. Day M. Chrétien N.G. Seidah PC1 and PC2 are pro-protein convertases capable of cleaving POMC at distinct pairs of basic residues Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 1991 3564 3568
10. S. Benjannet N. Rondeau L. Paquet A. Boudreault C. Lazure M. Chrétien N.G. Seidah Comparative biosynthesis, post-translational modifications and efficiency of prosegment cleavage of the pro-hormone convertases PC1 and PC2: Glycosylation, sulfation and identification of the intracellular site of prosegment cleavage of PC1 and PC2 Biochem. J. 294 1993 735 743
11. S. Benjannet D. Savaria M. Chrétien N.G. Seidah 7B2 is a specific intracellular binding protein of the prohormone convertase PC2 J. Neurochem. 64 1995 2303 2311
12. S. Benjannet D. Savaria A. Laslop M. Chrétien M. Marcinkiewicz N.G. Seidah α1-antitrypsin-Portland inhibits processing of precursors mediated by proprotein convertases primarily within the constitutive secretory pathway J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 26210 26218
13. M. Benore-Parsons N.G. Seidah L.P. Wennogle Substrate phosphorylation can inhibit proteolysis by trypsin-like enzymes Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 272 1989 274 280
14. M.J. Blackman H. Fujioka W.H.L. Stafford M. Sajid B. Clough S.L. Fleck M. Aikawa M. Grainger F. Hackett A subtilisin-like protein in secretory organelles of plasmodium falciparum merozoites J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 23398 23409
15. A. Boudreault D. Gauthier C. Lazure Proprotein convertase PC1/3-related peptides are potent slow tight-binding inhibitors of murine PC1/3 and hfurin J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 31574 31580
16. J.A. Braks G.J.M. Martens 7B2 is a neuroendocrine chaperone that transiently interacts with prohormone convertase PC2 in the secretory pathway Cell 78 1994 263 273
17. J.P.H. Burbach N.G. Seidah M. Chrétien Isolation and primary structure of novel neurointermediate pituitary peptides derived from the C-terminal of the rat vasopressin-neurophysin precursor (propressophysin) Eur. J. Biochem. 156 1986 137 142
18. F. Checler Processing of the β-amyloid precursor protein and its regulation in Alzheimer's Disease J. Neurochem. 65 1995 1431 1444
19. M. Chrétien C.H. Li Isolation, purification and characterization of γlipotropic hormone from sheep pituitary glands Can. J. Biochem. 45 1967 1163 1174
20. M. Chrétien M. Mbikay L. Gaspar N.G. Seidah Proprotein convertases and the pathophysiology of human diseases: prospective considerations Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians. 107 1995 47 66
21. J.R. Dahlen F. Jean G. Thomas D.C. Foster W. Kisiel Inhibition of soluble recombinant furin by human proteinase inhibitor 8 J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 1851 1854
22. R. Day M.K.-H. Schäfer W.E. Cullinan S.J. Watson M. Chrétien N.G. Seidah Region specific expression of furin mRNA in the rat brain Neurosci. Lett. 149 1993 27 30
23. R. Day M.K.-H. Schäfer S.J. Watson M. Chrétien N.G. Seidah Distribution and regulation of the prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 in the rat pituitary Mol. Endocrinol. 6 1992 485 497
24. E. Decroly M. Vandenbranden J. Cogniaux J.M. Ruysschaert S.C. Howard G. Jacob G. Marshall A. Kompelli A. Basak F. Jean C. Lazure S. Benjannet M. Chrétien R. Day N.G. Seidah The convertases furin and PC1 can both cleave the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 envelope glycoprotein gp160 into gp120 (HIV-I SU) and gp41 (HIV-I TM) J. Biol. Chem. 14 1994 12240 12247
25. 4+ cell lines J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 30442 30450
26. W. Dong M. Marcinkiewicz D. Vieau M. Chrétien N.G. Seidah R. Day Distinct mRNA expression of the highly homologous convertases PC5 and PACE4 in the rat brain and pituitary J. Neurosci. 15 1995 1778 1796
27. W. Dong B. Seidel M. Marcinkiewicz M. Chrétien N.G. Seidah R. Day Cellular localization of the prohormone convertases in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei: selective regulation of PC1 in corticotrophin-releasing hormone parvocellular neurons mediated by glucocorticoids J. Neurosci. 17 1997 563 575
28. E.A. Duncan M.S. Brown J.L. Goldstein J. Sakai Cleavage site for Sterol-regulated protease localized to a Leu-Ser bond in the lumenal loop of sterol regulatory element-binding protein J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 12778 12785
29. M. Furuta H. Yano A. Zhou Y. Rouillé J. Holst J. Carroll M. Ravazzola L. Orci H. Furuta D.F. Steiner Defective prohormone processing and altered pancreatic islet morphology in mice lacking active SPC2 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 6646 6651
30. P. Gee C.H. Rhodes L.D. Fricker R.H. Angeletti Expression of neuropeptide processing enzymes and neurosecretory proteins in ependyma and choroid plexus epithelium Brain Res. 617 1993 238 248
31. J.P. Greenfield J. Tsai G.K. Gouras B. Hai G. Thinakaran F. Checler S.S. Sissodia P. Greengard H. Xu Endoplasmic reticulum and trans Golgi network generate distinct populations of Alzheimer β-amyloid peptides Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. USA 96 1999 742 747
32. S.K. Gupta T. Hassel J.P. Singh A potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation is generated by proteolytic cleavage of the chemokine platelet factor 4 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 1995 7799 7803
33. S. Hallenberger V. Bosch H. Angliker E. Shaw H.-D. Klenk W. Garten Inhibition of furin-mediated cleavage activation of HIV-1 glycoprotein gp160 Nature 360 1992 358 361
34. K. Hatsuzawa K. Murakami K. Nakayama Molecular and enzymatic properties of furin, a Kex2-like endoprotease involved in precursor cleavage at Arg-X- Lys/Arg-Arg Sites J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 111 1992 296 301
35. W. Haubensak F. Narz R. Heumann V. Lessmann BDNF-GFP containing secretory granules are localized in the vicinity of synaptic junctions of cultured cortical neurons J. Cell Sci. 111 1998 1483 1493
36. G.N. Hendy H.P. Bennett B.F. Gibbs C. Lazure R. Day N.G. Seidah Proparathyroid hormone is preferentially cleaved to parathyroid hormone by the prohormone convertase furin: a mass spectrometric study J. Biol. Chem. 270 1995 9517 9525
37. T. Hökfelt O. Johansson A. Ljungdahl J.M. Lundbert M. Schultzberg Peptidergic neurons. Nature 284 1980 515 521
38. P. Hudson J. Haley M. Cronk J. Shine H. Niall Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNA sequences coding for rat relaxin Nature 291 1981 127 131
39. M. Inouye Intramolecular Chaperone — The role of the pro-peptide in protein folding Enzyme 45 1991 314 321
40. R.S. Jackson J.W.M. Creemers S. Ohagi M.-L. Raffin-Sanson L. Sanders C.T. Montague J.C. Hutton S. O'Rahilly Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene Nat. Genet. 16 1997 303 306
41. F. Jean A. Basak J. DiMaio N.G. Seidah C. Lazure An internally quenched fluorogenic substrate of prohormone convertase 1 and furin leads to a potent prohormone convertase inhibitor Biochem. J. 307 1995 689 695
42. F. Jean A. Boudreault A. Basak N.G. Seidah C. Lazure Fluorescent peptidyl substrates as an aid in studying the substrate specificity of human prohormone convertase PC1 and human furin and designing a potent irreversible inhibitor J. Biol. Chem. 270 1995 19225 19231
43. F. Jean K. Stella L. Thomas G.P. Liu Y. Xiang A.J. Reason G. Thomas Alpha(1)-Antitrypsin portland, a bioengineered serpin highly selective for furin-application as an antipathogenic agent Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 7293 7298
44. T. Kayo Y. Sawada Y. Suzuki M. Suda S. Tanaka Y. Konda J. Miyazaki T. Takeuchi Proprotein-processing endoprotease furin decreases regulated secretory pathway-specific proteins in the pancreatic beta cell line MIN6 J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 10731 10737
45. A.R. Khan M.N. James Molecular mechanisms for the conversion of zymogens to active proteolytic enzymes Protein Sci. 7 1998 815 836
46. Y. Konda H. Yokota T. Kayo T. Horiuchi N. Sugiyama S. Tanaka K. Takata T. Takeuchi Proprotein-processing endoprotease furin controls the growth and differentiation of gastric surface mucous cells J. Clin. Invest. 99 1997 1842 1851
47. K. Kurachi T. Chandra S.J. Friezner Degen T.T. White T.L. Marchioro S.L.C. Woo E.W. Davie Cloning and sequence of cDNA coding for alpha 1-antitrypsin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78 1981 6826 6830
48. N. Ling R. Burgus R. Guillemin Isolation, primary structure, and synthesis of alpha-endorphin and gamma-endorphin, two peptides of hypothalamic-hypophysial origin with morphinomimetic activity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73 1976 3042 3046
49. W.Y. Lu W.L. Zhang S.S. Molloy G. Thomas K. Ryan Y.W. Chiang S. Anderson M. Laskowski Arg(15)-Lys(17)-Arg(18) Turkey ovomucoid 3rd domain inhibits human furin J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 14583 14585
50. P.C. Maisonpierre M.M. Le Beau R. Espinosa N.Y. Ip L. Belluscio S.M. de la Monte S. Squinto M.E. Furth G.D. Yancoupolos Human and rat brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3: gene structures, distributions, and chromosomal localizations Genomics 10 1991 558 568
51. D. Malide N.G. Seidah M. Chrétien M. Bendayan Electron microscopy immunocytochemical evidence for the involvement of the convertases PC1 and PC2 in the processing of proinsulin in pancreatic β-cells J. Histochem. Cytochem. 43 1995 11 19
52. M. Marcinkiewicz R. Day N.G. Seidah M. Chrétien Ontogeny of the prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 in the mouse hypophysis and their colocalization with corticotropin and β-melanotropin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 1993 4922 4926
53. M. Marcinkiewicz J. Marcinkiewicz A. Chen F. Leclaire M. Chrétien P. Richardson Nerve growth factor and proprotein convertases furin and PC7 in transected sciatic nerves and in nerve segments cultured in conditioned media: their presence in Schwann cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells J. Comp. Neurol. 403 1999 471 485
54. M. Marcinkiewicz D. Ramla N.G. Seidah M. Chrétien Developmental expression of the prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 in mouse pancreatic islets Endocrinology 135 1994 1651 1660
55. M. Marcinkiewicz N.G. Seidah M. Chrétien Implications of the subtilisin/kexin-like precursor convertases in the development and function of nervous tissues Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 56 1996 287 298
56. M. Marcinkiewicz N.G. Seidah M. Chrétien Les convertases des prohormones et le système nerveux Médecine/Sciences 9 1993 553 561
57. M. Mbikay H. Tadros N. Ishida C.P. Lerner E. De Lamirande A. Chen M. El-Alfy Y. Clermont N.G. Seidah M. Chrétien C. Gagnon E.M. Simpson Impaired fertility in mice deficient for the testicular germ-cell protease PC4 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 6842 6846
58. K. Mori S. Kii A. Tsuji M. Nagahama A. Imamaki K. Hayashi T. Akamatsu H. Nagamune Y. Matsuda A novel human pace4 isoform, PACE4-E is an active processing protease containing a hydrophobic cluster at the carboxy terminus J. Biochem. 121 1997 941 948
59. S.J. Mowla S. Pareek H.F. Farhadi K. Petrecca J.P. Fawcett N.G. Seidah S.J. Morris W.S. Sossin R.A. Murphy Differential sorting of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampal neurons J. Neurosci. 19 1999 2069 2080
60. L. Muller X.R. Zhu I. Lindberg Mechanism of the facilitation of PC2 maturation by 7B2 — involvement in proPC2 transport and activation but not folding J. Cell Biol. 139 1997 625 638
61. J.S. Munzer A. Basak M. Zhong M. Mamarbachi J. Hamelin D. Savaria C. Lazure S. Benjannet M. Chrétien N.G. Seidah In Vitro characterization of the novel proprotein convertase PC7 J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 19672 19681
62. T. Nagase N. Miyajima A. Tanaka T. Sazuka N. Seki S. Sato S. Tabata K.-I. Ishikawa Y. Kawarabayasi H. Kotani N. Nomura Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. III. The coding sequences of 40 new genes (KIA0081 -KIA0120) deduced by analysis of cDNA clones from a human cell line KG-1 DNA Res. 2 1995 37 43
63. T. Nakagawa M. Hosaka K. Nakayama Identification of an isoform with an extremely large Cys-rich region of PC6, a kex2-like processing endoprotease FEBS Lett. 327 1993 165 171
64. K. Nakayama Furin — a mammalian subtilisin/kex2p-like endoprotease involved in processing of a wide variety of precursor proteins [Review] Biochem. J. 327 1997 625 635
65. S. O'Rahilly H. Gray P.J. Humphreys A. Krook K.S. Polonsky A. White S. Gibson K. Taylor C. Carr Brief report: impaired processing of prohormones associated with abnormalities of glucose homeostasis and adrenal function N. Engl. J. Med. 333 1995 1386 1390
66. M.C. Owen S.O. Brennan J.H. Lewis R.W. Carrell Mutation of antitrypsin to antithrombin. alpha 1-antitrypsin Pittsburgh (358 Met leads to Arg), a fatal bleeding disorder N. Engl. J. Med. 309 1983 694 698
67. D. Powner J. Davey Activation of the kexin from schizosaccharomyces pombe requires internal cleavage of its initially cleaved prosequence Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 1998 400 408
68. S.N. Rabbani Y.C. Patel Peptides derived by processing rat prosomatostatin near the amino-terminus: characterization, tissue distribution, and release Endocrinology 126 1990 2054 2061
69. A. Rehemtulla A.J. Dorner R.J. Kaufman Regulation of PACE propeptide-processing activity — requirement for a post-endoplasmic reticulum compartment and autoproteolytic activation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 1992 8235 8239
70. A.J.M. Roebroek L. Umans I.G.L. Pauli E.J. Robertson F. Van Leuven W.J.M. Van de Ven D.B. Constam Failure of ventral closure and axial rotation in embryos lacking the proprotein convertase Furin Development 125 1998 4863 4876
71. M.S. Rosendahl S.C. Ko D.L. Long M.T. Brewer B. Rosenzweig E. Hedl L. Anderson S.M. Pyle J. Moreland M.A. Meyers T. Kohno D. Lyons H.S. Lichenstein Identification and characterization of a pro-tumor necrosis factor-alpha-processing enzyme from the ADAM family of zinc metalloproteases J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 24588 24593
72. Y. Rouillé S.J. Duguay K. Lund M. Furuta Q.M. Gong G. Lipkind A.A. Oliva S.J. Chan D.F. Steiner Proteolytic processing mechanisms in the biosynthesis of neuroendocrine peptides — The subtilisin-like proprotein convertases [Review] Front. Neuroendocrinol. 16 1995 322 361
73. J. Sakai R.B. Rawson P.J. Espenshade D. Cheng A.C. Seegmiller J.L. Goldstein M.S. Brown Molecular identification of the sterol-regulated luminal protease that cleaves SREBPs and controls lipid composition of animal cells Mol. Cell 2 1998 505 514
74. M.K.-H. Schäfer R. Day W.E. Cullinan M. Chrétien N.G. Seidah S.J. Watson Gene expression of prohormone and proprotein convertases in the rat CNS: A comparative In Situ hybridization analysis J. Neurosci. 13 1993 1258 1279
75. L. Scopsi M. Gullo F. Rilke S. Martin D. Steiner Proprotein convertases (PC1/PC3 and PC2) in normal and neoplastic human tissues: Their use as markers of neuroendocrine differentiation J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 80 1995 2294 2301
76. N.G. Seidah, S. Benjannet, J. Hamelin, A.M. Mamarbachi, A. Basak, J. Marcinkiewicz, M. Mbikay, M. Chrétien, M. Marcinkiewicz, The subtilisin/kexin family of precursor convertases: emphasis on PC1, PC2/7B2, POMC and the novel enzyme SKI-1. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. USA, 1999 (in press).
77. N.G. Seidah S. Benjannet S. Pareek M. Chrétien R.A. Murphy Cellular processing of the neurotrophin precursors of NT3 and BDNF by the mammalian proprotein convertases FEBS Lett. 379 1996 247 250
78. N.G. Seidah S. Benjannet S. Pareek D. Savaria J. Hamelin B. Goulet J. Laliberté C. Lazure M. Chrétien R.A. Murphy Cellular processing of the nerve growth factor precursor by the mammalian pro-protein convertases Biochem. J. 314 1996 951 960
79. N.G. Seidah M. Chrétien Pro-protein and pro-hormone convertases of the subtilisin family: recent developments and future perspectives TEM 3 1992 133 140
80. N.G. Seidah M. Chrétien Eukaryotic protein processing: endoproteolysis of precursor proteins Curr. Opin. Biotech. 8 1997 602 607
81. N.G. Seidah M. Chrétien R. Day The family of subtilisin/kexin-like pro-protein convertases: Divergent or shared functions Biochimie 76 1994 197 209
82. N.G. Seidah R. Day M. Chrétien The family of pro-hormone and pro-protein convertases Biochem. Soc. Trans. 21 1993 685 691
83. N.G. Seidah R. Day J. Hamelin L. Gaspar M.W. Collard M. Chrétien Testicular expression of PC4 in the rat: molecular diversity of a novel germ cell-specific Kex2/subtilisin-like proprotein convertase Mol. Endocrinol. 6 1992 1559 1570
84. N.G. Seidah R. Day M. Marcinkiewicz M. Chrétien Precursor convertases: an evolutionary ancient, cell-specific, combinatorial mechanism yielding diverse bioactive peptides and proteins Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 839 1998 9 24
85. N.G. Seidah L. Gaspar M. Marcinkiewicz M. Mbikay M. Chrétien cDNA sequence of two distinct pituitary proteins homologous to Kex2 and Furin gene products: Tissue-specific mRNAs encoding candidates for pro-hormone processing proteinases DNA 6 1990 415 424
86. N.G. Seidah J. Hamelin M. Mamarbachi W. Dong H. Tadros M. Mbikay M. Chrétien R. Day cDNA structure, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization of rat PC7, a novel mammalian proprotein convertase closes to yeast kexin-like proteinases Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 1996 3388 3393
87. 2-terminal sequence of a highly conserved human and porcine pituitary protein belonging to a new superfamily: Immunocytochemical localization in pars distalis and pars nervosa of the pituitary and in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 225 1983 525 534
88. N.G. Seidah M. Marcinkiewicz S. Benjannet L. Gaspar G. Beaubien M.G. Mattei C. Lazure M. Mbikay M. Chrétien Cloning and primary sequence of a mouse candidate prohormone convertase PC1 homologous to PC2, Furin, and Kex2: Distinct chromosomal localization and messenger RNA distribution in brain and pituitary compared to PC2 Mol. Endocrinol. 5 1991 111 122
89. N.G. Seidah, M. Mbikay, M. Marcinkiewicz, M. Chrétien, The mammalian precursor convertases: paralogs of the subtilisin/kexin family of calcium-dependent serine proteinases, In: V.Y.H. Hook (Ed.), Proteolytic and Cellular Mechanisms in Prohormone and Neuropeptide Precursor Processing, R.G. Landes Company, Georgetown, TX, USA, 1998, pp. 49–76.
90. N.G. Seidah S.J. Mowla J. Hamelin A.M. Mamarbachi B.B. Touré S. Benjannet A. Basak J.S. Munzer M. Zhong J. Marcinkiewicz J.-C. Barale C. Lazure R.A. Murphy M. Chrétien M. Marcinkiewicz The highly conserved mammalian subtilisin-kexin isozyme SKI-1: a widely expressed proprotein convertase exhibiting a unique cleavage specificity and cellular localization Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 1999 1321 1326
91. N.G. Seidah, The mammalian family of subtilisin/kexin-like proprotein convertases. In: U. Shinde, M. Inouye (Eds.), Intramolecular Chaperones and Protein Folding, R.G. Landes Company, Austin, TX, USA, 1995, pp. 181–203.
92. D.J. Selkoe Translating cell biology into therapeutic advances in Alzheimer's disease Nature 399 1999 A23 A31
93. U. Shinde, Y. Li, M. Inouye, Proprotein mediated protein folding: intramolecular chaperones. In: U. Shinde, M. Inouye (Eds.), Intramolecular Chaperones and Protein Folding, R.G. Landes Co., Austin, TX, USA, 1995, pp. 1–34.
94. R.J. Siezen J.A.M. Leunissen The superfamily of subtilisin-like serine proteases Protein Sci. 6 1997 501 523
95. S.P. Smeekens A.G. Montag G. Thomas C. Albiges-Rizo R. Carrol M. Benig L.A. Phillips S. Martin S. Ohagi P. Gardner H.H. Swift D.F. Steiner Proinsulin processing by the subtilisin-related proprotein convertases furin, PC2, and PC3 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 1992 8822 8826
96. D.F. Steiner D. Cunningham L. Spiegelman B. Aten Insulin biosynthesis: evidence for a precursor Science 157 1967 697 699
97. B.B. Touré, A. Basak, J.S. Munzer, S. Benjannet, J. Rochemont, C. Lazure, M. Chrétien, N.G. Seidah, Biosynthesis and enzymatic characterization of human SKI-1 and the processing of its inhibitory prosegment. J. Biol. Chem. (1999) (submitted for publication).
98. W.J.M. Van de Ven A.J.M. Roebroek Structure and function of eukaryotic proprotein processing enzymes of the subtilisin family of serine proteases Crit. Rev. Oncog. 4 1993 115 136
99. L. Van Rompaey T. Ayoubi Van, de Ven, W.J.M. and Marynen, P., Inhibition of intracellular proteolytic processing of soluble proproteins by an engineered alpha 2-macroglobulin containing a furin recognition sequence in the bait region Biochem. J. 326 1997 507 514
100. P. Villeneuve N.G. Seidah A. Beaudet Immunohistochemical distribution of the prohormone convertase PC5-A in rat brain Neuroscience 92 1999 641 654
101. C.H. Westphal L. Muller A. Zhou X.R. Zhu S. Bonner-Weir M. Schambelan D.F. Steiner I. Lindberg P. Leder The neuroendocrine protein 7B2 is required for peptide hormone processing in vivo and provides a novel mechanism for pituitary Cushing's disease Cell 96 1999 689 700
102. S. Wouters M. Leruth E. Decroly M. Vandenbranden J.W. Creemers J.W. van de Loo J.M. Ruysschaert P.J. Courtoy Furin and proprotein convertase 7 (PC7)/lymphoma PC endogenously expressed in rat liver can be resolved into distinct post-Golgi compartments Biochem. J. 336 1998 311 316
103. M. Zheng N.G. Seidah J.E. Pintar The developmental expression in the rat CNS and peripheral tissues of proteases PC5 and PACE4 mRNAs: comparison with other proprotein processing enzymes Dev. Biol. 181 1997 268 283
104. M. Zheng R.D. Streck R.E. Scott N.G. Seidah J.E. Pintar The developmental expression in rat of proteases furin, PC1, PC2, and carboxypeptidase E: Implications for early maturation of proteolytic processing capacity J. Neurosci. 14 1994 4656 4673
105. M. Zhong S. Benjannet C. Lazure S. Munzer N.G. Seidah Functional analysis of human PACE4-A and PACE4-C isoforms: identification of a new PACE4-CS isoform FEBS Lett. 396 1996 31 36
106. M. Zhong, J.S. Munzer, A. Basak, S. Benjannet, S.J. Mowla, E. Decroly, M. Chrétien, N.G. Seidah, The prosegments of PC7 and furin as potent inhibitors of proprotein convertases: in vitro and ex vivo assessment of their specificity and selectivity. J. Biol. Chem., 1999 (submitted).
107. A. Zhou L. Paquet R.E. Mains Structural elements that direct specific processing of different mammalian subtilisin-like prohormone convertases J. Biol. Chem. 270 1995 21509 21516
108. A. Zhou G. Webb X. Zhu D.F. Steiner Proteolytic processing in the secretory pathway J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 20745 20748
109. X.R. Zhu L. Muller R.E. Mains I. Lindberg Structural elements of PC2 required for interaction with its helper protein 7B2 J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 1158 1164