Telomerase activation: One step on the road to cancer?

Trends in Genetics

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 109-112

  Greider, Carol W ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ONCOPROTEIN; TELOMERASE; VIRUS PROTEIN;

CANCER CELL; CANCER GENETICS; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ASSAY; ENZYME STRUCTURE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HUMAN; ONCOGENE MYC; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; TELOMERE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; WART VIRUS;

CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; ENZYME ACTIVATION; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; TELOMERASE;

EID: 0033028428     PISSN: 01689525     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9525(98)01681-3     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Counter C.M.et al. Telomere shortening associated with chromosome instability is arrested in immortal cells which express telomerase activity. EMBO J. 11:1992;1921-1929.
2. Harley C.B.et al. Telomerase, cell immortality and cancer. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 59:1994;307-315.
3. Mehle C.et al. Telomere shortening in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 54:1994;236-241.
4. Broccoli D.et al. Telomerase activation in mouse mammary tumors: lack of detectable telomere shortening and evidence for regulation of telomerase RNA with cell proliferation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1996;3765-3772.
5. Autexier C., Greider C.W. Telomerase and cancer: revisiting the telomere hypothesis. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:1996;387-391.
6. Blasco M.A.et al. Telomere shortening and tumor formation by mouse cells lacking telomerase RNA. Cell. 91:1997;25-34.
7. Blasco M.A.et al. Differential regulation of telomerase activity and telomerase RNA during multi-stage tumorigenesis. Nat. Genet. 12:1996;200-204.
8. Bednarek A.et al. Increased telomerase activity in mouse skin premalignant progression. Cancer Res. 55:1995;4566-4569.
9. Meyerson M.et al. hEST2, the putative human telomerase catalytic subunit gene, is up-regulated in tumor cells and during immortalization. Cell. 90:1997;785-795.
10. Kolquist K.A.et al. Expression of TERT in early premalignant lesions and a subset of cells in normal tissues [see comments]. Nat. Genet. 19:1998;182-186.
11. zur Hausen H. Viruses in human cancers. Science. 254:1991;1167-1173.
12. Howley P.M. Role of the human papillomaviruses in human cancer. Cancer Res. 51:1991;5019s-5022s.
13. Munger K.et al. The E6 and E7 genes of the human papillomavirus type 16 together are necessary and sufficient for transformation of primary human keratinocytes. J. Virol. 63:1989;4417-4421.
14. Pan H., Griep A.E. Altered cell cycle regulation in the lens of HPV-16 E6 or E7 transgenic mice: implications for tumor suppressor gene function in development. Genes Dev. 8:1994;1285-1299.
15. Klingelhutz A.J.et al. Telomerase activation by the E6 gene product of human papillomavirus type 16. Nature. 380:1996;79-82.
16. Stoppler H.et al. The human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins dissociate cellular telomerase activity from the maintenance of telomere length. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;13332-13337.
17. Shay J.W.et al. E6 of human papiloma type 16 can overcome the M1 stage of immortalization in human mammary epithelial cells but not in human fibroblasts. Oncogene. 8:1993;1407-1413.
18. Klingelhutz A.J.et al. Restoration of telomeres in human papillomavirus-immortalized human anogenital epithelial cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1994;961-969.
19. Kiyono T.et al. Both Rb/p16INK4a inactivation and telomerase activity are required to immortalize human epithelial cells. Nature. 396:1998;84-88.
20. Scheffner M.et al. The HPV-16 E6 and E6-AP complex functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase in the ubiquitination of p53. Cell. 75:1993;495-505.
21. Huibregtse J.M., Beaudenon S.L. Mechanism of HPV E6 proteins in cellular transformation. Semin. Cancer Biol. 7:1996;317-326.
22. Etscheid B.G.et al. The E6 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 functions as a transcriptional repressor in a mechanism independent of the tumor suppressor protein, p53. Virology. 205:1994;583-585.
23. Brown T.et al. The association between telomerase, p53, and clinical staging in colorectal cancer. Am. J. Surg. 175:1998;364-366.
24. Oishi T.et al. Alteration of telomerase activity associated with development and extension of epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet. Gynecol. 91:1998;568-571.
25. Whitaker N.J.et al. Involvement of RB-1, p53, p16INK4 and telomerase in immortalisation of human cells. Oncogene. 11:1995;971-976.
26. Milas M.et al. Telomerase activity of sarcoma cell lines and fibroblasts is independent of p53 status. Clin. Cancer Res. 4:1998;1573-1579.
27. Wang J.et al. Myc activates telomerase. Genes Dev. 12:1998;1769-1774.
28. Grandori C., Eisenman R.N. Myc target genes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22:1997;177-181.
29. Auewarakul P.et al. Targeted expression of the E6 and E7 oncogenes of human papillomavirus type 16 in the epidermis of transgenic mice elicits generalized epidermal hyperplasia involving autocrine factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1994;8250-8258.
30. Kinoshita T.et al. Transactivation of prothymosin alpha and MYC promoters by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 protein. Virology. 232:1997;53-61.
31. Gross-Mesilaty S.et al. Basal and human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein-induced degradation of Myc proteins by the ubiquitin pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:1998;8058-8063.
32. He T.C.et al. Identification of MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science. 281:1998;1509-1512.
33. Payne G.S.et al. Multiple arrangements of viral DNA and an activated host oncogene in bursal lymphomas. Nature. 295:1982;209-214.
34. Marcu K.B.et al. myc function and regulation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61:1992;809-860.
35. Hiyama E.et al. Correlating telomerase activity levels with human neuroblastoma outcomes. Nat. Med. 1:1995;249-255.
36. Fujimoto K., Takahashi M. Telomerase activity in human leukemic cell lines is inhibited by antisense pentadecadeoxynucleotides targeted against MYC mRNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 241:1997;775-781.
37. Greider C.W. Telomerase activity, cell proliferation, and cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:1998;90-92.
38. Persson H.et al. Antibodies to human MYC oncogene product: evidence of an evolutionarily conserved protein induced during cell proliferation. Science. 225:1984;687-693.
39. Pfeifer-Ohlsson S.et al. Spatial and temporal pattern of cellular myc oncogene expression in developing human placenta: implications for embryonic cell proliferation. Cell. 38:1984;585-596.
40. Reed J.C.et al. Regulation of MYC mRNA levels in normal human lymphocytes by modulators of cell proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 82:1985;4221-4224.
41. Greenberg R.A.et al. Expression of mouse telomerase reverse transcriptase during development, differentiation and proliferation. Oncogene. 16:1998;1723-1730.
42. Martin-Rivera L.et al. Expression of mouse telomerase catalytic subunit in embryos and adult tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:1998;10471-10476.
43. Chin L.et al. Contrasting roles for Myc and Mad proteins in cellular growth and differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92:1995;8488-8492.
44. Hiyama K.et al. Activation of telomerase in human lymphocytes and hematopoietic progenitor cells. J. Immunol. 155:1995;3711-3715.
45. Igarashi H., Sakaguchi N. Telomerase activity is induced by the stimulation to antigen receptor in human peripheral lymphocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 219:1996;649-655.
46. Norrback K.F.et al. Telomerase activation in normal B lymphocytes and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Blood. 88:1996;222-229.
47. Yamada O.et al. Up-regulation of telomerase activity in human lymphocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1314:1996;260-266.
48. Buchkovich K.J., Greider C.W. Telomerase regulation during entry into the cell cycle in normal human T cells. Mol. Biol. Cell. 7:1996;1443-1454.
49. Ogoshi M.et al. Mechanisms regulating telomerase activity in murine T cells. J. Immunol. 158:1997;622-628.
50. Ullman K.S.et al. Transmission of signals from the T lymphocyte antigen receptor to the genes responsible for cell proliferation and immune function: the missing link. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8:1990;421-452.
51. Eisenman R.N., Cooper J.A. Signal transduction. Beating a path to Myc. Nature. 378:1995;438-439.
52. Hurlin P.J.et al. Regulation of Myc and Mad during epidermal differentiation and HPV-associated tumorigenesis. Oncogene. 11:1995;2487-2501.
53. Arbeit J.M.et al. Progressive squamous epithelial neoplasia in K14-human papillomavirus type 16 transgenic mice. J. Virol. 68:1994;4358-4368.
54. Coussens L.M.et al. Genetic predisposition and parameters of malignant progression in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice. Am. J. Pathol. 149:1996;1899-1917.
55. Bodnar A.G.et al. Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science. 279:1998;349-352.
56. de Lange T. Telomeres and senescence: ending the debate. Science. 279:1998;334-335.
57. Vaziri H., Benchimol S. Reconstitution of telomerase activity in normal human cells leads to elongation of telomeres and extended replicative life span. Curr. Biol. 8:1998;279-282.
58. van Steensel B.et al. TRF2 protects human telomeres from end-to-end fusions. Cell. 92:1998;401-413.
59. van Steensel B.et al. Control of telomere length by the human telomeric protein TRF1. Nature. 385:1997;740-743.
60. Nugent C.I., Lundblad V. The telomerase reverse transcriptase: components and regulation. Genes Dev. 12:1998;1073-1085.
61. Land H.et al. Cellular oncogenes and multistep carcinogenesis. Science. 222:1983;771-778.
62. Adams J.M.et al. The MYC oncogene driven by immunoglobulin enhancers induces lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice. Nature. 318:1985;533-538.
63. Brinster R.L.et al. Transgenic mice harboring SV40 T-antigen genes develop characteristic brain tumors. Cell. 37:1984;367-379.
64. Hanahan D. Heritable formation of pancreatic β-cell tumors in transgenic mice expressing recombinant insulin/simian virus 40 oncogenes. Nature. 315:1985;115-122.
65. Slaga T.J.et al. Studies on the mechanisms involved in multistage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. J. Cell. Biochem. 18:1982;99-119.
66. Bowden G.T.et al. Oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation during multistage mouse skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 54:1994;1882s-1885s.
67. Lingner J.et al. Reverse transcriptase motifs in the catalytic subunit of telomerase. Science. 276:1997;561-567.
68. Galloway D.A., McDougall J.K. The disruption of cell cycle checkpoints by papillomavirus oncoproteins contributes to anogenital neoplasia. Semin. Cancer Biol. 7:1996;309-315.