Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Volumn 104, Issue 3 SUPPL., 1999, Pages

  Leung, Donald Y M ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL JEWISH MEDICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b Children's Hospital Colorado   (United States)

Author keywords

Allergies; Atopic dermatitis; Cytokines; Skin; T cells

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; CYTOKINE; HOMING RECEPTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; SUPERANTIGEN; TACROLIMUS;

ATOPIC DERMATITIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN INFLAMMATION; SKIN MANIFESTATION; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

DERMATITIS, ATOPIC; HUMANS;

EID: 0032868081     PISSN: 00916749     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70051-5     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockholm) 1980;92:44-7.
2. Leung DYM, Rhodes AR, Geha RS, Schneider L, Ring J. Atopic dermatitis. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Freeberg IM, Austen KF, editors. Dermatology in general medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1993:1543-64.
3. Schultz-Larsen F, Diepgen T, Svensson A. The occurrence of atopic dermatitis in north Europe: an international questionnaire study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:760-4.
4. Sugiura H, Umemoto N, Deguchi H, Murata Y, Tanaka K, Sawai T, et al. Prevalence of childhood and adolescent atopic dermatitis in a Japanese population: comparison with the disease frequency examined 20 years ago. Acta Derm Venereol 1998;78:293-4.
5. Hill LW, Sulzberger MB. Yearbook of dermatology and syphilology. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1933.
6. Engman MF, Weiss RS, Engman ME Jr. Eczema and environment. Med Clin North Am 1936;20:651-63.
7. Rajka G. Itch duration of the uninvolved skin of atopic dermatitis (prurigo Besnier). Acta Derm Venereol 1968;48:320-1.
8. Nassif A, Chan S, Storrs F, Hanifin J. Abnormal skin irritancy in atopic dermatitis and in atopy without dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1402-7.
9. Saurat J-H. Eczema in primary immune-deficiencies: clues to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis with special reference to the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Acta Derm Venereol 1985;114:125-8.
10. Agosti JM, Sprenger JD, Lum L, et al. Transfer of allergen-specific IgE-mediated hypersensitivity with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1623-8.
11. Renz H, Jujo K, Bradley KL, Domenico J, Gelfand EW, Leung DYM. Enhanced IL-4 production and IL-4 receptor expression in atopic dermatitis and IL-4 receptor expression in atopic dermatitis and their modulation by interferon-gamma. J Invest Dermatol 1992;99:403-8.
12. Akdis M, Akdis CA, Weigl L, Disch R, Blaser K. Skin-homing, CLA+ memory T cells are activated in atopic dermatitis and regulate IgE by an IL-13-dominated cytokine pattern: IgG4 counter- regulation by CLA-memory T cells. J Immunol 1997;159:4611-9.
13. Reinhold U, Pawelec G, Wehrmann W, Herold M, Wernet P, Kreysel HW. Immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G subclass distribution in vivo and relationship to in vitro generation of interferon-gamma and neopterin in patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1988;87:120-6.
14. Jujo K, Renz H, Abe J, Gelfand EW, Leung DYM. Decreased gamma interferon and increased interleukin-4 production promote IgE synthesis in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;90:323-30.
15. + allergen-specific T lymphocytes in atopic dermatitis lesional skin. J Invest Dermatol 1991;97:389-94.
16. Van Reijsen FC, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Kalthoff FS, et al. Skin-derived aeroallergen-specific T-cell clones of the TH2 phenotype in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;90:184-93.
17. Mihm MC, Soter NA, Dvorak HF, Austen KJ. The structure of normal skin and the morphology of atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol 1976;67:305-12.
18. Leung DYM, Bhan AK, Schneeberger EE, Geha RS. Characterization of the mononuclear cell infiltrate in atopic dermatitis using monoclonal antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983;71:47-56.
19. Bos JD, Hagenara C, Das PK, Krieg SR, Voorn WJ, Kapsenberg ML. Predominance of "memory" T cells (CD4+, CDw29+) over "naive" T cells (CD4+, CD45R+) in both normal and diseased human skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1989;81:24-30.
20. Leiferman KM, Ackerman SJ, Sampson HA, Haugen HS, Venecie PY, Gleich GJ. Dermal deposition of eosinophil granule major basic protein in atopic dermatitis: Comparison with onchocerciasis. N Engl J Med 1985;313:282-5.
21. Kagi MK, Joller-Jemelka H, Wuthrich B. Correlation of eosinophils, eosinophil cationic protein, soluble interleukin-2 receptor with the clinical activity of atopic dermatitis. Dermatology 1992;185:88-92.
22. Hamid Q, Boguniewicz M, Leung DYM. Differential in situ cytokine gene expression in acute vs. chronic atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 1994;94:870-6.
23. Hamid Q, Naseer T, Minshall EM, Song YL, Boguniewicz M, Leung DYM. In vivo expression of IL-12 and IL-13 in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;98:225-31.
24. Laberge S, Ghaffar O, Boguniewicz M, Center DM, Leung DYM, Hamid Q. Association of increased CD4+ T-cell infiltration with increased IL-16 gene expression in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:645-50.
25. Bratton DL, Hamid Q, Boguniewicz M, Doherty DE, Kailey JM, Leung DYM. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor contributes to enhanced monocyte survival in chronic atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 1995;95:211-8.
26. Grewe M, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Schopf E, et al. A role for Th1 and Th2 cells in the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Immunol Today 1998;19:359-61.
27. Taha RA, Leung DYM, Minshall E, Boguniewicz M, Luster A, Hamid QA. Eotoxin and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-4 mRNA expression in acute versus chronic atopic dermatitis [abstract], J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;101:946A.
28. Taha RA, Leung DYM, Ghaffar O, Boguniewicz M, Hamid Q. In vivo expression of cytokine receptor mRNA in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:245-50.
29. Rogge L, Barberis-Maino L, Biffi M, et al. Selective expression of an interleukin-12 receptor component by human T helper 1 cells. J Exp Med 1997;185:825-31.
30. Vercelli D, Jabara HH, Lauener RP, Geha RS. IL-4 inhibits the synthesis of IFN-γ and induces the synthesis of IgE in human mixed lymphocyte cultures. J Immunol 1990;144:570-3.
31. Plaut M, Pierce JH, Watson CJ, Hanley-Hyde J, Nordan RP, Paul WE. Mast cell lines produce lymphokines in response to cross-linkage of FcεRI to calcium ionophores. Nature 1989;229:64-7.
32. Marsh D, Neely J, Breazeale D, et al. Linkage analysis of IL4 and other chromosome 5q31.1 markers and total serum IgE concentrations. Science 1994;264:1152-6.
33. Postma DS, Bleecker ER, Amelung PJ, et al. Genetic susceptibility to asthma: bronchial hyperresponsiveness coinherited with a major gene for atopy. N Engl J Med 1995;333:894-900.
34. Rosenwasser LJ, Klemm DJ, Dresback JK, et al. Promoter polymorphisms in the chromosome 5 gene cluster in asthma and atopy. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25(suppl 2):74-8.
35. Chan SC, Brown MA, Willcox TM, et al. Abnormal IL-4 gene expression by atopic dermatitis T lymphocytes is reflected in altered nuclear protein interactions with IL-4 transcriptional regulatory element. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106:1131-6.
36. Kawashima T, Noguchi E, Arinami T, et al. Linkage and association of an interleukin 4 gene polymorphism with atopic dermatitis in Japanese families. J Med Genet 1998;35:502-4.
37. Hershey GK, Friedrich MF, Esswein LA, Thomas ML, Chatila TA. The association of atopy with a gain-of-function mutation in the alpha subunit of the interleukin-4 receptor. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1720-5.
38. Sawai T, Ikai K, Uehara M. Elevated cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes from children with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:22-4.
39. Hanifin J, Chan S, Cheng J. Type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitors have clinical and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 1996;107:51-6.
40. Chan SC, Hanifin JM. Differential inhibitor effects on cyclic adenosine monophosphate- phosphodiesterase isoforms in atopic and normal leukocytes. J Lab Clin Med 1993;121:44-51.
41. Chan SC, Kim JW, Henderson WR Jr, Hanifin JM. Altered prostaglandin E2 regulation of cytokine production in atopic dermatitis. J Immunol 1993;151:3345-52.
42. Ohmen JD, Hanifin JM, Nickoloff BJ, et al. Overexpression of IL-10 in atopic dermatitis. Contrasting cytokine patterns with delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. J Immunol 1995;154:1956-63.
43. Kuchroo VK, Das MP, Brown JA, et al. B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Th1/Th2 developmental pathways: application to autoimmune disease therapy. Cell 1995;80:707-18.
44. Jirapongsananuruk O, Hofer MF, Trumble AE, Norris DA, Leung DYM. Enhanced expression of B7.2 (CD86) in patients with atopic dermatitis: a potential role in the modulation of IgE synthesis. J Immunol 1998;160:4622-7.
45. Hofer MF, Jirapongsananuruk O, Trumble AE, Leung DYM. Upregulation of B7.2, but not B7.1, on B cells from patients with allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;101:96-102.
46. Rattis FM, Peguet-Navarro J, Staquet MJ, et al. Expression and function of B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) on human epidermal Langerhans cells. Eur J Immunol 1996;26:449-53.
47. Hauser C, Snapper CM, Ohara J, Paul WE, Katz SI. T helper cells grown with hapten-modified cultured Langerhans' cells produce interleukin 4 and stimulate IgE production by B cells. Eur J Immunol 1989;19:245-51.
48. Kay AM, Ying S, Varney V, et al. Messenger RNA expression of cytokine gene cluster, interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL-5, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, in allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous reactions in atopic subjects. J Exp Med 1991;173:775-8.
49. Bochner B, Charlesworth E, Lichtenstein L, et al. Interleukin-1 is released at sites of human cutaneous allergic reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990;86:830-9.
50. Schleimer RP, Sterbinsky SA, Kaiser J, et al. Interleukin-4 induces adherence of human eosinophils and basophils but not neutrophils to endothelium: association with expression of VCAM-1. J Immunol 1992;148:1086-92.
51. Wakita H, Sakamoto T, Tokura Y, Takigawa M. E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 as critical adhesion molecules for infiltration of T lymphocytes and eosinophils in atopic dermatitis. J Cutan Pathol 1994;21:33-9.
52. Leung DYM, Cotran RS, Pober JS. Expression of an endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule (ELAM-1) in elicited late phase allergic skin reactions. J Clin Invest 1991;87:1805-10.
53. Sampson HA, Jolie PL. Increased plasma histamine concentrations after food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 1984;311:372-6.
54. Sampson H, Broadbent KR, Bernhisel-Broadbent J. Spontaneous release of histamine from basophils and histamine-releasing factor in patients with atopic dermatitis and food hypersensitivity. N Engl J Med 1989;321:228-32.
55. Leung DYM, Schneeberger EE, Siraganian RP, Geha RS, Bhan AK. The presence of IgE on monocytes/macrophages infiltrating into the skin lesion of atopic dermatitis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1987;42:328-37.
56. Bruynzeel-Koomen C, van Wichen DF, Toonstra J, Berrens L, Bruynzeel PL. The presence of IgE molecules on epidermal Langerhans cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 1986;278:199-205.
57. Klubal R, Osterhoff B, Wang B, Kinet JP, Maurer D, Stingl G. The high-affinity receptor for IgE is the predominant IgE-binding structure in lesional skin of atopic dermatitis patients. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108:336-42.
58. 2/CD23 on normal human monocytes. J Exp Med 1988;167:1406-16.
59. Rouzer CA, Scott WA, Hamill AL, Liu F-T, Katz DH, Cohn ZA. Secretion of leukotriene C and other arachidonic acid metabolites by macrophages challenged with immunoglobulin E immune complexes. J Exp Med 1982;156:1077-86.
60. Quinti I, Brozek C, Geha RS, Leung DYM. Circulating IgG antibodies to IgE in atopic syndromes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986;77:586-94.
61. Mudde GC, Van Reijsen FC, Boland GJ, DeGast GC, Bruijnzeel PLB, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM. Allergen presentation by epidermal Langerhans cells from patients with atopic dermatitis is mediated by IgE. Immunology 1990;69:335-41.
62. Valenta R, Maurer D, Steiner R. Immunoglobulin E response to human proteins in atopic patients. J Invest Dermatol 1996;107:203-8.
63. Valenta R, Natter S, Seiberler S, et al. Molecular characterization of an autoallergen, Hom s 1, identified by serum IgE from atopic dermatitis patients. J Invest Dermatol 1998;111:1178-83.
64. Kupper TS. Interleukin-1 and other human keratinocyte cytokines: molecular and functional characterization. In: Callen JP, Dahl RE, Schachner LA, Stegman SJ, editors. Advances in Dermatology. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1988. p. 293-307.
65. Nickoloff BJ, Naidu Y Perturbation of epidermal barrier function correlates with initiation of cytokine cascade in human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:535-46.
66. Butcher EC, Picker LJ. Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 1996;272:60-6.
67. Picker LJ, Martin RJ, Trumble A, et al. Differential expression of lymphocyte homing receptors by human memory/effector T cells in pulmonary versus cutaneous immune effector sites. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:1269-77.
68. Abernathy-Carver KJ, Sampson HA, Picker LJ, Leung DYM. Milk-induced eczema is associated with the expansion of T cells expressing cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. J Clin Invest 1995;95:913-8.
69. Santamaria Babi LF, Picker LJ, Perez Soler MT, et al. Circulating allergen-reactive T cells from patients with atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis express the skin-selective homing receptor, the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen. J Exp Med 1995;181:1935-40.
70. Leung DYM, Gately M, Trumble A, Ferguson-Darnell B, Schlievert PM, Picker LJ. Bacterial superantigens induce T cell expression of the skin-selective homing receptor, the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA). J Exp Med 1995;181:747-53.
71. Leung DYM, Harbeck R, Bina P, et al. Presence of IgE antibodies to staphylococcal exotoxins on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis: evidence for a new group of allergens. J Clin Invest 1993;92:1374-80.
72. Jones HE, Reinhardt JH, Rinaldi MG. A clinical, mycological and immunological survey for dermatophytosis. Arch Dermatol 1973;107:217-22.
73. Kieffer M, Bergbrant I-M, Faergemann J, et al. Immune reactions to Pityrosporum ovale in adult patients with atopic and seborrheic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:739-42.
74. Rokugo M, Tagami H, Usuba Y, Tomita Y. Contact sensitivity to Pityrosporum ovale in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1990;126:627-32.
75. Back O, Scheynius A, Johansson SG. Ketoconazole in atopic dermatitis: therapeutic response is correlated with decrease in serum IgE. Arch Dermatol Res 1995;287:448-51.
76. Kolmer HL, Taketomi EA, Hazen KC, Hughs E, Wilson BB, Platts-Mills TA. Effect of combined antibacterial and antifungal treatment in severe atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;98:702-7.
77. Leyden JE, Marples RR, Kligman AM. Staphylococcus aureus in the lesions of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1974;90:525-30.
78. Hauser C, Wuethrich B, Matter L, Wilhelm J, Sonnabend W, Schopfer K. Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization in atopic dermatitis patients. Dermatologica 1985;170:35-9.
79. Lever R, Hadley K, Downey D, Mackie R. Staphylococcal colonization in atopic dermatitis and the effect of topical mupirocin therapy. Br J Dermatol 1988;119:189-98.
80. Nissen D, Pedersen LJ, Skov PS, et al. IgE-binding components of staphylococcal enterotoxins in patients with atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997;79:403-8.
81. Bunikowski R, Mielke M, Skarabis H, et al. Prevalence and role of serum IgE antibodies to the S. aureus-derived superantigens SEA and SEB in children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:119-24.
82. Herz U, Schnoy N, Borelli S, et al. A human-SCID mouse model for allergic immune response bacterial superantigen enhances skin inflammation and suppresses IgE production. J Invest Dermatol 1998;110:224-31.
83. Hauk PJ, Wenzel SE, Trumble AE, Strickland I, Szefler SJ, Leung DYM. Increased T cell receptor (TCR)-BV8+ T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of poorly controlled (PC) asthmatics: a potential role for microbial superantigens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;101:977A.
84. Strange P, Skov L, Lisby S, Nielsen PL, Baadsgaard O. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B applied on intact normal and intact atopic skin induces dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:27-33.
85. Michie CA, Davis T. Atopic dermatitis and staphylococcal superantigens [letter]. Lancet 1996;347:324.
86. Campbell DE, Kemp AS. Proliferation and production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-4 in response to Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal superantigen in childhood atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1997;107:392-7.
87. Ezepchuk YV, Leung DYM, Middleton MH, Bina P, Reiser R, Norris DA. Staphylococcal toxins and protein A differentially induce cytotoxicity and release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1996;107:603-9.
88. Boguniewicz M, Jaffe HS, Izu A, et al. Recombinant gamma interferon in treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis and elevated IgE levels. Am J Med 1990;88:365-70.
89. Hanifin JM, Schneider LC, Leung DYM, et al. Recombinant interferon gamma therapy for atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:189-97.
90. Sowden JM, Berth-Jones J, Ross JS, et al. Double-blind, controlled, crossover study of cyclosporin in adults with severe refractory atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1991;338:137-40.
91. Bieber T. Topical tacrolimus (FK 506): a new milestone in the management of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:555-7.
92. Ruzicka T, Bieber T, Schopf E, et al. A short-term trial of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. European Tacrolimus Multicenter Atopic Dermatitis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;337:816-21.
93. Boguniewicz M, Fiedler VC, Raimer S, Lawrence ID, Leung DYM, Hanifin JM. A randomized, vehicle-controlled trial of tacrolimus ointment for treatment of atopic dermatitis in children: Pediatric Tacrolimus Study Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:6387-44.