메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 27-51

Tapping into spinal circuits to restore motor function

Author keywords

Central pattern generator; FES; FNS; Functional neuromuscular stimulation; Locomotion; Spinal cord injury

Indexed keywords

CAT; LOCOMOTION; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MUSCLE INNERVATION; NERVE PROJECTION; NERVE TRACT; NEUROMUSCULAR SYNAPSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTHESIS; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD INJURY;

EID: 0032798538     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00008-9     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (183)

References (201)
  • 2
    • 0013783124 scopus 로고
    • The nature of the earliest spontaneous activity of the chick embryo
    • Alconero B.B. The nature of the earliest spontaneous activity of the chick embryo. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 13:1965;255-266.
    • (1965) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. , vol.13 , pp. 255-266
    • Alconero, B.B.1
  • 3
    • 0021811265 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 13. Corticospinal effects in shoulder, elbow, wrist, and digit motoneurones
    • Alstermark B., Sasaki S. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 13. Corticospinal effects in shoulder, elbow, wrist, and digit motoneurones. Exp. Brain Res. (EP2). 59(2):1985;353-364.
    • (1985) Exp. Brain Res. (EP2) , vol.59 , Issue.2 , pp. 353-364
    • Alstermark, B.1    Sasaki, S.2
  • 4
    • 0022519409 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 14. Differential projection to fast and slow motoneurones from excitatory C3-C4 propriospinal neurones
    • Alstermark B., Sasaki S. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 14. Differential projection to fast and slow motoneurones from excitatory C3-C4 propriospinal neurones. Exp. Brain Res. (EP2). 63(3):1986;530-542.
    • (1986) Exp. Brain Res. (EP2) , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 530-542
    • Alstermark, B.1    Sasaki, S.2
  • 5
    • 0022450071 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 15. Comparison of the projection from excitatory C3-C4 propriospinal neurones to different species of forelimb motoneurones
    • Alstermark B., Sasaki S. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 15. Comparison of the projection from excitatory C3-C4 propriospinal neurones to different species of forelimb motoneurones. Exp. Brain Res. (EP2). 63(3):1986;543-556.
    • (1986) Exp. Brain Res. (EP2) , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 543-556
    • Alstermark, B.1    Sasaki, S.2
  • 6
    • 0021201107 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 10. Inhibitory pathways to forelimb motoneurones via C3-C4 propriospinal neurones
    • Alstermark B., Lundberg A., Sasaki S. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 10. Inhibitory pathways to forelimb motoneurones via C3-C4 propriospinal neurones. Exp. Brain Res. (EP2). 56(2):1984;279-292.
    • (1984) Exp. Brain Res. (EP2) , vol.56 , Issue.2 , pp. 279-292
    • Alstermark, B.1    Lundberg, A.2    Sasaki, S.3
  • 7
    • 0019450824 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 9. Differential behavioural defects after spinal cord lesions interrupting defined pathways from higher centres to motoneurones
    • Alstermark B., Lundberg A., Norrsell U., Sybirska E. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 9. Differential behavioural defects after spinal cord lesions interrupting defined pathways from higher centres to motoneurones. Exp. Brain Res. 42:1981;299-318.
    • (1981) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.42 , pp. 299-318
    • Alstermark, B.1    Lundberg, A.2    Norrsell, U.3    Sybirska, E.4
  • 8
    • 0024992811 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 17. Axonal projection and termination of C3-C4 propriospinal neurones in the C6-Th1 segments
    • Alstermark B., Kummel H., Pinter M.J., Tantisira B. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 17. Axonal projection and termination of C3-C4 propriospinal neurones in the C6-Th1 segments. Exp. Brain Res. (EP2). 81(3):1990;447-461.
    • (1990) Exp. Brain Res. (EP2) , vol.81 , Issue.3 , pp. 447-461
    • Alstermark, B.1    Kummel, H.2    Pinter, M.J.3    Tantisira, B.4
  • 9
    • 0019434809 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 8. Ascending projection to the lateral reticular nucleus from C3-C4 propriospinal neurones also projecting to forelimb motoneurones
    • Alstermark B., Lindström S., Lundberg A., Sybirska E. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 8. Ascending projection to the lateral reticular nucleus from C3-C4 propriospinal neurones also projecting to forelimb motoneurones. Exp. Brain Res. 42:1981;282-298.
    • (1981) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.42 , pp. 282-298
    • Alstermark, B.1    Lindström, S.2    Lundberg, A.3    Sybirska, E.4
  • 10
    • 0025234335 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 16. Visually guided switching of target- reaching
    • Alstermark B., Gorska T., Lundberg A., Pettersson L.G. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 16. Visually guided switching of target- reaching. Exp. Brain Res. (EP2). 80(1):1990;1-11.
    • (1990) Exp. Brain Res. (EP2) , vol.80 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-11
    • Alstermark, B.1    Gorska, T.2    Lundberg, A.3    Pettersson, L.G.4
  • 11
    • 0025727643 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 18. Morphology, axonal projection and termination of collaterals from C3-C4 propriospinal neurones in the segment of origin
    • Alstermark B., Isa T., Tantisira B. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 18. Morphology, axonal projection and termination of collaterals from C3-C4 propriospinal neurones in the segment of origin. Exp. Brain Res. (EP2). 84(3):1991;561-568.
    • (1991) Exp. Brain Res. (EP2) , vol.84 , Issue.3 , pp. 561-568
    • Alstermark, B.1    Isa, T.2    Tantisira, B.3
  • 14
    • 0029738035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group I extensor afferents evoke disynaptic EPSPs in cat hindlimb extensor motorneurones during fictive locomotion
    • Angel M.J., Guertin P., Jimenez I., McCrea D.A. Group I extensor afferents evoke disynaptic EPSPs in cat hindlimb extensor motorneurones during fictive locomotion. J. Physiol. 494:1996;851-861.
    • (1996) J. Physiol. , vol.494 , pp. 851-861
    • Angel, M.J.1    Guertin, P.2    Jimenez, I.3    McCrea, D.A.4
  • 15
    • 0013482772 scopus 로고
    • Developmental changes in the distribution of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the embryonic chick lumbosacral spinal cord
    • Antal M., Berki A.C., Horvath L., O'Donovan M.J. Developmental changes in the distribution of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the embryonic chick lumbosacral spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 341:1994;1-9.
    • (1994) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.341 , pp. 1-9
    • Antal, M.1    Berki, A.C.2    Horvath, L.3    O'Donovan, M.J.4
  • 16
    • 0022270918 scopus 로고
    • Electromyographic responses evoked in muscles of the forelimb by intracortical stimulation in the cat
    • Armstrong D.M., Drew T. Electromyographic responses evoked in muscles of the forelimb by intracortical stimulation in the cat. J. Physiol. 367:1985;309-326.
    • (1985) J. Physiol. , vol.367 , pp. 309-326
    • Armstrong, D.M.1    Drew, T.2
  • 17
    • 0022270920 scopus 로고
    • Forelimb electromyographic responses to motor cortex stimulation during locomotion in the cat
    • Armstrong D.M., Drew T. Forelimb electromyographic responses to motor cortex stimulation during locomotion in the cat. J. Physiol. (London). 367:1985;327-352.
    • (1985) J. Physiol. (London) , vol.367 , pp. 327-352
    • Armstrong, D.M.1    Drew, T.2
  • 18
    • 0022523703 scopus 로고
    • Supraspinal contributions to the initiation and control of locomotion in the cat
    • Armstrong D.M. Supraspinal contributions to the initiation and control of locomotion in the cat. Prog. Neurobiol. 26:1986;273-361.
    • (1986) Prog. Neurobiol. , vol.26 , pp. 273-361
    • Armstrong, D.M.1
  • 19
    • 0024634598 scopus 로고
    • Use of functional electrical stimulation in the rehabilitation of patients with incomplete spinal cord injuries
    • Bajd Y., Kralj A., Turk H., Benko H., Sega J. Use of functional electrical stimulation in the rehabilitation of patients with incomplete spinal cord injuries. J. Biomed. Eng. 11:1989;96-102.
    • (1989) J. Biomed. Eng. , vol.11 , pp. 96-102
    • Bajd, Y.1    Kralj, A.2    Turk, H.3    Benko, H.4    Sega, J.5
  • 20
    • 0026779330 scopus 로고
    • Induction of fos expression by activity in the spinal rhythm generator for scratching
    • Barajon I., Gossard J.-P., Hultborn H. Induction of fos expression by activity in the spinal rhythm generator for scratching. Brain Res. 588:1992;168-172.
    • (1992) Brain Res. , vol.588 , pp. 168-172
    • Barajon, I.1    Gossard, J.-P.2    Hultborn, H.3
  • 21
    • 0027499655 scopus 로고
    • The effects of locomotor training in spinal cord injured subjects - A preliminary study
    • Barbeau H., Danakas M., Arsenault B. The effects of locomotor training in spinal cord injured subjects - a preliminary study. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 5:1993;81-84.
    • (1993) Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. , vol.5 , pp. 81-84
    • Barbeau, H.1    Danakas, M.2    Arsenault, B.3
  • 22
    • 0023346229 scopus 로고
    • Description and application of a system for locomotor rehabilitation
    • Barbeau H., Wainberg M., Finch L. Description and application of a system for locomotor rehabilitation. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 25:1987;341-344.
    • (1987) Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. , vol.25 , pp. 341-344
    • Barbeau, H.1    Wainberg, M.2    Finch, L.3
  • 23
    • 0012055722 scopus 로고
    • Effects of noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs on the initiation of locomotion in adult spinal cat
    • no. 160.9, Abstract
    • Barbeau H., Rossignol S. Effects of noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs on the initiation of locomotion in adult spinal cat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 15:1989;393. no. 160.9, Abstract.
    • (1989) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.15 , pp. 393
    • Barbeau, H.1    Rossignol, S.2
  • 24
    • 0027944853 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of locomotor recovery following spinal cord injury
    • Barbeau H., Rossignol S. Enhancement of locomotor recovery following spinal cord injury. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 7:1994;517-524.
    • (1994) Curr. Opin. Neurol. , vol.7 , pp. 517-524
    • Barbeau, H.1    Rossignol, S.2
  • 25
    • 0025898820 scopus 로고
    • Initiation and modulation of the locomotor pattern in the adult chronic spinal cat by noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs
    • Barbeau H., Rossignol S. Initiation and modulation of the locomotor pattern in the adult chronic spinal cat by noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs. Brain Res. 546:1991;250-260.
    • (1991) Brain Res. , vol.546 , pp. 250-260
    • Barbeau, H.1    Rossignol, S.2
  • 26
    • 0023240528 scopus 로고
    • Recovery of locomotion after chronic spinalization in the adult cat
    • Barbeau H., Rossignol S. Recovery of locomotion after chronic spinalization in the adult cat. Brain Res. 412:1987;84-95.
    • (1987) Brain Res. , vol.412 , pp. 84-95
    • Barbeau, H.1    Rossignol, S.2
  • 27
    • 0027415043 scopus 로고
    • Noradrenergic agonists and locomotor training affect locomotor recovery after cord transection in adult cats
    • Barbeau H., Chau C., Rossignol S. Noradrenergic agonists and locomotor training affect locomotor recovery after cord transection in adult cats. Brain Res. Bull. 30:1993;387-393.
    • (1993) Brain Res. Bull. , vol.30 , pp. 387-393
    • Barbeau, H.1    Chau, C.2    Rossignol, S.3
  • 28
    • 0023584563 scopus 로고
    • The effects of clonidine and yohimbine on locomotion and cutaneous reflexes in the adult chronic spinal cat
    • Barbeau H., Julien C., Rossignol S. The effects of clonidine and yohimbine on locomotion and cutaneous reflexes in the adult chronic spinal cat. Brain Res. 437:1987;83-96.
    • (1987) Brain Res. , vol.437 , pp. 83-96
    • Barbeau, H.1    Julien, C.2    Rossignol, S.3
  • 29
    • 0023475236 scopus 로고
    • The effects of excitatory amino acids and their antagonists on the generation of motor activity in the isolated chick cord
    • Barry M., O'Donovan M.J. The effects of excitatory amino acids and their antagonists on the generation of motor activity in the isolated chick cord. Dev. Brain Res. 36:1987;271-276.
    • (1987) Dev. Brain Res. , vol.36 , pp. 271-276
    • Barry, M.1    O'Donovan, M.J.2
  • 30
    • 0029013093 scopus 로고
    • Nouvelles approches pharmacologiques du traitement des troubles de la marche consecutifs à une lésion spinale
    • Bastings E., Rapisarda G., Pepin J.L., Delwaide P.J. Nouvelles approches pharmacologiques du traitement des troubles de la marche consecutifs à une lésion spinale. Rev. Med. Liège. 50:1995;204-208.
    • (1995) Rev. Med. Liège , vol.50 , pp. 204-208
    • Bastings, E.1    Rapisarda, G.2    Pepin, J.L.3    Delwaide, P.J.4
  • 31
    • 0017229243 scopus 로고
    • Ontogeny of leg motor output in the chick embryo: A neural analysis
    • Bekoff A. Ontogeny of leg motor output in the chick embryo: a neural analysis. Brain Res. 106:1976;271-291.
    • (1976) Brain Res. , vol.106 , pp. 271-291
    • Bekoff, A.1
  • 32
    • 0029894404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of treadmill locomotion in adult cats before and after spinal transection
    • Belanger M., Drew T., Provencher J., Rossignol S. A comparison of treadmill locomotion in adult cats before and after spinal transection. J. Neurophysiol. 76:1996;471-491.
    • (1996) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.76 , pp. 471-491
    • Belanger, M.1    Drew, T.2    Provencher, J.3    Rossignol, S.4
  • 33
    • 0028901966 scopus 로고
    • Different patterns of fore-hindlimb coordination during overground locomotion in cats with ventral and lateral spinal lesions
    • Bem T., Gorska T., Majczynski H., Zmyslowski W. Different patterns of fore-hindlimb coordination during overground locomotion in cats with ventral and lateral spinal lesions. Exp. Brain Res. 104:1995;70-80.
    • (1995) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.104 , pp. 70-80
    • Bem, T.1    Gorska, T.2    Majczynski, H.3    Zmyslowski, W.4
  • 34
    • 0013557078 scopus 로고
    • Developmental expression of glycine-immunoreactivity and its colocalization with GABA in the embryonic chick lumbosacral spinal cord
    • Berki A.C., O'Donovan M.J., Antal M. Developmental expression of glycine-immunoreactivity and its colocalization with GABA in the embryonic chick lumbosacral spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 363:1995;1-14.
    • (1995) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.363 , pp. 1-14
    • Berki, A.C.1    O'Donovan, M.J.2    Antal, M.3
  • 36
    • 0028097407 scopus 로고
    • Voltage-dependent excitation of motoneurones from spinal locomotor centres in the cat
    • Brownstone R.M., Gossard J.-P., Hultborn H. Voltage-dependent excitation of motoneurones from spinal locomotor centres in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 102:1994;34-44.
    • (1994) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.102 , pp. 34-44
    • Brownstone, R.M.1    Gossard, J.-P.2    Hultborn, H.3
  • 37
    • 0031759023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery of treadmill locomotion after ventral and ventrolateral spinal lesions in the cat: I. Deficits and adaptive mechanisms
    • Brustein E., Rossignol S. Recovery of treadmill locomotion after ventral and ventrolateral spinal lesions in the cat: I. Deficits and adaptive mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 80:1998;1245-1267.
    • (1998) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.80 , pp. 1245-1267
    • Brustein, E.1    Rossignol, S.2
  • 38
    • 0033020942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery of treadmill locomotion after ventral and ventrolateral spinal lesions in the cat: II. The effects of noradrenergic and serotininergic drugs
    • in press
    • E. Brustein, S. Rossignol, Recovery of treadmill locomotion after ventral and ventrolateral spinal lesions in the cat: II. The effects of noradrenergic and serotininergic drugs, J. Neurophysiol. (1999) in press.
    • (1999) J. Neurophysiol.
    • Brustein, E.1    Rossignol, S.2
  • 39
    • 0015146204 scopus 로고
    • Stepping movements evoked in a mesencephalic cat by a rhythmic stimulation of a dorsal root in mesencephalic cat
    • Budakova N.N. Stepping movements evoked in a mesencephalic cat by a rhythmic stimulation of a dorsal root in mesencephalic cat. Sechenov Physiol. J. USSR. 57:1971;1632-1640.
    • (1971) Sechenov Physiol. J. USSR , vol.57 , pp. 1632-1640
    • Budakova, N.N.1
  • 40
    • 0026205082 scopus 로고
    • A silicon-based three-dimensional neural interface: Manufacturing processes for an intracortical electrode array
    • Campbell P.K., Jones K.E., Huber R.J., Horch K.W., Norman R.A. A silicon-based three-dimensional neural interface: Manufacturing processes for an intracortical electrode array. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 38:1991;758-767.
    • (1991) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.38 , pp. 758-767
    • Campbell, P.K.1    Jones, K.E.2    Huber, R.J.3    Horch, K.W.4    Norman, R.A.5
  • 41
    • 0030908991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotion of the hindlimbs following a neurectomy of the ankle flexors in intact and spinal cats: A model for study of plasticity
    • Carrier L., Brustein L., Rossignol S. Locomotion of the hindlimbs following a neurectomy of the ankle flexors in intact and spinal cats: a model for study of plasticity. J. Neurophysiol. 77:1997;1979-1993.
    • (1997) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.77 , pp. 1979-1993
    • Carrier, L.1    Brustein, L.2    Rossignol, S.3
  • 42
    • 0031915450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early locomotor training with clonidine in spinal cats
    • Chau C., Barbeau H., Rossignol S. Early locomotor training with clonidine in spinal cats. J. Neurophysiol. 79:1998;392-409.
    • (1998) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.79 , pp. 392-409
    • Chau, C.1    Barbeau, H.2    Rossignol, S.3
  • 43
    • 0031595435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of intrathecal α1- And α2-noradrenergic agonists and noradrenaline on locomotion in chronic spinal cats
    • Chau C., Barbeau H., Rossignol S. The effects of intrathecal α1- and α2-noradrenergic agonists and noradrenaline on locomotion in chronic spinal cats. J. Neurophysiol. 79:1998;2941-2963.
    • (1998) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.79 , pp. 2941-2963
    • Chau, C.1    Barbeau, H.2    Rossignol, S.3
  • 44
    • 0000394361 scopus 로고
    • Effects of intrathecal injection of NMDA receptor agonist and antagonist on locomotion of adult chronic spinal cats
    • no. 214.14, Abstract
    • Chau C., Provencher J., Lebel F., Jordan L., Barbeau H., Rossignol S. Effects of intrathecal injection of NMDA receptor agonist and antagonist on locomotion of adult chronic spinal cats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20:1994;573. no. 214.14, Abstract.
    • (1994) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.20 , pp. 573
    • Chau, C.1    Provencher, J.2    Lebel, F.3    Jordan, L.4    Barbeau, H.5    Rossignol, S.6
  • 45
    • 0025948834 scopus 로고
    • GABA: An excitatory transmitter in early postnatal life
    • Cherubini E., Gaiarsa J.L., Ben-Ari Y. GABA: an excitatory transmitter in early postnatal life. Trends Neurosci. 14:1991;515-519.
    • (1991) Trends Neurosci. , vol.14 , pp. 515-519
    • Cherubini, E.1    Gaiarsa, J.L.2    Ben-Ari, Y.3
  • 46
    • 0013480565 scopus 로고
    • Multi-functional actions of GABA in the regulation of spontaneous activity in the isolated spinal cord of the chick embryo
    • Abstract
    • Chub N., O'Donovan M.J. Multi-functional actions of GABA in the regulation of spontaneous activity in the isolated spinal cord of the chick embryo. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21:1995;688. Abstract.
    • (1995) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.21 , pp. 688
    • Chub, N.1    O'Donovan, M.J.2
  • 47
    • 0031984180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade and recovery of spontaneous rhythmic activity following application of neurotransmitter antagonists to spinal networks of the chick embryo
    • Chub N., O'Donovan M.J. Blockade and recovery of spontaneous rhythmic activity following application of neurotransmitter antagonists to spinal networks of the chick embryo. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;294-306.
    • (1998) J. Neurosci. , vol.18 , pp. 294-306
    • Chub, N.1    O'Donovan, M.J.2
  • 48
    • 0032431802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of NMDA-induced membrane potential oscillations and spontaneous rhythmic activity in the chick spinal cord
    • in: O. Kiehn, R.M. Harris-Warwick, L.M. Jordan, H. Hultborn, N. Kudo (Eds.), New York Academy of Science, New York
    • N. Chub, L.E. Moore, M.J. O'Donovan, Comparison of NMDA-induced membrane potential oscillations and spontaneous rhythmic activity in the chick spinal cord, in: O. Kiehn, R.M. Harris-Warwick, L.M. Jordan, H. Hultborn, N. Kudo (Eds.), Neuronal Mechanisms for Generating Locomotor Activity, Vol. 860, New York Academy of Science, New York, 1998, pp. 467-469.
    • (1998) Neuronal Mechanisms for Generating Locomotor Activity , vol.860 , pp. 467-469
    • Chub, N.1    Moore, L.E.2    O'Donovan, M.J.3
  • 49
    • 17344366767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular correlates of long-term sensitization in Aplysia
    • Cleary L.J., Lee W.L., Byrne J.H. Cellular correlates of long-term sensitization in Aplysia. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;5988-5998.
    • (1998) J. Neurosci. , vol.18 , pp. 5988-5998
    • Cleary, L.J.1    Lee, W.L.2    Byrne, J.H.3
  • 50
    • 0023193092 scopus 로고
    • Proprioceptive input resets central locomotor rhythm in the spinal cord
    • Conway B.A., Hultborn H., Kiehn O. Proprioceptive input resets central locomotor rhythm in the spinal cord. Exp. Brain Res. 68:1987;643-656.
    • (1987) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.68 , pp. 643-656
    • Conway, B.A.1    Hultborn, H.2    Kiehn, O.3
  • 51
    • 0029785642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ionic mechanisms underlying synchronized oscillations and propagating waves in a model of ferret thalamic slices
    • Destexhe A., Bal T., McCormick D.A., Sejnowski T.J. Ionic mechanisms underlying synchronized oscillations and propagating waves in a model of ferret thalamic slices. J. Neurophysiol. 76:1996;2049-2070.
    • (1996) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.76 , pp. 2049-2070
    • Destexhe, A.1    Bal, T.2    McCormick, D.A.3    Sejnowski, T.J.4
  • 52
    • 0029004078 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor capacity of spinal cord in paraplegic patients
    • Dietz V., Colombo G., Jensen L., Baumgartner L. Locomotor capacity of spinal cord in paraplegic patients. Ann. Neurol. 37:1995;574-582.
    • (1995) Ann. Neurol. , vol.37 , pp. 574-582
    • Dietz, V.1    Colombo, G.2    Jensen, L.3    Baumgartner, L.4
  • 53
    • 0028171623 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor activity in spinal man
    • Dietz V., Colombo G., Jensen L. Locomotor activity in spinal man. Lancet. 344:1994;1260-1263.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 1260-1263
    • Dietz, V.1    Colombo, G.2    Jensen, L.3
  • 54
    • 0029004078 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor capacity of spinal cord in paraplegic patients
    • Dietz V., Colombo G., Jensen L., Baumgartner L. Locomotor capacity of spinal cord in paraplegic patients. Ann. Neurol. 37:1995;574-582.
    • (1995) Ann. Neurol. , vol.37 , pp. 574-582
    • Dietz, V.1    Colombo, G.2    Jensen, L.3    Baumgartner, L.4
  • 55
    • 0013539178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central pattern generator in human: Motor responses evoked by and spinal cord evoked potentials recorded from epidural electrodes at different locations
    • Abstract
    • Dimitrijevic M.R., Halter J.A., Gerasimenko Y., Sherwood A.M., McKay W.B. Central pattern generator in human: motor responses evoked by and spinal cord evoked potentials recorded from epidural electrodes at different locations. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22:1996;1373. Abstract.
    • (1996) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.22 , pp. 1373
    • Dimitrijevic, M.R.1    Halter, J.A.2    Gerasimenko, Y.3    Sherwood, A.M.4    McKay, W.B.5
  • 56
    • 0001186064 scopus 로고
    • Training induces rhythmic locomotor EMG patterns in a subject with complete spinal cord injury
    • Suppl.
    • Dobkin B.H., Edgerton V.R., Fowler E., Hodgson J. Training induces rhythmic locomotor EMG patterns in a subject with complete spinal cord injury. Neurology. 42(3):1992;207-208. Suppl.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , Issue.3 , pp. 207-208
    • Dobkin, B.H.1    Edgerton, V.R.2    Fowler, E.3    Hodgson, J.4
  • 57
    • 0027502067 scopus 로고
    • The effects of intrathecal administration of excitatory amino acid agonists and antagonists on the initiation of locomotion in the adult cat
    • Douglas J.R., Noga B.R., Dai X., Jordan L.M. The effects of intrathecal administration of excitatory amino acid agonists and antagonists on the initiation of locomotion in the adult cat. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;990-1000.
    • (1993) J. Neurosci. , vol.13 , pp. 990-1000
    • Douglas, J.R.1    Noga, B.R.2    Dai, X.3    Jordan, L.M.4
  • 58
    • 0025025032 scopus 로고
    • Functional organisation within the medullary reticular formation of the intact unanaesthetized cat: I. Movements evoked by microstimulation
    • Drew T., Rossignol S. Functional organisation within the medullary reticular formation of the intact unanaesthetized cat: I. Movements evoked by microstimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 64:1990;767-781.
    • (1990) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.64 , pp. 767-781
    • Drew, T.1    Rossignol, S.2
  • 59
    • 0025004327 scopus 로고
    • Functional organisation within the medullary reticular formation of the intact unanaesthetized cat: II. Electromyographic activity evoked by microstimulation
    • Drew T., Rossignol S. Functional organisation within the medullary reticular formation of the intact unanaesthetized cat: II. Electromyographic activity evoked by microstimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 64:1990;782-795.
    • (1990) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.64 , pp. 782-795
    • Drew, T.1    Rossignol, S.2
  • 60
    • 0025953388 scopus 로고
    • Functional organization within the medullary reticular formation of the intact unanesthetized cat: III. Microstimulation during locomotion
    • Drew T. Functional organization within the medullary reticular formation of the intact unanesthetized cat: III. Microstimulation during locomotion. J. Neurophysiol. 66:1991;919-938.
    • (1991) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.66 , pp. 919-938
    • Drew, T.1
  • 61
    • 0018826923 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of flexor burst generator by loading ankle extensor muscles in walking cats
    • Duysens J., Pearson K.G. Inhibition of flexor burst generator by loading ankle extensor muscles in walking cats. Brain Res. 18:1980;321-332.
    • (1980) Brain Res. , vol.18 , pp. 321-332
    • Duysens, J.1    Pearson, K.G.2
  • 62
    • 70449146739 scopus 로고
    • The convergence of monosynaptic excitatory afferents onto many different species of alpha motoneurones
    • Eccles J.C., Eccles R.M., Lundberg A. The convergence of monosynaptic excitatory afferents onto many different species of alpha motoneurones. J. Physiol. 137:1957;22-50.
    • (1957) J. Physiol. , vol.137 , pp. 22-50
    • Eccles, J.C.1    Eccles, R.M.2    Lundberg, A.3
  • 63
    • 0000300521 scopus 로고
    • Synaptic action in motoneurones by afferents which may evoke the flexion reflex
    • Eccles R.M., Lundberg A. Synaptic action in motoneurones by afferents which may evoke the flexion reflex. Arch. Ital. Biol. 97:1959;199-221.
    • (1959) Arch. Ital. Biol. , vol.97 , pp. 199-221
    • Eccles, R.M.1    Lundberg, A.2
  • 64
    • 0024319212 scopus 로고
    • Bistable firing properties of soleus motor units in unrestrained rats
    • Eken T., Kiehn O. Bistable firing properties of soleus motor units in unrestrained rats. Acta Physiol. Scand. 136:1989;383-394.
    • (1989) Acta Physiol. Scand. , vol.136 , pp. 383-394
    • Eken, T.1    Kiehn, O.2
  • 66
    • 0013539140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evoked potentials are transiently depressed following rhythmic activity in the embryonic chick spinal cord
    • Fedirchuk B., O'Donovan M.J. Evoked potentials are transiently depressed following rhythmic activity in the embryonic chick spinal cord. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22:1996;1377.
    • (1996) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.22 , pp. 1377
    • Fedirchuk, B.1    O'Donovan, M.J.2
  • 67
    • 0026456112 scopus 로고
    • Activity-dependent development of the vertebrate nervous system
    • Fields R.D., Nelson P.G. Activity-dependent development of the vertebrate nervous system. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 34:1992;133-214.
    • (1992) Int. Rev. Neurobiol. , vol.34 , pp. 133-214
    • Fields, R.D.1    Nelson, P.G.2
  • 68
    • 0022643626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemiplegic gait: New treatment strategies
    • Finch L., Barbeau H. Hemiplegic gait: new treatment strategies. Physiol. Can. 38:1996;36-41.
    • (1996) Physiol. Can. , vol.38 , pp. 36-41
    • Finch, L.1    Barbeau, H.2
  • 69
    • 0015922677 scopus 로고
    • The locomotion of the acute spinal cat injected with clonidine i.v.
    • Forssberg H., Grillner S. The locomotion of the acute spinal cat injected with clonidine i.v. Brain Res. 50:1973;184-186.
    • (1973) Brain Res. , vol.50 , pp. 184-186
    • Forssberg, H.1    Grillner, S.2
  • 70
    • 0021031033 scopus 로고
    • Hardwired locomotor network in cat revealed by a retained motor pattern to gastrocnemius after muscle transposition
    • Forssberg H., Svartengren G. Hardwired locomotor network in cat revealed by a retained motor pattern to gastrocnemius after muscle transposition. Neurosci. Lett. 41:1983;283-288.
    • (1983) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.41 , pp. 283-288
    • Forssberg, H.1    Svartengren, G.2
  • 71
    • 0025646510 scopus 로고
    • The combined effects of clonidine and cyproheptadine with interactive training on the modulation of locomotion in spinal cord injured subjects
    • Fung J., Stewart J.E., Barbeau H. The combined effects of clonidine and cyproheptadine with interactive training on the modulation of locomotion in spinal cord injured subjects. J. Neurol. Sci. 100:1990;85-93.
    • (1990) J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.100 , pp. 85-93
    • Fung, J.1    Stewart, J.E.2    Barbeau, H.3
  • 72
    • 0028102964 scopus 로고
    • Effects of conditioning cutaneomuscular stimulation on the soleus H-reflex in normal and spastic paretic subjects during walking and standing
    • Fung J., Barbeau H. Effects of conditioning cutaneomuscular stimulation on the soleus H-reflex in normal and spastic paretic subjects during walking and standing. J. Neurophysiol. 72:1994;2090-2104.
    • (1994) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.72 , pp. 2090-2104
    • Fung, J.1    Barbeau, H.2
  • 74
    • 0027536285 scopus 로고
    • Convergent force fields organized in the frog's spinal cord
    • Giszter S.F., Mussa-Ivaldi F.A., Bizzi E. Convergent force fields organized in the frog's spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;467-491.
    • (1993) J. Neurosci. , vol.13 , pp. 467-491
    • Giszter, S.F.1    Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A.2    Bizzi, E.3
  • 75
    • 0025564322 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion in cats with ventral spinal lesions: Support patterns and duration of support phases during unrestrained walking
    • Gorska T., Bem T., Majczynski H. Locomotion in cats with ventral spinal lesions: support patterns and duration of support phases during unrestrained walking. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 50:1990;191-200.
    • (1990) Acta Neurobiol. Exp. , vol.50 , pp. 191-200
    • Gorska, T.1    Bem, T.2    Majczynski, H.3
  • 77
    • 0028344932 scopus 로고
    • Transmission in a locomotor-related group Ib pathway from hindlimb extensor muscles in the cat
    • Gossard J.-P., Brownstone R.M., Barajon I., Hultborn H. Transmission in a locomotor-related group Ib pathway from hindlimb extensor muscles in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 98:1994;213-228.
    • (1994) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.98 , pp. 213-228
    • Gossard, J.-P.1    Brownstone, R.M.2    Barajon, I.3    Hultborn, H.4
  • 78
    • 0026607582 scopus 로고
    • The use of functional electrical stimulation to assist gait in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury
    • Granat M., Keating J.F., Smith A.C., Delargy M., Andrews B.J. The use of functional electrical stimulation to assist gait in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. Disabil. Rehabil. 14:1992;93-97.
    • (1992) Disabil. Rehabil. , vol.14 , pp. 93-97
    • Granat, M.1    Keating, J.F.2    Smith, A.C.3    Delargy, M.4    Andrews, B.J.5
  • 79
    • 0027199261 scopus 로고
    • The role of functional electrical stimulation in the rehabilitation of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury: Observed benefits during gait studies
    • Granat M.H., Ferguson A.C.B., Andrews B.J., Delargy M. The role of functional electrical stimulation in the rehabilitation of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury: observed benefits during gait studies. Paraplegia. 31:1993;207-215.
    • (1993) Paraplegia , vol.31 , pp. 207-215
    • Granat, M.H.1    Ferguson, A.C.B.2    Andrews, B.J.3    Delargy, M.4
  • 80
    • 0032764454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibers: influence of tissue electrical properties
    • in press
    • W.M. Grill, Modelling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibers: influence of tissue electrical properties, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engin., in press.
    • IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engin.
    • Grill, W.M.1
  • 81
    • 0032526521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of the spinal neural network involved in coordination of micturition in the male cat
    • Grill W.M., Wang B., Hadziefendic S., Haxhiu M.A. Identification of the spinal neural network involved in coordination of micturition in the male cat. Brain Res. 796:1998;150-160.
    • (1998) Brain Res. , vol.796 , pp. 150-160
    • Grill, W.M.1    Wang, B.2    Hadziefendic, S.3    Haxhiu, M.A.4
  • 82
    • 0025834364 scopus 로고
    • The neural network underlying locomotion in Lamprey-synaptic and cellular mechanisms
    • Grillner S., Matsushima T. The neural network underlying locomotion in Lamprey-synaptic and cellular mechanisms. Neuron. 7:1991;1-15.
    • (1991) Neuron , vol.7 , pp. 1-15
    • Grillner, S.1    Matsushima, T.2
  • 83
    • 0016493111 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion in vertebrates: Central mechanisms and reflex interaction
    • Grillner S. Locomotion in vertebrates: central mechanisms and reflex interaction. Physiol. Rev. 55:1975;247-304.
    • (1975) Physiol. Rev. , vol.55 , pp. 247-304
    • Grillner, S.1
  • 84
    • 0018320226 scopus 로고
    • On the central generation of locomotion in the low spinal cat
    • Grillner S., Zangger P. On the central generation of locomotion in the low spinal cat. Exp. Brain Res. 34:1979;241-261.
    • (1979) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.34 , pp. 241-261
    • Grillner, S.1    Zangger, P.2
  • 85
    • 0000423735 scopus 로고
    • Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods, and fish
    • in: J.M. Brookhart, V.B. Mountcastle (Eds.) Bethesda
    • S. Grillner, Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods, and fish, in: J.M. Brookhart, V.B. Mountcastle (Eds.), Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System II, Am. Physiol. Soc., Bethesda, 1981, pp. 1179-1236.
    • (1981) Handbook of Physiology. the Nervous System II, Am. Physiol. Soc. , pp. 1179-1236
    • Grillner, S.1
  • 86
    • 0029133212 scopus 로고
    • Ankle extensor group I afferents excite extensors throughout the hindlimb during MLR-evoked fictive locomotion in the cat
    • Guertin P., Angel M.J., Perreault M.-C., McCrea D.A. Ankle extensor group I afferents excite extensors throughout the hindlimb during MLR-evoked fictive locomotion in the cat. J. Physiol. 487:1995;197-209.
    • (1995) J. Physiol. , vol.487 , pp. 197-209
    • Guertin, P.1    Angel, M.J.2    Perreault, M.-C.3    McCrea, D.A.4
  • 89
    • 0017136590 scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect activation of nerve cells by electrical pulses applied extracellularly
    • Gustafsson B., Jankowska E. Direct and indirect activation of nerve cells by electrical pulses applied extracellularly. J. Physiol. 258:1976;33-61.
    • (1976) J. Physiol. , vol.258 , pp. 33-61
    • Gustafsson, B.1    Jankowska, E.2
  • 90
    • 0344156298 scopus 로고
    • The beginnings of co-ordinated movements in the chick embryo
    • in: G.E.W. Wolstenholme, M. O'Connor (Eds.), J&A Churchill, London
    • V. Hamburger, The beginnings of co-ordinated movements in the chick embryo, in: G.E.W. Wolstenholme, M. O'Connor (Eds.), J&A Churchill, Ciba Foundation Symposium on the Growth of the Nervous System, London, 1968, pp. 99-105.
    • (1968) Ciba Foundation Symposium on the Growth of the Nervous System , pp. 99-105
    • Hamburger, V.1
  • 91
    • 0014155265 scopus 로고
    • Prehatching motility and hatching behavior in the chick
    • Hamburger V., Oppenheim R. Prehatching motility and hatching behavior in the chick. J. Exp. Zool. 166:1967;171-204.
    • (1967) J. Exp. Zool. , vol.166 , pp. 171-204
    • Hamburger, V.1    Oppenheim, R.2
  • 93
    • 0025908667 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of running under simulated low gravity
    • He J.P., Kram R., McMahon T.A. Mechanics of running under simulated low gravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 71:1991;863-870.
    • (1991) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.71 , pp. 863-870
    • He, J.P.1    Kram, R.2    McMahon, T.A.3
  • 94
    • 0029055382 scopus 로고
    • Treadmill training with partial body weight support compared with physiotherapy in nonambulatory hemiparetic patients
    • Hesse S., Bertelt C., Jahnke M.T., Scaffrin A., Brake P., Malezic M., Mauritz K.H. Treadmill training with partial body weight support compared with physiotherapy in nonambulatory hemiparetic patients. Stroke. 26:1955;976-981.
    • (1955) Stroke , vol.26 , pp. 976-981
    • Hesse, S.1    Bertelt, C.2    Jahnke, M.T.3    Scaffrin, A.4    Brake, P.5    Malezic, M.6    Mauritz, K.H.7
  • 95
    • 0028000306 scopus 로고
    • Restoration of gait in nonambulatory hemiparetic patients by treadmill training with partial body weight support
    • Hesse S., Bertelt C., Schaffrin A., Malezic M., Mauritz K.-H. Restoration of gait in nonambulatory hemiparetic patients by treadmill training with partial body weight support. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 75:1994;1087-1093.
    • (1994) Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. , vol.75 , pp. 1087-1093
    • Hesse, S.1    Bertelt, C.2    Schaffrin, A.3    Malezic, M.4    Mauritz, K.-H.5
  • 96
    • 0028013656 scopus 로고
    • Corrective responses to loss of ground support during walking: II. Comparison of intact and chronic spinal cats
    • Hiebert G.W., Gorassini M.A., Jiang W., Prochazka A., Pearson K.G. Corrective responses to loss of ground support during walking: II. Comparison of intact and chronic spinal cats. J. Neurophysiol. 71:1994;611-622.
    • (1994) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.71 , pp. 611-622
    • Hiebert, G.W.1    Gorassini, M.A.2    Jiang, W.3    Prochazka, A.4    Pearson, K.G.5
  • 97
    • 0028887453 scopus 로고
    • Suppression of the corrective response to loss of ground support by stimulation of extensor group I afferents
    • Hiebert G.W., Whelan P.J., Prochazka A., Pearson K.G. Suppression of the corrective response to loss of ground support by stimulation of extensor group I afferents. J. Neurophysiol. 73:1995;416-420.
    • (1995) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.73 , pp. 416-420
    • Hiebert, G.W.1    Whelan, P.J.2    Prochazka, A.3    Pearson, K.G.4
  • 98
    • 0028043657 scopus 로고
    • TTX-resistant NMDA receptor-mediated voltage oscillations in mammalian lumbar motoneurons
    • Hochman S., Jordan L.M., Schmidt B.J. TTX-resistant NMDA receptor-mediated voltage oscillations in mammalian lumbar motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 72:1994;2262-2559.
    • (1994) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.72 , pp. 2262-2559
    • Hochman, S.1    Jordan, L.M.2    Schmidt, B.J.3
  • 99
    • 0028133205 scopus 로고
    • N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated voltage oscillations in neurons surrounding the central canal in slices of rat spinal cord
    • Hochman S., Jordan L.M., MacDonald J.F. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated voltage oscillations in neurons surrounding the central canal in slices of rat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 72:1994;565-577.
    • (1994) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.72 , pp. 565-577
    • Hochman, S.1    Jordan, L.M.2    MacDonald, J.F.3
  • 101
    • 0002797562 scopus 로고
    • Techniques to study spinal-cord, peripheral nerve, and muscle activity in freely moving animals
    • in: A.A. Boulton, G.B. Baker, C.H. Vanderwolf (Eds.), The Humana Press, Clifton, NJ
    • J.A. Hoffer, Techniques to study spinal-cord, peripheral nerve, and muscle activity in freely moving animals, in: A.A. Boulton, G.B. Baker, C.H. Vanderwolf (Eds.), Neuromethods: Neurophysiological Techniques: Applications to Neural Systems, Vol. 15, The Humana Press, Clifton, NJ, 1990, pp. 65-145.
    • (1990) Neuromethods: Neurophysiological Techniques: Applications to Neural Systems , vol.15 , pp. 65-145
    • Hoffer, J.A.1
  • 102
    • 84965241657 scopus 로고
    • Spinal injuries of welfare
    • Holmes G. Spinal injuries of welfare. Br. Med. J. 2:1915;815-821.
    • (1915) Br. Med. J. , vol.2 , pp. 815-821
    • Holmes, G.1
  • 103
    • 0028662508 scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional microelectrode array for chronic neural recording
    • Hoogerwerf A.C., Wise K.D. A three-dimensional microelectrode array for chronic neural recording. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 41:1994;1136-1146.
    • (1994) IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol.41 , pp. 1136-1146
    • Hoogerwerf, A.C.1    Wise, K.D.2
  • 104
    • 0023780272 scopus 로고
    • Bistability of alpha-motoneurones in the decerebrate cat and in the acute spinal cat after intravenous 5-hydroxytryptophan
    • Hounsgaard J., Hultborn H., Jespersen B., Kiehn O. Bistability of alpha-motoneurones in the decerebrate cat and in the acute spinal cat after intravenous 5-hydroxytryptophan. J. Physiol. 405:1988;345-367.
    • (1988) J. Physiol. , vol.405 , pp. 345-367
    • Hounsgaard, J.1    Hultborn, H.2    Jespersen, B.3    Kiehn, O.4
  • 105
    • 0020324250 scopus 로고
    • A behavioral and electromyographic study of walking in the chick
    • Jacobson R.D., Hollyday M. A behavioral and electromyographic study of walking in the chick. J. Neurophysiol. 48:1982;238-256.
    • (1982) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.48 , pp. 238-256
    • Jacobson, R.D.1    Hollyday, M.2
  • 106
    • 0026629744 scopus 로고
    • Golgi tendon organs in mammalian skeletal muscle: Functional properties and central actions
    • Jami L. Golgi tendon organs in mammalian skeletal muscle: functional properties and central actions. Physiol. Rev. 72:1992;623-666.
    • (1992) Physiol. Rev. , vol.72 , pp. 623-666
    • Jami, L.1
  • 107
    • 0026578897 scopus 로고
    • Interneuronal relay in spinal pathways from proprioceptors
    • Jankowska E. Interneuronal relay in spinal pathways from proprioceptors. Prog. Neurobiol. 38:1992;335-378.
    • (1992) Prog. Neurobiol. , vol.38 , pp. 335-378
    • Jankowska, E.1
  • 108
    • 0014103650 scopus 로고
    • The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord: 5. Reciprocal organization of pathways transmitting excitatory action to alpha motoneurones of flexors and extensors
    • Jankowska E., Jukes M.G., Lund S., Lundberg A. The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord: 5. Reciprocal organization of pathways transmitting excitatory action to alpha motoneurones of flexors and extensors. Acta Physiol. Scand. 70:1967;369-388.
    • (1967) Acta Physiol. Scand. , vol.70 , pp. 369-388
    • Jankowska, E.1    Jukes, M.G.2    Lund, S.3    Lundberg, A.4
  • 109
    • 0014110490 scopus 로고
    • The effects of DOPA on the spinal cord: 6. Half centre organization of interneurones transmitting effects from the flexor reflex afferents
    • Jankowska E., Jukes M.G., Lund S., Lundberg A. The effects of DOPA on the spinal cord: 6. Half centre organization of interneurones transmitting effects from the flexor reflex afferents. Acta Physiol. Scand. 70:1967;389-402.
    • (1967) Acta Physiol. Scand. , vol.70 , pp. 389-402
    • Jankowska, E.1    Jukes, M.G.2    Lund, S.3    Lundberg, A.4
  • 110
    • 0027979335 scopus 로고
    • Walking evokes a distinctive pattern of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the caudal brainstem and spinal cord of the rat
    • Jasmin L., Gogas K.R., Ahlgren C., Levine J.D., Basbaum A.I. Walking evokes a distinctive pattern of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the caudal brainstem and spinal cord of the rat. Neuroscience. 58:1994;275-286.
    • (1994) Neuroscience , vol.58 , pp. 275-286
    • Jasmin, L.1    Gogas, K.R.2    Ahlgren, C.3    Levine, J.D.4    Basbaum, A.I.5
  • 111
    • 0029801245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of bilateral lesions of the dorsolateral funiculi and dorsal columns at the level of the low thoracic spinal cord on the control of locomotion in the adult cat: I. Treadmill walking
    • Jiang W., Drew T. Effects of bilateral lesions of the dorsolateral funiculi and dorsal columns at the level of the low thoracic spinal cord on the control of locomotion in the adult cat: I. Treadmill walking. J. Neurophysiol. 76:1996;849-866.
    • (1996) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.76 , pp. 849-866
    • Jiang, W.1    Drew, T.2
  • 112
    • 0003013347 scopus 로고
    • Brainstem and spinal cord mechanisms for the initiation of locomotion
    • in: M. Shimamura, S. Grillner, V.R. Edgerton (Eds.), Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo
    • L.M. Jordan, Brainstem and spinal cord mechanisms for the initiation of locomotion, in: M. Shimamura, S. Grillner, V.R. Edgerton (Eds.), Neurobiological Basis of Human Locomotion, Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 1991, pp. 3-20.
    • (1991) Neurobiological Basis of Human Locomotion , pp. 3-20
    • Jordan, L.M.1
  • 113
    • 0002236168 scopus 로고
    • Initiation of locomotion from the mammalian brainstem
    • in: S. Grillner, P.S.G. Stein, D.G. Stuart, H. Forssberg (Eds.), Macmillan, London
    • L.M. Jordan, Initiation of locomotion from the mammalian brainstem, in: S. Grillner, P.S.G. Stein, D.G. Stuart, H. Forssberg (Eds.), Neurobiology of Vertebrate Locomotion, Macmillan, London, 1986, pp. 21-37.
    • (1986) Neurobiology of Vertebrate Locomotion , pp. 21-37
    • Jordan, L.M.1
  • 116
    • 0011730077 scopus 로고
    • On the bulbospinal locomotor column in the cat
    • in: V.S. Gurfinkel, M.E. Ioffe, J. Massion, J.P. Roll (Eds.), Plenum, New York
    • O.V. Kazennikov, V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik, On the bulbospinal locomotor column in the cat, in: V.S. Gurfinkel, M.E. Ioffe, J. Massion, J.P. Roll (Eds.), Stance and Motion. Facts and Concepts, Plenum, New York, 1987, pp. 123-131.
    • (1987) Stance and Motion. Facts and Concepts , pp. 123-131
    • Kazennikov, O.V.1    Selionov, V.A.2    Shik, M.L.3
  • 117
    • 0011731916 scopus 로고
    • Stepping movements induced in cats by stimulation of the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord
    • Kazennikov O.V., Shik M.L., Yakovleva G.V. Stepping movements induced in cats by stimulation of the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 96:1983;1036.
    • (1983) Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. , vol.96 , pp. 1036
    • Kazennikov, O.V.1    Shik, M.L.2    Yakovleva, G.V.3
  • 118
    • 0021006988 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of gait and isokinetic movements for evaluation of antispastic drugs or physical therapies
    • in: J.E. Desmedt (Ed.), Raven, New York
    • E. Knutsson, Analysis of gait and isokinetic movements for evaluation of antispastic drugs or physical therapies, in: J.E. Desmedt (Ed.), Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease. Advances in Neurology, Raven, New York, 1983, pp. 1013-1034.
    • (1983) Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease. Advances in Neurology , pp. 1013-1034
    • Knutsson, E.1
  • 119
    • 0000474694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotion hyperpolarizes the voltage threshold of cat lumbar motoneurones
    • Krawitz S., Fedirchuk B., Dai Y., Jordan L.M. Locomotion hyperpolarizes the voltage threshold of cat lumbar motoneurones. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23:1997;298.4.
    • (1997) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.23 , pp. 2984
    • Krawitz, S.1    Fedirchuk, B.2    Dai, Y.3    Jordan, L.M.4
  • 120
    • 0001950921 scopus 로고
    • Functional capacity of the isolated human spinal cord
    • Kuhn R.A. Functional capacity of the isolated human spinal cord. Brain. 78:1950;1-51.
    • (1950) Brain , vol.78 , pp. 1-51
    • Kuhn, R.A.1
  • 122
    • 0344587810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of walking training with a functional electrical stimulation assisted orthosis for chronic spinal chord injured persons. A longitudinal study
    • in press
    • M. Ladouceur, H. Barbeau, Effects of walking training with a functional electrical stimulation assisted orthosis for chronic spinal chord injured persons. A longitudinal study, Scand. J. Rehabil., in press.
    • Scand. J. Rehabil.
    • Ladouceur, M.1    Barbeau, H.2
  • 123
    • 0021286962 scopus 로고
    • Activation patterns of embryonic chick hindlimb muscles recorded in-ovo and in an isolated spinal cord preparation
    • Landmesser L.T., O'Donovan M.J. Activation patterns of embryonic chick hindlimb muscles recorded in-ovo and in an isolated spinal cord preparation. J. Physiol. 347:1984;189-204.
    • (1984) J. Physiol. , vol.347 , pp. 189-204
    • Landmesser, L.T.1    O'Donovan, M.J.2
  • 125
    • 73049136842 scopus 로고
    • Functional electrotherapy: Stimulation of the peroneal nerve synchronized with the swing phase of the gait in hemiplegic patients
    • Liberson W.T., Holmquest H.J., Scott D., Dow A. Functional electrotherapy: stimulation of the peroneal nerve synchronized with the swing phase of the gait in hemiplegic patients. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 42:1961;101-105.
    • (1961) Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. , vol.42 , pp. 101-105
    • Liberson, W.T.1    Holmquest, H.J.2    Scott, D.3    Dow, A.4
  • 126
    • 0019393688 scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiology of mammalian inferior olivary neurons in vitro. Different types of voltage dependent ionic conductances
    • Llinas R., Yarom Y. Electrophysiology of mammalian inferior olivary neurons in vitro. Different types of voltage dependent ionic conductances. J. Physiol. 315:1981;549-567.
    • (1981) J. Physiol. , vol.315 , pp. 549-567
    • Llinas, R.1    Yarom, Y.2
  • 127
    • 0023134402 scopus 로고
    • Reflex pathways from group II muscle afferents: 3. Secondary spindle afferents and the FRAa new hypothesis
    • Lundberg A., Malmgren K., Schomburg E.D. Reflex pathways from group II muscle afferents: 3. Secondary spindle afferents and the FRAa new hypothesis. Exp. Brain Res. 65:1987;294-306.
    • (1987) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.65 , pp. 294-306
    • Lundberg, A.1    Malmgren, K.2    Schomburg, E.D.3
  • 128
    • 0032126713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H-current: Properties of a neuronal and network pacemaker
    • Luthi A., McCormick D.A. H-current: properties of a neuronal and network pacemaker. Neuron. 21:1998;9-12.
    • (1998) Neuron , vol.21 , pp. 9-12
    • Luthi, A.1    McCormick, D.A.2
  • 129
    • 0000802456 scopus 로고
    • Can sense be made of spinal interneuron circuits?
    • McCrea D.A. Can sense be made of spinal interneuron circuits? Behav. Brain Sci. 15:1992;633-643.
    • (1992) Behav. Brain Sci. , vol.15 , pp. 633-643
    • McCrea, D.A.1
  • 130
    • 0000487703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group I-evoked extensor motoneurone activity is amplified by voltage-dependent depolarizations during locomotion
    • Abstract
    • McCrea D.A., Krawitz S., Fedirchuk B., Jordan L.M. Group I-evoked extensor motoneurone activity is amplified by voltage-dependent depolarizations during locomotion. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23:1997;298.3. Abstract.
    • (1997) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.23 , pp. 2983
    • McCrea, D.A.1    Krawitz, S.2    Fedirchuk, B.3    Jordan, L.M.4
  • 131
    • 0029157055 scopus 로고
    • Disynaptic group I excitation of synergist ankle extensor motoneurones during fictive locomotion in the cat
    • McCrea D.A., Shefchyk S.J., Stephens M.J., Pearson K.G. Disynaptic group I excitation of synergist ankle extensor motoneurones during fictive locomotion in the cat. J. Physiol. 487:1995;527-539.
    • (1995) J. Physiol. , vol.487 , pp. 527-539
    • McCrea, D.A.1    Shefchyk, S.J.2    Stephens, M.J.3    Pearson, K.G.4
  • 132
    • 0028300612 scopus 로고
    • Stimulus parameters affecting tissue injury during microstimulation in the cochlear nucleus of the cat
    • McCreery D.B., Yuen T.G.H., Agnew W.F., Bullara L.A. Stimulus parameters affecting tissue injury during microstimulation in the cochlear nucleus of the cat. Hear. Res. 77:1994;105-115.
    • (1994) Hear. Res. , vol.77 , pp. 105-115
    • McCreery, D.B.1    Yuen, T.G.H.2    Agnew, W.F.3    Bullara, L.A.4
  • 133
    • 0032990610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excitation of central nervous system neurons by non-uniform electric fields
    • McIntyre C.C., Grill W.M. Excitation of central nervous system neurons by non-uniform electric fields. Biophys. J. 16:1999;878-888.
    • (1999) Biophys. J. , vol.16 , pp. 878-888
    • McIntyre, C.C.1    Grill, W.M.2
  • 134
    • 0026010084 scopus 로고
    • Lack of evidence for cell death among avian spinal cord interneurons during normal development and following removal of targets and afferents
    • McKay S.E., Oppenheim R.W. Lack of evidence for cell death among avian spinal cord interneurons during normal development and following removal of targets and afferents. J. Neurobiol. 22:1991;721-733.
    • (1991) J. Neurobiol. , vol.22 , pp. 721-733
    • McKay, S.E.1    Oppenheim, R.W.2
  • 135
    • 0030560821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metallized polymer fibers as leadwires and infrafascicular microeletrodes
    • McNaughton T.G., Horch K.W. Metallized polymer fibers as leadwires and infrafascicular microeletrodes. J. Neurosci. Methods. 70(1):1996;103-110.
    • (1996) J. Neurosci. Methods , vol.70 , Issue.1 , pp. 103-110
    • McNaughton, T.G.1    Horch, K.W.2
  • 136
    • 0027955353 scopus 로고
    • Emetic reflex arc revealed by expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos in the cat
    • Miller A.D., Ruggiero D.A. Emetic reflex arc revealed by expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos in the cat. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;871-888.
    • (1994) J. Neurosci. , vol.14 , pp. 871-888
    • Miller, A.D.1    Ruggiero, D.A.2
  • 137
    • 0028225816 scopus 로고
    • Effects on movement of surgical incisions into the human spinal cord
    • Nathan P.W. Effects on movement of surgical incisions into the human spinal cord. Brain. 117:1994;337-346.
    • (1994) Brain , vol.117 , pp. 337-346
    • Nathan, P.W.1
  • 138
    • 0029951768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous motoneuronal activity mediated by glycine and GABA in the spinal cord of rat fetuses in vitro
    • Nishimaru H., Iizuka M., Ozaki S., Kudo N. Spontaneous motoneuronal activity mediated by glycine and GABA in the spinal cord of rat fetuses in vitro. J. Physiol. (London). 497:1996;131-143.
    • (1996) J. Physiol. (London) , vol.497 , pp. 131-143
    • Nishimaru, H.1    Iizuka, M.2    Ozaki, S.3    Kudo, N.4
  • 139
    • 0023906420 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion produced in mesencephalic cats by injections of putative transmitter substances and antagonists into the medial reticular formation and the pontomedullary locomotor strip
    • Noga B.R., Kettler J., Jordan L.M. Locomotion produced in mesencephalic cats by injections of putative transmitter substances and antagonists into the medial reticular formation and the pontomedullary locomotor strip. J. Neurosci. 8:1988;2074-2086.
    • (1988) J. Neurosci. , vol.8 , pp. 2074-2086
    • Noga, B.R.1    Kettler, J.2    Jordan, L.M.3
  • 140
    • 0029157667 scopus 로고
    • A treadmill apparatus and harness support for evaluation and rehabilitation of gait
    • Norman K.E., Pepin A., Ladouceur M., Barbeau H. A treadmill apparatus and harness support for evaluation and rehabilitation of gait. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 76:1995;772-778.
    • (1995) Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. , vol.76 , pp. 772-778
    • Norman, K.E.1    Pepin, A.2    Ladouceur, M.3    Barbeau, H.4
  • 141
    • 0018097062 scopus 로고
    • Excitatory and inhibitory actions of GABA and glycine on embryonic chick spinal neurons in culture
    • Obata K., Oide M., Tanaka H. Excitatory and inhibitory actions of GABA and glycine on embryonic chick spinal neurons in culture. Brain Res. 144:1978;179-184.
    • (1978) Brain Res. , vol.144 , pp. 179-184
    • Obata, K.1    Oide, M.2    Tanaka, H.3
  • 142
    • 0002549989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population behavior and self-organization in the genesis of spontaneous rhythmic activity by developing spinal networks
    • O'Donovan M.J., Chub N. Population behavior and self-organization in the genesis of spontaneous rhythmic activity by developing spinal networks. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 8:1997;21-28.
    • (1997) Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. , vol.8 , pp. 21-28
    • O'Donovan, M.J.1    Chub, N.2
  • 143
    • 0023428714 scopus 로고
    • The development of hindlimb motor activity studied in an isolated preparation of the chick spinal cord
    • O'Donovan M.J., Landmesser L.T. The development of hindlimb motor activity studied in an isolated preparation of the chick spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 7:1987;3256-3264.
    • (1987) J. Neurosci. , vol.7 , pp. 3256-3264
    • O'Donovan, M.J.1    Landmesser, L.T.2
  • 144
    • 0024565058 scopus 로고
    • Motor activity in the isolated spinal cord of the chick embryo: Synaptic drive and firing pattern of single motoneurons
    • O'Donovan M.J. Motor activity in the isolated spinal cord of the chick embryo: synaptic drive and firing pattern of single motoneurons. J. Neurosci. 9:1989;943-958.
    • (1989) J. Neurosci. , vol.9 , pp. 943-958
    • O'Donovan, M.J.1
  • 146
    • 0031665275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of spontaneous activity in developing spinal networks
    • J O'Donovan M., Chub N., Wenner P. Mechanisms of spontaneous activity in developing spinal networks. J. Neurobiol. 37:1998;131-145.
    • (1998) J. Neurobiol. , vol.37 , pp. 131-145
    • J. O'Donovan, M.1    Chub, N.2    Wenner, P.3
  • 147
    • 0032414917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of spontaneous activity in the developing spinal cord and their relevance to locomotion
    • in: O. Kiehn, R.M. Harris-Warwick, L.M. Jordan, H. Hultborn, N. Kudo (Eds.), New York Academy of Science, New York
    • M.J. O'Donovan, P. Wenner, N. Chub, J. Tabak, J. Rinzel, Mechanisms of spontaneous activity in the developing spinal cord and their relevance to locomotion, in: O. Kiehn, R.M. Harris-Warwick, L.M. Jordan, H. Hultborn, N. Kudo (Eds.), Neuronal Mechanisms for Generating Locomotor Activity, Vol. 860, New York Academy of Science, New York, 1998, pp. 130-141.
    • (1998) Neuronal Mechanisms for Generating Locomotor Activity , vol.860 , pp. 130-141
    • O'Donovan, M.J.1    Wenner, P.2    Chub, N.3    Tabak, J.4    Rinzel, J.5
  • 148
    • 0032913628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robustness and self-regulation in the production of neural activity by developing networks
    • O'Donovan M.J. Robustness and self-regulation in the production of neural activity by developing networks. Neuroscientist. 5:1999;41-47.
    • (1999) Neuroscientist , vol.5 , pp. 41-47
    • O'Donovan, M.J.1
  • 149
    • 0015524887 scopus 로고
    • The effect of different descending systems on flexor and extensor activity during locomotion
    • Orlovsky G.N. The effect of different descending systems on flexor and extensor activity during locomotion. Brain Res. 40:1972;359-371.
    • (1972) Brain Res. , vol.40 , pp. 359-371
    • Orlovsky, G.N.1
  • 150
    • 0345018783 scopus 로고
    • Fictive motor patterns in chronic spinal cats
    • no. 160.10, Abstract
    • Pearson K.G., Rossignol S. Fictive motor patterns in chronic spinal cats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 15:1989;393. no. 160.10, Abstract.
    • (1989) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.15 , pp. 393
    • Pearson, K.G.1    Rossignol, S.2
  • 151
    • 0026353375 scopus 로고
    • Fictive motor patterns in chronic spinal cats
    • Pearson K.G., Rossignol S. Fictive motor patterns in chronic spinal cats. J. Neurophysiol. 66:1991;1874-1887.
    • (1991) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.66 , pp. 1874-1887
    • Pearson, K.G.1    Rossignol, S.2
  • 152
    • 0027476137 scopus 로고
    • Common principles of motor control in vertebrates and invertebrates
    • Pearson K.G. Common principles of motor control in vertebrates and invertebrates. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 16:1993;265-297.
    • (1993) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.16 , pp. 265-297
    • Pearson, K.G.1
  • 153
    • 0027442245 scopus 로고
    • Reversal of the influence of group Ib afferents from plantaris on activity in medial gastrocnemius muscle during locomotor activity
    • Pearson K.G., Collins D.F. Reversal of the influence of group Ib afferents from plantaris on activity in medial gastrocnemius muscle during locomotor activity. J. Neurophysiol. 70:1993;1009-1017.
    • (1993) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.70 , pp. 1009-1017
    • Pearson, K.G.1    Collins, D.F.2
  • 154
    • 0029622517 scopus 로고
    • Proprioceptive regulation of locomotion
    • Pearson K.G. Proprioceptive regulation of locomotion. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5:1995;786-791.
    • (1995) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. , vol.5 , pp. 786-791
    • Pearson, K.G.1
  • 155
    • 0026662378 scopus 로고
    • Entrainment of the locomotor rhythm by group Ib afferents from ankle extensor muscles in spinal cats
    • Pearson J.G., Ramirez J.M., Jiang W. Entrainment of the locomotor rhythm by group Ib afferents from ankle extensor muscles in spinal cats. Exp. Brain Res. 90:1992;557-566.
    • (1992) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.90 , pp. 557-566
    • Pearson, J.G.1    Ramirez, J.M.2    Jiang, W.3
  • 156
    • 0020908782 scopus 로고
    • Centrally generated pattern of motoneuron activity during locomotion in the cat
    • Perret C. Centrally generated pattern of motoneuron activity during locomotion in the cat. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 37:1983;405-422.
    • (1983) Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. , vol.37 , pp. 405-422
    • Perret, C.1
  • 157
  • 158
    • 24844458799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of intrathecal clonidine on spinal reflexes and on locomotion in incomplete paraplegic subjects
    • Abstr.
    • O. Rémy-Neris, J.B. Thiebaut, F. Boiteau, B. Bussel, H. Barbeau, The effects of intrathecal clonidine on spinal reflexes and on locomotion in incomplete paraplegic subjects, Abstr. 2nd European Mtg. Neurosci., 1996, p. 256.
    • (1996) 2nd European Mtg. Neurosci. , pp. 256
    • Rémy-Neris, O.1    Thiebaut, J.B.2    Boiteau, F.3    Bussel, B.4    Barbeau, H.5
  • 159
    • 0031026263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrinsic NMDA-induced oscillations in motoneurons of an adult vertebrate spinal cord are masked by inhibition
    • Rioult-Pedotti M.S. Intrinsic NMDA-induced oscillations in motoneurons of an adult vertebrate spinal cord are masked by inhibition. J. Neurophysiol. 77:1997;717-730.
    • (1997) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.77 , pp. 717-730
    • Rioult-Pedotti, M.S.1
  • 160
    • 0025096744 scopus 로고
    • Mutual re-excitation with post-inhibitory rebound: A simulation study on the mechanisms for locomotor rhythm generation in the spinal cord of Xenopus embryos
    • Roberts A., Tunstall M.J. Mutual re-excitation with post-inhibitory rebound: a simulation study on the mechanisms for locomotor rhythm generation in the spinal cord of Xenopus embryos. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2:1990;11-23.
    • (1990) Eur. J. Neurosci. , vol.2 , pp. 11-23
    • Roberts, A.1    Tunstall, M.J.2
  • 161
    • 0028902358 scopus 로고
    • Properties of networks controlling locomotion and significance of voltage dependency of NMDA channels: Stimulation study of rhythm generation sustained by positive feedback
    • Roberts A., Tunstall M.J., Wolf E. Properties of networks controlling locomotion and significance of voltage dependency of NMDA channels: stimulation study of rhythm generation sustained by positive feedback. J. Neurophysiol. 73:1995;485-495.
    • (1995) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.73 , pp. 485-495
    • Roberts, A.1    Tunstall, M.J.2    Wolf, E.3
  • 163
    • 0027672982 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of locomotion: An account of studies in spinal cats and spinal cord injured subjects
    • Rossignol S., Barbeau H. Pharmacology of locomotion: an account of studies in spinal cats and spinal cord injured subjects. J. Am. Paraplegia Soc. 16:1993;190-196.
    • (1993) J. Am. Paraplegia Soc. , vol.16 , pp. 190-196
    • Rossignol, S.1    Barbeau, H.2
  • 165
    • 0000496043 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of locomotion in chronic spinal cats
    • in: A. Taylor, M.H. Gladden, R. Durbaba (Eds.), Plenum, New York
    • S. Rossignol, C. Chau, H. Barbeau, Pharmacology of locomotion in chronic spinal cats, in: A. Taylor, M.H. Gladden, R. Durbaba (Eds.), Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems, Plenum, New York, 1995, p. 449-455.
    • (1995) Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems , pp. 449-455
    • Rossignol, S.1    Chau, C.2    Barbeau, H.3
  • 168
    • 0002428556 scopus 로고
    • The role of sensory inputs in regulating patterns of rhythmical movements in higher vertebrates. A comparison between locomotion, respiration and mastication
    • in: A. Cohen, S. Rossignol, S. Grillner (Eds.), Wiley, New York
    • S. Rossignol, J.P. Lund, T. Drew, The role of sensory inputs in regulating patterns of rhythmical movements in higher vertebrates. A comparison between locomotion, respiration and mastication, in: A. Cohen, S. Rossignol, S. Grillner (Eds.), Neural Control of Rhythmic Movements in Vertebrates, Wiley, New York, 1988, pp. 201-283.
    • (1988) Neural Control of Rhythmic Movements in Vertebrates , pp. 201-283
    • Rossignol, S.1    Lund, J.P.2    Drew, T.3
  • 169
    • 0018805529 scopus 로고
    • Effects of stimulating Deiter's nucleus and medial longitudinal fasciculus on the timing of the fictive locomotor rhythm induced in cats by DOPA
    • Russell D.F., Zajac F.E. Effects of stimulating Deiter's nucleus and medial longitudinal fasciculus on the timing of the fictive locomotor rhythm induced in cats by DOPA. Brain Res. 17:1979;588-592.
    • (1979) Brain Res. , vol.17 , pp. 588-592
    • Russell, D.F.1    Zajac, F.E.2
  • 170
    • 0031731566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord modulator organization and rhythm generation: An NMDA iontophoretic study in the frog
    • Saltiel P., Tresch M., Bizzi E. Spinal cord modulator organization and rhythm generation: an NMDA iontophoretic study in the frog. J. Neurophysiol. 80:1998;2323-2339.
    • (1998) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.80 , pp. 2323-2339
    • Saltiel, P.1    Tresch, M.2    Bizzi, E.3
  • 171
    • 0344156281 scopus 로고
    • Restructuration of the fictive locomotor cycle by tonic proprioceptive inputs
    • no. 409.4, Abstract
    • Saltiel P., Reader T., Rossignol S. Restructuration of the fictive locomotor cycle by tonic proprioceptive inputs. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 17:1991;1027. no. 409.4, Abstract.
    • (1991) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.17 , pp. 1027
    • Saltiel, P.1    Reader, T.2    Rossignol, S.3
  • 173
    • 0030245593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bistable characteristics of motoneurone activity during DOPA induced fictive locomotion in spinal cats
    • Schomburg E.D., Steffens H. Bistable characteristics of motoneurone activity during DOPA induced fictive locomotion in spinal cats. Neurosci. Res. 26:1996;47-56.
    • (1996) Neurosci. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 47-56
    • Schomburg, E.D.1    Steffens, H.2
  • 174
    • 0017808352 scopus 로고
    • The possibility of phase-dependent monosynaptic and polysynaptic Ia excitation to homonymous motoneurons during fictive locomotion
    • Schomburg E.D., Behrends H.B. The possibility of phase-dependent monosynaptic and polysynaptic Ia excitation to homonymous motoneurons during fictive locomotion. Brain Res. 143:1978;533-537.
    • (1978) Brain Res. , vol.143 , pp. 533-537
    • Schomburg, E.D.1    Behrends, H.B.2
  • 176
    • 0028883456 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological characterization of the rhythmic synaptic drive onto lumbosacral motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord
    • Sernagor E., Chub N., Ritter A., O'Donovan M.J. Pharmacological characterization of the rhythmic synaptic drive onto lumbosacral motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;7452-7464.
    • (1995) J. Neurosci. , vol.15 , pp. 7452-7464
    • Sernagor, E.1    Chub, N.2    Ritter, A.3    O'Donovan, M.J.4
  • 177
    • 0342545274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotor activity in paraplegic children induced by spinal cord stimulation, Brain and Movement
    • July Abstract
    • H.Y. Shapkova, T.Y. Shapkov, A.Y. Mushkin, Locomotor activity in paraplegic children induced by spinal cord stimulation, Brain and Movement, Proceedings of St. Petersburg-Moscow Symposium, July 1997, pp. 170-171, Abstract.
    • (1997) Proceedings of St. Petersburg-Moscow Symposium , pp. 170-171
    • Shapkova, H.Y.1    Shapkov, T.Y.2    Mushkin, A.Y.3
  • 178
    • 0017071116 scopus 로고
    • Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism
    • Shik M.L., Orlovsky G.N. Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism. Physiol. Rev. 56:1976;465-500.
    • (1976) Physiol. Rev. , vol.56 , pp. 465-500
    • Shik, M.L.1    Orlovsky, G.N.2
  • 179
    • 0001761874 scopus 로고
    • Control of walking and running by means of electrical stimulation of the mid-brain
    • Shik M.L., Severin F.V., Orlovsky G.N. Control of walking and running by means of electrical stimulation of the mid-brain. Biophysics. 11:1966;756-765.
    • (1966) Biophysics , vol.11 , pp. 756-765
    • Shik, M.L.1    Severin, F.V.2    Orlovsky, G.N.3
  • 180
    • 0028949929 scopus 로고
    • Development and characterization of pathways descending to the spinal cord in the embryonic chick
    • Sholomenko G., O'Donovan M.J. Development and characterization of pathways descending to the spinal cord in the embryonic chick. J. Neurophysiol. 73:1995;1223-1233.
    • (1995) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.73 , pp. 1223-1233
    • Sholomenko, G.1    O'Donovan, M.J.2
  • 182
    • 0028123787 scopus 로고
    • 5-HT induces NMDA receptor-mediated intrinsic oscillations in embryonic amphibian spinal neurons
    • Sillar K.T., Simmers A.J. 5-HT induces NMDA receptor-mediated intrinsic oscillations in embryonic amphibian spinal neurons. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 255:1994;139-145.
    • (1994) Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B: Biol. Sci. , vol.255 , pp. 139-145
    • Sillar, K.T.1    Simmers, A.J.2
  • 184
    • 0019297262 scopus 로고
    • Localization of a descending pathway in the spinal cord which is necessary for controlled treadmill locomotion
    • Steeves J.D., Jordan L.M. Localization of a descending pathway in the spinal cord which is necessary for controlled treadmill locomotion. Neurosci. Lett. 20:1980;283-288.
    • (1980) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 283-288
    • Steeves, J.D.1    Jordan, L.M.2
  • 185
    • 0027325885 scopus 로고
    • Electrical systems for improving locomotion after incomplete spinal cord injury: An assessment
    • Stein R.B., Bélanger M., Wheeler G.et al. Electrical systems for improving locomotion after incomplete spinal cord injury: an assessment. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 74:1993;954-959.
    • (1993) Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. , vol.74 , pp. 954-959
    • Stein, R.B.1    Bélanger, M.2    Wheeler G. et, al.3
  • 186
    • 0013480566 scopus 로고
    • Central pattern generators in the spinal cord
    • in: R.A. Davidoff (Ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York
    • P.S. Stein, Central pattern generators in the spinal cord, in: R.A. Davidoff (Ed.), Handbook of the Spinal Cord, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984, pp. 647-672.
    • (1984) Handbook of the Spinal Cord , pp. 647-672
    • Stein, P.S.1
  • 187
    • 77956769811 scopus 로고
    • Reflex modulation during locomotion: functional significance
    • in: A.E. Patla (Ed.), Elsevier, North-Holland
    • R. B. Stein, Reflex modulation during locomotion: functional significance, in: A.E. Patla (Ed.), Adaptability of Human Gait, Elsevier, North-Holland, 1991, pp. 21-36.
    • (1991) Adaptability of Human Gait , pp. 21-36
    • Stein, R.B.1
  • 188
    • 0030447073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short latency, non-reciprocal group I inhibition is reduced during walking in humans
    • Stephens M.J., Yang J.F. Short latency, non-reciprocal group I inhibition is reduced during walking in humans. Brain Res. 743:1996;24-31.
    • (1996) Brain Res. , vol.743 , pp. 24-31
    • Stephens, M.J.1    Yang, J.F.2
  • 189
    • 0025989462 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of locomotor patterns and spasticity with clonidine in spinal cord injured patients
    • Stewart J.E., Barbeau H., Gauthier S. Modulation of locomotor patterns and spasticity with clonidine in spinal cord injured patients. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 18:1991;321-332.
    • (1991) Can. J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.18 , pp. 321-332
    • Stewart, J.E.1    Barbeau, H.2    Gauthier, S.3
  • 190
    • 0025454487 scopus 로고
    • Psuedorabies virus: A highly specific transneuronal cell body marker in the sympathetic nervous system
    • Strack A.M., Loewy A.D. Psuedorabies virus: a highly specific transneuronal cell body marker in the sympathetic nervous system. J. Neurosci. 10:1990;2139-2147.
    • (1990) J. Neurosci. , vol.10 , pp. 2139-2147
    • Strack, A.M.1    Loewy, A.D.2
  • 191
    • 0032858916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two models for pattern generation based on synaptic depression
    • in press
    • J. Tabak, W. Senn, M.J. O'Donovan, J. Rinzel, Comparison of two models for pattern generation based on synaptic depression, Neurocomputing (1999) in press.
    • (1999) Neurocomputing
    • Tabak, J.1    Senn, W.2    O'Donovan, M.J.3    Rinzel, J.4
  • 192
    • 0024309897 scopus 로고
    • The effects of body weight support on the locomotor pattern of spastic paretic patients
    • Visintin M., Barbeau H. The effects of body weight support on the locomotor pattern of spastic paretic patients. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 16:1989;315-325.
    • (1989) Can. J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.16 , pp. 315-325
    • Visintin, M.1    Barbeau, H.2
  • 193
    • 0031799182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new approach to retrain gait in stroke patients through body weight support and treadmill stimulation
    • Visintin M., Barbeau H., Korner-Bitensky N., Mayo N. A new approach to retrain gait in stroke patients through body weight support and treadmill stimulation. Stroke. 29:1998;1122-1128.
    • (1998) Stroke , vol.29 , pp. 1122-1128
    • Visintin, M.1    Barbeau, H.2    Korner-Bitensky, N.3    Mayo, N.4
  • 194
    • 0026518160 scopus 로고
    • Laufband locomotion with body weight support improved walking in persons with severe spinal cord injuries
    • Wernig A., Müller S. Laufband locomotion with body weight support improved walking in persons with severe spinal cord injuries. Paraplegia. 30:1992;229-238.
    • (1992) Paraplegia , vol.30 , pp. 229-238
    • Wernig, A.1    Müller, S.2
  • 195
    • 0031792661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintenance of locomotor abilities following Laufband (treadmill) therapy in para- And tetraplegic persons: Follow-up studies
    • Wernig A., Nanassy A., Müller S. Maintenance of locomotor abilities following Laufband (treadmill) therapy in para- and tetraplegic persons: follow-up studies. Spinal Cord. 36:1998;744-749.
    • (1998) Spinal Cord , vol.36 , pp. 744-749
    • Wernig, A.1    Nanassy, A.2    Müller, S.3
  • 196
    • 0028986962 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of the group I extensor afferents prolongs the stance phase in walking cats
    • Whelan P.J., Hiebert G.W., Pearson K.G. Stimulation of the group I extensor afferents prolongs the stance phase in walking cats. Exp. Brain Res. 103:1995;20-30.
    • (1995) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.103 , pp. 20-30
    • Whelan, P.J.1    Hiebert, G.W.2    Pearson, K.G.3
  • 197
    • 0030703124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the effects of stimulating extensor group I afferents on cycle period during walking in conscious and decerebrate cats
    • Whelan P.J., Pearson K.G. Comparison of the effects of stimulating extensor group I afferents on cycle period during walking in conscious and decerebrate cats. Exp. Brain Res. 117:1997;444-452.
    • (1997) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.117 , pp. 444-452
    • Whelan, P.J.1    Pearson, K.G.2
  • 198
    • 0030240529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histopathologic and physiologic effects of chronic implantation of microelectrodes in sacral spinal cord of the cat
    • Woodford B.J., Carter R.R., McCreery D.B., Bullara L.A., Agnew W.F. Histopathologic and physiologic effects of chronic implantation of microelectrodes in sacral spinal cord of the cat. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55(9):1996;982-991.
    • (1996) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. , vol.55 , Issue.9 , pp. 982-991
    • Woodford, B.J.1    Carter, R.R.2    McCreery, D.B.3    Bullara, L.A.4    Agnew, W.F.5
  • 199
    • 0026409503 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of peripheral afferents to the activation of the soleus muscle during walking in humans
    • Yang J.F., Stein R.B., James K.B. Contribution of peripheral afferents to the activation of the soleus muscle during walking in humans. Exp. Brain Res. 87:1991;679-687.
    • (1991) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.87 , pp. 679-687
    • Yang, J.F.1    Stein, R.B.2    James, K.B.3
  • 200
    • 0026528447 scopus 로고
    • Neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury: I. Restoration of functional movement of the extremities
    • Yarkony G.M., Roth E.J., Cybulski G., Jaeger R.J. Neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury: I. Restoration of functional movement of the extremities. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 73:1992;78-86.
    • (1992) Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. , vol.73 , pp. 78-86
    • Yarkony, G.M.1    Roth, E.J.2    Cybulski, G.3    Jaeger, R.J.4
  • 201
    • 0027200077 scopus 로고
    • Hindlimb muscle activity during unrestrained walking in cats with lesions of the lateral funiculi
    • Zmyslowski W., Gorska T., Majczynski H., Bem T. Hindlimb muscle activity during unrestrained walking in cats with lesions of the lateral funiculi. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 53:1993;143-153.
    • (1993) Acta Neurobiol. Exp. , vol.53 , pp. 143-153
    • Zmyslowski, W.1    Gorska, T.2    Majczynski, H.3    Bem, T.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.