Recovery of locomotion after ventral and ventrolateral spinal lesions in the cat. I. Deficits and adaptive mechanisms

Journal of Neurophysiology

Volumn 80, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 1245-1267

  Brustein, Edna ^a   Rossignol, Serge ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE; WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININ;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CAT; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROMYOGRAM; GAIT; HISTOPATHOLOGY; LOCOMOTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPINAL CORD LESION; TREADMILL;

EID: 0031759023     PISSN: 00223077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/jn.1998.80.3.1245     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. AFELT, Z. Functional significance of ventral descending tracts of the spinal cord in the cat. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 34: 393-407, 1974.
2. ALSTERMARK, B., LUNDBERG, A., PETTERSSON, L.-G., TANTISIRA, B., AND WALKOWSKA, M. Motor recovery after serial spinal cord lesions of defined descending pathways in cats. Neurosci. Res. 5: 68-73, 1987.
3. AOKI, M., FUJITO, Y., KOSAKA, I., AND SATOMI, H. Does collateral sprouting from corticospinal fibers participate in motor recovery after spinal hemisection in monkeys. In: Post-Lesion Neural Plasticity, edited by H. Flohr. New York: Springer Verlag, 1988, p. 223-231.
4. ARMSTRONG, D. M. Supraspinal contributions to the initiation and control of locomotion in the cat. Prog. Neurobiol. 26: 273-361, 1986.
5. BARBEAU, H., CHAU, C., AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Noradrenergic agonists and locomotor training affect locomotor recovery after cord transection in adult cats. Brain Res. Bull. 30: 387-393, 1993.
6. BARBEAU, H. AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Recovery of locomotion after chronic spinalization in the adult cat. Brain Res. 412: 84-95, 1987.
7. BARBEAU, H. AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Initiation and modulation of the locomotor pattern in the adult chronic spinal cat by noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs. Brain Res. 546: 250-260, 1991.
8. BARBEAU, H. AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Enhancement of locomotor recovery following spinal cord injury. Curr. Opin. Neural. 7: 517-524, 1994.
9. BÉLANGER, M., DREW, T., PROVENCHER, J., AND ROSSIGNOL, S. A comparison of treadmill locomotion in adult cats before and after spinal transection. J. Neurophysiol 76: 471-491, 1996.
10. BELOOZEROVA, I. N. AND SIROTA, M. G. The role of the motor cortex in the control of accuracy of locomotor movements in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 461: 1-25, 1993.
11. BEM, T., GORSKA, T., MAJCZYNSKI, H., AND ZMYSLOWSKI, W. Different patterns of fore-hindlimb coordination during overground locomotion in cats with ventral and lateral spinal lesions. Exp. Brain Res. 104: 70-80, 1995.
12. BERESOVSKII, V. K. Structure of spinal cord locomotor strip in the cat. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Warsaw) 50: 41-46, 1990.
13. BERMAN, A. J. The Brainstem of the Cat. A Cytoarchitectonic Atlas With Stereotaxic Coordinates. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Press, 1968.
14. BLASZCZYK, J. AND LOEB, G. E. Why cats pace on the treadmill. Physiol. Behav. 53: 501-507, 1993.
15. BRODAL, A. Neurological Anatomy. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1969.
16. BRUSTEIN, E., DE SYLVA, N., ROSSIGNOL, S., AND DREW, T. Modifications in density and distribution of HRP-labelled cells in the brain stem and motor cortex of adult cats after lesions to ventral and ventrolateral spinal tracts. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 765, 1997.
17. BRUSTEIN, E., LAVOIE, S., LEBEL, F., PROVENCHER, J., MCFADYEN, B., AND ROSSIGNOL, S. The recovery of locomotion in adult cats subjected to bilateral lesions of the ventral and ventrolateral spinal quadrants. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21: 420, 1995.
18. BRUSTEIN, E., LEBEL, F., PROVENCHER, J., AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Effects of noradrenergic (NE) and serotoninergic (5-HT) agonists on the locomotion of adult cats after bilateral ventral and ventrolateral spinal lesions. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22: 1843, 1996.
19. CARRIER, L., BRUSTEIN, L., AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Locomotion of the hindlimbs after neurectomy of ankle flexors in intact and spinal cats: model for the study of locomotor plasticity. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1979-1993, 1997.
20. CHAU, C., BARBEAU, H., AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Early locomotor training with clonidine in spinal cats. J. Neurophysiol. 59: 392-409, 1998.
21. COPE, T. C., BODINE, S. C., FOURNIER, M., AND EDGERTON, V. R. Soleus motor units in chronic spinal transected cats: physiological and morphological alterations. J. Neurophysiol. 55: 1202-1220, 1986.
22. DREW, T. The role of the motor cortex in the control of gait modification in the cat. In: Neurobiological Basis of Human Locomotion, edited by M. Shimamura, S. Grillner, and V. R. Edgerton. Tokyo: Japan Sci. Soc. Press, 1991a, p. 201-212.
23. DREW, T. Functional organization within the medullary reticular formation of the intact unanesthetized cat. III. Microstimulation during locomotion. J. Neurophysiol. 66: 919-938, 1991b.
24. DREW, T., DUBUC, R., AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Discharge patterns of reticulospinal and other reticular neurons in chronic, unrestrained cats walking on a treadmill. J. Neurophysiol. 55: 375-401, 1986.
25. DREW, T. AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Phase-dependent responses evoked in limb muscles by stimulation of medullary reticular formation during locomotion in thalamic cats. J. Neurophysiol. 52: 653-675, 1984.
26. DREW, T. AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Functional organisation within the medullary reticular formation of the intact unanaesthetized cat. I. Movements evoked by microstimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 64: 767-781, 1990a.
27. DREW, T. AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Functional organisation within the medullary reticular formation of the intact unanaesthetized cat. II. Electromyographic activity evoked by microstimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 64: 782-795, 1990b.
28. EDGERTON, V. R., JOHNSON, D. J., SMITH, L. A., MURPHY, K., ELDRED, A., AND SMITH, J. L. Effects of treadmill exercises on hindlimb muscles of the spinal cat. In: Spinal Cord Reconstruction, edited by C. C. Kao, R. P. Bunge, and P. J. Reier. New York: Raven, 1983, p. 435-444.
29. EIDELBERG, E. Consequences of spinal cord lesions upon motor function, with special reference to locomotor activity. Prog. Neurobiol. 17: 185-202, 1981.
30. EIDELBERG, E., STORY, J. L., WALDEN, J. G., AND MEYER, B. L. Anatomical correlates of return of locomotor function after partial spinal cord lesions in cats. Exp. Brain Res. 42: 81-88, 1981.
31. ENGLISH, A. W. Interlimb coordination during stepping in the cat: an electromyographic analysis. J. Neurophysiol 42: 229-243, 1979.
32. ENGLISH, A. W. Interlimb coordination during stepping in the cat: effects of dorsal column section. J. Neurophysiol. 44: 270-279, 1980.
33. ENGLISH, A. W. Interlimb coordination during stepping in the cat. The role of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. Exp. Neural. 87: 96-108, 1985.
34. ENGLISH, A. W. Interlimb coordination during locomotion. Am. Zool. 29: 255-266, 1989.
35. ENGLISH, A. W. AND LENNARD, P. R. Interlimb coordination during stepping in the cat: in-phase stepping and gait transitions. Brain Res. 245: 353-364, 1982.
36. GOLDBERGER, M. E. AND MURRAY, M. Recovery of movement and axonal sprouting may obey some of the same laws. In: Neuronal Plasticity, edited by C. W. Cotman. New York: Raven, 1978, p. 73-96.
37. GORSKA, T., BEM, T., AND MAJCZYNSKI, H. Locomotion in cats with ventral spinai lesions: support patterns and duration of support phases during unrestrained walking. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 50: 191-200, 1990.
38. GORSKA, T., BEM, T., MAJCZYNSKI, H., AND ZMYSLOWSKI, W. Unrestrained walking in cats with partial spinal lesions. Brain Res. Bull. 32: 241-249, 1993a.
39. GORSKA, T., IOFFE, M., ZMYSLOWSKI, W., BEM, T., MAJCZYNSKI, H., AND MATS, V. N. Unrestrained walking in cats with medial pontine reticular lesions. Brain Res. Bull. 38: 297-304, 1995.
40. GORSKA, T., MAJCZYNSKI, H., BEM, T., AND ZMYSLOWSKI, W. Hindlimb swing, stance and step relationships during unrestrained walking in cats with lateral funicular lesion. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 53: 133-142, 1993b.
41. GRILLNER, S. The role of muscle stiffness in meeting the changing postural and locomotor requirements for force development by the ankle extensors. Acta Physiol. Scand. 86: 92-108, 1972.
42. GRILLNER, S. Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods, and fish. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System. Motor Control. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1981, sect. 1, vol. II, p. 1179-1236.
43. GUERTIN, P., ANGEL, M., PERREAULT, M.-C., AND MCCREA, D. A. Ankle extensor group I afferents excite extensors throughout the hindlimb during MLR-evoked fictive locomotion in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 487: 197-209, 1995.
44. HILDEBRAND, M. Analysis of tetrapod gaits: general considerations and symmetrical gaits. In: Neural Control of Locomotion, edited by R. M. Herman, S. Grillner, P.S.G. Stein, and D. G. Stuart. New York: Plenum, 1976, p. 203-236.
45. JIANG, W. AND DREW, T. Effects of bilateral lesions of the dorsolateral funiculi and dorsal columns at the level of the low thoracic spinal cord on the control of locomotion in the adult cat. I. Treadmill walking. J. Neurophysiol. 76: 849-866, 1996.
46. JORDAN, L. M. Brainstem and spinal cord mechanisms for the initiation of locomotion. In: Neurobiological Basis of Human Locomotion, edited by M. Shimamura, S. Grillner, and V. R. Edgerton. Tokyo: Japan Sci. Soc. Press, 1991, p. 3-20.
47. KATO, M., MURAKAMI, S., YASUDA, K., AND HIRAYAMA, H. Disruption of fore- and hindlimb coordination during overground locomotion in cats with bilateral serial hemisection of the spinal cord. Neurosci. Res. 2: 27-47, 1984.
48. KAZENNIKOV, O. V., SHIK, M. L., AND YAKOVLEVA, G. V. Synaptic responses of propriospinal neurons to stimulation of the stepping strip of the dorsolateral funiculus in cats. Neurophysiology 17: 195-202, 1985.
49. KIMURA, A., CARIA, M. A., MELIS, F., AND ASANUMA, H. Long-term potentiation within the cat motor cortex. Neuroreport 5: 2372-2376, 1994.
50. KOZLOWSKI, D. A., JAMES, D. C., AND SCHALLERT, T. Use-dependent exag-geration of neuronal injury after unilateral sensorimotor cortex lesions. J. Neurosci. 16: 4776-4786, 1996.
51. KUYPERS, H.G.J.M. Anatomy of the descending pathways. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System. Motor Control. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1981, sect. 1, vol. II, p. 597-665.
52. KUYPERS, H.G.J.M. AND MAISKY, V. A. Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxydase from spinal cord to brain stem cell groups in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 1: 9-14, 1975.
53. KUYPERS, H.G.J.M. AND MAISKY, V. A. Funicular trajectories of descending brain stem pathways in cat. Brain Res. 136: 159-165, 1977.
54. MATSUYAMA, K. AND DREW, T. Discharge characteristics of vestibulo- and reticulospinal neurones in intact cats during locomotion on an inclined plane. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22: 2043, 1996.
55. MATSUYAMA, K. AND DREW, T. Organization of the projections from the pericruciate cortex to the pontomedullary brainstem in the cat: a study using the anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. J. Comp. Neural. 389: 617-641, 1997.
56. MESULAM, M. M. Tetramethyl benzidine for horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry: a noncarcinogenic blue reaction-product with superior sensitivity for visualising neural afferents and efferents. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 26: 106-117, 1978.
57. MILLER, S. AND VAN DER MECHE, F.G.A. Coordinated stepping of all four limbs in the high spinal cat. Brain Res. 109: 395-398, 1976.
58. MORI, S. Contribution of postural muscle tone to full expression of posture and locomotor movements: multi-faceted analyses of its setting brainstem-spinal cord mechanisms in the cat. Jpn. J. Physiol. 39: 785-809, 1989.
59. MORI, S., MATSUYAMA, K., KOHYAMA, J., KOBAYASHI, Y., AND TAKAKUSAKI, K. Neuronal constituents of postural and locomotor control systems and their interactions in cats. Brain Dev. 14: S109-S120, 1992.
60. NATHAN, P. W. Effects on movement of surgical incisions into the human spinal cord. Brain 117: 337-346, 1994.
61. NOGA, B. R., KRIELLAARS, D. J., AND JORDAN, L. M. The effect of selective brainstem or spinal cord lesions on treadmill locomotion evoked by stimulation of the mesencephalic or pontomedullary locomotor regions. J. Neurosci. 11: 1691-1700, 1991.
62. ORLOVSKY, G. N. Work of the reticulo-spinal neurones during locomotion. Biophysics 15: 761-771, 1970.
63. ORLOVSKY, G. N. The effect of different descending systems on flexor and extensor activity during locomotion. Brain Res. 40: 359-371, 1972a.
64. ORLOVSKY, G. N. Activity of vestibulospinal neurons during locomotion. Brain Res. 46: 85-98, 1972b.
65. PERREAULT, M.-C., DREW, T., AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Activity of medullary reticulospinal neurons during fictive locomotion. J. Neurophysiol. 69: 2232-2247, 1993.
66. PERREAULT, M.-C., ROSSIGNOL, S., AND DREW, T. Microstimulation of the medullary reticular formation during fictive locomotion. J. Neurophysiol. 71: 229-245, 1994.
67. PETRAS, J. M. Cortical, tectal and segmental fiber connections in the spinal cord of the cat. Brain Res. 6: 275-324, 1967.
68. PHILIPPSON, M. L'autonomie et la centralisation dans le système nerveux des animaux. Trav. Lab. Physiol. Inst. Solvay (Bruxelles). 7: 1-208, 1905.
69. PIEROTTI, D. J., ROY, R. R., GREGOR, R. J., AND EDGERTON, V. R, Electro-myographic activity of cat hindlimb flexors and extensors during locomotion at varying speeds and inclines. Brain Res. 481: 57-66, 1989.
70. PRATT, C. A., FUNG, J., AND MACPHERSON, J. M. Stance control in the chronic spinal cat. J. Neurophysiol. 71: 1981-1985, 1994.
71. PRENTICE, S. D. AND DREW, T. Effects of microinjections of NMDA into the pontomedullary reticular formation on voluntary gait modifications in the cat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22: 2043, 1996.
72. ROSSIGNOL, S. Neural control of Stereotypie limb movements. In: Handbook of Physiology. Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1996, sect. 12, p. 173-216.
73. ROSSIGNOL, S., CHAU, C., BRUSTEIN, E., BéLANGER, M., BARBEAU, H., AND DREW, T. Locomotor capacities after complete and partial lesions of the spinal cord. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 56: 449-463, 1996.
74. ROSSIGNOL, S., SALTIEL, P., PERREAULT, M.-C., DREW, T., PEARSON, K., AND BÉLANGER, M. Intralimb and interlimb coordination in the cat during real and fictive rhythmic motor programs. Neuroscience 5: 67-75, 1993.
75. SABEL, B. A. Unrecognized potential of surviving neurons: within systems plasticity, recovery of function and the hypothesis of minimal residual structure. The Neuroscientist 3: 366-370, 1997.
76. SHIK, M. L. Action of the brainstem locomotor region on spinal stepping generators via propriospinal pathways. In: Spinal Cord Reconstruction, edited by C. C. Kao, R. P. Bunge, and P. J. Reier. New York: Raven, 1983, p. 421-434.
77. STEEVES, J. D. AND JORDAN, L. M. Localization of a descending pathway in the spinal cord which is necessary for controlled treadmill locomotion. Neurosci. Lett. 20: 283-288, 1980.
78. STEPHENS, M. A. Tests based on EDF statistics. In: Goodness of Fit Techniques, edited by R. B. D'Agostino and M. A. Stephens. New York: Dekker, 1986, p. 97-193.
79. TATOR, C. H., DUNCAN, E. G., EDMONDS, V. E., LAPCZAK, L. I., AND ANDREWS, D. F. Changes in epidemiology of acute spinal cord injury from 1947 to 1981. Surg. Neural. 40: 207-215, 1993.
80. VILENSKY, J. A., MOORE, A. M., EIDELBERO, E., AND WALDEN, J. G. Recovery of locomotion in monkeys with spinal cord lesions. J. Mot. Behav. 24: 288-296, 1992.
81. WIDAJEWICZ, W., KABLY, B., AND DREW, T. Motor cortical activity during voluntary gait modifications in the cat. II. Cells related to the hindlimbs. J. Neurophysiol. 72: 2070-2089, 1994.
82. WINDLE, W. F., SMART, J. O., AND BEERS, J. J. Residual function after subtotal spinal cord transection in adult cats. Neurology 8: 518-521, 1958.
83. ZAR, J. H. Biostatistical Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996, p. 1-662.