메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 487-509

Physical activity and cancer etiology: Associations and mechanisms

Author keywords

Cancer; Hormones; Immune function; Obesity; Physical activity

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER; COLON CANCER; DIET; FITNESS; HUMAN; MEDICAL INFORMATION; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SMOKING;

EID: 0032432951     PISSN: 09575243     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1008853601471     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (272)

References (207)
  • 1
    • 0003772710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
    • 1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1996: 87-102.
    • (1996) Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General , pp. 87-102
  • 2
    • 0025786948 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women
    • 2. Manson J, Rimm E, Stampfer M, et al. Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Lancet 1991; 338: 774-8.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 774-778
    • Manson, J.1    Rimm, E.2    Stampfer, M.3
  • 3
    • 0029922704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moderately intense physical activities and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness reduce the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men
    • 3. Lynch J, Helmrich S, TA L. Moderately intense physical activities and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness reduce the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1307-14.
    • (1996) Arch Intern Med , vol.156 , pp. 1307-1314
    • Lynch, J.1    Helmrich, S.2    Ta, L.3
  • 4
    • 0026549265 scopus 로고
    • Benefits of exercise for older adults. A review of existing evidence and current recommendations for the general population
    • 4. Elward K, Larson EB. Benefits of exercise for older adults. A review of existing evidence and current recommendations for the general population. Clin Geriatr Med 1992; 8: 35-50.
    • (1992) Clin Geriatr Med , vol.8 , pp. 35-50
    • Elward, K.1    Larson, E.B.2
  • 5
    • 0027365365 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for success of exercise in weight loss and control
    • 5. Blair SN. Evidence for success of exercise in weight loss and control. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 702-6.
    • (1993) Ann Intern Med , vol.119 , pp. 702-706
    • Blair, S.N.1
  • 6
    • 0000228025 scopus 로고
    • High versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise in older adults: Psychological and physiological effects
    • 6. Swoap R, Novell N, Graves J, Pollock M. High versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise in older adults: psychological and physiological effects. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1994; 2: 293-303.
    • (1994) Journal of Aging and Physical Activity , vol.2 , pp. 293-303
    • Swoap, R.1    Novell, N.2    Graves, J.3    Pollock, M.4
  • 7
    • 0000706641 scopus 로고
    • An investigation into the longevity of Cambridge sportsmen
    • 7. Rook A. An investigation into the longevity of Cambridge sportsmen. Br Med J 1954; 1: 773-7.
    • (1954) Br Med J , vol.1 , pp. 773-777
    • Rook, A.1
  • 8
    • 0001080169 scopus 로고
    • Death rates among physically active employees of the railroad industry
    • 8. Taylor H, Klepetar E, Keys A, et al. Death rates among physically active employees of the railroad industry. Am J Public Health 1962; 52: 1697-1707.
    • (1962) Am J Public Health , vol.52 , pp. 1697-1707
    • Taylor, H.1    Klepetar, E.2    Keys, A.3
  • 13
    • 0022369380 scopus 로고
    • Lower prevalence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes compared to non-athletes
    • 13. Frisch RE, Wyshak G, Albright NL, et al. Lower prevalence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes compared to non-athletes. Br J Cancer 1985; 52: 885-91.
    • (1985) Br J Cancer , vol.52 , pp. 885-891
    • Frisch, R.E.1    Wyshak, G.2    Albright, N.L.3
  • 15
    • 0028314194 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and risk of breast cancer in the Framingham Heart Study
    • 15. Dorgan JF, Brown C, Barrett M, et al. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer in the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 139: 662-9.
    • (1994) Am J Epidemiol , vol.139 , pp. 662-669
    • Dorgan, J.F.1    Brown, C.2    Barrett, M.3
  • 17
    • 0029050337 scopus 로고
    • Strenuous physical activity in young adulthood and risk of breast cancer (United States)
    • 17. Mittendorf R, Longnecker MP, Newcomb PA, et al. Strenuous physical activity in young adulthood and risk of breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1995; 6: 347-53.
    • (1995) Cancer Causes Control , vol.6 , pp. 347-353
    • Mittendorf, R.1    Longnecker, M.P.2    Newcomb, P.A.3
  • 18
    • 0029834774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of breast cancer in relation to recreational exercise in women age 50-64 years
    • 18. McTiernan A, Stanford JL, Weiss NS, Daling JR, Voigt LF. Occurrence of breast cancer in relation to recreational exercise in women age 50-64 years. Epidemiology 1996; 7: 598-604.
    • (1996) Epidemiology , vol.7 , pp. 598-604
    • McTiernan, A.1    Stanford, J.L.2    Weiss, N.S.3    Daling, J.R.4    Voigt, L.F.5
  • 19
    • 0030951598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer
    • 19. Thune I, Brenn T, Lund K, Gaard M. Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1269-75.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 1269-1275
    • Thune, I.1    Brenn, T.2    Lund, K.3    Gaard, M.4
  • 22
    • 0022412672 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of habitual physical activity by a seven-day recall in a community survey and controlled experiments
    • 22. Blair SN, Haskell WL, Ho P, et al. Assessment of habitual physical activity by a seven-day recall in a community survey and controlled experiments. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 122: 794-804.
    • (1985) Am J Epidemiol , vol.122 , pp. 794-804
    • Blair, S.N.1    Haskell, W.L.2    Ho, P.3
  • 23
    • 0024376049 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and risk of cancer in the NHANES I population
    • 23. Albanes D, Blair A, Taylor PR. Physical activity and risk of cancer in the NHANES I population. Am J Public Health 1989; 79: 744-50.
    • (1989) Am J Public Health , vol.79 , pp. 744-750
    • Albanes, D.1    Blair, A.2    Taylor, P.R.3
  • 24
    • 0013483638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NM 55455: Division of Epidmiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota
    • 24. Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire Manual. NM 55455: Division of Epidmiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota.
    • Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire Manual
  • 25
    • 0028047047 scopus 로고
    • Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire
    • 25. Wolf AM, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, et al. Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire. Int J Epidemiol 1994; 23: 991-9.
    • (1994) Int J Epidemiol , vol.23 , pp. 991-999
    • Wolf, A.M.1    Hunter, D.J.2    Colditz, G.A.3
  • 27
    • 0030248815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity, physical fitness, and all-cause and cancer mortality: A prospective study of men and women
    • 27. Kampert JB, Blair SN, Barlow CE, Kohl HW, 3rd. Physical activity, physical fitness, and all-cause and cancer mortality: a prospective study of men and women. Ann Epidemiol 1996; 6: 452-7.
    • (1996) Ann Epidemiol , vol.6 , pp. 452-457
    • Kampert, J.B.1    Blair, S.N.2    Barlow, C.E.3    Kohl H.W. III4
  • 29
    • 0023211201 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and incidence of cancer in diverse populations: A preliminary report
    • 29. Paffenbarger RS, Jr., Hyde RT, Wing AL. Physical activity and incidence of cancer in diverse populations: a preliminary report. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45: 312-7.
    • (1987) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.45 , pp. 312-317
    • Paffenbarger, R.S.1    Hyde, R.T.2    Wing, A.L.3
  • 30
    • 0025900012 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and risk of developing colorectal cancer among college alumni
    • 30. Lee IM, Paffenbarger RS, Hsieh CC. Physical activity and risk of developing colorectal cancer among college alumni. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 1324-9.
    • (1991) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.83 , pp. 1324-1329
    • Lee, I.M.1    Paffenbarger, R.S.2    Hsieh, C.C.3
  • 32
    • 0025364852 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and risk of large bowel cancer in the Framingham Study
    • 32. Ballard-Barbash R, Schatzkin A, Albanes D, et al. Physical activity and risk of large bowel cancer in the Framingham Study. Cancer Research 1990; 50: 3610-3.
    • (1990) Cancer Research , vol.50 , pp. 3610-3613
    • Ballard-Barbash, R.1    Schatzkin, A.2    Albanes, D.3
  • 34
    • 0023177921 scopus 로고
    • Alcohol, physical activity and other risk factors for colorectal cancer: A prospective study
    • 34. Wu AH, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK, Henderson BE. Alcohol, physical activity and other risk factors for colorectal cancer: a prospective study. Br J Cancer 1987; 55: 687-94.
    • (1987) Br J Cancer , vol.55 , pp. 687-694
    • Wu, A.H.1    Paganini-Hill, A.2    Ross, R.K.3    Henderson, B.E.4
  • 35
    • 1842371455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leisure-time, physical activity, body size, and colon cancer in women
    • 35. Martinez MK, Giovannucci E, Speigelman D, et al. Leisure-time, physical activity, body size, and colon cancer in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 948-55.
    • (1997) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.89 , pp. 948-955
    • Martinez, M.K.1    Giovannucci, E.2    Speigelman, D.3
  • 36
    • 0029879852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and risk of colorectal cancer in men and women
    • 36. Thune I, Lund E. Physical activity and risk of colorectal cancer in men and women. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 1134-40.
    • (1996) Br J Cancer , vol.73 , pp. 1134-1140
    • Thune, I.1    Lund, E.2
  • 37
    • 0030820659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and risk of colon cancer: The Physicians' Health Survey (United States)
    • 37. Lee IM, Manson JE, Ajani U, et al. Physical activity and risk of colon cancer: The Physicians' Health Survey (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8: 568-74.
    • (1997) Cancer Causes Control , vol.8 , pp. 568-574
    • Lee, I.M.1    Manson, J.E.2    Ajani, U.3
  • 39
    • 0028075539 scopus 로고
    • Early adulthood physical activity and colon cancer risk among Wisconsin women
    • 39. Marcus PM, Newcomb PA, Storer BE. Early adulthood physical activity and colon cancer risk among Wisconsin women. Cancer Epidemiol, Biomarkers Prev 1994; 3: 641-4.
    • (1994) Cancer Epidemiol, Biomarkers Prev , vol.3 , pp. 641-644
    • Marcus, P.M.1    Newcomb, P.A.2    Storer, B.E.3
  • 40
    • 0024513738 scopus 로고
    • Colon cancer, physical activity, and occupational exposures. A case-control study
    • 40. Fredriksson M, Bengtsson NO, Hardell L, Axelson O. Colon cancer, physical activity, and occupational exposures. A case-control study. Cancer 1989; 63: 1838-42.
    • (1989) Cancer , vol.63 , pp. 1838-1842
    • Fredriksson, M.1    Bengtsson, N.O.2    Hardell, L.3    Axelson, O.4
  • 41
    • 0025275292 scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of male colorectal cancer in Aichi Prefecture, Japan: With special reference to occupational activity level, drinking habits and family history
    • 41. Kato I, Tominaga S, Ikari A. A case-control study of male colorectal cancer in Aichi Prefecture, Japan: with special reference to occupational activity level, drinking habits and family history. Jpn J Cancer Res 1990; 81: 115-21.
    • (1990) Jpn J Cancer Res , vol.81 , pp. 115-121
    • Kato, I.1    Tominaga, S.2    Ikari, A.3
  • 42
    • 0025114983 scopus 로고
    • Body weight and physical activity as predictors of colorectal cancer risk
    • 42. Kune GA, Kune S, Watson LE. Body weight and physical activity as predictors of colorectal cancer risk. Nutr Cancer 1990; 13: 9-17.
    • (1990) Nutr Cancer , vol.13 , pp. 9-17
    • Kune, G.A.1    Kune, S.2    Watson, L.E.3
  • 43
    • 0025312956 scopus 로고
    • Diet, physical activity and colorectal cancer among Chinese in North America and China
    • 43. Whittemore A, Wu-Williams AJ, Lee M, et al. Diet, physical activity and colorectal cancer among Chinese in North America and China. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 915-26.
    • (1990) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.82 , pp. 915-926
    • Whittemore, A.1    Wu-Williams, A.J.2    Lee, M.3
  • 45
    • 0025226119 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and colon cancer: A comparison of various indicators of physical activity to evaluate the association
    • 45. Slattery ML, Abd-Elghany N, Kerber R, Schumacher MC. Physical activity and colon cancer: a comparison of various indicators of physical activity to evaluate the association. Epidemiology 1990; 1: 481-5.
    • (1990) Epidemiology , vol.1 , pp. 481-485
    • Slattery, M.L.1    Abd-Elghany, N.2    Kerber, R.3    Schumacher, M.C.4
  • 47
    • 0027244451 scopus 로고
    • Occupational physical activity, socioeconomic status, and risks of 15 cancer sites in Turkey
    • 47. Dosemici M, Hayes R, Vetter R, et al. Occupational physical activity, socioeconomic status, and risks of 15 cancer sites in Turkey. Cancer Causes Control 1993; 4: 313-21.
    • (1993) Cancer Causes Control , vol.4 , pp. 313-321
    • Dosemici, M.1    Hayes, R.2    Vetter, R.3
  • 48
    • 0027516790 scopus 로고
    • Occupational physical activity and risk of cancer of the colon and rectum in New Zealand males
    • 48. Fraser G, Pearce N. Occupational physical activity and risk of cancer of the colon and rectum in New Zealand males. Cancer Causes Control 1993; 4: 45-50.
    • (1993) Cancer Causes Control , vol.4 , pp. 45-50
    • Fraser, G.1    Pearce, N.2
  • 50
    • 0029955621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity in relation to colon cancer in middle-aged men and women
    • 50. White E, Jacobs EJ, Daling JR. Physical activity in relation to colon cancer in middle-aged men and women. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 42-50.
    • (1996) Am J Epidemiol , vol.144 , pp. 42-50
    • White, E.1    Jacobs, E.J.2    Daling, J.R.3
  • 51
    • 0028962732 scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of physical activity in relation to risk of cancer of the right colon and rectum in men
    • 51. Longnecker MP, Gerhardsson le Verdier M, Frumkin H, Carpenter C. A case-control study of physical activity in relation to risk of cancer of the right colon and rectum in men. Int J Epidemiol 1995; 24: 42-50.
    • (1995) Int J Epidemiol , vol.24 , pp. 42-50
    • Longnecker, M.P.1    Gerhardsson Le Verdier, M.2    Frumkin, H.3    Carpenter, C.4
  • 52
    • 0029948025 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity, obesity, and risk of colorectal adenoma in women (United States)
    • 52. Giovannucci E, Colditz G, Stampfer M, Willett W. Physical activity, obesity, and risk of colorectal adenoma in women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1995; 7: 253-63.
    • (1995) Cancer Causes Control , vol.7 , pp. 253-263
    • Giovannucci, E.1    Colditz, G.2    Stampfer, M.3    Willett, W.4
  • 53
    • 0026094481 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity, dietary habits and adenomatous polyps of the sigmoid colon: A study of self-defense officials in Japan
    • 53. Kono S, Shinchi K, Ikeda N, Yanai F, Imanishi K. Physical activity, dietary habits and adenomatous polyps of the sigmoid colon: a study of self-defense officials in Japan [see comments]. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44: 1255-61.
    • (1991) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.44 , pp. 1255-1261
    • Kono, S.1    Shinchi, K.2    Ikeda, N.3    Yanai, F.4    Imanishi, K.5
  • 54
    • 0030857313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and reduced risk of colon cancer: Implications for prevention
    • 54. Colditz GA, Cannuscio CC, Frazier AL. Physical activity and reduced risk of colon cancer: implications for prevention. Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8: 649-67.
    • (1997) Cancer Causes Control , vol.8 , pp. 649-667
    • Colditz, G.A.1    Cannuscio, C.C.2    Frazier, A.L.3
  • 55
    • 0032554136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recreational and occupational physical activities and risk of breast cancer
    • 55. Gammon MD, John EM, Britton JA. Recreational and occupational physical activities and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 100-17.
    • (1998) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.90 , pp. 100-117
    • Gammon, M.D.1    John, E.M.2    Britton, J.A.3
  • 56
    • 0027666057 scopus 로고
    • Life-long physical activity and cancer risk among Finnish female teachers
    • 56. Pukkala E, Poskiparta M, Apter D, Vihko V. Life-long physical activity and cancer risk among Finnish female teachers. Eur J Cancer Prev 1993; 2: 369-76.
    • (1993) Eur J Cancer Prev , vol.2 , pp. 369-376
    • Pukkala, E.1    Poskiparta, M.2    Apter, D.3    Vihko, V.4
  • 57
    • 0002999231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systolic blood pressure, physical activity, and risk of breast cancer in elderly women
    • 57. Cerhan J, Chiu B, Wallace R, et al. Systolic blood pressure, physical activity, and risk of breast cancer in elderly women (abstract). Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: S71.
    • (1996) Am J Epidemiol , vol.143
    • Cerhan, J.1    Chiu, B.2    Wallace, R.3
  • 58
    • 0027177171 scopus 로고
    • Occupational physical activity and the incidence of cancer of the breast, corpus uteri, and ovary in Shanghai
    • 58. Zheng W, Shu XO, McLaughlin JK, Chow WH, Gao YT, Blot WJ. Occupational physical activity and the incidence of cancer of the breast, corpus uteri, and ovary in Shanghai. Cancer 1993; 71: 3620-4.
    • (1993) Cancer , vol.71 , pp. 3620-3624
    • Zheng, W.1    Shu, X.O.2    McLaughlin, J.K.3    Chow, W.H.4    Gao, Y.T.5    Blot, W.J.6
  • 59
    • 0032006179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk among women under age 45 years
    • 59. Gammon MD, Schoenberg JB, Britton JA, et al. Recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk among women under age 45 years. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 273-80.
    • (1998) Am J Epidemiol , vol.147 , pp. 273-280
    • Gammon, M.D.1    Schoenberg, J.B.2    Britton, J.A.3
  • 60
    • 0028987512 scopus 로고
    • A large-scale, hospital-based case-control study of risk factors of breast cancer according to menopausal status
    • 60. Hirose K, Tajima K, Hamajima N, et al. A large-scale, hospital-based case-control study of risk factors of breast cancer according to menopausal status. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86: 146-54.
    • (1995) Jpn J Cancer Res , vol.86 , pp. 146-154
    • Hirose, K.1    Tajima, K.2    Hamajima, N.3
  • 61
    • 0031056381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leisure-time physical activity in relation to breast cancer among young women (Washington, United States)
    • 61. Chen CL, White E, Malone KE, Daling JR. Leisure-time physical activity in relation to breast cancer among young women (Washington, United States). Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8: 77-84.
    • (1997) Cancer Causes Control , vol.8 , pp. 77-84
    • Chen, C.L.1    White, E.2    Malone, K.E.3    Daling, J.R.4
  • 63
    • 0031055233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of body mass index, physical activity, and reproductive histories with breast cancer: A case-control study in Gifu, Japan
    • 63. Hu YH, Nagata C, Shimizu H, Kaneda N, Kashiki Y. Association of body mass index, physical activity, and reproductive histories with breast cancer: a case-control study in Gifu, Japan. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 43: 65-72.
    • (1997) Breast Cancer Res Treat , vol.43 , pp. 65-72
    • Hu, Y.H.1    Nagata, C.2    Shimizu, H.3    Kaneda, N.4    Kashiki, Y.5
  • 65
    • 0028930548 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and risk of breast cancer
    • 65. Friedenreich CM, Rohan TE. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1995; 4: 145-51.
    • (1995) Eur J Cancer Prev , vol.4 , pp. 145-151
    • Friedenreich, C.M.1    Rohan, T.E.2
  • 66
    • 0002980304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women
    • 66. Carpenter CL, Ross R, Paginini-Hill A, Bernstein L. Lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women (abstract). Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: S87.
    • (1996) Am J Epidemiol , vol.143
    • Carpenter, C.L.1    Ross, R.2    Paginini-Hill, A.3    Bernstein, L.4
  • 67
    • 4243436972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity in relation to mammographic patterns
    • 67. Gram I, Funkhouser E, Tabar L. Physical activity in relation to mammographic patterns. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: S71.
    • (1996) Am J Epidemiol , vol.143
    • Gram, I.1    Funkhouser, E.2    Tabar, L.3
  • 68
    • 0023038318 scopus 로고
    • Lower prevalence of benign diseases of the breast and benign tumours of the reproductive system among former college athletes compared to non-athletes
    • 68. Wyshak G, Frisch RE, Albright NL, Albright TE, Schiff I. Lower prevalence of benign diseases of the breast and benign tumours of the reproductive system among former college athletes compared to non-athletes. Br J Cancer 1986; 54: 841-5.
    • (1986) Br J Cancer , vol.54 , pp. 841-845
    • Wyshak, G.1    Frisch, R.E.2    Albright, N.L.3    Albright, T.E.4    Schiff, I.5
  • 70
    • 0027520923 scopus 로고
    • Selected physical activities and the risk of endometrial cancer
    • 70. Levi F, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S. Selected physical activities and the risk of endometrial cancer. Br J Cancer 1993; 67: 846-51.
    • (1993) Br J Cancer , vol.67 , pp. 846-851
    • Levi, F.1    La Vecchia, C.2    Negri, E.3    Franceschi, S.4
  • 71
    • 0027220371 scopus 로고
    • Past and present physical activity and endometrial cancer risk
    • 71. Sturgeon SR, Brinton LA, Berman ML, et al. Past and present physical activity and endometrial cancer risk. Br J Cancer 1993; 68: 584-9.
    • (1993) Br J Cancer , vol.68 , pp. 584-589
    • Sturgeon, S.R.1    Brinton, L.A.2    Berman, M.L.3
  • 72
    • 0030056938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity, waist-to-hip ratio, and other risk factors for ovarian cancer: A follow-up study of older women
    • 72. Mink PJ, Folsom AR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH. Physical activity, waist-to-hip ratio, and other risk factors for ovarian cancer: a follow-up study of older women. Epidemiology 1996; 7: 38-45.
    • (1996) Epidemiology , vol.7 , pp. 38-45
    • Mink, P.J.1    Folsom, A.R.2    Sellers, T.A.3    Kushi, L.H.4
  • 73
    • 0029135026 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity, medical history, and risk of testicular cancer (Alberta and British Columbia, Canada)
    • 73. Gallagher RP, Huchcroft S, Phillips N, et al. Physical activity, medical history, and risk of testicular cancer (Alberta and British Columbia, Canada). Cancer Causes Control 1995; 6: 398-406.
    • (1995) Cancer Causes Control , vol.6 , pp. 398-406
    • Gallagher, R.P.1    Huchcroft, S.2    Phillips, N.3
  • 74
    • 0028130894 scopus 로고
    • Aetiology of testicular cancer: Association with congenital abnormalities, age at puberty, infertility, and exercise
    • 74. United Kingdom Testicular Cancer Study Group. Aetiology of testicular cancer: association with congenital abnormalities, age at puberty, infertility, and exercise. Br Med J 1994; 308: 1393-8.
    • (1994) Br Med J , vol.308 , pp. 1393-1398
  • 75
    • 0027972894 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and the risk of prostate and testicular cancer: A cohort study of 53,000 Norwegian men
    • 75. Thune I, Lund E. Physical activity and the risk of prostate and testicular cancer: a cohort study of 53,000 Norwegian men. Cancer Causes Control 1994; 5: 549-56.
    • (1994) Cancer Causes Control , vol.5 , pp. 549-556
    • Thune, I.1    Lund, E.2
  • 76
    • 0020426032 scopus 로고
    • Sports activities and risk of testicular cancer
    • 76. Coldman A, Eldwood J, Gallagher R. Sports activities and risk of testicular cancer. Br J Cancer 1982; 46: 169-79.
    • (1982) Br J Cancer , vol.46 , pp. 169-179
    • Coldman, A.1    Eldwood, J.2    Gallagher, R.3
  • 77
    • 0026758999 scopus 로고
    • The influence of physical activity on the incidence of site-specific cancers in college alumni
    • 77. Paffenbarger RS, Jr., Lee IM, Wing AL. The influence of physical activity on the incidence of site-specific cancers in college alumni. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992; 322: 7-15.
    • (1992) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.322 , pp. 7-15
    • Paffenbarger R.S., Jr.1    Lee, I.M.2    Wing, A.L.3
  • 78
    • 0031974466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and prostate cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention Study (Finland)
    • 78. Hartman TJ, Albanes D, Rautalahti M, et al. Physical activity and prostate cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention Study (Finland). Cancer Causes Control 1998; 9: 11-8.
    • (1998) Cancer Causes Control , vol.9 , pp. 11-18
    • Hartman, T.J.1    Albanes, D.2    Rautalahti, M.3
  • 80
    • 0028799440 scopus 로고
    • Cancer incidence in the National Health and Nutrition Survey I. Follow-up data: Diabetes, cholesterol, pulse and physical activity
    • 80. Steenland K, Nowlin S, Palu S. Cancer incidence in the National Health and Nutrition Survey I. Follow-up data: diabetes, cholesterol, pulse and physical activity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995; 4: 807-11.
    • (1995) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , vol.4 , pp. 807-811
    • Steenland, K.1    Nowlin, S.2    Palu, S.3
  • 81
    • 0026590431 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and risk of prostatic cancer among college alumni
    • 81. Lee IM, Paffenbarger RS, Jr., Hsieh CC. Physical activity and risk of prostatic cancer among college alumni. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 169-79.
    • (1992) Am J Epidemiol , vol.135 , pp. 169-179
    • Lee, I.M.1    Paffenbarger R.S., Jr.2    Hsieh, C.C.3
  • 82
    • 0030942049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of smoking, body mass, and physical activity with risk of prostate cancer in the Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study (United States)
    • 82. Cerhan JR, Torner JC, Lynch CF, et al. Association of smoking, body mass, and physical activity with risk of prostate cancer in the Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8: 229-38.
    • (1997) Cancer Causes Control , vol.8 , pp. 229-238
    • Cerhan, J.R.1    Torner, J.C.2    Lynch, C.F.3
  • 83
    • 0026133216 scopus 로고
    • Adult dietary intake and prostate cancer in Utah: A case-control study with special emphasis on aggressive tumors
    • 83. West D, Slattery M, Robison L, et al. Adult dietary intake and prostate cancer in Utah: a case-control study with special emphasis on aggressive tumors. Cancer Causes Control 1991; 2: 85-94.
    • (1991) Cancer Causes Control , vol.2 , pp. 85-94
    • West, D.1    Slattery, M.2    Robison, L.3
  • 84
    • 0030667884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk
    • 85. Huang Z, Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, et al. Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. JAMA 1997; 278: 1407-11.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 1407-1411
    • Huang, Z.1    Hankinson, S.E.2    Colditz, G.A.3
  • 85
    • 0028328252 scopus 로고
    • Occupation, physical activity, and risk of prostate cancer in Shanghai, People's Republic of China
    • 86. Hsing AW, McLaughlin JK, Zheng W, Gao YT, Blot WJ. Occupation, physical activity, and risk of prostate cancer in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Cancer Causes Control 1994; 5: 136-40.
    • (1994) Cancer Causes Control , vol.5 , pp. 136-140
    • Hsing, A.W.1    McLaughlin, J.K.2    Zheng, W.3    Gao, Y.T.4    Blot, W.J.5
  • 87
    • 0028952799 scopus 로고
    • Prostate-cancer in relation to diet, physical activity, and body size in blacks, whites, and Asians in the United States and Canada
    • 88. Whittemore AS, Kolonel LN, Wu AH, et al. Prostate-cancer in relation to diet, physical activity, and body size in blacks, whites, and Asians in the United States and Canada [see comments]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 652-61.
    • (1995) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.87 , pp. 652-661
    • Whittemore, A.S.1    Kolonel, L.N.2    Wu, A.H.3
  • 88
    • 0024262974 scopus 로고
    • Case-control study of prostate cancer and socioeconomic factors
    • 89. Yu H, Harris RE, Wynder EL. Case-control study of prostate cancer and socioeconomic factors. Prostate 1988; 13: 317-25.
    • (1988) Prostate , vol.13 , pp. 317-325
    • Yu, H.1    Harris, R.E.2    Wynder, E.L.3
  • 89
    • 0017064936 scopus 로고
    • College athletics, body size, and cancer mortality
    • 90. Polednak AP. College athletics, body size, and cancer mortality. Cancer 1976; 38: 382-7.
    • (1976) Cancer , vol.38 , pp. 382-387
    • Polednak, A.P.1
  • 92
    • 0031018806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of physical activity on lung-cancer risk: A prospective study of 81,516 men and women
    • 93. Thune I, Lund E. The influence of physical activity on lung-cancer risk: A prospective study of 81,516 men and women. Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 57-62.
    • (1997) Int J Cancer , vol.70 , pp. 57-62
    • Thune, I.1    Lund, E.2
  • 93
    • 0024338332 scopus 로고
    • Lower prevalence of non-reproductive system cancers among female former college athletes
    • 94. Frisch RE, Wyshak G, Albright NL, Albright TE, Schiff I. Lower prevalence of non-reproductive system cancers among female former college athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: 250-3.
    • (1989) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.21 , pp. 250-253
    • Frisch, R.E.1    Wyshak, G.2    Albright, N.L.3    Albright, T.E.4    Schiff, I.5
  • 94
    • 0027157540 scopus 로고
    • Heart rate, physical activity, and mortality from cancer and other noncardiovascular diseases
    • 95. Wannamethee G, Shaper AG, Macfarlane PW. Heart rate, physical activity, and mortality from cancer and other noncardiovascular diseases. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 735-48.
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.137 , pp. 735-748
    • Wannamethee, G.1    Shaper, A.G.2    Macfarlane, P.W.3
  • 95
    • 0024310468 scopus 로고
    • Health practices and cancer mortality among active California Mormons
    • 96. Enstrom J. Health practices and cancer mortality among active California Mormons. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 1807-14.
    • (1989) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.81 , pp. 1807-1814
    • Enstrom, J.1
  • 96
    • 0019452924 scopus 로고
    • Heart rate: A risk factor for cancer?
    • 97. Persky V, Dyer AR, Leonas J, et al. Heart rate: a risk factor for cancer? Am J Epidemiol 1981; 114: 477-87.
    • (1981) Am J Epidemiol , vol.114 , pp. 477-487
    • Persky, V.1    Dyer, A.R.2    Leonas, J.3
  • 97
    • 0025784676 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and 10.5 year mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT)
    • 98. Leon AS, Connett J. Physical activity and 10.5 year mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20: 690-7.
    • (1991) Int J Epidemiol , vol.20 , pp. 690-697
    • Leon, A.S.1    Connett, J.2
  • 98
    • 0029884618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leisure-time physical activity among older adults. United States, 1990
    • 99. Yusuf HR, Croft JB, Giles WH, et al. Leisure-time physical activity among older adults. United States, 1990. Arch Int Med 1996; 156: 1321-6.
    • (1996) Arch Int Med , vol.156 , pp. 1321-1326
    • Yusuf, H.R.1    Croft, J.B.2    Giles, W.H.3
  • 99
    • 0031777316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and correlates of recreational physical activity in women aged 50-64 years
    • 100. McTiernan A, Stanford J, Daling J, Voigt L. Prevalence and correlates of recreational physical activity in women aged 50-64 years. Menopause 1998; 5: 95-101
    • (1998) Menopause , vol.5 , pp. 95-101
    • McTiernan, A.1    Stanford, J.2    Daling, J.3    Voigt, L.4
  • 100
    • 0027999575 scopus 로고
    • At least one in seven cases of cancer is caused by smoking. Global estimates for 1985
    • 101. Parkin D, Pisani P, Lopez A, Masuyer E. At least one in seven cases of cancer is caused by smoking. Global estimates for 1985. Int J Cancer 1994; 59: 494-504.
    • (1994) Int J Cancer , vol.59 , pp. 494-504
    • Parkin, D.1    Pisani, P.2    Lopez, A.3    Masuyer, E.4
  • 101
    • 0030896634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise and breast cancer-time to get moving?
    • 102. McTiernan A. Exercise and breast cancer-time to get moving? [editorial; comment] [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1311-2.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 1311-1312
    • McTiernan, A.1
  • 102
    • 0030918462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is exercise beneficial in the prevention of prostate cancer?
    • 103. Oliveria SA, Lee IM. Is exercise beneficial in the prevention of prostate cancer? Sports Med 1997; 23: 271-8.
    • (1997) Sports Med , vol.23 , pp. 271-278
    • Oliveria, S.A.1    Lee, I.M.2
  • 103
    • 0031058448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of oestrogen combined with cyclic progestagen therapy in postmenopausal women
    • 104. Beresford SA, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, McKnight B. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of oestrogen combined with cyclic progestagen therapy in postmenopausal women. Lancet 1997; 349: 458-61.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 458-461
    • Beresford, S.A.1    Weiss, N.S.2    Voigt, L.F.3    McKnight, B.4
  • 104
    • 0242390079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies
    • Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer [see comments]
    • 105. Anonymous. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer [see comments]. Lancet 1996; 347: 1713-27.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 1713-1727
  • 105
    • 0032079867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postmenopausal hormone use and risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma
    • 106. Grodstein F, Martinez ME, Platz EA, et al. Postmenopausal hormone use and risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma [see comments]. Ann Int Med 1998; 128: 705-12.
    • (1998) Ann Int Med , vol.128 , pp. 705-712
    • Grodstein, F.1    Martinez, M.E.2    Platz, E.A.3
  • 106
    • 0026417761 scopus 로고
    • A hypothesis: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the incidence of large-bowel cancer
    • 107. Rosenberg L, Palmer J, Zauber A, et al. A hypothesis: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the incidence of large-bowel cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 355-8.
    • (1991) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.83 , pp. 355-358
    • Rosenberg, L.1    Palmer, J.2    Zauber, A.3
  • 108
    • 0029988657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prior to use of estrogen replacement therapy, are users healthier than nonusers?
    • 109. Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Wing RR, Meilahn EN, Plantinga P. Prior to use of estrogen replacement therapy, are users healthier than nonusers? [see comments]. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: 971-8.
    • (1996) Am J Epidemiol , vol.143 , pp. 971-978
    • Matthews, K.A.1    Kuller, L.H.2    Wing, R.R.3    Meilahn, E.N.4    Plantinga, P.5
  • 110
    • 0013482873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise in the elderly: Physiologic and functional effects
    • Hazzard W, ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
    • 111. Schwartz R, Buchner D. Exercise in the elderly: physiologic and functional effects. In: Hazzard W, ed. Principles of Geriatric Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
    • (1998) Principles of Geriatric Medicine
    • Schwartz, R.1    Buchner, D.2
  • 111
    • 0027275113 scopus 로고
    • Alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer: A review of the epidemiologic evidence
    • 112. Rosenberg L, Metzger LS, Palmer JR. Alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15: 133-44.
    • (1993) Epidemiol Rev , vol.15 , pp. 133-144
    • Rosenberg, L.1    Metzger, L.S.2    Palmer, J.R.3
  • 112
    • 0020404865 scopus 로고
    • Alcohol and beer consumption in relation to cancers of bowel and lung: An extended correlation analysis
    • 113. Potter J, McMichacl A, Hatshorne J. Alcohol and beer consumption in relation to cancers of bowel and lung: an extended correlation analysis. J Chronic Dis 1982; 35: 833-42.
    • (1982) J Chronic Dis , vol.35 , pp. 833-842
    • Potter, J.1    McMichacl, A.2    Hatshorne, J.3
  • 114
    • 0030459619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of alcohol ingestion on estrogens in postmenopausal women
    • 115. Ginsburg ES, Mello NK, Mendelson JH, et al. Effects of alcohol ingestion on estrogens in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 1996; 276: 1747-51.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.276 , pp. 1747-1751
    • Ginsburg, E.S.1    Mello, N.K.2    Mendelson, J.H.3
  • 115
  • 116
    • 0029257549 scopus 로고
    • Cancer, immune function, and physical activity
    • 117. Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Cancer, immune function, and physical activity. Can J Appl Physiol 1995; 20: 1-25.
    • (1995) Can J Appl Physiol , vol.20 , pp. 1-25
    • Shephard, R.J.1    Shek, P.N.2
  • 117
    • 0025461599 scopus 로고
    • Dietary fat and cancer consistency of the epidemiologic data, and disease prevention that may follow from a practical reduction in fat consumption
    • published erratum appears in Cancer Causes Control 1990 Nov; 1(3): 253 discussion 99-109
    • 118. Prentice RL, Sheppard L. Dietary fat and cancer consistency of the epidemiologic data, and disease prevention that may follow from a practical reduction in fat consumption [published erratum appears in Cancer Causes Control 1990 Nov; 1(3): 253]. Cancer Causes Control 1990; 1: 81-97; discussion 99-109.
    • (1990) Cancer Causes Control , vol.1 , pp. 81-97
    • Prentice, R.L.1    Sheppard, L.2
  • 118
    • 0030696738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolving methods in genetic epidemiology. III. Gene-environment interaction in epidemiologic research
    • 119. Yang Q, Khoury MJ. Evolving methods in genetic epidemiology. III. Gene-environment interaction in epidemiologic research. Epidemiol Rev 1997; 19: 33-43.
    • (1997) Epidemiol Rev , vol.19 , pp. 33-43
    • Yang, Q.1    Khoury, M.J.2
  • 119
    • 0002732256 scopus 로고
    • Discussion: Heredity, fitness, and health
    • Bouchard C, Shepard RJ, Stephens T, et al. eds. Champaigne, IL: Human Kinetics
    • 120. Bouchard C. Discussion: Heredity, fitness, and health. In: Bouchard C, Shepard RJ, Stephens T, et al. eds. Exercise, Fitness, and Health. Champaigne, IL: Human Kinetics; 1990: 147.
    • (1990) Exercise, Fitness, and Health , pp. 147
    • Bouchard, C.1
  • 120
    • 0027424941 scopus 로고
    • Association of body fat distribution and family histories of breast and ovarian cancer with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer
    • 121. Sellers TA, Gapstur SM, Potter JD, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR. Association of body fat distribution and family histories of breast and ovarian cancer with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 138: 799-803.
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.138 , pp. 799-803
    • Sellers, T.A.1    Gapstur, S.M.2    Potter, J.D.3    Kushi, L.H.4    Bostick, R.M.5    Folsom, A.R.6
  • 121
    • 0028113617 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of colorectal cancer revisited: Are serum triglycerides and/or plasma glucose associated with risk?
    • 122. McKeown-Eyssen G. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer revisited: are serum triglycerides and/or plasma glucose associated with risk? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994; 3: 687-95.
    • (1994) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , vol.3 , pp. 687-695
    • McKeown-Eyssen, G.1
  • 122
    • 0021240058 scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous malignant melanoma and indicators of total accumulated exposure to the sun: An analysis separating histogenetic types
    • 123. Holman C, Armstrong B. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and indicators of total accumulated exposure to the sun: an analysis separating histogenetic types. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 73: 75-82.
    • (1986) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.73 , pp. 75-82
    • Holman, C.1    Armstrong, B.2
  • 123
    • 0029021938 scopus 로고
    • Adipose tissue as a medium for epidemiologic exposure assessment
    • 124. Kohlmeier L, Kohlmeier M. Adipose tissue as a medium for epidemiologic exposure assessment. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103: 99-106.
    • (1995) Environ Health Perspect , vol.103 , pp. 99-106
    • Kohlmeier, L.1    Kohlmeier, M.2
  • 124
    • 0026569066 scopus 로고
    • Serum retinol, beta carotene, vitamin A, and selenium as related to subsequent cancer of specific sites
    • 125. Comstock G, Bush T, Helzlsouer K, et al. Serum retinol, beta carotene, vitamin A, and selenium as related to subsequent cancer of specific sites. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 115-21.
    • (1992) Am J Epidemiol , vol.135 , pp. 115-121
    • Comstock, G.1    Bush, T.2    Helzlsouer, K.3
  • 126
    • 0025727126 scopus 로고
    • The role of exercise in weight regulation in nonathletes
    • 127. King AC, Tribble DL. The role of exercise in weight regulation in nonathletes. Sports Med 1991; 11: 331-49.
    • (1991) Sports Med , vol.11 , pp. 331-349
    • King, A.C.1    Tribble, D.L.2
  • 127
    • 0021014504 scopus 로고
    • Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution
    • 128. Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, Smith U. Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J Clin Invest 1983; 72: 1150-62.
    • (1983) J Clin Invest , vol.72 , pp. 1150-1162
    • Krotkiewski, M.1    Bjorntorp, P.2    Sjostrom, L.3    Smith, U.4
  • 128
    • 0025752437 scopus 로고
    • The effect of intensive endurance training on body fat distribution in young and older men
    • 129. Schwartz RS, Shuman WP, Bradbury VL, et al. The effect of intensive endurance training on body fat distribution in young and older men. Metabolism 1991; 40.
    • (1991) Metabolism , pp. 40
    • Schwartz, R.S.1    Shuman, W.P.2    Bradbury, V.L.3
  • 129
    • 0027422597 scopus 로고
    • Impact of experimental manipulation of energy intake and expenditure on body composition
    • 130. Wood PD. Impact of experimental manipulation of energy intake and expenditure on body composition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1993; 33: 369-73.
    • (1993) Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr , vol.33 , pp. 369-373
    • Wood, P.D.1
  • 130
    • 0024550730 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of insulin-like growth factor I gene expression in malignancy: Evidence for a paracrine role in human breast cancer
    • 131. Yee D, Paik S, Lebovic GS, et al. Analysis of insulin-like growth factor I gene expression in malignancy: evidence for a paracrine role in human breast cancer. Mol Endocrinol 1989; 3: 509-17.
    • (1989) Mol Endocrinol , vol.3 , pp. 509-517
    • Yee, D.1    Paik, S.2    Lebovic, G.S.3
  • 131
    • 0025021694 scopus 로고
    • Exercise training in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in elderly patients
    • 132. Schwartz RS. Exercise training in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in elderly patients. Diabetes Care 1990; 14: 77.
    • (1990) Diabetes Care , vol.14 , pp. 77
    • Schwartz, R.S.1
  • 132
    • 0032559272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma insulin-like growth factor-i and prostate cancer risk: A prospective study
    • 133. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study [see comments]. Science 1998; 279: 563-6.
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 563-566
    • Chan, J.M.1    Stampfer, M.J.2    Giovannucci, E.3
  • 133
    • 0032499440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer
    • 134. Hankinson S, Willett W, Colditz G, et al. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 1998; 351: 1393-96.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , pp. 1393-1396
    • Hankinson, S.1    Willett, W.2    Colditz, G.3
  • 134
    • 0030906744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Up-regulation of IGF binding protein-1 as an anticarcinogenic strategy: Relevance to caloric restriction, exercise, and insulin sensitivity
    • 135. McCarty MF. Up-regulation of IGF binding protein-1 as an anticarcinogenic strategy: relevance to caloric restriction, exercise, and insulin sensitivity. Med Hypotheses 1997; 48: 297-308.
    • (1997) Med Hypotheses , vol.48 , pp. 297-308
    • McCarty, M.F.1
  • 135
    • 0027602912 scopus 로고
    • Platelet-derived growth factor and risk factors for colorectal cancer
    • 136. Ross J, Potter J, Severson R. Platelet-derived growth factor and risk factors for colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1993; 2: 197-210.
    • (1993) Eur J Cancer Prev , vol.2 , pp. 197-210
    • Ross, J.1    Potter, J.2    Severson, R.3
  • 136
    • 0026316096 scopus 로고
    • Growth factors and cancer
    • 137. Aaronson S. Growth factors and cancer. Science 1991; 254: 1146-53.
    • (1991) Science , vol.254 , pp. 1146-1153
    • Aaronson, S.1
  • 137
    • 0022969424 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of platelet aggregability by moderate-intensity physical exercise: A randomized clinical trial in overweight men
    • 138. Rauramaa R, Salonen J, Seppanen K, et al. Inhibition of platelet aggregability by moderate-intensity physical exercise: a randomized clinical trial in overweight men. Circulation 1986; 74: 939-44.
    • (1986) Circulation , vol.74 , pp. 939-944
    • Rauramaa, R.1    Salonen, J.2    Seppanen, K.3
  • 138
    • 0023760913 scopus 로고
    • Effects of exercise on parameters of blood coagulation, platelet function and the prostaglandin system
    • 139. Sinzinger H, Virgolini I. Effects of exercise on parameters of blood coagulation, platelet function and the prostaglandin system. Sports Med 1988; 6: 238-45.
    • (1988) Sports Med , vol.6 , pp. 238-245
    • Sinzinger, H.1    Virgolini, I.2
  • 139
    • 0025060287 scopus 로고
    • Effects of exercise and exercise conditioning on blood platelet function
    • 140. Davis R, Boyd D, McKinney M, Jones C. Effects of exercise and exercise conditioning on blood platelet function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: 49-53.
    • (1990) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.22 , pp. 49-53
    • Davis, R.1    Boyd, D.2    McKinney, M.3    Jones, C.4
  • 140
    • 0021638281 scopus 로고
    • Occult gastrointestinal blood loss in marathon runners
    • 141. McMahon L, Ryan M, Larson D, et al. Occult gastrointestinal blood loss in marathon runners. Ann Int Med 1984; 100: 846-50.
    • (1984) Ann Int Med , vol.100 , pp. 846-850
    • McMahon, L.1    Ryan, M.2    Larson, D.3
  • 141
    • 0025810778 scopus 로고
    • Exercise as prevention: Do the health benefits derive in part from lower iron levels?
    • 142. Lauffer R. Exercise as prevention: do the health benefits derive in part from lower iron levels? Med Hypothesis 1991; 35: 103-7.
    • (1991) Med Hypothesis , vol.35 , pp. 103-107
    • Lauffer, R.1
  • 142
    • 0002125564 scopus 로고
    • Exercise, immunity, cancer and infection
    • Bouchard C, Shephard RH, Stephens T, Sutton J, McPherson B, eds. Champaigne, IL: Human Kinetics
    • 143. Calabrese LH. Exercise, immunity, cancer and infection. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RH, Stephens T, Sutton J, McPherson B, eds. Exercise, Fitness, and Health: A Consensus of Current Knowledge. Champaigne, IL: Human Kinetics; 1990: 567-579.
    • (1990) Exercise, Fitness, and Health: A Consensus of Current Knowledge , pp. 567-579
    • Calabrese, L.H.1
  • 143
    • 0028118425 scopus 로고
    • Exercise, upper respiratory tract infection, and the immune system
    • 144. Nieman DC. Exercise, upper respiratory tract infection, and the immune system. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 128-39.
    • (1994) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.26 , pp. 128-139
    • Nieman, D.C.1
  • 144
    • 0029201647 scopus 로고
    • The impact of exercise on the immune system: NK cells, interleukins 1 and 2, and related responses
    • 145. Shephard RJ, Rhind S, Shek PN. The impact of exercise on the immune system: NK cells, interleukins 1 and 2, and related responses. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1995; 23: 215-41.
    • (1995) Exerc Sport Sci Rev , vol.23 , pp. 215-241
    • Shephard, R.J.1    Rhind, S.2    Shek, P.N.3
  • 145
    • 0019158858 scopus 로고
    • In vitro NK-activity and in vivo resistance to leukemia: Studies of beige, beige//nude and wild-type hosts on C57BL background
    • 146. Karre K, Klein GO, Kiessling R, Klein G, Roder JC. In vitro NK-activity and in vivo resistance to leukemia: studies of beige, beige//nude and wild-type hosts on C57BL background. Int J Cancer 1980; 26: 789-97.
    • (1980) Int J Cancer , vol.26 , pp. 789-797
    • Karre, K.1    Klein, G.O.2    Kiessling, R.3    Klein, G.4    Roder, J.C.5
  • 146
    • 0021970503 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the host natural killer cell population in mice during tumor development. 1. Kinetics and in vivo significance
    • 147. Lala PK, Santer V, Libenson H, Parhar RS. Changes in the host natural killer cell population in mice during tumor development. 1. Kinetics and in vivo significance. Cell Immunol 1985; 93: 250-64.
    • (1985) Cell Immunol , vol.93 , pp. 250-264
    • Lala, P.K.1    Santer, V.2    Libenson, H.3    Parhar, R.S.4
  • 147
    • 0024554593 scopus 로고
    • Effect of age on the human high affinity interleukin 2 receptor of phytohaemagglutinm stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes
    • 148. Nagel JE, Chopra RK, Powers DC, Adler WH. Effect of age on the human high affinity interleukin 2 receptor of phytohaemagglutinm stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 1989; 75: 286-91.
    • (1989) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.75 , pp. 286-291
    • Nagel, J.E.1    Chopra, R.K.2    Powers, D.C.3    Adler, W.H.4
  • 148
    • 0025924836 scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneous effects of exogenous lymphokines on lymphoproliferation of elderly subjects
    • 149. Hessen MT, Kaye D, Murasko DM. Heterogeneous effects of exogenous lymphokines on lymphoproliferation of elderly subjects. Mech Ageing Dev 1991; 58: 61-73.
    • (1991) Mech Ageing Dev , vol.58 , pp. 61-73
    • Hessen, M.T.1    Kaye, D.2    Murasko, D.M.3
  • 149
    • 0025202094 scopus 로고
    • The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and upper respiratory tract infections
    • 150. Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Markoff PA, et al. The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and upper respiratory tract infections. Int J Sports Med 1990; 11: 467-74.
    • (1990) Int J Sports Med , vol.11 , pp. 467-474
    • Nieman, D.C.1    Nehlsen-Cannarella, S.L.2    Markoff, P.A.3
  • 150
    • 0027171444 scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and immune function in elderly women
    • 151. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gusewitch G, et al. Physical activity and immune function in elderly women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 823-31.
    • (1993) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.25 , pp. 823-831
    • Nieman, D.C.1    Henson, D.A.2    Gusewitch, G.3
  • 151
    • 0028000483 scopus 로고
    • Hormonal regulation of immune responses
    • 152. Paavonen T. Hormonal regulation of immune responses. Ann Med 1994; 26: 255-8.
    • (1994) Ann Med , vol.26 , pp. 255-258
    • Paavonen, T.1
  • 152
    • 0027083018 scopus 로고
    • The effects of sex hormones on the immune system in pregnancy
    • 153. Lahita RG. The effects of sex hormones on the immune system in pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 1992; 28: 136-7.
    • (1992) Am J Reprod Immunol , vol.28 , pp. 136-137
    • Lahita, R.G.1
  • 154
    • 0027936464 scopus 로고
    • Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone: Can they be used to treat autoimmune diseases?
    • 155. Van Vollenhofen RF, McGuire JL. Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone: can they be used to treat autoimmune diseases? Cleve Clin J Med 1994; 61: 276-84.
    • (1994) Cleve Clin J Med , vol.61 , pp. 276-284
    • Van Vollenhofen, R.F.1    McGuire, J.L.2
  • 155
    • 0029115285 scopus 로고
    • Sunlight-can it prevent as well as cause cancer?
    • 156. Studzinski G, Moore D. Sunlight-can it prevent as well as cause cancer? Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4014-22.
    • (1995) Cancer Res , vol.55 , pp. 4014-4022
    • Studzinski, G.1    Moore, D.2
  • 156
    • 0029120305 scopus 로고
    • Colon cancer and serum vitamin D metabolite levels 10-17 years prior to diagnosis
    • 157. Braun MM, Helzlsouer KJ, Hollis BW, Comstock GW. Colon cancer and serum vitamin D metabolite levels 10-17 years prior to diagnosis. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142: 608-11.
    • (1995) Am J Epidemiol , vol.142 , pp. 608-611
    • Braun, M.M.1    Helzlsouer, K.J.2    Hollis, B.W.3    Comstock, G.W.4
  • 159
    • 0030005949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy foods and the occurrence of colon cancer in men
    • 160. Kearney J, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, et al. Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy foods and the occurrence of colon cancer in men. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: 907-17.
    • (1996) Am J Epidemiol , vol.143 , pp. 907-917
    • Kearney, J.1    Giovannucci, E.2    Rimm, E.B.3
  • 160
    • 17744404964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intake of selected micronutrients and risk of colorectal cancer
    • 161. La Vecchia C, Braga C, Negri E, et al. Intake of selected micronutrients and risk of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 1997; 73: 525-30.
    • (1997) Int J Cancer , vol.73 , pp. 525-530
    • La Vecchia, C.1    Braga, C.2    Negri, E.3
  • 161
    • 0029781953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium, vitamin D, and the occurrence of colorectal cancer among women
    • 162. Martinez ME, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, et al. Calcium, vitamin D, and the occurrence of colorectal cancer among women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 1375-82.
    • (1996) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.88 , pp. 1375-1382
    • Martinez, M.E.1    Giovannucci, E.L.2    Colditz, G.A.3
  • 162
    • 0023940956 scopus 로고
    • Hormone and bone mineral status in endurance-trained and sedentary postmenopausal women
    • 163. Nelson ME, Meredith CN, Dawson-Hughes B, Evans WJ. Hormone and bone mineral status in endurance-trained and sedentary postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66: 927-33.
    • (1988) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.66 , pp. 927-933
    • Nelson, M.E.1    Meredith, C.N.2    Dawson-Hughes, B.3    Evans, W.J.4
  • 164
    • 0029793882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extreme exercise and oxidative DNA modification
    • 165. Poulsen HE, Loft S, Vistisen K. Extreme exercise and oxidative DNA modification. J Sports Sci 1996; 14: 343-6.
    • (1996) J Sports Sci , vol.14 , pp. 343-346
    • Poulsen, H.E.1    Loft, S.2    Vistisen, K.3
  • 165
    • 0030963510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise-induced oxidative stress before and after vitamin C supplementation
    • 166. Alessio HM, Goldfarb AH, Cao G. Exercise-induced oxidative stress before and after vitamin C supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr 1997; 7: 1-9.
    • (1997) Int J Sport Nutr , vol.7 , pp. 1-9
    • Alessio, H.M.1    Goldfarb, A.H.2    Cao, G.3
  • 167
    • 0031063356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Japanese dietary protein allowance is sufficient for moderate physical exercise in young men
    • 168. Kido Y, Tsukahara T, Rokutan K, Shizuka F, Ohnaka M, Kishi K. Japanese dietary protein allowance is sufficient for moderate physical exercise in young men. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1997; 43: 59-71.
    • (1997) J Nutr Sci Vitaminol , vol.43 , pp. 59-71
    • Kido, Y.1    Tsukahara, T.2    Rokutan, K.3    Shizuka, F.4    Ohnaka, M.5    Kishi, K.6
  • 168
    • 8244255925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No evidence of oxidative stress after a triathlon race in highly trained competitors
    • 169. Margaritis I, Tessier F, Richard MJ, Marconnet P. No evidence of oxidative stress after a triathlon race in highly trained competitors. Int J Sports Med 1997; 18: 186-90.
    • (1997) Int J Sports Med , vol.18 , pp. 186-190
    • Margaritis, I.1    Tessier, F.2    Richard, M.J.3    Marconnet, P.4
  • 170
    • 0022475801 scopus 로고
    • The effects of an aerobic running program on bowel transit time
    • 171. Cordam L, Latin RW, Behnke JJ. The effects of an aerobic running program on bowel transit time. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1986; 26: 101-4.
    • (1986) J Sports Med Phys Fitness , vol.26 , pp. 101-104
    • Cordam, L.1    Latin, R.W.2    Behnke, J.J.3
  • 171
    • 0014743706 scopus 로고
    • Propulsion (mass movements) in the human colon and its relationship to meals and somatic activity
    • 172. Holdstock DJ, Misiewicz JJ, Smith T, Rowlands EN. Propulsion (mass movements) in the human colon and its relationship to meals and somatic activity. Gut 1970; 11: 91-9.
    • (1970) Gut , vol.11 , pp. 91-99
    • Holdstock, D.J.1    Misiewicz, J.J.2    Smith, T.3    Rowlands, E.N.4
  • 172
    • 0015530176 scopus 로고
    • Effect of dietary fiber on stools and transit times and its role in the causation of disease
    • 173. Burkitt DP, Walaker AR, Painter NS. Effect of dietary fiber on stools and transit times and its role in the causation of disease. Lancet 1972; 2: 1408-11.
    • (1972) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1408-1411
    • Burkitt, D.P.1    Walaker, A.R.2    Painter, N.S.3
  • 173
    • 0026440144 scopus 로고
    • Cancer and the protective effect of physical activity: The epidemiological evidence
    • 174. Sternfeld B. Cancer and the protective effect of physical activity: the epidemiological evidence. Med Sci Sports Exer 1992; 24: 1195-209.
    • (1992) Med Sci Sports Exer , vol.24 , pp. 1195-1209
    • Sternfeld, B.1
  • 174
    • 0026015167 scopus 로고
    • Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in men
    • 175. Demers PA, Thomas DB, Rosenblatt KA, et al. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in men [see comments]. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 134: 340-7.
    • (1991) Am J Epidemiol , vol.134 , pp. 340-347
    • Demers, P.A.1    Thomas, D.B.2    Rosenblatt, K.A.3
  • 175
    • 0030699269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults
    • 176. Thun MJ, Peto R, Lopez AD, et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1705-14.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.337 , pp. 1705-1714
    • Thun, M.J.1    Peto, R.2    Lopez, A.D.3
  • 176
    • 0025834849 scopus 로고
    • Sulindac causes regression of rectal polyps in familial adenomatous polyps
    • 177. Labayle D, Fischer D, Vielh P, et al. Sulindac causes regression of rectal polyps in familial adenomatous polyps. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 635-9.
    • (1991) Gastroenterology , vol.101 , pp. 635-639
    • Labayle, D.1    Fischer, D.2    Vielh, P.3
  • 177
    • 0023234107 scopus 로고
    • The effects of moderate physical activity on menstrual cycle patterns in adolescence: Implications for breast cancer prevention
    • 178. Bernstein L, Ross RK, Lobo RA, Hanisch R, Krailo MD, Henderson BE. The effects of moderate physical activity on menstrual cycle patterns in adolescence: implications for breast cancer prevention. Br J Cancer 1987; 55: 681-5.
    • (1987) Br J Cancer , vol.55 , pp. 681-685
    • Bernstein, L.1    Ross, R.K.2    Lobo, R.A.3    Hanisch, R.4    Krailo, M.D.5    Henderson, B.E.6
  • 179
    • 0021892712 scopus 로고
    • Do regular ovulatory cycles increase breast cancer risk?
    • 180. Henderson B, Ross R, Judd H, Krailo M, Pike M. Do regular ovulatory cycles increase breast cancer risk? Cancer 1985; 56.
    • (1985) Cancer , pp. 56
    • Henderson, B.1    Ross, R.2    Judd, H.3    Krailo, M.4    Pike, M.5
  • 180
    • 0029054624 scopus 로고
    • Models of breast cancer show that risk is set by events of early life: Prevention efforts must shift focus
    • 181. Colditz GA, Frazier AL. Models of breast cancer show that risk is set by events of early life: prevention efforts must shift focus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995; 4: 567-71.
    • (1995) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , vol.4 , pp. 567-571
    • Colditz, G.A.1    Frazier, A.L.2
  • 181
    • 84943669799 scopus 로고
    • Delayed menarche and amenorrhea of college athletes in relation to onset of training
    • 182. Frisch R. Delayed menarche and amenorrhea of college athletes in relation to onset of training. JAMA 1981.
    • (1981) JAMA
    • Frisch, R.1
  • 182
    • 0019223908 scopus 로고
    • Delayed menarche and amenorrhea in ballet dancers
    • 183. Frisch R. Delayed menarche and amenorrhea in ballet dancers. N Engl J Med 1980.
    • (1980) N Engl J Med
    • Frisch, R.1
  • 185
    • 0023210536 scopus 로고
    • Adipose tissue as a source of hormones
    • 186. Siiteri PK. Adipose tissue as a source of hormones. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45: 277-82.
    • (1987) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.45 , pp. 277-282
    • Siiteri, P.K.1
  • 186
    • 0032478958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between estrogen levels, use of hormone replacement therapy, and breast cancer
    • 187. Colditz G. Relationship between estrogen levels, use of hormone replacement therapy, and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 814-23.
    • (1998) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.90 , pp. 814-823
    • Colditz, G.1
  • 187
    • 15844363258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of prediagnostic serum estrogen and androgen levels to breast cancer risk
    • 188. Dorgan JF, Longcope C, Stephenson HK, Jr., et al. Relation of prediagnostic serum estrogen and androgen levels to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996; 5: 533-9.
    • (1996) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , vol.5 , pp. 533-539
    • Dorgan, J.F.1    Longcope, C.2    Stephenson H.K., Jr.3
  • 188
    • 0028942126 scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women
    • 189. Toniolo PG, Levitz M, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, et al. A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women [see comments]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 190-7.
    • (1995) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.87 , pp. 190-197
    • Toniolo, P.G.1    Levitz, M.2    Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A.3
  • 190
    • 0031000928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women on the island of Guernsey
    • 191. Thomas HV, Key TJ, Allen DS, et al. A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women on the island of Guernsey. Br J Cancer. 1997; 75: 1075-9.
    • (1997) Br J Cancer. , vol.75 , pp. 1075-1079
    • Thomas, H.V.1    Key, T.J.2    Allen, D.S.3
  • 191
    • 0030803940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women on the island of Guernsey
    • 192. Thomas HV, Key TJ, Allen DS, et al. A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women on the island of Guernsey. Br J Cancer 1997; 76: 401-5.
    • (1997) Br J Cancer , vol.76 , pp. 401-405
    • Thomas, H.V.1    Key, T.J.2    Allen, D.S.3
  • 192
    • 0029862593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum sex hormone levels after menopause and subsequent breast cancer
    • 193. Berrino F, Muti P, Micheli A, et al. Serum sex hormone levels after menopause and subsequent breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 291-6.
    • (1996) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.88 , pp. 291-296
    • Berrino, F.1    Muti, P.2    Micheli, A.3
  • 194
    • 0026741676 scopus 로고
    • Sex hormones and postmenopausal breast cancer: A prospective study in an adult community
    • 195. Garland CF, Friedlander NJ, Barrett-Connor E, Khaw KT. Sex hormones and postmenopausal breast cancer: a prospective study in an adult community. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 1220-30.
    • (1992) Am J Epidemiol , vol.135 , pp. 1220-1230
    • Garland, C.F.1    Friedlander, N.J.2    Barrett-Connor, E.3    Khaw, K.T.4
  • 195
    • 0023708785 scopus 로고
    • Re: "Sex hormone levels in serum in relation to the development of breast cancer"
    • 196. Kuller LH, Gutai JP. Re: "Sex hormone levels in serum in relation to the development of breast cancer" [letter]. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 127: 201-2.
    • (1988) Am J Epidemiol , vol.127 , pp. 201-202
    • Kuller, L.H.1    Gutai, J.P.2
  • 196
    • 0023278062 scopus 로고
    • Sex hormone levels in serum in relation to the development of breast cancer
    • 197. Wysowski DK, Comstock GW, Helsing KJ, Lau HL. Sex hormone levels in serum in relation to the development of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 125: 791-9.
    • (1987) Am J Epidemiol , vol.125 , pp. 791-799
    • Wysowski, D.K.1    Comstock, G.W.2    Helsing, K.J.3    Lau, H.L.4
  • 197
    • 0029858793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer in older women: The study of osteoporotic fractures
    • Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group [see comments].
    • 198. Cauley JA, Lucas FL, Kuller LH, Vogt MT, Browner WS, Cummings SR. Bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group [see comments]. JAMA 1996; 276: 1404-8.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.276 , pp. 1404-1408
    • Cauley, J.A.1    Lucas, F.L.2    Kuller, L.H.3    Vogt, M.T.4    Browner, W.S.5    Cummings, S.R.6
  • 200
    • 0028788552 scopus 로고
    • Relation of sex hormones and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-SO4) to cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women
    • 201. Haffner SM, Newcomb PA, Marcus PM, Klein BE, Klein R. Relation of sex hormones and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-SO4) to cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142: 925-34.
    • (1995) Am J Epidemiol , vol.142 , pp. 925-934
    • Haffner, S.M.1    Newcomb, P.A.2    Marcus, P.M.3    Klein, B.E.4    Klein, R.5
  • 201
    • 0001884958 scopus 로고
    • The free hormone concept
    • Hennemann G, ed. New York: Marcel Dekker
    • 202. Ekin R. The free hormone concept. In: Hennemann G, ed. Thyroid Hormone Metabolism. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1986: 77-106.
    • (1986) Thyroid Hormone Metabolism , pp. 77-106
    • Ekin, R.1
  • 202
    • 0027463617 scopus 로고
    • Personal characteristics relating to risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer in older women in the United States
    • 203. Whittemore AS. Personal characteristics relating to risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer in older women in the United States. Cancer 1993; 71: 558-65.
    • (1993) Cancer , vol.71 , pp. 558-565
    • Whittemore, A.S.1
  • 203
    • 0020576133 scopus 로고
    • 'Hormonal' risk factors, 'breast tissue age' and the age-incidence of breast cancer
    • 204. Pike M, Krailo M, Henderson B, Casagrande J, Hoel D. 'Hormonal' risk factors, 'breast tissue age' and the age-incidence of breast cancer. Nature 1973; 303: 767-70.
    • (1973) Nature , vol.303 , pp. 767-770
    • Pike, M.1    Krailo, M.2    Henderson, B.3    Casagrande, J.4    Hoel, D.5
  • 204
    • 0030268577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surrogate end points in clinical trials: Are we being misled?
    • 205. Fleming TR, DeMets DL. Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled? [see comments]. Ann Int Med 1996; 125: 605-13.
    • (1996) Ann Int Med , vol.125 , pp. 605-613
    • Fleming, T.R.1    DeMets, D.L.2
  • 205
    • 0030845388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors, lifetime risk, and age at onset of breast cancer
    • 206. Fraser GE, Shavlik D. Risk factors, lifetime risk, and age at onset of breast cancer. Ann Epidemiol 1997; 7: 375-82.
    • (1997) Ann Epidemiol , vol.7 , pp. 375-382
    • Fraser, G.E.1    Shavlik, D.2
  • 206
    • 0029041810 scopus 로고
    • A case-control study on breast cancer and body mass
    • The American Health Foundation-Division of Epidemiology
    • 207. Taioli E, Barone J, Wynder EL. A case-control study on breast cancer and body mass. The American Health Foundation-Division of Epidemiology. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A: 723-8.
    • (1995) Eur J Cancer , vol.31 A , pp. 723-728
    • Taioli, E.1    Barone, J.2    Wynder, E.L.3
  • 207
    • 0032486774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and breast cancer risk in a cohort of young women
    • 208. Rockhill B, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, et al. Physical activity and breast cancer risk in a cohort of young women. NEJM 1998; 90: 1155-60.
    • (1998) NEJM , vol.90 , pp. 1155-1160
    • Rockhill, B.1    Willett, W.C.2    Hunter, D.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.