Recreational and occupational physical activities and risk of breast cancer

Journal of the National Cancer Institute

Volumn 90, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 100-117

  Gammon, Marilie D ^a,c   John, Esther M ^b   Britton, Julie A ^a  

^a Division of Epidemiology ^*  (United States)

^b NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^c New York State Psychiatric Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; AMENORRHEA; BODY SIZE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREMENOPAUSE; REVIEW;

EID: 0032554136     PISSN: 00278874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/90.2.100     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Anonymous. Cancer facts and figures - 1997. Atlanta (GA): American Cancer Society, 1997.
2. Kelsey JL, Bernstein L. Epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Annu Rev Public Health 1996;17:47-67.
3. Brinton LA. Ways that women may possibly reduce their risk of breast cancer [editorial]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1371-2.
4. Gammon MD, Britton JB, Teitelbaum SL. Does physical activity reduce the risk of breast cancer? Review of the epidemiologic evidence. Menopause 1996;3:172-80.
5. Shephard RJ. Exercise and cancer: linkages with obesity? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1996;36:321-39.
6. Sternfeld B. Cancer and the protective effect of physical activity: the epidemiological evidence. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24:1195-209.
7. Shephard RJ. Physical activity and cancer. Int J Sports Med 1990;11: 413-20.
8. Kohl HW, LaPorte RE, Blair SN. Physical activity and cancer. An epidemiological perspective. Sports Med 1988;6:222-37.
9. Anonymous. Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Washington (DC): US Department of Health and Human Services, 1997.
10. Kramer MM, Wells CL. Does physical activity reduce risk of estrogen-dependent cancer in women? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28:322-34.
11. Francis K. Physical activity: breast and reproductive cancer. Compr Ther 1996;22:94-9.
12. Friedenreich CM, Rohan TE. A review of physical activity and breast cancer. Epidemiology 1995;6:311-7.
13. Hoffman-Goetz L, Husted J. Exercise and breast cancer: review and critical analysis of the literature. Can J Appl Physiol 1994;19:237-52.
14. Gammon MD, John EM. Recent etiologic hypotheses concerning breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15:163-8.
15. Bernstein L, Ross RK, Lobo RA, Hanisch R, Krailo MD, Henderson BE. The effects of moderate physical activity on menstrual cycle patterns in adolescence: implications for breast cancer prevention. Br J Cancer 1987; 55:681-5.
16. McTiernan A. Exercise and breast cancer - time to get moving? [editorial]. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1311-2.
17. LaPorte RE, Montoye HJ, Caspersen CJ. Assessment of physical activity in epidemiologic research: problems and prospects. Public Health Rep 1985;100:131-46.
18. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance. Malvern (PA): Lea & Febiger, 1991.
19. Colditz GA. Fat, estrogens, and the time frame for prevention of breast cancer [editorial]. Epidemiology 1995;6:209-11.
20. Frisch RE, Wyshak G, Albright NL, Albright TE, Schiff I, Witschi J, et al.. Lower lifetime occurrence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45(1 Suppl):328-35.
21. Paffenbarger RS Jr, Hyde RT, Wing AL. Physical activity and incidence of cancer in diverse populations: a preliminary report. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45(1 Suppl):312-7.
22. Albanes D, Blair A, Taylor PR. Physical activity and risk of cancer in the NHANES I population. Am J Public Health 1989;79:744-50.
23. Paffenbarger RS Jr, Lee IM, Wing AL. The influence of physical activity on the incidence of site-specific cancers in college alumni. In: Jacobs MM, editor. Exercise, calories, fat, and cancer. New York: Plenum Press, 1992:7-15.
24. Dorgan JF, Brown C, Barrett M, Splansky GL, Kreger BE, D'Agostino RB, et al. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer in the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:662-9.
25. Bernstein L, Henderson BE, Hanisch R, Sullivan-Halley J, Ross RK. Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1403-8.
26. Friedenreich CM, Rohan TE. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1995;4:145-51.
27. Taioli E, Barone J, Wynder EL. A case-control study on breast cancer and body mass. The American Health Foundation - Division of Epidemiology. Eur J Cancer 1995;31A:723-8.
28. Mittendorf R, Longnecker MP, Newcomb PA, Dietz AT, Greenberg ER, Bogdan GF, et al. Strenuous physical activity in young adulthood and risk of breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1995;6:347-53.
29. Hirose K, Tajima K, Hamajima N, Inoue M, Takezaki T, Kuroishi T, et al. A large-scale, hospital-based case-control study of risk factors of breast cancer according to menopausal status. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995;86: 146-54.
30. McTiernan A, Stanford JL, Weiss NS, Daling JR, Voigt LF. Occurrence of breast cancer in relation to recreational exercise in women age 50-64 years. Epidemiology 1996;7:598-604.
31. D'Avanzo B, Nanni O, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Negri E, Giacosa A, et al. Physical activity and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996;5:155-60.
32. Hu YH, Nagata C, Shimizu H, Kaneda N, Kashiki Y. Association of body mass index, physical activity, and reproductive histories with breast cancer: a case-control study in Gifu, Japan. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 43:65-72.
33. Chen CL, White E, Malone KE, Daling JR. Leisure-time physical activity in relation to breast cancer among young women (Washington, United States). Cancer Causes Control 1997;8:77-84.
34. Thune I, Brenn T, Lund E, Gaard M. Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1269-75.
35. Gammon MD, Schoenberg JB, Britton JA, Kelsey JL, Coates RJ, Brogan D, et al. Recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk among women under age 45 years. Am J Epidemiol. In press.
36. Sternfeld B, Williams CS, Queenberry CP, Satariano WA, Sidney S. Lifetime physical activity and incidence of breast cancer [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exercise 1993;25(suppl 5):S147.
37. Carpenter CL, Ross R, Paganini-Hill A, Bernstein L. Lifetime physical activity and breast cancer among postmenopausal women [abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:S87.
38. Marcus PM, Newman B, Millikan RC, Moorman PG, Baird DD, Stemfeld B, et al. The association of adolescent body mass index (BMI) and physical activity with breast cancer risk [abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145: S23.
39. Giglia L. The relationship between physical activity and the risk of developing breast cancer. M.Sc. Thesis. 1992. University of Toronto. Cited in reference (5).
40. Cerhan J, Chiu J, Wallace R, Lemke J, Lynch C, Torner J, et al. Systolic blood pressure, physical activity, and risk of breast cancer in elderly women [abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:S71.
41. Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS, Lee IM. Physical activity and breast cancer risk in the college alumni study [abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145:S22.
42. Frisch RE, Wyshak G, Albright NL, Albright TE, Schiff I, Jones KP, et al. Lower prevalence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes compared to non-athletes. Br J Cancer 1985;52:885-91.
43. Falkner KL, Trevisan M, McCann SE, Winkelstein W Jr. Influences on long-term recall of past physical activity: the Buffalo Health Study [abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:S24.
44. Vena JE, Graham S, Zielezny M, Brasure J, Swanson MK. Occupational exercise and risk of cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45(1 Suppl):318-27.
45. Vihko VJ, Apter DL, Pukkala EI, Oinonen MT, Hakulinen TR, Vihko RK. Risk of breast cancer among female teachers of physical education and languages. Acta Oncol 1992;31:201-4.
46. Zheng W, Shu XO, McLaughlin JK, Chow WH, Gao YT, Blot WJ. Occupational physical activity and the incidence of cancer of the breast, corpus uteri, and ovary in Shanghai. Cancer 1993;71:3620-4.
47. Pukkala E, Poskiparta M, Apter D, Vihko V. Life-long physical activity and cancer risk among Finnish female teachers. Eur J Cancer Prev 1993; 2:369-76.
48. Dosemeci M, Hayes RB, Vetter R, Hoover RN, Tucker M, Engin K, et al. Occupational physical activity, socioeconomic status, and risk of 15 cancer sites in Turkey. Cancer Causes Control 1993;4:313-21.
49. Steenland K, Nowlin S, Palu S. Cancer incidence in the National Health and Nutrition Survey I. Follow-up data: diabetes, cholesterol, pulse, and physical activity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4:807-11.
50. Coogan PF, Newcomb PA, Clapp RW, Trentham-Dietz A, Baron JA, Longnecker MP. Physical activity in usual occupation and risk of breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1997;8:626-31.
51. Garfinkel L, Stellman SD. Mortality by relative weight and exercise. Cancer 1988;62(8 Suppl):1844-50.
52. Thune I, Lund E. Exercise and breast cancer [letter]. N Engl J Med 1997;337:709.
53. Michels-Blanck H, Byers T, Mokdad AH, Will JC, Calle EE. Menstrual patterns and breast cancer mortality in a large U.S. cohort. Epidemiology 1996;7:543-6.
54. Thompson HJ. Effect of exercise intensity and duration on the induction of mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1994;54(7 Suppl): 1960s-1963s.
55. Cohen LA. Physical activity and cancer. Cancer Prev 1991;26:1-10.
56. Key TA, Pike MC. The role of oestrogens and progestagens in the epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1988;24:29-43.
57. Bernstein L, Ross RK. Endogenous hormones and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15:48-65.
58. Pike MC, Spicer DV, Dahmoush L, Press MF. Estrogens, progestrogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15:17-35.
59. Rosner B, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Reproductive risk factors in a prospective study of breast cancer: the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:819-35.
60. Colditz GA, Frazier AL. Models of breast cancer show that risk is set by events of early life: prevention efforts must shift focus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4:567-71.
61. Henderson BE, Ross RK, Judd HL, Krailo MD, Pike MC. Do regular ovulatory cycles increase breast cancer risk? Cancer 1985;56:1206-8.
62. Bernstein L, Ross RK, Henderson BE. Prospects for the primary prevention of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:142-52.
63. Harlow SD, Matanoski GM. The association between weight, physical activity, and stress and variation in the length of the menstrual cycle. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:38-49.
64. Harlow SD, Ephross SA. Epidemiology of menstruation and its relevance to women's health. Epidemiol Rev 1995;17:265-86.
65. Malina RM, Spirduso WW, Tate C, Baylor AM. Age at menarche and selected menstrual characteristics in athletes at different competitive levels and in different sports. Med Sci Sports 1978;10:218-22.
66. Frisch RE, Wyshak G, Vincent L. Delayed menarche and amenorrhea in ballet dancers. N Engl J Med 1980;303:17-9.
67. Frisch RE, Gotz-Welbergen AV, McArthur JW, Albright T, Witschi J, Bullen B, et al. Delayed menarche and amenorrhea of college athletes in relation to age at onset of training. JAMA 1981;246:1559-63.
68. Moisan J, Meyer F, Gingras S. Leisure physical activity and age at menarche. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991;23:1170-5.
69. Merzenich H, Boeing H, Wahrendorf J. Dietary fat and sports activity as determinants for age at menarche. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:217-24.
70. Meyer F, Moisan J, Marcoux D, Bouchard C. Dietary and physical determinants of menarche. Epidemiology 1990;1:377-81.
71. Sowers MR, La Pietra MT. Menopause: its epidemiology and potential association with chronic diseases. Epidemiol Rev 1995;17:287-302.
72. Bromberger JT, Matthews KA, Kuller LW, Wing RR, Meilahn EN, Plantinga P. Prospective study of the determinants of age at menopause. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:124-33.
73. Otis CL. Exercise-associated amenorrhea. Clin Sports Med 1992;11: 351-62.
74. Cumming DC, Wheeler GD, Harber VJ. Physical activity, nutrition, and reproduction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994;709:55-76.
75. Cooper GS, Sandler DP, Whelan EA, Smith KR. Association of physical activity and behavioral characteristics with menstrual cycle patterns in women age 29-31 years. Epidemiology 1996;7:624-8.
76. Loucks AB, Mortola JF, Girton L, Yen SS. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in athletic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:402-11.
77. Broocks A, Pirke KM, Schweiger U, Tuschl RJ, Laessle RG, Strowitzki T, et al. Cyclic ovarian function in recreational athletes. J Appl Physiol 1990;68:2083-6.
78. Apter D, Vihko R. Early menarche, a risk factor for breast cancer, indicates early onset of ovulatory cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;57: 82-6.
79. Ballard-Barbash R, Swanson CA. Body weight: estimation of risk for breast and endometrial cancers. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63(3 Suppl):437S-41S.
80. Hunter DJ, Willett WC. Nutrition and breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1996;7:56-68.
81. Enriori CL, Reforzo-Membrives J. Peripheral aromatization as a risk factor for breast and endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women: a review. Gynecol Oncol 1984;17:1-21.
82. Zumoff B. Hormonal abnormalities in obesity. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1988;723:153-60.
83. Slattery ML, McDonald A, Bild DE, Caan BJ, Hilner JE, Jacobs DR Jr, et al. Associations of body fat and its distribution with dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol, and smoking in blacks and whites. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:943-9.
84. Siiteri PK. Adipose tissue as a source of hormones. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45(1 Suppl):277-82.
85. Hill JO, Drougas HJ, Peters JC. Physical activity, fitness, and moderate obesity. In: Bouchard C, Shepard RJ, Stephens T, editors. Physical activity, fitness, and health: international proceedings and consensus statement. Champagne (IL): Human Kinetics Publications, 1994:684-95.
86. Kohrt WM, Obert KA, Holloszy JO. Exercise training improves fat distribution patterns in 60-to 70-year-old men and women. J Gerontol 1992; 47:M99-105.
87. Cumming DC, Vickovic MM, Wall SR, Fluker MR. Defects in pulsatile LH release in normally menstruating runners. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:810-2.
88. Bonen A, Long WY, MacIntyre KP, Neil R, McGrail JC, Belcastro AN. Effects of exercise on the serum concentrations of FSH, LH, progesterone, and estradiol. Eur J Appl Physiol 1979;42:15-23.
89. Bonen A, Belcastro AN, Ling WY, Simpson AA. Profiles of selected hormones during menstrual cycles of teenage athletes. J Appl Physiol 1981;50:545-51.
90. Bullen BA, Skrinar GS, Beitins IZ, Carr DB, Reppert SM, Dotson CO, et al. Endurance training effects on plasma hormonal responsiveness and sex hormone excretion. J Appl Physiol 1984;56:1453-63.
91. Baker ER, Mathur RS, Kirk RF, Williamson HO. Female runners and secondary amenorrhea: correlation with age, parity, mileage, and plasma hormonal and sex-hormone-binding globulin concentrations. Fertil Steril 1981;36:183-7.
92. Loucks AB, Horvath SM. Exercise-induced stress responses of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic runners. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;59: 1109-20.
93. Boyden TW, Pamenter RW, Stanforth P, Rotkis T, Wilmore JH. Sex steroids and endurance running in women. Fertil Steril 1983;39:629-32.
94. Fisher EC, Nelson ME, Frontera WR, Turksoy RN, Evans WJ. Bone mineral content and levels of gonadotropins and estrogens in amenorrheic running women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62:1232-6.
95. Prior JC, Cameron K, Yuen BH, Thomas J. Menstrual cycle changes with marathon training: anovulation and short luteal phase. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1982;7:173-7.
96. Ellison PT, Lager C. Moderate recreational running is associated with lowered salivary progesterone profiles in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;154:1000-3.
97. Cauley JA, Gutai JP, Kuller LH, LeDonne D, Powell JG. The epidemiology of serum sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:1120-31.
98. Nelson ME, Meredith CN, Dawson-Hughes B, Evans WJ. Hormone and bone mineral status in endurance-trained and sedentary postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:927-33.
99. Newcomb PA, Klein R, Klein BE, Haffner S, Mares-Perlman J, Cruickshanks KJ, et al. Association of dietary and life-style factors with sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Epidemiology 1995;6:318-21.
100. Toniolo PG, Levitz M, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Banerjee S, Koenig KL, Shore RE, et al. A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87: 190-7.
101. Dorgan JF, Longcope C, Stephenson HE Jr, Falk RT, Miller R, Franz C, et al. Relation of prediagnostic serum estrogen and androgen levels to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996;5:533-9.
102. Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Cancer, immune function, and physical activity. Can J Appl Physiol 1995;20:1-25.
103. Nieman DC. Exercise, upper respiratory tract infection, and the immune system. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994;26:128-39.
104. Pedersen BK, Ullum H. NK cell response to physical activity: possible mechanisms of action. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994;26:140-6.
105. Newsholme EA, Parry-Billings M. Effects of exercise on the immune system. In: Bouchard C, Shepard RJ, Stephens T, editors. Physical activity, fitness, and health. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics Publishers, 1994:451-5.
106. Kanter MM. Free radicals, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr 1994;4:205-20.
107. Ji LL. Exercise, oxidative stress, and antioxidants. Am J Sports Med 1996;24(6 Suppl):S20-4.