Apparent insensitivity of the hotplate latency test for detection of antinociception following Intraperitoneal, Intravenous or Intracerebroventricular M6G Administration to Rats
Aasmundstad TA, Morland J and Paulsen RE (1995) Distribution of morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine across the blood-brain barrier in awake, freely moving rats investigated by in vivo microdialysis sampling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 275: 435-441.
Avdeef A, Barrett-DA, Shaw PN, Knaggs RD and Davis SS (1996) pH metric logP octanol, chloroform, and propylene glycol dipelargonat water partitioning of morphine-6-glucuronide and other related opiates. J Med Chem 39:4377-4381.
1990 Permeability of the normal rat brain, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia microcirculations to immunoglobulins G. Cell 68:31-36.
Azzi G, Bernaudin JF, Bouchaud C, Bellon B and Fleury-Feith J ( 1990) Permeability of the normal rat brain, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia microcirculations to immunoglobulins G. Cell 68:31-36.
Brady LS and Holtzman SG (1982) Analgesic effects of intraventricular morphine and enkephalins in nondependent and morphine-dependent rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 222:190-197.
Carrupt P, Testa B, Bechalany A, Tayar NE, Descas P, Perrissoud D (1991) Morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide as molecular chameleons with unexpected lipophilicity. J Med Chem 34:1272-1275.
Frances B, Gout R, Monsarrat B, Cros J and Zajac J (1992) Further evidence that morphine-6-glucuronide is a more potent opioid agonist than morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 262:25-31.
Gong Q, Hedner T, Hedner J, Bjorkman R and Nordberg G (1991) Antinociceptive and ventilatory effects of the morphine metabolites: morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide. Eur J Pharmacol 193:47-56.
Gong Q, Hedner J, Bjorkman R and Hedner T (1992) Morphine-3-glucuronide may functionally antagonize morphine-6-glucuronide induced antinociception and ventilatory depression in the rat. Pain 48:249-255.
Grossman ML, Basbaum AI and Fields HL U982) Afferent and Efferent Connections of the Rat Tail Flick Reflex: A model used to analyse pain control mechanisms. J Comp Neural 206:9-16.
Hand C, Blunnie WP, Claffey LP, McShane AJ, McQuay HJ and Moore RA (1987) Potential analgesic contribution from morphine-6-glucuronide in CSF. The Lancet ii.:1207-1208.
Heyman JS, Williams CL, Burks TF, Mosberg HI and Porreca F (1988) Dissociation of opioid antinociception and central gastrointestinal propulsion in the mouse: studies with naloxonazine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 245:238-243.
Irwin S, Houde RW, Bennet DR, Hendershot LC and Seevers MH (1951) The effects of morphine, methadone and meperidine on some reflex responses of spinal animals to nociceptive stimulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 101:132-143.
Langerman L, Zabowski MI, Piskoun B and Grant GJ (1995) Hot Plate us. Tail Flick: Evaluation of acute tolerance to continuous morphine infusion in the rat model. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 34:23-27.
Ling GSF and Pasternak GW (1983) Spinal and supraspinal opioid analgesia in the mouse: the role of subpopulations of opioid binding sites. Brain Res 271:152-156.
Miaskowski C, Taiwo YO and Levine JD (1993) Antinociception produced by receptor selective opioids. Modulation of supraspinal antinociceptive effects by spinal opioids. Brain Res 608:87-94.
Morgan MM, Sohn JH and Liebeskind JC (1989) Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter inhibits nociception at the supraspinal as well as spinal level. Brain Res 502:61-66.
Pastoriza LN, Morrow TJ and Casey KL (1996) Medial frontal cortex lesions selectively attenuate the Hot Plate response-possible nocifensive apraxia in the rat. Pain 64:11-17.
Paul D, Standifer KM: Inturrisi CE and Pasternak GW (1989) Pharmacological characterisation of morphine-6-glucuronide: a very potent morphine metabolite. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:477-483.
Pick CG, Nejat RJ arid Pasternak GW (1993) Independent expression of two pharmacologically distinct supraspinal mu analgesic systems in genetically different mouse strains. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265:166-171.
Prankerd RJ (1993) A molecular modelling study of the zwitterionic forms of the major morphine metabolites, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide. Abstract, Aust J Hasp Pharm 24:210.
Sullivan AF, McQuay HJ, Bailey D and Dickenson AH (1989) The spinal antinociceptive actions of morphine metabolites, morphine-6-glucuronide and normorphine in the rat. Brain Res 482:219-224.
Wright AWE, Watt JA, Kennedy M, Cramond T and Smith MT (1994) Quantitäten of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Ther Drug Monit 16:200-208.
Wu DF, Rang YS, Bickel U and Pardridge WM (1997) Blood-brain barrier permeability to morphine-6-glucuronide is markedly reduced compared with morphine. Drug Metab Dispos 25:768-771.
3- and 6- glucuronides, morphine 3,6-diglucuronide, morphine 3-ethereal sulfate, normorphine, and normorphine 6-glucuronide as morphine metabolites in humans. J Pharm Sei 66:1288-1293.
Yeh SY, Gorodetzky CW and Krebs HA (1977) Isolation and identification of morphine 3- and 6- glucuronides, morphine 3,6-diglucuronide, morphine 3-ethereal sulfate, normorphine, and normorphine 6-glucuronide as morphine metabolites in humans. J Pharm Sei 66:1288-1293.
Yoshimura H, Ida S, Oguri K and Tsukamoto H (1973) Biochemical basis for analgesic activity of morphine-6-glucuronide: penetration of morphine-6-glucuronide in the brain of rats. Biochem Pharmacol 22:1423-1430.
Send reprint requests to: Dr. Maree T. Smith, School of Pharmacy, Steele Building, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 AustraLa. E-mail: maree.smith@pharmacy.uq.edu.au