Hypertension: Genes and environment

Journal of Hypertension

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 397-418

  Hamet, Pavel ^a   Pausova, Zdenka ^a   Adarichev, Viacheslav ^a   Adaricheva, Kira ^b   Tremblay, Johanne ^a  

^a CENTRE HOSPITALIER DE L UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Association analysis; Co segregation analysis; Environment; Genes; Hypertension; Linkage analysis; Recombinant inbred strains

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; CELL CYCLE; CHROMOSOME 1; CHROMOSOME 10; CHROMOSOME 2; DIET; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC MODEL; HEREDITY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HYPERTENSION; INHERITANCE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATIENT; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT; RAT; REVIEW; SALT INTAKE; SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RAT; STRESS;

EID: 0031979225     PISSN: 02636352     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00004872-199816040-00001     Document Type: Review

References (293)

1. Hahn RA, Teutsch SM, Rothenberg RB, Marks JS. Excess deaths from nine chronic diseases in the United States, 1986. JAMA 1990; 264:2654-2659.
2. Burke W. Motulsky AG. Hypertension. In: King RA, Rotter Jl. Motulsky AG (editors): The genetic basis of human diseases. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992. pp. 170-191.
3. Biron P, Mongeau JG, Bertrand D. Familial aggregation of blood pressure in 558 adopted children. Can Med Assoc J 1976; 115:773-774.
4. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, Wu LL, Hasstedt SJ, Stults BM, et al. Genes, hypertension, and early familial coronary heart disease. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM (editors): Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Vol. 1. New York: Raven Press; 1990. pp. 127-136.
5. Pickering G. The inheritance of arterial pressure. In: Stamler J. Stamler R, Pullman TN (editors): The epidemiology of hypertension. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1967. pp. 18-27.
6. Platt R. The influence of heredity. In: Stamler J, Stamler R, Pullman TN (editors): The epidemiology of hypertension. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1967. pp. 9-17.
7. Scotch NA. Sociocultural factors in the epidemiology of Zulu hypertension. Am J Public Health 1963; 53:1205-1213.
8. Sutherland DJ, Ruse JL, Laidlow JC. Hypertension, increased aldosterone secretion and low plasma renin activity relieved by dexamethasone. Can Med Assoc J 1966; 95:1109-1119.
9. Ulick S, Chan CK, Gill JR, Gutkin M, Letcher L. Mantero F, et al. Defective fasciculata zone function as the mechanism of glucocorticoidremediable aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71:1151-1157.
10. Pascoe L, Curnow KM, Slutsker L. Connell JMC, Speiser PW, New MI, et al. Glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism results from hybrid genes created by unequal crossovers between CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:8327-8331.
11. Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, Rich GM, Gutkin M, Fallo F, et al. Hereditary hypertension caused by chimaeric gene duplications and ectopic expression of aldosterone synthase. Nature Genet 1992; 2:66-74.
12. White PC, Dupont J, New MI, Leiberman E, Hochberg Z, Rosler A. A mutation in CYP11B1 (Arg-448-His) associated with steroid 11β-hydroxylase deficiency in Jews of Moroccan origin. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:1664-1667.
13. Kagimoto M, Winter JS, Kagimoto K, Simpson ER, Warterman MR. Structural characterization of normal and mutant human steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase genes: molecular basis of one example of combined 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17.20 lyase deficiency. Mol Endocrinol 1988; 2:564-570.
14. Mune T, Rogerson FM, Nikkila H, Agarwal AK, White PC. Human hypertension caused by mutations in the kidney isozyme of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Nature Genet 1995; 10: 394-396.
15. Shimkets RA, Warnock DG, Bositis CM, Nelson-Williams C, Hansson JH, Schambelan M, et al. Liddle's syndrome: heritable human hypertension caused by mutations in the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel. Cell 1994; 79:407-414.
16. Hansson JH. Nelson-Williams C. Suzuki H, Schild L, Shimkets R, Lu Y, et al. Hypertension caused by a truncated epithelial sodium channel gamma subunit: genetic heterogeneity of Liddle syndrome. Nature Genet 1995; 11:76-82.
17. Mansfield TA, Simon DB, Farfel Z, Bia M, Tucci JR, Lebel M. et al. Multilocus linkage of familial hyperkalaemia and hypertension, pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, to chromosomes 1q31-42 and 17p11-q21. Nature Genet 1997; 16:202-205.
18. Bilginturan N, Zileli S, Karacadaag S, Pimar T. Hereditary brachydactyly associated with hypertension. J Med Genet 1973; 10:253-259.
19. Schuster H, Wienker TF, Bahring S, Bilginturan N, Toka HR. Neitzel H, et al. Severe autosomal dominant hypertension and brachydactyly in a unique Turkish kindred maps to human chromosome 12. Nature Genet 1996; 13:98-100.
20. Haller H, Lindschau C, Quass P, Distler A, Luft FC. Differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells and the regulation of protein kinase C-α. Circ Res 1995; 76:21-29.
21. Pang SC, Hoang MC, Tremblay J, Cantin M, Garcia R, Genest J. et al. Effect of natural and synthetic atrial natriuretic factor on arterial blood pressure, natriuresis and cyclic GMP excretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Sci 1985; 69:721-726.
22. Krown KA, Page MT, Nguyen C, Zechner D, Gutierrez V, Comstock KL, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:2854-2865.
23. Wilson RC, Krozowski ZS, Li K, Obeyesekere VR, Razzaghy-Azar M, Harbison MD, et al. A mutation in the HSD11B2 gene in a family with apparent mineralocorticoid excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:2263-2266.
24. Connell JM, Kenyon CJ, Ingram M, Holloway C, Jamieson A, Panarelli M, et al. Corticosteroids in essential hypertension: multiple candidate loci and phenotypic variation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1996; 23:369-374.
25. Watson BJ, Bergman SM, Myracle A, Callen DF, Acton RT, Warnock DG. Genetic association of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD11B2) flanking microsatellites with essential hypertension in blacks. Hypertension 1996; 28:478-482.
26. Kreutz R, Struk B, Rubattu S, Hubner N, Szpirer J, Szpirer C, et al. Role of the α-, β-, and γ-subunits of epithelial sodium channel in a model of polygenic hypertension. Hypertension 1997; 29:131-136.
27. Huang H, Pravenec M, Wang JM, Kren V. St Lezin E, Szpirer C, et al. Mapping and sequence analysis of the gene encoding the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel in experimental models of hypertension. J Hypertens 1995; 13:1247-1251.
28. Grunder S, Zagato L, Yagil C, Yagil Y, Sassard J, Rossier BC. Polymorphisms in the carboxy-terminus of the epithelial sodium channel in rat models for hypertension. J Hypertens 1997; 15:173-179.
29. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Hasstedt SJ, Hopkins PM, Wu LL, Berry TD, et al. Are there interactions and relations between genetic and environmental factors in predisposing to high blood pressure? Hypertension 1991; 18 (suppl I):I29-I37.
30. Hunt SC, Williams RR, Barlow GK. Comparison of positive family history definitions for defining risk of future disease. J Chron Dis 1986; 39:809-821.
31. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Hasstedt SJ, Jorde LB, Wu LL, Barlow GK, et al. The genetics of hypertension: an unresolved puzzle with many pieces. In: Vogel F, Sperling K (editors). Human genetics. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1987. pp. 311-325.
32. Kurtz TW, Spence MA. Genetics of essential hypertension. Am J Med 1993; 94:77-84.
33. Schork NJ, Nath SP, Lindpainter K, Jacob HJ. Extensions to quantitative trait locus mapping in experimental organisms. Hypertension 1996; 28:1104-1111.
34. Hamet P. Environmentally-regulated genes of hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 1996; 18:267-278.
35. Weinberger MH. Salt sensitivity: does it play an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1996; 5:205-208.
36. John SWM, Krege JH, Oliver PM, Hagaman JR, Hodgin JB. Pang SC, et al. Genetic decreases in atrial natriuretic peptide and salt-sensitive hypertension. Science 1995; 267:679-681.
37. Williams GH, Hollenberg NK, Hopkins PM, Jeunemaitre X. The role of intermediate phenotypes in essential hypertension: non-modulation as a model. Endocrinol Res 1996; 22:675-680.
38. Jeunemaitre X, Soubrier F, Kotelevtsev YV, Lifton RP, Williams CS, Charru A, et al. Molecular basis of human hypertension: role of angiotensinogen. Cell 1992; 71:169-180.
39. Caulfield M, Lavender P, Farrall M, Path MRC, Munroe P, Lawson M, et al. Linkage of the angiotensinogen gene to essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1629-1633.
40. Schmidt S, Sharma AM, Zilch O, Beige J, Walla-Friedel M, Ganten D, et al. Association of M235T variant of the angiotensinogen gene with familial hypertension of early onset. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995; 10:1145-1148.
41. Watt GC, Harrap SB, Foy CJ, Holton DW, Edwards HV, Davidson HR, et al. Abnormalities of glucoccrticoid metabolism and the reninangiotensin system: a four-corners approach to the identification of genetic determinants of blood pressure. J Hypertens 1992; 10: 473-482.
42. Kimura S, Mullins JJ, Bunnemann B, Metzger R, Hilgenfeldt U, Zimmermann F, et al. High blood pressure in transgenic mice carrying the rat angiotensinogen gene. EMBO J 1992; 11:821-827.
43. Kim HS, Krege JH, Kluckman KD, Hagaman JR, Hodgin JB, Best CF, et al. Genetic control of blood pressure and the angiotensinogen locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:2735-2739.
44. Caulfield M, Lavender P, Newell-Price J, Farrall M, Kamdar S, Daniel H, et al. Linkage of the angiotensinogen gene locus to human essential hypertension in African Caribbeans. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:687-692.
45. Jeunemaitre X, Charru A, Chatellier G, Dumont C, Sassano P, Soubrier F, et al. M235T variant of the human angiotensinogen gene in unselected hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 1993; 11 (suppl 5): 580-581.
46. Ward K, Hata A, Jeunemaitre X, Helin C, Nelson L, Namikawa C, et al. A molecular variant of angiotensinogen associated with preeclampsia. Nature Genet 1993; 4:59-61.
47. Arngrimsson R, Purandare S, Connor M, Walker JJ, Bjornsson S, Soubrier F, et al. Angiotensinogen: a candidate gene involved in preeclampsia? Nature Genet 1993; 4:114-115.
48. Hegele RA, Brunt H, Connelly PW. A polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene associated with variation in blood pressure in a genetic isolate. Circulation 1994; 90:2207-2212.
49. Tiret L, Ricard S, Poirier O, Arveiler D, Cambou JP, Luc G, et al. Genetic variation at the angiotensinogen locus in relation to high blood pressure and myocardial infarction: the ECTIM study. J Hypertens 1995; 13:311-317.
50. Jeunemaitre X, lnoue I, Williams C, Charru A, Tichet J, Powers M, et al. Haplotypes of angiotensinogen in essential hypertension. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 60:1448-1460.
51. 235-Thr variant of angiotensinogen gene in severe familial hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 197: 833-839.
52. Fomage M, Turner ST, Sing CF, Boerwinkle E. Variation at the M235T locus of the angiotensinogen gene and essential hypertension: a population-based case-control study from Rochester, Minnesota. Hum Genet 1995; 96:295-300.
53. Kunz R, Kreutz R, Beige J, Distler A, Sharma AM. Meta-analysis on the association between the angiotensinogen gene variant M235T and hypertension [abstract]. J Hypertens 1997; 15 (suppl 4):S101.
54. Ferrari P, Torielli L, Cirillo M, Salardi S, Bianchi G. Sodium transport kinetics in erythrocytes and inside-out vesicles from Milan rats. J Hypertens 1991; 9:703-711.
55. - cotransport in resealed ghosts from erythrocytes of the Milan hypertensive rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1111:111-119.
56. Salardi S, Saccardo B, Borsani G, Modica R, Ferrandi M, Tripodi MG. et al. Erythrocyte adducin differential properties in normotensive and hypertensive rats of the Milan strain. Am J Hypertens 1989; 2: 229-237.
57. Bianchi G, Tripodi G, Casari G, Salardi S, Barber BR, Garcia R, et al. Two point mutations within adducin genes are involved in blood pressure variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:3999-4003.
58. Tripodi G, Valtorta F, Torielli L, Chieregatti E, Salardi S, Trusolino L, et al. Hypertension-associated point mutations in the adducin α and β subunits affect actin cytoskeleton and ion transport. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:2815-2822.
59. Cusi D, Barlassina C, Azzani T, Casari G, Citterio L, Devoto M, et al. Polymorphisms of α-adducin and salt sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension. Lancet 1997; 349:1353-1357.
60. Smirk FH, Hall WH. Inherited hypertension in rats. Nature 1958; 182:727-728.
61. Okamoto K, Aoki K. Development of a strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Jpn Circ J 1963; 27:282-293.
62. Ben-Ishay D, Saliternick R, Welner A. Separation of two strains of rats with inbred dissimilar sensitivity to DOCA-salt hypertension. Experientia 1972; 28:1321-1322.
63. Dupont J, Dupont JC, Froment A, Milon H, Vincent M. Selection of three strains of rats with spontaneously different levels of blood pressure. Biomedicine 1973; 19:36-41.
64. Bianchi G, Baer PG, Fox U, Duzzi L, Pagetti D, Giovanetti AM. Changes in renin, water balance, and sodium balance during development of high blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats. Circ Res 1975; 6 (suppl 1):153-161.
65. Rapp JP, Deng H. Development and characteristics of inbred strains of Dahl salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. Hypertension 1985; 7: 340-349.
66. Lander ES, Schork NJ. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science 1994; 265:2037-2048.
67. Rapp JP, Deng AY. Detection and positional cloning of blood pressure quantitative trait loci: is it possible? Hypertension 1995; 25: 1121-1128.
68. Samani NJ, Gauguier D, Vincent M, Kaiser MA, Bihoreau MT, Lodwick D. et al. Analysis of quantitative trait loci for blood pressure on rat chromosome 2 and 13. Hypertension 1996; 28:1118-1122.
69. Pravenec M, Kren V, Klir P. Assignment of the ES6 locus to linkage group VII of the rat (Rattus norvegicus) by the use of HXB recombinant inbred strains. Immunogenetics 1987; 14:313-316.
70. Pravenec M, Klir P, Kren V, Zicha J, Kunes J. An analysis of spontaneous hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats by means of new recombinant inbred strains. J Hypertens 1989; 7:217-222.
71. Pravenec M, Gauguier D, Schott JJ, Buard J, Kren V, Bila V. et al. Mapping of quantitative trait loci for blood pressure and cardiac mass in the rat by genome scanning of recombinant inbred strains. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:1973-1978.
72. Hamet P, Pausova Z, Dumas P. Sun YL, Tremblay J, Pravenec M, et al. Newborn and adult recombinant inbred strains: a tool for the search of genetic determinants of target organ damage in hypertension. Kidney Int 1998; in press.
73. Nesbitt MN, Skamene E. Recombinant inbred mouse strains derived from A/J and C57BL/6J: a tool for the study of genetic mechanisms in host resistance to infection and malignancy. J Leukocyte Biol 1984; 36:357-364.
74. Demant P, Hart AAM. Recombinant congenic strains - a new tool for analyzing genetic traits determined by more than one gene. lmmunogenetics 1986; 24:416-422.
75. Frankel WN. Taking stock of complex trait genetics in mice. Trends Genet 1995; 11:471-477.
76. Yamada J, Kuramoto T, Serikawa T. A rat genetic linkage map and comparative maps for mouse or human homologous rat genes. Mammalian Genome 1994; 5:63-83.
77. Jacob HJ, Brown DM, Bunker RK, Daly MJ, Dzau VJ, Goodman A, et al. A genetic linkage map of the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus. Nature Genet 1995; 9:63-69.
78. Pravenec M, Gauguier D, Schott JJ, Buard J, Kren V, Bila V, et al. A genetic linkage map of the rat derived from recombinant inbred stains. Mammalian Genome 1996; 7:117-127.
79. Iwai N, lnagami T. Identification of a candidate gene responsible for the high blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 1992; 10:1155-1157.
80. Harris EL, Dene H, Rapp JP. Sa gene and blood pressure cosegregation using Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Hypertens 1993; 6:330-334.
81. Lindpaintner K, Hilbert P, Ganten D, Nadal-Ginard B, lnagami T, Iwai N. Molecular genetics of the SA-gene: cosegregation with hypertension and mapping to rat chromosome 1. J Hypertens 1993; 11:19-23.
82. Gu L, Dene H, Deng AY, Hoebee B, Bihoreau MT, James M, et al. Genetic mapping of two blood pressure quantitative trait loci on rat chromosome 1. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:777-788.
83. Brown DM, Provoost AP, Daly MJ, Lander ES, Jacob HJ. Renal disease susceptibility and hypertension are under independent genetic control in the fawn-hooded rat. Nature Genet 1996; 12:44-51.
84. Kovacs P, Voigt B, Kloting I. Novel quantitative trait loci for blood pressure and related traits on rat chromosomes 1, 10 and 18. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 235:343-348.
85. Iwai N, Inagami T. Isolation of preferentially expressed genes in the kidneys of hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1991; 17:161-169.
86. Iwai N, Ohmichi N, Hanai K, Nakamura Y, Kinoshita M. Human SA gene locus as a candidate locus for essential hypertension. Hypertension 1994; 23:375-380.
87. Nabika T, Bonnardeaux A, James M, Julier C, Jeunemaitre X, Corvol P, et al. Evaluation of the SA locus in human hypertension. Hypertension 1995; 25:6-13.
88. A gene variant in essential hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10:235-242.
89. Jacob HJ, Lindpaintner K, Lincoln SE, Kusumi K, Bunker RK, Mao YP, et al. Genetic mapping of a gene causing hypertension in the strokeprone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Cell 1991; 67:213-224.
90. Deng Y, Rapp JP. Cosegregation of blood pressure with angiotensin converting enzyme and atrial natriuretic peptide receptor genes using Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Nature Genet 1992; 1:267-272.
91. Deng AY, Dene H, Rapp JP. Mapping of a quantitative trait locus for blood pressure on rat chromosome 2. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 431-436.
92. Harris EL, Phelan EL, Thompson CM, Millar JA, Grigor MR. Heart mass and blood pressure have separate genetic determinants in the New Zealand genetically hypertensive (GH) rat. J Hypertens 1995; 13:397-404.
93. Deng AY, Dene H, Rapp JP. Congenic strains for the blood pressure quantitative trait locus on rat chromosome 2. Hypertension 1997; 30:199-202.
94. Dubay C, Vincent M, Samani NJ, Hilbert P, Kaiser MA, Beressi JP, et al. Genetic determinants of diastolic and pulse pressure map to different loci in Lyon hypertensive rats. Nature Genet 1993; 3:354-357.
95. Deng AY, Rapp JP. Evaluation of the angiotensin II receptor AT1B gene as a candidate gene for blood pressure. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 1001-1006.
96. Clark JS, Jeffs B, Davidson AO, Lee WK, Anderson NH, Bihoreau MT, et al. Quantitative trait loci in genetically hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1996; 28:898-906.
97. Hilbert P, Lindpaintner K, Beckmann JS, Serikawa T, Soubrier F, Dubay C, et al. Chromosomal mapping of two genetic loci associated with bloodpressure regulation in hereditary hypertensive rats. Nature 1991; 353:521-529.
98. Kreutz R, Hubner N, James MR, Bihoreau MT, Gauguier K, Lathrop GM, et al. Dissection of a quantitative trait locus for genetic hypertension on rat chromosome 10. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 8778-8782.
99. Dukhanina OI, Dene H, Deng AY, Choi CR, Hoebee B, Rapp JP. Linkage map and congenic strains to localize blood pressure QTL on rat chromosome 10. Mammalian Genome 1997; 8:229-235.
100. Ely DL, Turner ME. Hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat is linked to the Y chromosome. Hypertension 1990, 16:277-281.
101. Turner ME, Johnson ML, Ely DL. Separate sex-influenced and genetic components in spontaneously hypertensive rat hypertension. Hypertension 1991; 17:1097-1103.
102. Ely DL, Daneshar H, Turner ME, Johnson ML, Salisbury RL. The hypertensive Y chromosome elevates blood pressure in F11 normotensive rats. Hypertension 1993; 21:1071-1075.
103. Ely DL, Falvo J, Dunphy G, Caplea A, Salisbury R, Turner ME. The spontaneously hypertensive rat Y chromosome produces an early testosterone rise in normotensive rats. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 769-774.
104. Ely D, Caplea A, Dunphy G, Daneshvar H, Turner M, Milsted A, et al. Spontaneously hypertensive rat Y chromosome increases indexes of sympathetic nervous system activity. Hypertension 1997; 29: 613-618.
105. Dumas P. Ely D, Sun YL, Kong D, Hamet P, Tremblay J. Modulation of stress response by chromosome Y [abstract]. 3e Réunion Scientifique Annuelle de la Société Québécoise d'Hypertension Artérielle. Québec, Canada, 13 January 1995.
106. Vincent M, Kaiser MA, Orea V, Lodwick D, Samani NJ. Hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and the sex chromosomes. Hypertension 1994; 23:161-166.
107. Davidson AO, Schork N, Jaques BC, Kelman AW, Sutcliffe RG, Reid JL. et al. Blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats - influence of the Y chromosome. Hypertension 1995; 26:452-459.
108. Kreutz R, Stock P, Struck B, Lindpainter K. The Y chromosome -epistatic and ecogenetic interactions in genetic hypertension. Hypertension 1996; 28:895-897.
109. Hamet P, Sun YL, Kunes J, Pravenec M, Tremblay J, Kren V. Genes of susceptibility, development and maintenance of cardiac hypertrophy [abstract]. Genetics '96, Satellite Symposium of the International Society of Hypertension, Glasgow, Scotland, June 21 1996.
110. Hamet P, Kaiser MA, Sun YL. Page V, Vincent M, Kren V, et al. HSP27 locus cosegregates with left ventricular mass independently of blood pressure. Hypertension 1996; 28:1112-1117.
111. Vincent M, Hadour G. Oréa V, Samani NJ, Sassard J. Left ventricular weight but not blood pressure is associated with sex chromosomes in Lyon rats. J Hypertens 1996; 14:293-299.
112. Bottger A, van Lith HA, Kren V, Krenova D, Bila V, Vorticek J. et al. Quantitative trait loci influencing cholesterol and phospholipid phenotypes map to chromosomes that contain genes regulating blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:856-862.
113. Barker DJP, Osmond C, Golding J, Kuh D, Wadsworth MEJ. Growth in utero. blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. BMJ 1989; 298:564-567.
114. Pang SC, Long C, Poirier M, Tremblay J, Kunes J. Vincent M. et al. Cardiac and renal hyperplasia in newborn genetically hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 1986; 4 (suppl 3):S119-S122.
115. Brenner BM, Chertow GM. Congenital oligonephropathy and the etiology of adult hypertension and progressive renal injury. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23:171-175.
116. Hamet P, Tremblay J, Pang SC, Walter SV, Wen YI. Primary versus secondary events in hypertension. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1985; 63:380-386.
117. Hamet P, Sun Y, Kunes J, Pravenec M, Kren V, Pausova Z, et al. The persistence of rat neonatal phenotype of heart weight into adulthooo is associated with Acaa locus on chromosome 8 [abstract]. 51st Annual Fall Conference and Scientific Sessions of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research, September 16-19, Washington, DC; 1997.
118. Hamet P, Richard L, Dam TV, Teiger E, Orlov SN, Gaboury L. et al. Apoptosis in target organs of hypertension. Hypertension 1995; 26:642-648.
119. Walter SV, Hamet P. Enhanced DNA synthesis in heart and kidney of newborn spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1986; 8:520-525.
120. Hamada M, Nishio I, Baba A, Fukuda K, Takeda J, Ura M, et al. Enhanced DNA synthesis of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats - difference of response to growth factor, intracellular free calcium concentration and DNA synthesizing cell cycle. Atherosclerosis 1990; 81:191-198.
121. Dominiczak AH, Devlin AM, Lee WK, Anderson NH, Bohr DF, Reid JL. Vascular smooth muscle polyploidy and cardiac hypertrophy in genetic hypertension. Hypertension 1996; 27:752-759.
122. Hamet P, Moreau P, Dam TV, Orlov SN, Tea BS, de Blois D, et al. The time window of apoptosis: a new component in the therapeutic strategy of cardiovascular remodeling. J Hypertens 1996; 74:656-667.
123. Moreau P, Tea BS, Dam TV, Hamet P. Altered balance between cell replication and apoptosis in hearts and kidneys of newborn SHR. Hypertension 1997; 30:720-724.
124. deBlois D, Tea BS, Dam TV, Tremblay J, Hamet P. Increased smooth muscle cell apoptosis during regression of vascular hypertrophy in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1997; 29:340-349.
125. Teiger E, Dam TV, Richard L. Wisnewsky C, Tea BS, Gaboury L, et al. Apoptosis in pressure overload-induced heart hypertrophy in the rat. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:2891-2897.
126. Hadrava V, Tremblay J, Sekaly RP, Hamet P. Accelerated entry of aortic smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats into the S phase of the cell cycle. Biochem Cell Biol 1992; 70:599-604.
127. Bacakova L, Mares V. Cell kinetics of aortic smooth muscle cells in long-term cultures prepared from rats raised under conventional and SPF conditions. Physiol Res 1995; 44:389-398.
128. Freis ED. Historical development of antihypertensive treatment. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM (editors): Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. New York: Raven Press Ltd; 1995. pp. 2741-2752.
129. Harrap SB, Van Der Merwe WM, Griffin SA, Macpherson F, Lever AF. Brief angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor treatment in young spontaneously hypertensive rats reduces blood pressure long-term. Hypertension 1990; 16:603-614.
130. Wu JN, Berecek KH. Prevention of genetic hypertension by early treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. Hypertension 1993; 22: 139-146.
131. Amstislavsky S, Amstislavskaya T, Stein M, Maksimovsky LF, Markel AL, Ternovskaya YG, et al. Embryo cryobanking for conserving laboratory and wild animal species. Scand J Lab Anim Sci 1996; 23:269-277.
132. Hamet P. Environmental stress and genes of hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1995; 22 (suppl 12):394-398.
133. Zerba KE, Sing CF. The role of genome type-environment interaction and time in understanding the impact of genetic polymorphisms on lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 1993; 4:152-162.
134. Farese RV, Biglieri EG, Shackleton CHL, Irony I, Gomez-Fontes R. Licorice induced hypermineralocorticoidism. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:1223-1227.
135. Widgren BR, Wikstrand J, Berglund G, Andersson OK. Increased response to physical and mental stress in men with hypertensive parents. Hypertension 1992; 20:606-611.
136. Feinleib M, Garrison RJ, Fataiz R, Christian JC, Hrubec Z, Borhani NO, et al. The NHLBI twin study of cardiovascular disease risk factors: methodology and summary of results. Am J Epidemiol 1977; 106:284-295.
137. Spence JD, Bass M, Cameron Robinson H, Cheung H, Melendez LJ, Malcolm O, et al. Prospective study of ambulatory monitoring and echocardiography in borderline hypertension. Clin Invest Med 1991; 14:241-250.
138. Markel AL. Development of a new strain of rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension. In: Sassard J (editor): Genetic hypertension. Montrouge, Paris: John Libbey Eurotext; 1992. pp. 405-407.
139. Adarichev VA, Korokhov NP, Ostapchuk IV, Dymshits GM, Markel AL. Characterization of rat lines with normotensive and hypertensive status using genomic fingerprinting [in Russian]. Genetika 1996; 32:1669-1672.
140. Markel AL, Dygalo NN, Naumenko EV. Reactivity of the hypothalamopituitary-adrenocortical system in rats with hereditary arterial hypertension [in Russian]. Biulleten Eksperimentalnoi Biologii i Meditsiny 1986; 101:678-680.
141. Boldyrev AA, Kamenitskii AA, Kotlobai AA, Lopina OD, Markel AL. The biochemical characteristics of stress-sensitive hypertensive rats. Biomed Sci 1990; 1:441-452.
142. Maslova LN, Markel AL, Naumenko EV. Treatment with L-DOPA in early life restored pituitary-adrenocortical response to emotional stress in adults rats with inherited arterial hypertension. Brain Res 1991; 546:55-60.
143. Matz JM, Blake MJ, Tatelman HM, Lavoi KP, Holbrook NJ. Characterization and regulation of cold-induced heat shock protein expression in mouse adipose tissue. Am J Physiol 1995; 269:R38-R47.
144. Blake MJ, Klevay LM, Halas ES, Bode AM. Blood pressure and heat shock protein expression in response to acute and chronic stress. Hypertension 1995; 25:539-544.
145. Blake MJ, Udelsman R, Feulner G, Norton DD, Holbrook NJ. Stress-induced heat shock protein 70 expression in adrenal cortex: an adrenocorticotropic hormone-sensitive, age-dependent response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:9873-9877.
146. Hamet P, Tremblay J, Malo D, Kunes J, Hashimoto T. Genetic hypertension is characterized by the abnormal expression of a gene localized in major histocompatibility complex, HSP70. Transplant Proc 1990; 22:2566-2567.
147. Hamet P, Malo D, Tremblay J. Genetic basis of increased sensitivity to environmental stress in hypertension. In Jasmin G, Proschek L (editors): Methods and achievements in experimental pathology - stress revisited. Basel: S. Karger AG; 1991. pp. 27-46.
148. Hashimoto T, Mosser RD, Tremblay J, Hamet P. Increased accumulation of hsp70 mRNA due to enhanced activation of heat shock transcription factor in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 1991; 9 (suppl 6):S170-S171.
149. Kunes J, Tremblay J, Bellavance F, Hamet P. Influence of environmental temperature on the blood pressure of hypertensive patients in Montreal. Am J Hypertens 1991; 4:422-426.
150. Hata T, Ogihara T, Maruyama A, Mikami H, Nakamaru T, Naka T. et al. The seasonal variation of blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens [A] 1982; 4:341-354.
151. Brennan PJ, Greenberg G, Miall WE, Thompson SG. Seasonal variation in arterial blood pressure. BMJ 1982; 285:919-923.
152. Malo D, Schlager G, Tremblay J, Hamet P. Thermosensitivity, a possible new locus involved in genetic hypertension. Hypertension 1989: 14:121-128.
153. Malo D, Pang SC, Schlager G, Tremblay J, Hamet P. Decrease of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive mice by heat treatment. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3:400-404.
154. Kunes J, Poirier M, Tremblay J, Hamet P. Expression of hsp70 gene in lymphocytes from normotensive and hypertensive humans. Acta Physiol Scand 1992; 146:307-311.
155. Hamet P, Malo D, Tremblay J. Increased transcription of a major stress gene in spontaneously hypertensive mice. Hypertension 1990; 15:904-908.
156. Hamet P, Kong D, Pravenec M, Kunes J, Kren V, Klir P. et al. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of hsp70 gene, localized in the RT1 complex, is associated with hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1992; 19:611-614.
157. Walter L, Rauh F, Heine L, Tothermel E, Gunther E. RT-1 linked heat shock protein 70 genes. Transplant Proc 1993; 25:2771-2772.
158. Heise ER, Moore MA, Reid QB, Goodman H. Possible association of MN locus haplotypes with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1987; 9:634-640.
159. Gerbase-DeLima M, DeLima JJG, Persoli LB, Silva HB, Marcondes M. Bellotti G. Essential hypertension and histocompatibility antigens. A linkage study. Hypertension 1989; 14:604-609.
160. Pravenec M, Kren V, Kunes J, Kurtz TW. The SHR.1N congenic strain delineates a contribution of chromosome 20 gene(s) to hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension 1993; 22:407.
161. Kunes J, Zicha J. Association of salt sensitivity in rats with genes of the major histocompatibility complex. Hypertension 1994; 24:645-647.
162. Lodwick D, Kaiser MA, Harris J. Privat P, Vincent M, Sassard J. et al. Failure of the heat-shock protein 70 locus to cosegregate with blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rat x Wistar-Kyoto rat cross. J Hypertens 1993; 11:1047-1051.
163. Matsumoto K, Sakai T, Yamada T, Agui T, Nara Y, Yamori Y. et al. Genetic analysis for major histocompatibility complex in spontaneously hypertensive rat and its control strains. Genet Hypertens 1992; 218:329-331.
164. Pravenec M, Kren V, Kunes J, Scicli AG, Carretero OA, Simonet L. et al. Cosegregation of blood pressure with a kallikrein gene family polymorphism. Hypertension 1991; 17:242-246.
165. Hotamisligil G, Murray DL, Choy LN, Spiegelman BM. Tumor necrosis factor a inhibits signaling from the insulin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:4854-4858.
166. Hotamisligil GS, Budavari A, Murray D, Spiegelman BM. Reduced tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor in obesity-diabetes: central role of tumor necrosis factor-α. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:1543-1549.
167. Tomlinson IPM, Bodmer WF. The HLA system and the analysis of multifactorial genetic disease. Trends Genet 1995; 11:493-498.
168. Page LB, Damon A, Moellering RC. Antecedents of cardiovascular disease in six Solomon islands societies. Circulation 1974; 49:1132-1146.
169. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 1988; 297:319-328.
170. Denton D, Weisinger R, Mundy NI, Wickings EJ, Dixon A. Moisson P, et al. The effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees. Nature Med 1995; 10:1009.
171. De Ia Sierra A, del Mar Lluch A, Coca A, Aguilera MT, Sanchez M, Sierra C, et al. Assessment of salt sensitivity in essential hypertension by 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8:970-977.
172. Parmer RJ, Stone RA, Cervenka JH. Renal hemodynamics in essential hypertension: racial differences in response to changes in dietary sodium. Hypertension 1994; 24:752-757.
173. Gardiner SM, Kemp PA, Bennett T, Palmer RMJ, Monecada S. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors cause sustained, but reversible, hypertension and hindquarters vasoconstriction in Brattleboro rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 213:449-451.
174. Cowley AWJ, Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Stepniakowski K, Mattson D. Chronic intravenous administration of V1 arginine vasopressin agonist results in sustained hypertension. Am J Physiol 1994; 267:H751-H756.
175. Cowley AW, Mattson DL, Lu S, Roman RJ. The renal medulla and hypertension. Hypertension 1995; 25:663-673.
176. Dumas P, Tremblay J, Hamet P. Stress modulation by electrolytes in salt-sensitive spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Med Sci 1994; 307 (suppl 1):130-137.
177. Rapp JP, Wang SM, Deng H. A genetic polymorphism in the renin gene of Dahl rats segregates with blood pressure. Science 1989; 243:542-544.
178. St-Lezin E. Pravenec M, Wong AL. Liu W, Wang N, Lu S, et al. Effects of renin gene transfer on blood pressure and renin gene expression in a congenic strain of Dahl salt-resistant rats. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:522-527.
179. Jiang J, Stec DE. Drummond H, Simon JS. Koike G, Jacob HJ. et al. Transfer of a salt-resistant renin allele raises blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 1997; 29:619-627.
180. Iwai J, Dahl LK, Knudsen KD. Genetic influence on the renin angiotensin system: low renin activities in hypertension-prone rats. Circ Res 1973; 32:678-684.
181. Rapp JP. Tan SY, Margolius HS. Plasma mineralocorticoids. plasma renin, and urinary kallikrein in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. Endocrinol Res Commun 1978; 5:35-41.
182. Baba K, Mulrow PJ, Franco-Saenz R, Rapp JP. Suppression of adrenal renin in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 1986; 8:1149-1153.
183. Campbell WGJ, Gahnem F, Catanzaro DF, James GD, Camargo MJF, Laragh JH. et al. Plasma and renal prorenin/renin, renin mRNA and blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. Hypertension 1996; 27:1121-1133.
184. Peeler TC, Baker KM, Esmurdoc CF, Chernin MI. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Mol Cell Biochem 1991; 104:45-50.
185. Hirawa N, Uehara Y, Kawabata Y, Oshima N, Ono H, Nagata T. et al. Mechanistic analysis of renal protection by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J Hypertens 1994; 12:909-918.
186. Lindpaintner K, Takahashi S, Ganten D. Structural alterations of the renin gene in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats: examination of genotype-phenotype correlations. J Hypertens 1990; 8: 763-773.
187. Snajdar RM, Rapp JP. Atrial natriuretic factor in Dahl rats - atrial content and renal and aortic responses. Hypertension 1985; 7:775-782.
188. Hirata Y, Ganguli M, Tobian L, Iwai J. Dahl S rats have increased natriuretic factor in atria but are markedly hyporesponsive to it. J Hypertens 1984; 6 (suppl I):I148-I155.
189. Lopez MJ, Wong SKF, Kishimoto I, Dubois S, Mach V, Friesen J, et al. Salt-resistant hypertension in mice lacking the guanylyl cyclase-A receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide. Nature 1995; 378:65.
190. Tremblay J, Huot C, Willenbrock RC, Bayard F, Gossard F, Fujio N, et al. Increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate production and overexpression of atrial natriuretic peptide A-receptor mRNA in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:2499-2508.
191. Whyte HM. Blood pressure and obesity. Circulation 1956; 19: 511-516.
192. Kannel WB, Brand N, Skinner JJ, Dawber TR. McNamara PM. The relation of adiposity to blood pressure and development of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1967; 67:48-59.
193. Spiegelman D, Israel RG, Bouchard C, Willett WC. Absolute fat mass, percent body fat, and body-fat distribution which is the real determinant of blood pressure and serum glucose. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55:1033-1044.
194. Joffres MR, Hamet P, Rabkin SW, Gelskey D, Hogan K, Fodor G. Prevalence, control and awareness of high blood pressure among Canadian adults. Can Med Assoc J 1992; 146:1997-2005.
195. Dahl IK, Silver L, Christie RW. The role of salt in the fall of blood pressure accompanying reduction in obesity. N Engl J Med 1958; 258: 1186-1192.
196. Rocchini AP, Katch V, Schork A, Kelch RP. Insulin and blood pressure during weight loss in obese adolescents. Hypertension 1987; 10:267-273.
197. Kanai H, Matsuzawa Y, Kotani K. Keno P, Kobatake T, Nagai Y, et al. Close correlation of intra abdominal fat accumulation to hypertension in obese women. Hypertension 1990; 16:484-490.
198. Zavaroni I, Mazza S, Luchetti L, Buonanno G, Bonati PA, Berganzani M. High plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations and blood pressure in offspring of people with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabet Med 1990; 7:494-498.
199. Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. Prevalence and prognostic significance of hypercholesterolemia in men with hypertension. JAMA 1986; 80 (suppl 2A):33-36.
200. Bonna KH, Thelle DJ. Association between blood pressure and serum lipids in a population: the Tromso study. Circulation 1991; 83:1305-1314.
201. Allemann Y, Horber FF, Colombo M, Ferrari P, Shaw S, Jaeger PE, et al. Decreased insulin sensitivity in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents precedes gain or redistribution of body fat. Lancet 1993; 341:327-331.
202. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, Stults BM, Wu LL, Hasstedt SJ. et al. Familial dyslipidemic hypertension: evidence from 58 Utah families for a syndrome present in approximately 12% of patients with essential hypertension. JAMA 1988; 259:3579-3586.
203. Ferrannini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R, Giorico MA, Oleggini M, Graziadei L, et al. Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:350-357.
204. Kotchen TA. Attenuation of hypertension by insulin-sensitizing agents. Hypertension 1996; 28:219-223.
205. Baron AD. Pathogenesis and measurement of insulin resistance in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1994; 3:631-635.
206. Van der Poll T, Romijn JA, Endert E, Borm JJJ, Buller HR. Sauerwein HP. Tumor necrosis factor mimics the metabolic response to acute infection in healthy humans. Am J Physiol 1991; 261:457-465.
207. Spiegelman BM, Hotamisligil GS. Through thick and thin: wasting, obesity, and TNFa. Cell 1993; 73:625-627.
208. Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-α: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 1993; 259:87-91.
209. Hotamisligil GS, Amer P, Caro JF, Atkinson RL, Spiegelman BM. Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 2409-2415.
210. Kern PA, Saghizadeh M, Ong JM, Bosch RJ, Deem R. Simsolo RB. The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tissue - regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:2111-2119.
211. Norman RA, Bogardus C, Ravussin E. Linkage between obesity and a marker near the tumor necrosis factor-alpha locus in Pima Indians. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:158-162.
212. Semb H, Peterson J, Tarvernier J, Olivecrona T, Multiple effects of tumor necrosis factor on lipoprotein lipase in vivo. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:8390-8394.
213. Feinglod KR, Grunfeld C. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates hepatic lipogenesis in the rat in vivo. J Clin Invest 1987; 80:184-190.
214. Hannuh YA. Functions of ceramide in coordinating cellular responses to stress. Science 1996; 274:1855-1859.
215. Krown KA, Page MT, Nguyen C, Zechner D, Gutierrez V, Constock KL, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:2854-2865.
216. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffel M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372:425-431.
217. Tartaglia LA, Dembrski M, Weng X, Deng N, Culpepper J, Devos R, et al. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OBR. Cell 1995; 83:1263-1271.
218. Spiegelman BM, Flier JS. Adipogenesis and obesity: rounding out the big picture. Cell 1996; 87:377-389.
219. Frederich RC, Hamann A, Anderson S, Lollmann B, Lowell BB, Flier JS. Leptin levels reflect body lipid content in mice: evidence for diet-induced resistance to leptin action. Nature Med 1995; 12:1311-1314.
220. Considine R, Sinha M, Heiman M, Kriauciunas A, Stephens T, Nyce M. et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 1995; 334:292-295.
221. Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, Pratley RE, Lee GH, Zhang Y, et al. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nature Med 1995; 1:1155-1161.
222. Maffei M, Stoffel M, Barone M, Moon B, Dammerman M, Ravussin E, et al. Absence of mutations in the human OB gene in obese/diabetic subjects. Diabetes 1996; 45:679-682.
223. Considine RV, Considine EL, Williams CJ, Hyde TM, Caro JF. The hypothalamic leptin receptor in humans. Diabetes 1996; 19: 992-994.
224. Clement K, Garner C, Hager J, Philippi A, Leduc C, Carey A, et al. Indication for linkage of the human OB gene region with extreme obesity. Diabetes 1996; 45:687-690.
225. Reed DR, Ding Y, Xu W, Cather C, Green ED, Price RA. Extreme obesity may be linked to markers flanking the human OB gene. Diabetes 1996; 45:691-694.
226. Duggirala R, Stern MP, Mitchell BD, Reinhart LJ, Shipman PA, Uresandi OC, et al. Quantitative variation in obesity-related traits and insulin precursors linked to the OB gene region on human chromosome 7. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 59:694-703.
227. Widen E, Lehto M, Kanninen T, Walston J, Shuldiner AR. Association of a polymorphism in the β 3-adrenergic-receptor gene with features of the insulin resistance syndrome in Finns. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:348-351.
228. Deriaz O, Dionne F, Perusse L, Tremblay A, Vohl MC, Cote G, et al. DNA variation in the genes of the Na,K-adenosine triphosphatase and its relation with resting metabolic rate, respiratory quotient, and body fat. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:838-843.
229. O'Shaughnessy I, Kotchen TA, Epidemiologic, physiologic, and clinical implications of hypertension and insulin resistance. Curr Opin Cardiol 1993; 8:757-764.
230. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, Wu LL, Hasseldt SJ, Berry TD, et al. Genetic basis of familial dyslipidemia and hypertension: 15 year results from Utah. Am J Hypertens 1993; 6 (suppl):319S-327S.
231. Wilson DE, Emi M, Iverius PH, Hata A, Wu LL, Hillas E, et al. Phenotypic expression of heterozygous lipoprotein lipase deficiency in the extended pedigree of a proband homozygous for a missense mutation. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:735-750.
232. Wu DA, Bu X, Warden CH, Shen DD, Jeng CY, Sheu WH, et al. Quantitative trait locus mapping of human blood pressure to a genetic region at or near the lipoprotein lipase gene locus on chromosome 8p22. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:2111-2118.
233. + antiporter as a candidate gene in human essential hypertension. Hypertension 1991; 17:8-14.
234. Hansson JH, Schild L, Lu Y, Wilson TA, Gautschi I, Shimkets R, et al. A de novo missense mutation of the β subunit of the epithelial sodium channel causes hypertension and Liddle syndrome, identifying a prolinerich segment critical for regulation of channel activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:11495-11499.
235. Moley JF, Brother MB, Fong CT, White PS, Baylin SB, Nelkin B, et al. Consistent association of 1p loss of heterozygosity with pheochromocytomas from patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes. Cancer Res 1992; 52:770-774.
236. Mulligan LM, Kwook JB, Healey CS, Elsdon M, Eng C, Gardner E, et al. Germ-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Nature 1993; 363:458-460.
237. Hofstra RMW, Landsvater RM, Ceccherini I, Stulp RM, Stelwagen T, Luo Y, et al. A mutation in the RET proto-oncogene associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Nature 1994; 367:375-376.
238. Latif F, Tory K, Gnarra JR, Yao M, Duh Fe, Orcutt ML, et al. Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Science 1993; 260:1317-1320.
239. Wallace MR, Collins FS. Molecular genetics of van Resslinghausen malformation. In: Kirochlorn HK (editor): Advances in human genetics. New York: Plenum; 1991. pp. 267-307.
240. Barley J, Carter ND, Cruickshank S. Jeffery S, Smith A, Charlett A, et al. Renin and atrial natriuretic peptide restriction fragment length polymorphisms: association with ethnicity and blood pressure. J Hypertens 1991; 9:993-996.
241. Morris BJ, Zee RYL, Ying L-H, Griffiths LR. Independent, marked associations of alleles of the insulin receptor and dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase-l genes with essential hypertension. Clin Sci 1993; 85:189-195.
242. Daniel HI, Munroe PB, Kamdar SM, Lawson M, Lavender P, Forgaty P, et al. The atrial natriuretic peptide gene and essential hypertension in African-Caribbeans from St Vincent and the Grenadines. J Hum Hypertens 1997; 11:113-117.
243. Naftilan AJ, Williams R, Burt D, Paul M, Pratt RE, Hobart P, et al. A lack of genetic linkage of renin gene restnction fragment length polymorphisms with human hypertension. Hypertension 1989; 14:614-618.
244. Zee RYL, Ying LH, Morris BJ, Griffiths LR. Association and linkage analyses of restriction fragment length polymorphisms for the human renin and antithrombin III genes in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1991; 9:825-830.
245. Jeunemaitre X, Rigat B, Charru A, Houot AM, Soubrier F. Corvol P. Sibpair linkage analysis of renin gene haplotypes in human essential hypertension. Hum Genet 1992; 88:301-306.
246. Soubrier F, Jeunemaitre X, Rigat B, Houot AM, Cambien F, Corvol P. Similar frequencies of renin gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Hypertension 1990; 16:712-717.
247. Kamitani A, Rakugi H, Higaki J, Yi Z, Mikami H, Miki T. et al. Association analysis of a polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene with essential hypertension in Japanese. J Hum Hypertens 1994; 8: 521-524.
248. Rotimi C, Morrison L, Cooper R, Oyejide C, Effrong E, Ladipo M, et al. Angiotensinogen gene in human hypertension - lack of an association of the 235T allele among African Americans. Hypertension 1994; 24:591-594.
249. Hegele RA, Harris SB, Hanley AJG, Sun F, Connelly PW, Zinman B. Angiotensinogen gene variation associated with variation in blood pressure in aboriginal Canadians. Hypertension 1997; 29:1073-1077.
250. Hingorani AD, Sharma P, Hia H, Hopper R, Brown MJ. Blood pressure and the M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene. Hypertension 1996; 28:907-911.
251. Rotimi C, Cooper R, Ogunbiyi O, Morrison L, Ladipo M, Tewksbury D, et al. Hypertension, serum angiotensinogen, and molecular variants of the angiotensinogen gene among Nigerians. Circulation 1997; 95:2348-2350.
252. Lesage S, Velho G, Vionnet N, Chatelain N, Demenais F, Passa P. et al. Genetic studies of the renin-angiotensin system in arterial hypertension associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Hypertens 1997; 15:601-606.
253. Kobashi G. A case-control study of pregnancy-induced hypertension with a genetic predisposition: association of a molecular variant of angiotensinogen in the Japanese women. Hokkaido J Med 1995; 70:649-657.
254. Busjahn A, Knoblauch H, Knoblauch M, Bohlender J, Menz M, Faulhaber HD, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms, plasma levels, cardiac dimensions. A twin study. Hypertension 1997; 29:165-170.
255. Bonnardeaux A, Davies E, Jeunemaitre X, Fery I, Charru A, Clauser E. et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms in human essential hypertension. Hypertension 1994; 24:63-69.
256. Stevens PA, Brown MJ. Genetic variability of the ET-1 and the ETα receptor genes in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995; 26 (suppl 3):S9-S12.
257. 2c10-adrenergic receptor genotype. Hypertension 1996; 27:1210-1215.
258. 2-adrenergic receptor locus. Hypertension 1997; 29:918-922.
259. Bonnardeaux A, Nadaud S, Charru A, Jeunemaitre X, Corvol P, Soubrier F. Lack of evidence for linkage of the endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene to essential hypertension. Circulation 1995; 91:96-102.
260. Fujisawa T, Ikegami H, Yamato E, Hamada Y, Kamide K, Rakugi H, et al. Trp64Arg mutation of β3-adrenergic receptor in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10:101-105.
261. Robinson M, Gnm CE, Wilson TW, Nicholson GD, Grell GAC, Etienne CM, et al. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA are associated with 24 hour blood pressure in Afro-Caribbeans [abstract]. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9:30A.
262. Jeunemaitre X, Lifton RP, Hunt SC, Williams RR, Lalouel JM. Absence of linkage between the angiotensin converting enzyme locus and human essential hypertension. Nature Genet 1992; 1:72-75.
263. Summers KM, West JA, Huggard PR, West MJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and regulation of blood pressure in a large Australian family. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1993; 20:320-323.
264. Lindpaintner K, Lee M, Larson MG, Rao VS, Pfeffer MA, Ordovas JM. et al. Absence of association or genetic linkage between the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene and left ventricular mass. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1023-1028.
265. Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Cambien F, Corvol P, Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-I converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:1343-1346.
266. Tiret L, Rigat B, Visvikis S, Breda C, Corvol P, Cambien F, et al. Evidence from combined segregation and linkage analysis that a variant of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene controls plasma ACE levels. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 51:197-205.
267. Schmidt S, van Hooft IM, Grobbee DE, Ganten D, Ritz E. Polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene is apparently not related to high blood pressure: Dutch Hypertension and Offspring Study. J Hypertens 1993; 11:345-348.
268. Morris BJ, Zee RYL. Similarity of blood pressure for each genotype of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase-1 gene in different age groups of patients with severe, familial essential hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1994; 21: 919-924.
269. McKenzie CA, Julier C, Forrester T, McFarlane-Anderson N, Keavney B, Lathrop GM, et al. Segregation and linkage analysis of serum angiotensin I-converting enzyme levels: evidence for two quantitative trait loci. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 57:1426-1435.
270. Maguchi M, Kohara K, Okura T, Li S, Takezaki M, Nishida W, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in essential hypertensive patients in Japanese population. Angiology 1996; 47:643-648.
271. Kario K, Kanai N, Saito K, Nago N, Matsuo T, Shimada K. Ischemic stroke and the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme in Japanese hypertensives. Circulation 1996; 93:1630-1633.
272. Frossard PM, Obineche EN, Elshahat YI, Lestringant GG. Deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is not associated with hypertension in a Gulf Arab population. Clin Genet 1997; 51:211-213.
273. Jeng JR, Ham HJ, Jeng CY, Yueh KC, Shieh SM. Angiotensin I converting enzyme gene polymorphism in Chinese patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10:558-561.
274. Chiang FT, Lai ZP, Chern TH, Tseng CD, Hsu KL. Lo HM. et al. Lack of association of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism with essential hypertension in a Chinese population. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10:197-201.
275. Perticone F, Ceravolo R, Cosco C, Trapasso M, Zingone A, Malatesta P. et al. Deletion polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy in Southern Italian patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29:365-369.
276. Samani NJ, Lodwick D, Vincent M, Dubay C, Kaiser MA, Kelly MP, et al. A gene differentially expressed in the kidney of the spontaneously hypertensive rat cosegregates with increased blood pressure. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:1099-1102.
277. Nara Y, Nabika T, Ikeda K, Sawamura M, Mano M, Endo J, et al. Basal high blood pressure cosegregates with the loci on chromosome 1 in the F2 generation from crosses between normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 194:1344-1351.
278. Schork NJ, Krieger JE, Trolliet MR, Franchini KG, Koibe G, Krieger EM, et al. A biometrical genome search in rats reveals the multigenic basis of blood pressure variation. Genome Res 1995; 5:164-172.
279. Rubattu S, Volpe M, Kreutz R, Ganten U, Lindpaintner K. Chromosomal mapping of quantitative trait loci contributing to stroke in a rat model of complex human disease. Nature Genet 1996; 13:429-434.
280. Cicila GT, Rapp JP, Bloch KD, Kurtz TW, Pravenec M, Kren V. et al. Cosegregation of the endothelin-3 locus with blood pressure and relative heart weight in inbred Dahl rats. J Hypertens 1994; 12:643-651.
281. Deng AY, Dene H, Pravenec M, Rapp JP. Genetic mapping of two new blood pressure quantitative trait loci in the rat by genotyping endothelin system genes. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:2701-2709.
282. Ginn DI, Baptista CA, Alam KY, Deng AY. Dene H, Le H, et al. Genetic analysis of α-adrenergic receptors and blood pressure using Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J Hypertens 1994; 12:357-365.
283. Nara Y, Matsumoto C, lkeda K, Nabika T, Sawamura M, Yamori Y. A new locus on chromosome 3 strongly linked with salt sensitive high blood pressure in female F2 from stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) and WKY [abstract]. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1994; 21 (suppl 1):S2.
284. Deng AY, Rapp JP. Absence of linkage for (endothelial) nitric oxide synthase locus to blood pressure in Dahl rats. Hypertension 1997; 29:49-52.
285. Stec DE, Deng AY, Rapp JP, Roman RJ. Cytochrome P4504A genotype cosegregates with hypertension in Dahl S rats. Hypertension 1996; 27:564-568.
286. Jeffs B, Clark JS, Anderson NH, Gratton J, Brosnan MJ, Reid JL, et al. Sensitivity to cerebral ischaemic insult in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) is determined by a single genetic locus. Hypertension 1997; 30:42-49.
287. Lindpaintner K, Chai K, Kreutz R, Hubner N, Ganten D. Chao L, et al. Identification of a major genetic locus on chromosome 6 linked to sodium-sensitivity in genetically hypertensive rats [abstract]. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1994; 21 (suppl 1):S3
288. Cicila GT, Rapp JP, Wang JM, St Lezin E. Ng SC, Kurtz TW. Linkage of 11b-hydroxylase mutations with altered steroid biosynthesis and blood pressure in the Dahl rat. Nature Genet 1993; 3:346-353.
289. Kren V, Pravenec M, Lu S, Krenova D, Wang JM, Wang M. et al. Genetic isolation of a region of chromosome 8 that exerts major effects on blood pressure and cardiac mass in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:577-581.
290. Kurtz TW, Simonet L, Kabra PM, Wolfe S, Chan L, Hjelle BL. Cosegregation of the renin allele of the spontaneously hypertensive rat with an increase in blood pressure. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:1328-1332.
291. Rapp JP, Deng AY, Dene H, Cicila GT, Zhang Q, Dukhanina O. Localizing blood pressure QTL, statistical limitation versus substitution mapping [abstract]. Genetics '96, Satellite Symposium of the International Society of Hypertension, Glasgow, Scotland, June 21 1996.
292. St Lezin EM, Pravenec M, Wong AL, Liu W, Wang N, Lu S, et al. Effects of renin gene transfer on blood pressure and renin gene expression in a congenic strain of Dahl salt-resistant rats. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:522-527.
293. Hubner N, Kreutz R, Takahashi S, Ganten D, Lindpaintner K. Unlike human hypertension, blood pressure in a hereditary rat strain shows no linkage to the angiotensinogen locus. Hypertension 1994; 23:797-801.