Epidemiology of dementia and Alzheimer's disease

American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Volumn 6, Issue 2 SUPPL., 1998, Pages

  Hendrie, Hugh C ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ESTROGEN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT;

AGE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN PROTECTION; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEMENTIA; DRUG RESEARCH; FAMILY HISTORY; GENETIC RISK; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0031901447     PISSN: 10647481     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019442-199821001-00002     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Livingston G, Sax K, Willison J, et al: The Gospel Oak Study, Stage II: the diagnosis of dementia in the community. Psychol Med 1990; 20:881-891
2. Dartigues JF, Gagnon M, Michel P, et al: The PA-QUID research program on the epidemiology of dementia: methods and initial results. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1991; 147:225-230
3. Evans DA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS, et al: Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons. Higher than previously reported. JAMA 1989; 262:2551-2556
4. Folstein MF, Bassett SS, Anthony JC, et al: Dementia: case ascertainment in a community survey. J Gerontol 1991; 46:M132-M138
5. Canadian Study of Health and Aging: Study methods and prevalence of dementia. Can Med Assoc J 1994; 150:899-913
6. Heeren TJ, Lagaay AM, Hijmans W, et al: Prevalence of dementia in the "oldest old" of a Dutch community. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 35:755-759
7. O'Connor DW, Pollitt PA, Hyde JB, et al: The prevalence of dementia as measured by the Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 79:190-198
8. Aronson MK, Ooi WL, Geva DL, et al: Dementia: age-dependent incidence, prevalence, and mortality in the old old. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:989-992
9. Hendrie HC, Osuntokun BO, Hall KS, et al: Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and dementia in two communities: Nigerian Africans and African Americans. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1485-1492
10. White L, Petrovitch H, Ross W, et al: Prevalence of dementia in older Japanese-American men in Hawaii: the Honolulu-Asi Aging Study. JAMA 1996; 276:955-960
11. Graves AB, Larson EB, Edland SD, et al: Prevalence of dementia and its subtypes in the Japanese American population of King County, Washington State: the Käme Project. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144:760-771
12. Backman DL, Wolf PA, Linn R, et al: Prevalence of dementia and probable senile dementia of the Alzheimer type in the Framingham study. Neurology 1992; 42:115-119
13. Copeland JRM, Davidson IA, Dewey ME, et al: Alzheimer's disease, other dementias, depression and pseudo dementia: prevalence, incidence and three-year outcome in Liverpool. Br J Psychiatr 1992; 161:230-239
14. Fratiglioni L, Grut M, Forsell Y, et al: Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in an elderly urban population: relationship with age, sex, and education. Neurology 1991; 41:1886-1892
15. Hofman A, Rocca WA, Brayne C, et al: The prevalence of dementia in Europe: a collaborative study of 1980-1990 findings. Eurodem Prevalence Research Group. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20:736-748
16. Jorm AF, Korten AE, Henderson AS: The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987; 76:465-479
17. Kokmen E, Beard CM, Offord KP, et al: Prevalence of medically diagnosed dementia in a defined United States population: Rochester, Minnesota, January 1, 1975. Neurology 1989; 39:773-776
18. Li G, Shen YC, Chen CH, et al: An epidemiological survey of age-related dementia in an urban area of Beijing. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 79:557-563
19. Liu H-C, Lin K-N, Teng EL, et al: Prevalence and subtypes of dementia in Taiwan: a community survey of 5297 individuals. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43:144-149
20. Meneghini F, Rocca WA, Grigolette F, et al: Door-to-door prevalence survey of neurological diseases in a Sicilian population. Background and methods. The Sicilian Neuro-Epidemiologic Study (SNES) Group. Neuroepidemiol 1991; 10:70-85
21. Rocca WA, Bonaiuto S, Lippi A, et al: Prevalence of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders: a door-to-door survey in Appignano, Macarata Province, Italy. Neurology 1990; 40:626-631
22. Shibayama H, Kasahara Y, Kobayashi H: Prevalence of dementia in a Japanese elderly population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986; 74:144-151
23. Skoog I, Nilsson L, Palmertz B, et al: A population-based study of dementia in 85-year-olds. New Eng J Med 1993; 328:153-158
24. Zhang M, Katzman R, Salmon D, et al: The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Shanghai, China: impact of age, gender, and education. Ann Neurol 1990; 27:428-437
25. Rovner BW, Karonek S, Filipp L, et al: Prevalence of mental illness in a community nursing home. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:1446-1449
26. Chandler JD, Chandler JE: The prevalence of neuropsychiatrie disorders in a nursing home population. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988; 1:71-76
27. Tariot PN, Podgorski CA, Blazina L, et al: Mental disorders in the nursing home: another perspective. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:1063-1069
28. Class CA, Unverzagt FW, Gao SJ, et al: Psychiatric disorders in African American nursing home residents. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:677-681
29. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1980
30. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders', 3rd Edition, Revised. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1987
31. World Health Organization: The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press. Volumes 1 and 2, 1991; Volume 3, 1992
32. World Health Organization: The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press. Volumes 1 and 2, 1991; Volume 3, 1992
33. Paykel ES, Brayne C, Huppert FA, et al: Incidence of dementia in a population older than 75 years in the United Kingdom. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:325-332
34. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, et al: Apolipoprotein E status as a predictor of the development of Alzheimer's disease in memory-impaired individuals. JAMA 1995; 273:1274-1278
35. Devanand DV, Folz M, Gorlyn M, et al: Questionable dementia: clinical course and predictors of outcome. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45:321-328
36. Morris JC, Storandt M, McKeel DW, et al: Cerebral amyloid deposition and diffuse plaques in "normal" aging: evidence of presymptomatic and very mild Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1996; 46:707-719
37. Graves AB, Kukull WA: The epidemiology of dementia, in Handbook of Dementing Illnesses, edited by Morris JC. New York, Marcel Decker (in press)
38. Ritchie K, Kildea D: Is senile dementia "age-related" or "ageing-related"? - evidence from meta-analysis of dementia prevalence in the oldest old. Lancet 1995; 346:931-934
39. Fichter MM, Schroppel H, Meller I: Incidence of dementia in a Munich community sample of the oldest old. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996; 246:320-328
40. Osuntokun BO, Hendrie HC, Ogunniyi AO, et al: Cross-cultural studies in Alzheimer's disease. Ethnicity & Disease 1992; 2:351-357
41. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al: Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984; 34:939-944
42. Hendrie HC, Unverzagt FW, Austrom MG: The dementing disorders. Psychiatr Q 1997; 68:261-279
43. Jorm AF: Cross-national comparisons of the occurrence of Alzheimer's and vascular dementias. Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 1991; 240:218-222
44. Snowden DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, et al: Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease: the Nun Study. JAMA 1997; 277:813-817
45. Hebert R, Brayne C: Epidemiology of vascular dementia. Neuroepidemiol 1995; 14:240-257
46. McKeith LG, Galasko D, Kosaka K, et al: Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): report of the consortium on DLS international workshop. Neurology 1996; 47:1113-1124
47. Callahan CM, Hendrie HC, Tierney WM: Documentation and evaluation of cognitive impairment in elderly primary care patients. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122:422-429
48. Aevarsson O, Skoog I: A population-based study on the incidence of dementia disorders between 85 and 88 years of age. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44:1455-1460
49. Amaducci L: Italian Longitudinal Study on Ageing: incidence study of dementia. Neuroepidemiol 1992; 11:19-22
50. Bickel H, Cooper B: Incidence and relative risk of dementias in an urban elderly population: findings of a prospective field study. Psychol Med 1994; 24:179-192
51. Bachman DL, Wolf PA, Linn RT, et al: Incidence of dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease in a general population: the Framingham Study. Neurology 1993; 43:515-519
52. Hagnell O, Franck A, Grasbeck A, et al: Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type in the Lundby Study. I. a prospective, epidemiological study of incidence and risk during the 15 years 1957-1972. Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 1991; 241:159-164
53. Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Beckett LA, et al: Age-specific incidence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population. JAMA 1995; 273:1254-1259
54. Letenneur L, Commenges D, Dartigues JF, et al: Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in elderly community residents of South-Western France. Int J Epidemiol 1994; 23:1256-1261
55. Lobo A, Saz P, Marcos G, et al: Incidence of dementia and other psychiatric conditions in the elderly: Zaragoza Study. Neuroepidemiol 1992; 11:52-56
56. Mann AH, Livingston G, Boothby H, et al: The Gospel Oak Study: the prevalence and incidence of dementia in an inner city area of London. Neuroepidemiol 1992; 11:76-79
57. Magnusson H: Mental health of octogenarians in Iceland: an epidemiological study: incidence of dementia in the age period 74-85. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 79:59-66
58. Morgan K, Lilley JM, Arie T, et al: Incidence of dementia in a representative sample. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 163:467-470
59. Yoshitake T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, et al: Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Neurology. 1995; 45:1161-1168
60. Ernst RL, Hay JW: The U.S. economic and social costs of Alzheimer's disease revisited. Am J Public Health 1996; 84:1261-1264
61. Schellenberg GD: Genetic dissection of Alzheimer disease, a heterogenous disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:8552-8559
62. Van Broeckhoven C: Presenilins and Alzheimer disease. Nat J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 11:230-232
63. van Duijn CM, Hendriks L, Farrer LA, et al: A population-based study of familial Alzheimer disease: linkage to chromosomes 14, 19, and 21. Am J Hum Genet 1994; 55:714-727
64. Goate A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Mullan M, et al: Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1991; 349:704-706
65. Lendon CL, Ashall F, Goate AM: Exploring the etiology of Alzheimer disease using molecular genetics. JAMA 1997; 277:825-831
66. Levy-Lahad E, Wasco W, Poorkaj P, et al: Candidate gene for the chromosome 1 familial Alzheimer's disease locus. Science 1995; 269:973-977
67. Sherrington R, Rogaev EI, Liang Y, et al: Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutation in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1995; 375:754-760
68. Plassman BL, Breitner JCS: Recent advances in the genetics of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia with an emphasis on gene-environment interactions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44:1242-1250
69. Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, et al: Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 1993; 261:921-923
70. Saunders AM, Schmader K, Breitner JCS, et al: Apolipoprotein E 4 allele distributions in late-onset Alzheimer's disease and in other amyloid-forming diseases. Lancet 1993; 342:710-711
71. Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel D, et al: Association of apolipoprotein E allele 4 with late onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993; 43:1467-1472
72. Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, et al: Apolipoprotein E, survival in Alzheimer's disease patients, and the competing risks of death and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995; 45:1323-1328
73. Myers RH, Schaefer EJ, Wilson PWF, et al: Apolipoprotein E 4 association with dementia in a population-based study: the Framingham Study. Neurol 1996; 46:673-677
74. Kamboh MI: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. Hum Biol 1995; 67:195-215
75. Liddell M, Williams J, Bayer A, et al: Confirmation of association between the 4 allele of apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease. J Med Genet 1994; 31:197-200
76. Evans DA, Beckett LA, Field TS, et al: Apolipoprotein E 4 and incidence of Alzheimer disease in a community population of older persons. JAMA 1997; 277:822-824
77. Henderson AS, Easteal S, Jorm AF, et al: Apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4, dementia, and cognitive decline in a populations sample. Lancet 1995; 246:1387-1390
78. Corder EH, Saunders AM, Risch NJ, et al: Protective effect of apolipoprotein E type 2 allele for late onset Alzheimer disease. Nat Genet 1994; 7:180-184
79. Blacker D, Haines JL, Rodes L, et al: ApoE-4 and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease: the NIMH genetics initiative. Neurology 1997; 48:139-147
80. Duara R, Barker WW, Lopez-Alberola R, et al: Alzheimer's disease: interaction of apolipoprotein E genotypes, family history of dementia, gender, education, ethnicity, and age of onset. Neurol 1996; 46:1575-1579
81. Jarvik GP, Wijsman EM, Kukull WA, et al: Interactions of apolipoprotein E genotype, total cholesterol level, age, and sex in prediction of Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. Neurology 1995; 45:1092-1096
82. Payami H, Zareparsi S, Montee KR, et al: Gender difference in apolipoprotein E-associated risk for familial Alzheimer disease: a possible clue to the higher incidence of Alzheimer disease in women. Am J Hum Genet Soc 1996; 58:803-811
83. Tang MX, Maestre G, Tsai WY, et al: Effect of age, ethnicity, and head injury on the association between APOE genotypes and Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996; 802:6-15
84. Sahota A, Yang M, Gao SJ, et al: Apolipoprotein E-associated risk for Alzheimer disease in the African-American population is genotype-dependent. Ann Neurol (in press)
85. Osuntokun BO, Sahota A, Ogunniyi AO, et al: Lack of an association between the 4 allele of ApoE and Alzheimer's disease in elderly Nigerians. Ann Neurol 1995; 38:463-465
86. Rotimi C, Morrison L, Cooper R, et al: Angiotensinogen gene in human hypertension: lack of an association of the 235T allele among African Americans. Hypertension 1994; 24:591-594
87. Menzel HJ, Kladetzky RG, Assmann G: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and coronary artery disease. Arteriosclerosis 1983; 3:310-315
88. Utermann G, Steinmetz A, Weber W: Genetic control of human apolipoprotein E polymorphism: comparison of one- and two-dimensional techniques of isoprotein analysis. Hum Genet 1982; 60:334
89. Hallman DM, Boerwinkle E, Saha N, et al: The apolipoprotein E polymorphism: a comparison of allele frequencies and effects in nine populations. Am J Hum Genet 1991; 49:338-349
90. Kamboh MI, Bhatta KK, Ferrell RE: Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. XII. population genetics of apolipoproteins in Papua New Guinea. Am J Hum Biol 1990; 2:17
91. Kamboh MI, Sepehrnia B, Ferrell RE: Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. VI. common polymorphism of apolipoprotein E in blacks. Dis Markers 1989; 7:49-55
92. Sepehrnia B, Kamboh MI, Adams-Campbell LL, et al: Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. X. the effect of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism on quantitative levels of lipoproteins in Nigerian blacks. Am J Hum Genet Soc 1989; 45:586-591
93. Pericak-Vance MA, Johnson CC, Rimmler JB: Alzheimer's disease and apolipoprotein E-4 allele in an Amish population. Ann Neurol 1996; 39:700-704
94. Hui SL, Gao SJ, Hall KS, et al: Association of the 4 allele of apolipoprotein E with poor performance on a dementia screen in African Americans. Ethnicity & Disease 1996; 6:266-271
95. American College of Medical Genetics/American Society of Human Genetics Working Group on APOE and Alzheimer's Disease: Statement on the use of apolipoprotein E testing for Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 1995; 274:1627-1629
96. Stephenson J: Researchers find evidence of a new gene for late onset Alzheimer disease. JAMA 1997; 277:775
97. Davis RE, Miller S, Hernstadt C, et al: Mutations in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase genes segregate with late-onset Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Genetics 1997; 94:4526-4531
98. Kokmen E, Ozsarfati Y, Beard CM, et al: Impact of referral bias on clinical and epidemiological studies of Alzheimer disease. J Clin Epidemiol 1996; 49:79-83
99. Silverman JM, Li G, Zaccario ML, et al: Patterns of risk in first-degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:577-586
100. Breitner JCS, Silverman JM, Mohs RC, et al: Familial aggregation in Alzheimer's disease: comparison of risk among relatives of early- and late-onset cases, and among male and female relatives in successive generations. Neurology 1988; 38:307-312
101. The Canadian Study of Health and Aging: Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Canada. Neurology 1994; 44:2073-2080
102. Jorm AF: The Epidemiology of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. London, Chapman & Hall, 1990, pp 111-150
103. van Duijn CM, Clayton D, Chandra V, et al: Familial aggregation of Alzheimer's disease and related dementia: a collaborative reanalysis of case control studies. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20:513-520
104. Bonaiuto S, Rocca WA, Lippi A, et al: Education and occupation as risk factors for dementia: a population-based case-control study. Neuroepidemiol 1995; 14:101-109
105. Callahan CM, Hall KS, Hui SL, et al: Relationship of age, education, and occupation with dementia among a community-based sample of African Americans. Arch Neurol 1996; 53:134-140
106. Friedland RP: Epidemiology, education and the ecology of Alzheimer's disease (editorial). Neurology 1993; 43:246-249
107. Hill LR, Klauber MR, Salmon DP, et al: Functional status, education, and the diagnosis of dementia in the Shanghai survey. Neurology 1993; 43:138-145
108. Katzman R: Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993; 43:13-20
109. Mortel KF, Meyer JS, Herod B, et al: Education and occupation as risk factors for dementias of the Alzheimer and ischemic vascular types. Dementia 1995; 6:55-62
110. Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemichi TK, et al: Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 1994; 271:1004-1010
111. Cobb JL, Wolf PA, Au R, et al: The effect of education on the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Study. Neurology 1995; 45:1707-1712
112. Stern Y, Alexander GE, Prohovnik I, et al: Inverse relationship between education and parieto temporal perfusion deficit in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1992; 32:371-375
113. Snowden DA, Kemper SJ, Mortimer JA, et al: Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life: findings from the Nun Study. JAMA 1996; 275:528-532
114. Devanand DP, Sano M, Tang MX, et al: Depressed mood and the incidence of Alzheimer's disease in the elderly living in the community. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:175-182
115. Speck CE, Kukull WA, Brenner DE, et al: History of depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiol 1995; 6:366-369
116. Brenner De, Kukull WA, Sterachis A, et al: Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140:262-267
117. Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Reinhart B, et al: Estrogen replacement therapy in older women: a neuropsychological and brain MRI study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44:1307-1313
118. Henderson VW, Paganini-Hill A, Emmanuel CK, et al: Estrogen replacement therapy in older women: comparison between Alzheimer's disease cases and non-demented control subjects. Arch Neurol 1994; 51:896-900
119. Paganini-Hill A, Henderson VM: Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:2213-2217
120. Handa VL, Landerman R, Hanlon JT, et al: Do older women use estrogen replacement? Data from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE). J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44:1-6
121. Breitner JC, Gau BA, Welsh KA, et al: Inverse association of anti-inflammatory treatments and Alzheimer's disease: initial results of a co-twin control study. Neurology 1994; 44:227-232
122. Breitner JC, Welsh KA, Helms MJ, et al: Delayed onset of Alzheimer's disease with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and histamine H2 blocking drugs. Neurobiol Aging 1995; 16:523-530
123. Bruce-Jones PN, Crome P, Kalra L: Indomethacin and cognitive function in healthy elderly volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 38:45-51
124. McGeer PL, Schulzer M, McGeer EG: Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer's disease: a review of 17 epidemiologic studies. Neurology 1996; 47:425-432
125. Rich JP, Rasmusson DX, Folstein MD, et al: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995; 45:51-55
126. Rozzini R, Ferrucci L, Losonczy K, et al: Protective effect of chronic NSAID use on cognitive decline in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44:1025-1029
127. May FE, Moore MT, Stewart RB, et al: Lack of an association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and cognitive decline in the elderly. Gerontol 1992; 38:275-279
128. Stewart WF, Kawas C, Corrada M, et al: Risk of Alzheimer's disease and duration of NSAID use. Neurology 1997; 48:626-632
129. Bickeboller H, Campion D, Brice A, et al: Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: genotype-specific risks by age and sex. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 60:439-446
130. Mayeux R, Ottman R, Maestre G, et al: Synergistic effects of traumatic head injury and apolipoprotein epsilon 4 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995; 45:555-557
131. Lee PN: Smoking and Alzheimer's disease: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Neuroepidemiol 1994; 13:131-144
132. Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Commenges D, et al: Tobacco consumption and cognitive impairment in elderly people: a population-based study. Ann Epidemiol 1994; 4:449-454
133. Graves AB, van Duijn CM, Chandra V, et al: Alcohol and tobacco consumption as risk factors for Alzheimer disease: a collaborative reanalysis of case control studies, EURODEM Risk Factor Research Group. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20:S48-S57
134. Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Beckett LA, et al: Relation of smoking and alcohol consumption to incident Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135:347-355
135. Ford AB, Mefrouche Z, Friedland RP, et al: Smoking and cognitive improvement: a population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44:905-909
136. Riggs JE: The "protective" influence of cigarette smoking on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: quagmire or opportunity for neuroepidemiology? Neurol Clin 1996; 14:353-358
137. Brayne C: The EURODEM, collaborative reanalysis of case control studies of Alzheimer's disease: implication for public health. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20:568-571
138. Leibson CL, Rocca WA, Hanson VA, et al: Risk of dementia among persons with diabetes mellitus: a population based cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145:301-308
139. Ott A, Stolk RP, Hoffman A, et al: Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Diabetologia 1996; 39:1392-1397
140. Ganguli M, Burmeister LA, Seaberg EC, et al: Association between dementia and elevated TSH: a community-based study. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40:714-725
141. Forbes WF, Gentleman JF, Maxwell CJ: Concerning the role of aluminum in causing dementia. Exp Gerontol 1995; 30:23-32
142. Forster DP, Newens AJ, Kay DW, et al: Risk factors in clinically diagnosed presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type: a case-control study in northern England. J Epidemiol Comm Health 1995; 49:253-258
143. Jacquin H, Commenges D, Letenneur L, et al: Components of drinking water and risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 139:48-57
144. McLachlan DR, Bergeron C, Smith JE, et al: Risk for neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease and residual aluminum in municipal drinking water employing weighted residential histories. Neurology 1996; 46:401-405
145. Rifat SL, Eastwood MR, McLachlan DRC, et al: Effect of exposure to miners to aluminum powder. Lancet 1990; 336:1162-1165
146. Salib E, Hillier V: A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease and aluminum occupation. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 168:244-249
147. Kukull WA, Lawson EB, Bowen JD, et al: Solvent exposure as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141:1059-1071; discussion 1072-1079
148. Sobel E, Dunn M, Davanipour Z, et al: Elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease among workers with likely electromagnetic field exposure. Neurology 1996; 47:1477-1481
149. Fabrigoule C, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, et al: Social and leisure activities and risk of dementia: a prospective longitudinal study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43:485-490
150. Graves AB, Larson EB, Wenzlow A: Protective factors for cognitive decline in a Japanese-American community. Abstract presented at the Fifth International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Neurobiol of Aging 1996; 17:S40
151. Kondo K, Niino M, Shido K: A case-control study of Alzheimer disease in Japan: significance of life-styles. Dementia 1994; 5:314-326
152. Porta EA: Role of oxidative damage in the aging . process, in Cellular Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms, edited by Chow CK. Boca Ratton, FL, CRC Press, 1988, vol 3, pp 1-52
153. Smith CD, Carney JM, Starke-Reed PE, et al: Excess brain protein oxidation and enzyme dysfunction in normal aging and in Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:10540-10543
154. Smith MA, Perry G, Richey PL, et al: Oxidative damage in Alzheimer's. Nature 1996; 382:120-121
155. Sano M, Christopher E, Thomas RG, et al: A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. N Eng J Med 1997; 336:1216-1222