Green fluorescent protein as a noninvasive intracellular pH indicator

Biophysical Journal

Volumn 74, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 1591-1599

  Kneen, Malea ^a   Farinas, Javier ^a   Li, Yuxin ^a   Verkman, A S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; DIGITONIN; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; NIGERICIN;

ANIMAL CELL; AQUEOUS SOLUTION; ARTICLE; CALIBRATION; CELL PH; CIRCULAR DICHROISM; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; FLUORESCENCE; NONHUMAN; PH MEASUREMENT; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTON TRANSPORT;

EID: 0031885535     PISSN: 00063495     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77870-1     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Anderson, M. T., I. M. Tjioe, M. C. Lorincz, D. R. Parks, L. A. Herzenberg, G. P. Nolan, and L. A. Herzenberg. 1996. Simultaneous fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of two distinct transcriptional elements within a single cell using engineered green fluorescent proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:8508-8511.
2. Biwersi, J., and A. S. Verkman. 1994. Functional CFTR in the endosomal compartment of CFTR-expressing fibroblasts and T84 cells. Am. J. Physiol. 266:C149-C156.
3. Bokman, S. H., and W. W. Ward. 1981. Renaturation of Aequorea victoria green-fluorescent protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 101: 1372-1380.
4. Brejc, K., T. K. Sixma, P. A. Kitts, S. R. Kain, R. Y. Tsien, M. Ormö, and S. J. Remington. 1997. Structural basis for dual excitation and photoisomerization of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:2306-2311.
5. Chalfie, M, Y. Tu, G. Euskirchen, W. W. Ward, and D. C. Prasher. 1994. Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science. 263:802-805.
6. Chattoraj, M., B. A. King, G. U. Bublitz, and S. G. Boxer. 1996. Ultra-fast excited state dynamics in green fluorescent protein: multiple states and proton transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:8362-8367.
7. Cole, N. B., C. L. Smith, N. Sciaky, M. Terasaki, M. Eddin, and J. Lippincott-Schwartz. 1996. Diffusional mobility of Golgi proteins in membranes of living cells. Science. 273:797-801.
8. Cormack, B. P., R. H. Valdivia, and S. Falkow. 1996. FACS-optimized mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Gene. 173:33-38.
9. Cubitt, A. B., Heim, R., S. R. Adams, A. E. Boyd, L. A. Gross, and R. Y. Tsien. 1995. Understanding, improving and using green fluorescent proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:448-455.
10. De Giorgi, F., M. Brini, C. Bastianutto, R. Marsault, M. Montero, P. Pizzo, R. Rossi, and R. Rizzutto. 1996. Targeting aequorin and green fluorescent protein to intracellular organelles. Gene. 173:113-117.
11. Gerdes, H.-H., and C. Kaether. 1996. Green fluorescent protein: applications to cell biology. FEBS Lett. 389:44-47.
12. Girotti, M., and G. Banting. 1996. TGN38-green fluorescent protein hybrid proteins expressed in stably transfected eukaryotic cells provide a tool for the real-time, in vivo study of membrane traffic pathways and suggest a possible role for rat TGN38. J. Cell. Sci. 109:2915-2926.
13. Hampton, R. Y., A. Koning, R. Wright, and J. Rine. 1996. In vivo examination of membrane protein localization and degradation with green fluorescent protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:828-833.
14. Heim, R., A. B. Cubitt, and R. Y. Tsien. 1995. Improved green fluorescence. Nature. 373:663-664.
15. Heim, R., D. C. Prasher, and R. Y. Tsien. 1994. Wavelength mutations and posttranslational autoxidation of green fluorescent protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:12501-12504.
16. Heim, R., and R. Y. Tsien. 1996. Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness, longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Curr. Biol. 6:176-182.
17. Kim, J. H., C. A. Lingwood, D. B. Williams, W. Furuya, M. F. Manolson, and S. Grinstein. 1996. Dynamic measurement of the pH of the Golgi complex in living cells using retrograde transport of the verotoxin receptor. J. Cell Biol. 134:1387-1399.
18. Kimata, Y., M. Iwaki, C. R. Lim, and K. Kohno. 1997. A novel mutation which enhances the fluorescence of green fluorescent protein at high temperatures. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 232:69-73.
19. Lim, C. R., Y. Kimata, M. Oka, K. Nomaguchi, and K. Kohno. 1995. Thermosensitivity of green fluorescent protein fluorescence utilized to reveal novel nuclear-like compartments in a mutant nucleoporin NSP1. J. Biochem. 118:13-17.
20. Liu, J., T. E. Hughes, and W. C. Sessa. 1997. The first 35 amino acids and fatty acylation sites determine the molecular targeting of endothelial nitric oxide synthase into the Golgi region of cells: a green fluorescent protein study. J. Cell Biol. 137:1525-1535.
21. Masri, K. A., H. E. Appert, and M. N. Fukada. 1988. Identification of the full-length coding sequence for human galactosyltransferase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 157:657-663.
22. 2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin. Nature. 388:882-887.
23. Munro, S., and H. R. B. Pelham. 1987. A C-terminal signal prevents secretion of luminal ER proteins. Cell. 48:899-907.
24. Ormö, M., A. B. Cubitt, K. Kallio, L. A. Gross, R. Y. Tsien, and S. J. Remington. 1996. Crystal structure of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein. Science. 273:1392-1395.
25. Palm, G. J., A. Zdanov, G. A. Gaitanaris, R. Stauber, G. N. Pavlakis, and A. Wlodawer. 1997. The structural basis for spectral variations in green fluorescent protein. Nature Struct. Biol. 4:361-365.
26. Partikian, A., B. P. Ölveczky, R. Swaminathan, Y. Li, and A. S. Verkman. 1998. Rapid diffusion of green fluorescent protein in the mitochondrial matrix. J. Cell Biol. In press.
27. Prasher, D. C., V. K. Eckenrode, W. W. Ward, F. G. Prendergast, and M. J. Cormier. 1992. Primary structure of the Aequorea victoria green-fluorescent protein. Gene. 111:229-233.
28. Rizzuto, R., M. Brini, F. De Giorgi, R. Rossi, R. Heim, R. Y. Tsien, and T. Pozzan. 1996. Double labelling of sub-cellular structures with organelle-targeted GFP mutants in vivo. Curr. Biol. 6:183-188.
29. Rizzuto, R., M. Brini, P. Pizzo, M. Murgia, and T. Pozzan. 1995. Chimeric green fluorescent protein: a new tool for visualizing subcellular organelles in living cells. Curr. Biol. 5:635-642.
30. 2+-dependent changes in the fluorescence emission of an indicator composed of two green fluorescent protein variants linked by a calmodulin-binding sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 272:13270-13274.
31. Roos, A., and W. F. Boron. 1981. Intracellular pH. Physiol. Rev. 61: 296-434.
32. Sasavage, N. L., J. H. Hilson, S. Horwitz, and F. M. Rottman. 1982. Nucleotide sequence of bovine prolactin messenger RNA: evidence for sequence polymorphism. J. Biol Chem. 257:678-681.
33. Seksek, O., J. Biwersi, and A. S. Verkman. 1995. Direct measurement of trans-Golgi pH in living cells and regulation by second messengers. J. Biol. Chem. 270:4967-4970.
34. Seksek, O., and J. Bolard. 1996. Nuclear pH gradient in mammalian cells revealed by laser scanning microspectrofluorimetry. J. Cell Sci. 109: 257-262.
35. Swaminathan, R., C. P. Hoang, and A. S. Verkman. 1997. Photobleaching recovery and anisotropy decay of green fluorescent protein GFP-S65T in solution and cells: cytoplasmic viscosity probed by green fluorescent protein translational and rotational diffusion. Biophys. J. 72:1900-1907.
36. Terasaki, M., L. A. Jaffe, G. R. Hunnicutt, and J. A. Hammer. 1996. Structural change of the endoplasmic reticulum during fertilization: evidence for loss of membrane continuity using the green fluorescent protein. Dev. Biol. 179:320-328.
37. Ward, W. W., C. W. Cody, R. C. Hart, and M. J. Cormier. 1980. Spectrophotometric identity of the energy transfer chromophores in renilla and aequora green-fluorescent proteins. Photochem. Photobiol. 31: 611-615.
38. Ward, W. W., H. J. Prentice, A. F. Roth, C. W. Cody, and S. C. Reeves. 1982. Spectral perturbations of the Aequorea green-fluorescent protein. Photochem. Photobiol. 35:803-808.
39. Yang, F., L. G. Moss, and G. N. Phillips, Jr. 1996. The molecular structure of green fluorescent protein. Nature Biotech. 14:1246-1251.
40. Zolotukhin, S., M. Potter, W. W. Hauswirth, J. Guy, and N. Muzyczka. 1996. A "humanized" green fluorescent protein cDNA adapted for high-level expression in mammalian cells. J. Virol. 70:4646-4654.