Insulin Resistance Syndrome : Current Perspective and its Relevance in Indians

Indian Heart Journal

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 385-395

  Misra, Anoop ^a  

^a ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; 3 [2 [2 [4 [2 (ALPHA FLUORENYLACETYLAMINO)ETHYL]BENZOYLOXY]ETHYLAMINO] 1 METHOXYETHYL]TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZENE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (POTASSIUM SODIUM); AMLODIPINE; APOLIPOPROTEIN B100; BIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE; BUNAZOSIN; C PEPTIDE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENDOTHELIN 1; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN; INSULIN RECEPTOR; LEPTIN; LINOLENIC ACID; LIPOPROTEIN A; LITHIUM; NITRIC OXIDE; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR; PROINSULIN; THROMBOXANE A2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

ADRENERGIC STIMULATION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD VESSEL REACTIVITY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC OBESITY; DIET; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FIBRINOLYSIS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE MUTATION; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INDIAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIVER CLEARANCE; MICROALBUMINURIA; NONHUMAN; ONSET AGE; REVIEW; SYNDROME X; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMALS; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; FIBRINOLYSIS; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; INCIDENCE; INDIA; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIFE STYLE; MALE; MICROVASCULAR ANGINA; RATS;

EID: 0031758159     PISSN: 00194832     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease [Banting Lecture 1988]. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595-1607
2. Ferranini E, Haffner SM, Mitchell BD, Stern M. Hyperinsulinemia: The key feature of a cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 416-422
3. Misra A. A tale of two syndromes X. Natl Med J Ind 1994; 7: 26-27
4. Temple RC, Clark P, Schneider A, Nagi DK, Hendra TJ, Yudkin JS, et al. Radioimmunoassay may overestimate insulin in non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Clin Endocrinol 1990; 32: 689-693
5. Nagi DK, Hendra TJ, Ryle AJ, Cooper TM, Temple RC, Clark PMS. The relationships of concentrations of insulin, intact proinsulin and 32-33 split proinsulin with cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 532-537
6. Jain SK, Nagi DK, Slavin BM, Lumb PJ, Yudkin JS. Insulin therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects suppresses concentrations of proinsulin-like molecules and plasminogen activator inhibitor independently from glycaemic control. Diabetic Medico 1993; 10: 27-32
7. Schneider DJ, Nordt TK, Sobel BE. Stimulation by proinsulin of expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in endothelial cells. Diabetes 1992; 41: 890-895
8. Lall SB, Kaundal P, Misra A, Peshin SS, Seth SD. A study of insulin clearance in essential hypertension associated with and without obesity [abstract]. Acta Physiol Pharmacol et Thera Lat 1996; 46: 132
9. Shukla P, Misra A, Wadhwa J, Peshin SS, Lall SB, Reddy KS. Hyperinsulinemia in acute coronary artery events. Proceedings of First National Symposium on Hyperlipidemia. Misra A, Ed. Noble Vision, New Delhi, 1997; A-2
10. Hollenbeck C, Reavan GM. Variations in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in healthy individuals with normal glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 1169-1173
11. Golay A, Chen Y-DI, Reaven GM. Effect of differences in glucose tolerance on insulin's ability to regulate carbohydrate and free fatty acid metabolism in obese individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 62: 1081-1088
12. Wright DW, Hansen RI, Mondon CE, et al. Sucrose-induced insulin resistance in the rat modulation by exercise and diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1983; 38: 879-883
13. Zavaroni I, Sander S, Scott S, Reaven GM. Effect of fructose feeding on insulin secretion and insulin action in the rat. Metabolism 1980; 29: 970-973
14. Reaven GM, Ho H, Hoffman BB. Attenuation of fructose-induced hypertension in rats by exercise training. Hypertension 1988; 12: 129-132
15. Welborn TA, Breckenridge A, Rubinstein AH, Dolley CT, Fraser TR. Serum insulin in essential hypertension and in peripheral vascular disease. Lancet 1966; 1: 1336-1337
16. Ferranini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R, Giorico MA, Oleggini M, Graziadei L, Pedrinelli R, Brandi L, Bevilacqua S Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 350-357
17. Denker PS, Pollock VE. Fasting serum insulin levels in essential hypertension: A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1649-1651
18. Misra A, Kathpalia R, Roy NK, Peshin SS, Lall SB. Hyperinsulinemia in non-obese, non-diabetic subjects with isolated systolic hypertension. Indian Heart J 1998; 50: 49-54
19. Bajaj JS, Reddy BR, Misra A. Glucose tolerance and insulin profile in young non-diabetic subjects with coronary heart disease [abstract]. VI World Conference on Diabetes in Tropics and Developing Countries, Bombay, 1993
20. Gupta VK, Kaundal PK, Misra A, Lall SB, Peshin SS. Estimation of serum insulin levels in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypertension. Proceedings of National Symposium on Hyperlipidemia. Misra A, Ed. Noble Vision, New Delhi, 1997, A-13
21. Misra A, Raghu CR, Mohan A, Reddy KS. Metabolic abnormalities in the offspring of hypertensive patients. Proc. National Symposium on Hyperlipidemia. Misra A, Ed. Noble Vision, New Delhi, 1997, A-5
22. Shen DC, Shieh SM, Fuh MMT, Wu DA, Chen YDI, Reaven GM. Resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in patients with hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66: 580-583
23. Defronzo RA, Ferranini E. Insulin resistance: A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 173-194
24. Rowe JW, Young JB, Minaker KL, Stevens AL, Pallotta J, Landsberg L. Effect of insulin and glucose infusions on sympathetic nervous system activity in normal man. Diabetes 1981; 30: 219-225
25. Bevan RD. Trophic effects of peripheral adrenergic nerves on vascular structure. Hypertension 1984; (Suppl III) 6: 19-26
26. Sloan JA, Hopper M, Izzo JLJ. Effects of circulating norepinephrine on platelets, leukocyte and RBC counts by alpha-adrenergic stimulation. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 1140-1142
27. Scherrer U, Owlya R, Trueb L. Sympathetic-nerve activity before and after resection of an insulinoma. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1240-1242
28. Tsutsu N, Nunoi K, Kodama T, Nomiyama R, Iwase M, Fujishima M. Lack of association between blood pressure and insulin in patients with insulinoma. J Hypertension 1990; 8: 479-482
29. Saad MF, Lillioza S, Nyomba B, Castillo C, Ferrara R, DeGregorio M, Ravussin E, Knowler WC, Bennett RH, Howard BV, Bogardus C. Racial differences in the relation between blood pressure and insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 733-738
30. Flakner B, Hulman S, Tannebaum J, Kushner H. Insulin resistance and blood pressure in young black men. Hypertension 1990; 16: 706-711
31. McMeigue PM, Marmot MG, Syndercombo, Court YD, Cottier DE, Rahman S, Reimersma RA. Diabetes, hyperinsulinemia and coronary risk factors in Bangladeshis in East London. Br Heart J 1988; 60: 390-396
32. Miller GJ, Kotecha S, Wilkinson WH, Wilkes H, Stirling Y, Sanders TA, Broadhurst A, Allison J, Meade TW. Dietary and other characteristics relevant for coronary heart disease in men of Indian, West Indian and European descent in London. Atherosclerosis 1988; 70: 63-72
33. Jiang X, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Berenson GS. Association of fasting insulin with blood pressure in young individuals: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 323-328
34. Allemann Y, Horber FF, Colombo M, Ferrari P, Shaw S, Jaeger P, Weidmann P. Insulin sensitivity and body fat distribution in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Lancet 1993; 341: 327-331
35. Batey LS, Goff DC, Tortolero SR, Nichaman MA, Chan W, Chan FA, Grunbaum J, Hanis CL, Labarthe DR. Summary measures of the insulin resistance syndrome are adverse among Mexican-American versus non-Hispanic white children: The Corpus Christi Child Heart Study. Circulation 1997; 96: 4319-4325
36. Bergstrom E, Hernell O, Persson LA, Vessby B. Insulin resistance syndrome in adolescents. Metabolism 1996; 45: 908-914
37. Noll G, Wenzel RR, Schneider M, Oesch V, Binggeli C, Shaw S, Weidmann P, Luscher TF. Increased activation of sympathetic nervous system and endothelin by mental stress in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Circulation 1996; 93: 866-869
38. Taddei S, Virdis A, Mattei P, Ghiadoni L, Sudano I, Salvetti A. Defective L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in offspring of essential hypertensive parents. Circulation 1996; 94: 1298-1303
39. Duff GL, Brechin DJH, Findelstein WE. The effect of alloxan diabetes on experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit. IV. The effect of insulin therapy on the inhibition of atherosclerosis in the alloxan-diabetic rabbit. J Exp Med 1954; 100: 371-380
40. Nordestgaard BG, Zilversmit DB. Hyperglycemia in normotriglyceridemic, hypercholesterolemic insulin-treated diabetic rabbits does not accelerate atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 1988; 72: 37-47
41. Stout RW, Buchanan KD, Vallance-Owen J. Arterial lipid metabolism in relation to blood glucose and plasma insulin in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetologia 1972; 8: 398-401
42. Stout RW, Buchanan KD, Vallance-Owen J. The relationship of arterial disease and glucagon metabolism in insulin-treated chickens. Atherosclerosis 1973; 18: 153-162
43. Taggart H, Stout RW. Control of DNA synthesis in cultured vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 1980; 37: 549-557
44. Stout RW, Bierman EL, Ross R. Effect of insulin on the proliferation of cultured primate arterial smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1975; 36: 319-327
45. Scherrer U, Randin D, Vollenweider P, Vollenweider L, Nicod P. Nitric oxide release accounts for insulin's vascular effects in humans. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 2511-2515
46. Steinberg HO, Brechtel G, Johnson A, Fineberg N, Baron AD. Insulin-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation is nitric oxide dependent: A novel action of insulin to increase nitric oxide release. J Clin Invest 1994; 1172-1179
47. Vollenweider P, Randin D, Tappy L, Jequier E, Nicod P, Scherrer U. Impaired insulin-induced sympathetic neural activation and vasodilation in skeletal muscle in obese humans. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2365-2371
48. Laasko M, Edelman SV, Brechtel G, Baron AD. Impaired insulin-mediated skeletal muscle blood flow in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 1992; 41: 1076-1083
49. Steinberg HO, Chaker H, Leaming R, Johnson A, Brechtel G, Baron AD. Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction: Implications for the syndrome of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1997; 11: 2601-2610
50. Zeng G, Quon MJ. Insulin-stimulated production of nitric oxide is inhibited by wortmannin: Direct measurement in vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 894-898
51. Hattori Y, Kasai K, Nakamura T, Emoto T, Shimoda SI. Effect of glucose and insulin on immunoreactive endothelin-1 release from cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells. Metabolism 1991; 40: 165-169
52. Anfossi G, Carvalot F, Masscucco P, Mattiello E, Hahn A, Trovati M. Insulin influences immunoreactive endothelin release by human smooth muscle cells. Metabolism 1993; 42: 1081-1083
53. Ferri C, Bellini C, Desideri G, Di Francesc L, Baldoncini R, Santucci A, De Mattia G. Plasma endothelin-1 levels in obese hypertensive and normotensive men. Diabetes 1995; 44: 431-436
54. Pinkney JH, Stehouwer CD, Coppack SW, Yudkin JS. Endothelial dysfunction: Cause of the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes 1997; 46 (Suppl 2): 9-13
55. Peters N, Hales CN. Plasma-insulin concentrations after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1965; 1: 1144-1145
56. Gertler MM, Leetma HE, Saluste E, Rosenberger JL, Guthrie RG. Ischemic heart disease: Insulin, carbohydrate, and lipid inter-relationship. Circulation 1972; 46: 103-111
57. Sewdarsen M, Jialal I, Vythilingum S. Insulin response to oral glucose in young, non-obese Indian males with myocardial infarction. S Afr Med J 1984; 66: 523-525
58. Hamsten A, Efendic S, Walldius G, Szamosia A, de Faire U. Glucose tolerance and insulin response to glucose in non-diabetic young male survivors of myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 917-927
59. Pyorala K, Savolainen E, Kaukola S, Haapakoski J. Plasma insulin as coronary heart disease risk factor: Relationship to other risk factors and predictive outcome during 91/2 years follow-up of the Helsinki Policemen Study Population. Acta Med Scand 1985; 701 (Suppl): 38-52
60. Welborn TA, Wearne K. Coronary heart disease incidence and cardiovascular mortality in Busselton with reference to glucose and insulin concentrations. Diabetes Care 1979; 2: 154-160
61. Eschwege E, Richard JL, Thibult N, Ducimetiere P, Warnet JM, Claude JR, Rosselin GE. Coronary heart disease mortality in relation with diabetes, blood glucose and plasma insulin levels: The Paris prospective study 10 years later. Horm Metab Res 1985; 15 (Suppl): 41-46
62. Welin L, Eriksson H, Larsson B, Ohlson LO, Svardsudd K, Tibblin G. Hyperinsulinemia is not a major coronary risk factor in elderly men: The study of men born in 1913. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 766-770
63. Orchard TJ, Eichner J, Kuller LH, Becker DJ, McCallum LM, Grandits GA. Insulin as a predictor of coronary heart disease: Interaction with apolipoprotein E phenotype: A report from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Ann Epidemiol 1994; 4: 40-45
64. Ferrara A, Barrett-Connor EL, Edelstein SL. Hyperinsulinemia does not increase the risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in elderly men or women without diabetes: The Rancho Bernardo Study, 1884-1991. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 857-869
65. Depres JP, Lamarche B, Mauriege P, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Moorjani S, Lupien PH. Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease. New Engl J Med 1996; 334: 952-957
66. Lassko M, Sarlund H, Salonen R, Suhonen M, Pyorala K, Salonen JT, Karhapaa P. Asymptomatic atherosclerosis and a insulin resistance. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1991; 11: 1068-1076
67. Bressler P, Bailey S, Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. Insulin resistance and coronary artery disease. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 1345-1350
68. Howard G, O'Leary DH, Zaccaro D, Haffner SM, Rewers M, Hamman R, Selby JV, Saad MF, Savage P, Bergman R. Insulin sensitivity and atherosclerosis. Circulation 1996; 93: 1809-1817
69. Mckeigue PM, Miller GJ, Marmot MG. Coronary heart disease in South Asians overseas: A review. J Clin Epidemiol 1989; 42: 597-609
70. Orchard TL, Becker DL, Bates M, Kuller LH, Drash AL. Plasma insulin and lipoprotein concentrations: An atherogenic association. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 118: 326-337
71. Zavaroni L, Dall Agho E, Alpi O, Bruschi F, Bonora E, Pezzarossa A, Buttunni U. Evidence for an independent relationship between plasma insulin and concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride. Atherosclerosis 1985; 55: 259-266
72. Garg A, Helderman JH, Koffler M, Ayuso R, Rosenstock J, Raskin P. Relationship between lipoprotein levels and in vivo insulin action in normal young white men. Metabolism 1988; 37: 982-987
73. Haffner SM, Mykkanen L, Robbins D, Valdez R, Miettinen H, Howard BV, Stern MP, Bowsher R. A preponderance of small dense LDL is associated with specific insulin, proinsulin and the components of the insulin resistance syndrome in non-diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 1328-1336
74. Thomas I, Gupta S, Sempos C, Cooper R. Serum lipids of Indian physicians living in the US compared to US-born physicians. Atherosclerosis 1986; 61: 99-106
75. Enas AE, Davidson MA, Garg A, Nair VM, Yusuf S. Prevalence of coronary heart disease and its risk factors in Asian Indian migrants to the United States. Proc Intern Symp Atherosclerosis, Rosemont, IL, Oct. 6-10, 1991
76. Chen AJ. Recent trends in the mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular disease. Ann ACHD Med (Singapore) 1980; 9: 411-415
77. Enas A Enas, Yusuf S, Mehta JL. Prevalence of coronary artery disease in Asian Indians. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 945-949
78. Hughes K, Aw TC, Kuperan P, Choo M. Central obesity insulin resistance syndrome X, lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays and Chinese in Singapore. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997; 51: 394-399
79. Gopinath N, Chadha SL, Sehgal A, Shekhawat S, Tandon R. What is a desirable lipid profile. Indian Heart J 1994; 46: 325-327
80. Kutti VR, Balakrishnan KG, Jayasree AK, Thomas J. Prevalence of heart disease in the population of Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India. Int J Cardiol 1993; 39: 59-70
81. Gupta R, Prakash H, Majumdar S, Sharma S, Gupta VP. Prevalence of coronary heart disease and coronary risk factors in an urban population of Rajasthan. Indian Heart J 1995; 47: 331-338
82. Olefsky L, Reaven GM, Farquhar JW. Effects of weight reduction and obesity: Studies of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in normal and hyperlipoproteinemic subjects. J Clin Invest 1974; 53: 64-76
83. Bagdade JD. Basal insulin and obesity. Lancet 1968; 2: 630-631
84. Bagdade JD, Porte D Jr, Brunzell JD, Bierman EL. Basal and stimulated hyperinsulinism: Reversible metabolic sequelae of obesity. J Lab Clin Med 1974; 83: 563-569
85. Stern MP, Haffner SM. Body fat distribution and hyperinsulinemia as risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis 1986; 6: 123-130
86. Hughes LR. Coronary artery disease among Asians in London. Internal Med World Report 1990; 5: 27-31
87. Smith U. Obesity and insulin resistance: Potential importance of adipose tissue metabolism. In: Metabolic complications of human obesity. Vague J, Bjorntrop P, Guy-Grand B, Rebuffe-Schrive M, Vague P, ed; Proceed 6th Intern Meeting of Endocrinology, Marseille. Elsevier Science Pub. Co., New York 1985; pp 173-178
88. Gopinath N, Chadha SL, Jain P, Shekhawat S, Tandon R. An epidemiological study of obesity in adults in the urban population of Delhi. J Assoc Phy Ind 1994; 42: 212-215
89. Abate N, Garg A, Peshock R, Gundersen JS, Grundy SM. Relationship of generalized and regional adposity to insulin sensitivity in men. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 88-98
90. Misra A, Garg A, Abate N, Peshock RM, Gundersen JS, Grundy SM. Relationship of anterior and posterior subcutaneous abdominal fat to insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic men. Obes Res 1997; 5: 93-99
91. Jarrett RJ, Viberti GC, Argyropoulos A, Hill RD, Mahmud U, Murrells TJ. Microalbuminuria predicts mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetic Med 1984; 1: 17-19
92. Mogensen CE. Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 356-360
93. Pinkney JH, Denver AE, Mohamed-Ali V, Foster C, Yudkin JS. Insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with microalbuminuria independently of ambulatory blood pressure. J Diabetes Complications 1995; 9: 230-233
94. Yudkin JS. Coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus: Three new risk factors and a unifying hypothesis. J Int Med 1995; 238: 21-30
95. Deckert T, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Borch-Johnsen K, Jensen T, Kofoed-Enevoldsen A. Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage: The Steno hypothesis. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 219-226
96. Kuh D, Wadsworth M. Parental height, childhood environment and subsequent adult height in a national birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18: 663-668
97. Yudkin JS, Phillips DIW. Microalbuminuria in non-diabetics: A marker of poor intrauterine environment. Diabetologia 1993; 36 (Suppl I): 93
98. Misra A, Garg A. Leptin, its receptor and obesity. J Invest Med 1996; 44: 540-548
99. Saladin R, De Vos P, Guerre Millo M, Lerurque A, Girard J, Staels I, Auwex I. Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration. Nature 1995; 377: 527-529
100. Cusic I, Sainsbury A, Doyle P, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Jeanrenaud B. The ob gene and insulin, a relationship leading to clues to the understanding of obesity. Diabetes 1995; 44: 1467-1470
101. Collins S, Kuhn CM, Petero AE, Swick AG, Chrunyk BA, Surwit RS. Role of leptin in fat regulation. Nature 1996; 380: 677
102. Haynes WG, Morgan DA, Walder RY, DiBona GF, Mark AL. Does leptin resistance increase pressor responses to salt and stress? [abstract]. Hypertension 1996; 28: 518
103. de Courten M, Zimmet P, Hodge A, Collins V, Nicolson M, Staten M, Dowse G, Alberti KGM. Hyperleptinaemia: The missing link in the metabolic syndrome. Diabet Med 1997; 3: 200-208
104. Kennedy A, Gettys TW, Watson P, Wallace P, Ganaway E, Pan Q, Garvey WT. The metabolic significance of leptin in humans: Gender-based differences in relationship to adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1293-1300
105. Haffner SM, Miettinen H, Mykkanen L, Karhapaa P, Rainwater DL, Laakso M. Leptin concentrations and insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 393-399
106. Hamsten A, Wiman B, DeFaire U, Blomback M. Increased plasma levels of a rapid inhibitor or tissue plasminogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1557-1563
107. Hamsten A, deFaire U, Wallidius G, Dahlen G, Szamosi A, Landou C, Blomback M, Wiman B. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: Risk factors for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet 1987; 2: 3-9
108. Mehta J, Mehta P, Lawson D, Saldeen T. Plasma tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor levels in coronary artery disease: Correlation with age and serum triglyceride concentrations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 9: 263-268
109. 2. Thromb Haemost 1988; 60: 491-494
110. Kooistra T, Bosma PJ, Tons HAM, Van den Berg AP, Meyer P, Princen HMG. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: Biosynthesis and mRNA levels are increased by insulin in cultured human hepatocytes. Thromb Haemost 1989; 62: 723-728
111. Vague P, Juhan-Vague I, Aillaud MF, Badier C, Viard R, Alessi MC, Collen D. Correlation between blood fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor level, plasma insulin level, and relative body weight in normal and obese subjects. Metabolism 1986; 35: 250-253
112. Mykkanen L, Ronnemaa T, Marniemi J, Haffner SM, Bergman R, Laasko M. Insulin sensitivity is not an independent determinant of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 1264-1271
113. Barker DJP. The Wellcome Foundation Lecture, 1994. The fetal origins of adult disease. Proc Roy Soc Lond 1995; 262: 37-43
114. Barker DJP. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. Br Med J 1995; 311: 171-174
115. Langely SC, Browne RF, Jackson AA. Increased systolic blood pressure in adult rats induced by fetal exposure to maternal low protein diets. Clin Science 1994; 86: 217-222
116. Langely SC, Browne RF, Jackson AA. Altered glucose tolerance in rats exposed to maternal low protein diets in utero. Comp Biochem Physiol 1994; 109A: 223-229
117. Philips DI, Barker DJ, Hales CN, Hirst S, Osmond C. Thinness at birth and insulin resistance in adult life. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 150-154
118. Owens JA, Owens PC, Robinson JS. Experimental fetal growth retardation: Metablolic and endocrine aspects. In: Advances in Fetal Physiology. Gluckman PD, Johnston BM, Nathanielsz PW, ed. New York: Ithaca, 1989; pp 263-286
119. Spassov L, Curzi-Dascalova L, Clairambault J, Kauffmann F, Eiselt M, Medigue C. Heart rate and heart rate variability during sleep in small-for-gestational age newborns. Pediatr Res 1994; 35: 500-505
120. Philips DI, Barker DJ. Association between low birthweight and high resting pulse in adult life: Is the sympathetic nervous system involved in programming the insulin resistance syndrome? Diabetic Med 1997; 14: 673-677
121. Barker DJ, Hales CN, Fall CHD, Osmond C, Phipps K, Clark PMS. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): Relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 62-67
122. Dominic J, Withers, Gutierrez JS, Towery H, Burks DJ, Ren JM, Previs S, Zhang Y, Bernal D, Pons S, Shulman GI, Weir SB, White MF. Disruption of ERS-2 causes type 2 diabetes in mice. Nature 1998; 391: 900-904
123. Mitchell BD, Kammerer CM, Mahaney MC, Blangero J, Comuzzie AG, Atwood LD, Haffner SM, Stern MP, MacCluer JW. Genetic analysis of the IRS: Pleiotropic effects of genes influencing insulin levels on lipoprotein and obesity measures. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16: 281-288
124. Widen E, Lehto M, Kanninen T, Walston J, Shuldiner AR, Groop LC. Association of a polymorphism in the beta 3-adrenergic-receptor gene with features of the insulin resistance syndrome in Finns. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 6: 348-351
125. Ikegami H, Yamato E, Fujisawa T, Hamada Y, Fujioka Y, Rakugi H, Higaki J, Murakami H, Shimamoto K, Ogihara T. Analysis of candidate genes for insulin resistance in essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 1996; (Suppl I): S 31-34
126. Krotkiewski M, Mandroukas K, Sjostrom L, Sullivan L, Wetterqvist H, Bjorntorp P. Effects of long-term physical training on body fat, metabolism and blood pressure in obesity. Metabolism 1979; 28: 650-658
127. Storlien LH, Kraegen EW, Chisholm DJ, Ford GL, Bruce DG, Pascoe WS. Fish oil prevents insulin resistance induced by high fat feeding in rats. Science 1987; 237: 885-888
128. Storlien LH, Chisholm DJ, Pascoe WS, Khouri S, Kraegen EW. Influence of dietary fat composition on development of insulin resistance in rats. Diabetes 1991; 40: 280-289
129. Storlien LH, Kriketos AD, Calvert GD, Baur LA, Jenkins AB. Fatty acids triglycerides and syndromes of insulin resistance. Prostaglandins Leuko Essent Fatty Acids 1997; 57: 379-385
130. Ghaffoorunissa. Fats in Indian diets and their nutritional and health implications. Lipids 1996; (Suppl): S287-291
131. Torjesen PA, Birkeland KI, Anderssen SA, Hjermann I, Holme I, Urdal P. Lifestyle changes may reverse development of the insulin resistance syndrome: The Oslo Diet and Exercise Study: A randomized trial. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 26-31
132. Enas A Enas, Yusuf S, Sharma S. Coronary artery disease in South Asians. Indian Heart J 1998; 50: 105-113
133. Harano Y, Suzuki M, Shinozaki K, Kara Y, Ryomoto K, Kanazawa A, Nishioheda Y, Tsushima M. Clinical impact of insulin resistance syndrome in cardiovascular diseases and its therapeutic approach. Hypertens Res 1996; 19(Suppl 1): S 81-85
134. Duhault J, Lacour F, Boulanger M, Zuana OD, Ravel D, Wierzbicki M, Espinal J. S15261, a new compound for the treatment of the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 969-975