Functional and structural complexity of signal transduction via G- protein-coupled receptors

Annual Review of Neuroscience

Volumn 20, Issue , 1997, Pages 399-427

  Gudermann, Thomas ^a   Schöneberg, Torsten ^a   Schultz, Günter ^a  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

heptahelical receptors; receptor conformation; receptor folding and assembly; receptor G protein interaction

Indexed keywords

CELL RECEPTOR; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN;

HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ASSEMBLY; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN FOLDING; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; RECEPTOR AFFINITY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; GTP-BINDING PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, SENSORY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0031050888     PISSN: 0147006X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.399     Document Type: Review

References (181)

1. Albrandt K, Brady EMG, Moore CX, Mull E, Sierzega ME, Beaumont K. 1995. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a third isoform of the human calcitonin receptor and partial characterization of the calcitonin receptor gene. Endocrinology 136:5377-84
2. q/11. J. Biol. Chem. 269:13733-35
3. Arora KK, Cheng Z, Catt KJ. 1996. Dependence of agonist activation on an aromatic moiety in the DPLIY motif of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 10:979-86
4. 318 mutations on signal transduction by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor and receptor regulation. Endocrinology 137:655-62
5. Baldwin JM. 1993. The probable arrangement of the helices in G protein-coupled receptors. EMBO J. 12:1693-703
6. Baldwin JM. 1994. Structure and function of receptors coupled to G proteins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6:180-90
7. sα. Cell 68:911-22
8. i subfamily of G protein α subunits. Cell 86:445-52
9. q/11, its physiologic regulator. Cell 70:411-18
10. q and m1 muscarinic receptor. Steady-state balance of receptor-mediated activation and GTPase-activating protein-promoted deactivation. J. Biol. Chem. 271:7999-8007
11. Birnbaumer L. 1992. Receptor-to-effector signaling through G proteins: roles for βγ dimers as well as α subunits. Cell 71:1069-72
12. Birnbaumer L, Abramowitz J, Brown AM. 1990. Receptor-effector coupling by G proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1031:163-224
13. Birnbaumer L, Birnbaumer M. 1995. Signal transduction by G proteins: 1994 edition. J. Rec. Signal Transduct. Res. 15:213-52
14. Birnbaumer M. 1995. Mutations and diseases of G protein coupled receptors. J. Rec. Signal Transduct. Res. 151:131-60
15. s/adenylyl cyclase system. Mol. Endocrinol. 8:886-94
16. q/11 by the m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270:17741-48
17. Bourne HR, Nicoll R. 1993. Molecular machines integrate coincident synaptic signals. Cell 72:65-75
18. 13 stimulate Rho-dependent stress fiber formation and focal adhesion assembly. J. Biol. Chem. 270:24631-34
19. 2 by G protein βγ subunits. Nature 60:684-86
20. Cerione RA, Staniszewski C, Benovic JL, Lefkowitz RJ, Caron M, et al. 1985. Specificity of the functional interactions of the β-adrenergic receptor and rhodopsin with guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 260:1493-500
21. Clapham DE, Neer EJ. 1993. New roles for G protein βγ-dimers in transmembrane signalling. Nature 365:403-6
22. iα1 and the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis. Science 265:1405-12
23. 2-terminal kinase through the small G proteins Ras and Rac. J. Biol. Chem. 271:17349-53
24. Conklin B, Bourne HR. 1993. Structural elements of Gα subunits that interact with Gβγ, receptors, and effectors. Cell 73:631-41
25. iα. Nature 363:274-76
26. Coso OA, Chiariello M, Yu J-C, Teramoto H, Crespo P, et al. 1995. The small GTP-binding proteins Rac1 and Cdc42 regulate the activity of the JNK/SAPK signaling pathway. Cell 81:1137-46
27. Coso OA, Teramoto H, Simonds WF, Gutkind JS. 1996. Signaling from G protein-coupled receptors to c-Jun kinase involves βγ subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins acting on a Ras and Rac1-dependent pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 271:3963-66
28. Daub H, Weiss FU, Wallasch C, Ullrich A. 1996. Role of transactivation of the EGF receptor in signaling by G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature 379:557-60
29. 102 of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor is a critical determinant of potency for agonists containing C-terminal glycinamide. J. Biol. Chem. 271:15510-14
30. 12 class of G proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 269:11802-6
31. Dippel E, Kalkbrenner F, Wittig B, Schultz G. 1996. A heterotrimeric G-protein complex couples the muscarinic m1 receptor to phospholipase C-β. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1391-96
32. Dohlman HG, Thorner J, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ. 1991. Model systems for the study of seven-transmembrane-segment receptors. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60:653-88
33. Donnelly D, Findlay JBC, Blundell TL. 1994. The evolution and structure of aminergic G protein-coupled receptors. Recept. Channels 2:61-78
34. Dym M, Lamsam-Casalotti S, Jia MC, Kleinman HK, Papadopoulos V. 1991. Basement membrane increases G-protein levels and follicle-stimulating hormone responsiveness of sertoli cell adenylyl cyclase activity. Endocrinology 128:1167-76
35. i coupling. J. Biol. Chem. 270:24753-60
36. i coupling domains. J. Biol. Chem. 271:12826-32
37. Elling CE, Nielsen SM, Schwartz TW. 1995. Conversion of antagonist-binding site to metal-ion site in the tachykinin NK-1 receptor. Nature 374:74-77
38. Ernst OP, Hofmann KP, Sakmar TP. 1995. Characterization of rhodopsin mutants that bind transducin but fail to induce GTP nucleotide uptake. Classification of mutant pigments by fluorescence, nucleotide release, and flash-induced light-scattering assays. J. Biol. Chem. 270:10580-86
39. Fawzi AB, Fay DS, Murphy EA, Tamir H, Erdos JJ, Northup JK. 1991. Rhodopsin and the retinal G-protein distinguish among G-protein βγ subunit forms. J. Biol. Chem. 266:12194-200
40. 2 dopamine receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270:29819-24
41. Fülle HJ, Vassar R, Foster DC, Yang RB, Axel R, Garbers DL. 1995. A receptor guanylyl cyclase expressed specifically in olfactory sensory neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:3571-75
42. Garriga P, Liu X, Khorana HG. 1996. Structure and function in rhodopsin: correct folding and misfolding in point mutants at and in proximity to the site of the retinitis pigmentosa mutation Leu-125 → Arg in the transmembrane helix C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:4560-64
43. Garritsen A, Simonds WF. 1994. Multiple domains of G protein β confer subunit specificity in βγ interaction. J. Biol. Chem. 269:24418-23
44. 4 receptor: molecular cloning and pharmacological characterization of two splice variants. EMBO J. 14:2806-15
45. Gomeza J, Joly C, Kuhn R, Knöpfel T, Bockaert J, Pin J-P. 1996. The second intracellular loop of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 cooperates with the other intracellular domains to control coupling to G-proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 271:2199-205
46. 3-adrenergic receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 48:492-98
47. Gudermann T, Kalkbrenner F, Schultz G. 1996. Diversity and selectivity of receptor-G protein interaction. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 36:429-59
48. Gudermann T, Nürnberg B, Schultz G. 1995. Receptors and G proteins as primary components of transmembrane signal transduction. 1. G-protein-coupled receptors: structure and function. J. Mol. Med. 73:51-63
49. Hamm HE, Deretic D, Arendt A, Hargrave PA, Koenig B, Hofmann KP. 1988. Site of G protein binding to rhodopsin mapped with synthetic peptides from the α subunit. Science 241:832-35
50. Han B, Tashjian AH Jr. 1995a. Importance of extracellular domains for ligand binding in the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 9:1708-19
51. Han B, Tashjian AH Jr. 1995b. Identification of Asn289 as a ligand binding site in the rat thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor as determined by complementary modifications in the ligand and receptor: A new model for TRH binding. Biochemistry 34:13412-22
52. 12 G-protein subfamily. Biochem. J. In press
53. Hawes BE, Luttrell LM, Exum ST, Lefkowitz RJ. 1994. Inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor signaling by expression of cytoplasmic domains of the receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 269:15776-85
54. 2-adrenergic receptor transmembrane domain inhibits both receptor dimerization and activation. J. Biol. Chem. 271:16384-92
55. Helms JB. 1995. Role of heterotrimeric GTP binding proteins in vesicular protein transport: indications for both classical and alternative G protein cycles. FEBS Lett. 369:84-88
56. Hepler JR, Gilman AG. 1992. G proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 17:383-87
57. i proteins in dual coupling of the luteinizing hormone receptor to adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C. J. Biol. Chem. 271:16764-72
58. Higashijima T, Ross EM. 1991. Mapping of the mastoparan-binding site on G proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 266:12655-61
59. Hill CS, Wynne J, Treisman R. 1995. The Rho family GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and CDC42Hs regulate transcriptional activation by SRF. Cell 81:1159-70
60. Hofmann KP, Heck M. 1996. Light-induced protein-protein interactions on the rod photoreceptor disc membrane. In Biomembranes II, ed. AG Lee. Greenwich, CT: JAI. In press
61. 5 in the transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 48:392-400
62. Huang KS, Baylay H, Liao MJ, London E, Khorana HG. 1981. Refolding of an integral membrane protein. J. Biol. Chem. 256:3802-9
63. i GTPase activity. Nature 383:175-77
64. Iismaa TP, Biden TJ, Shine J, eds. 1995. G Protein-Coupled Receptors. New York: Springer. 180 pp.
65. βγ interactions with PH domains and Ras-MAPK signaling pathways. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:151-56
66. Iyengar R. 1996. Gating by cyclic AMP: expanded role for an old signaling pathway. Science 271:461-63
67. Jahangeer S, Rodbell M. 1993. The disaggregation theory of signal transduction revisited: further evidence that G proteins are multimeric and disaggregate to monomers when activated. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8782-86
68. Jähnig F. 1983. Thermodynamics and kinetics of protein incorporation into membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:3691-95
69. Kahn TW, Engelman DM. 1992. Bacteriorhodopsin can be refolded from two independently stable transmembrane helices and the complementary five-helix fragment. Biochemistry 31:6144-51
70. 1 subunit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:1998-2002
71. 2A-adrenergic receptor on the basolateral membrane of madin-darby canine kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:16425-33
72. 2A-adrenergic receptor is targeted directly to the basolateral membrane domain of madin-darby canine kidney cells independent of coupling to pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 268:11340-47
73. Kehlenbach RH, Matthey J, Huttner WB. 1995. Xlαs is a new type of G protein. Nature 372:804-9
74. Kelleher DJ, Johnson GL. 1988. Transducin inhibition of light-dependent rhodopsin phosphorylation: evidence for βγ subunit interaction with rhodopsin. Mol. Pharmacol. 34:452-60
75. Khorana HG. 1992. Rhodopsin, photoreceptor of the rod cell. An emerging pattern for structure and function. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1-4
76. Kisselev O, Ermolaeva MV, Gautam N. 1994. A farnesylated domain in the G protein γ subunit is a specific determinant of receptor coupling. J. Biol. Chem. 269:21399-402
77. Kisselev O, Gautam N, 1993. Specific interaction with rhodopsin is dependent on the γ subunit type in a G protein. J. Biol. Chem. 268:24519-22
78. Kisselev O, Pronin A, Ermolaeva M, Gautam N. 1995. Receptor-G protein coupling is established by a potential conformational switch in the βγ complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:9102-6
79. Kleuss C, Scherübl H, Hescheler J, Schultz G, Wittig B. 1993. Selectivity in signal transduction determined by γ subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. Science 259:832-34
80. Knaus UG, Morris S, Dong H-J, Chernoff J, Bokoch GM. 1995. Regulation of human leukocyte p21-activated kinases through G protein-coupled receptors. Science 269:221-23
81. Kobilka BK, Kobilka TS, Daniel K, Regan JW, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ. 1988. Chimeric α2-, β2-adrenergic receptors: delineation of domains involved in effector coupling and ligand binding specificity. Science 240:1310-16
82. Kosugi S, Mori T. 1995. TSH receptor and LH receptor, 1995. Endocrinol J. 42:587-606
83. Kosugi S, Okajima F, Ban T, Hidaka A, Shenker A, Kohn LD. 1992. Mutation of alanine 623 in the third cytoplasmic loop of the rat thyrotropin (TSH) receptor results in a loss in the phosphoinositide but not cAMP signal induced by TSH and receptor autoantibodies. J. Biol. Chem. 267:24153-56
84. 2 histamine receptor to phospholipase C. Mol. Endocrinol. In press
85. Kuang Y, Wu Y, Jiang H, Wu D. 1996. Selective G protein coupling by C-C chemokine receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 271:3975-78
86. Lambright DG, Noel JP, Hamm HE, Sigler PB. 1994. Structural determinants for activation of a heterotrimeric G protein. Nature 369:621-28
87. Lambright DG, Sondek J, Bohm A, Skiba NP, Hamm HE, Sigler PB. 1996. The 2.0 Åcrystal structure of a heterotrimeric G protein. Nature 379:311-19
88. Laugwitz K-L, Allgeier A, Offermanns S, Spicher K, Van Sande J, et al. 1996. The human thyrotropin receptor: a heptahelical receptor capable of stimulating members of all four G-protein families. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:116-20
89. Leberer E, Dignard D, Hougan L, Thomas DY, Whiteway M. 1992. Dominant-negative mutants of a yeast G-protein β subunit identify two functional regions involved in pheromone signaling. EMBO J. 11:4805-13
90. Liao MJ, London E, Khorana HG. 1983. Regeneration of the native bacteriorhodopsin structure from two chymotrypic fragments. J. Biol. Chem. 258:9949-55
91. αβγ binding surfaces support a model of the G protein-receptor complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7507-11
92. Linseman DA, Benjamin CW, Jones DA. 1995. Convergence of angiotensin II and platelet-derived growth factor signaling cascades in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:12563-68
93. Liu J, Blin N, Conklin BR, Wess J. 1996. Molecular mechanisms involved in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated G protein activation studied by insertion mutagenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 271:6172-78
94. Liu J, Conklin BR, Blin N, Yun J, Wess J. 1995a. Identification of a receptor/G-protein contact site critical for signaling specificity and G-protein activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:11642-46
95. Liu J, Schöneberg T, van Rhee M, Wess J. 1995b. Mutational analysis of the relative orientation of transmembrane helices I and VII in G protein-coupled receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 270:19532-39
96. Liu J, Wess J. 1996. Different single receptor domains determine the distinct protein coupling profiles of members of the vasopressin receptor family. J. Biol. Chem. 271:8772-78
97. Liu X, Garriga P, Khorana HG. 1996. Structure and function in rhodopsin: correct folding and misfolding in two point mutants in the intradiscal domain of rhodopsin identified in retinitis pigmentosa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:4554-59
98. Lohse MJ. 1993. Molecular mechanisms of membrane receptor desensitization. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1179:171-88
99. Lucas JJ, Hen R. 1995. New players in the 5-HT receptor field: genes and knockouts. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 16:246-52
100. Luttrell LM, Ostrowski J, Cotecchia S, Kendall H, Lefkowitz RJ. 1993. Antagonism of catecholamine receptor signaling by expression of cytoplasmic domains of the receptors. Science 259:1453-57
101. Machesky LM, Hall A. 1996. Rho: a connection between membrane receptor signalling and the cytoskeleton. Trends Cell Biol. 6:304-10
102. Maggio R, Vogel Z, Wess J. 1993a. Coexpression studies with mutant muscarinic/adrenergic receptors provide evidence for intermolecular 'cross-talk' between G-protein-linked receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3103-7
103. Maggio R, Vogel Z, Wess J. 1993b. Reconstitution of functional muscarinic receptors by coexpression of amino- and carboxyl-terminal receptor fragments. FEBS Lett. 319:195-200
104. 16 as a universal G protein adaptor: implications for agonist screening strategies. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 17:235-37
105. Minden A, Lin A, Claret F-X, Abo A, Karin M. 1995. Selective activation of the JNK signaling cascade and c-Jun transcriptional activity by the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42Hs. Cell 81:1147-57
106. iα1 induced by GTP hydrolysis. Science 270:954-60
107. Monnot C, Bihoreau C, Conchon S, Curnow KM, Corvol P, Clausner E. 1996. Polar residues in the transmembrane domains of the type I angiotensin II receptor are required for binding and coupling. Reconstitution of the binding site by co-expression of two deficient mutants. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1507-13
108. Moore EE, Kuestner RE, Stroop SD, Grant FJ, Matthewes SL, et al. 1995. Functionally different isoforms of the human calcitonin receptor result from alternative splicing of the gene transcript. Mol. Endocrinol. 9:959-68
109. 12, and its phosphorylation by protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 270:29469-75
110. Mouillac B, Chini B, Balestre M-N, Elands J, Trumpp-Kallmeyer S, et al. 1995. The binding site of neuropeptide vasopressin V1a receptor. Evidence for a major localization within transmembrane regions. J. Biol. Chem. 270:25771-77
111. Müller S, Hekman M, Lohse MJ. 1993. Specific enhancement of β-adrenergic receptor kinase activity by defined G-protein β and γ subunits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10439-43
112. Nakamura M, Sakanaka C, Aoki Y, Ogasawara H, Tsuji T, et al. 1995. Identification of two isoforms of mouse neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor generated by alternative splicing. Isolation, genomic structure, and functional expression of the receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 270:30102-10
113. Neer EJ. 1995. Heterotrimeric G proteins: organizers of transmembrane signals. Cell 80:249-57
114. Neer EJ, Schmidt CJ, Nambudripad R, Smith TF. 1994. The ancient regulatory-protein family of WD-repeat proteins. Nature 371:297-300
115. Neer EJ, Smith TF. 1996. G protein heterodimers: new structures propel new questions. Cell 84:175-78
116. Neubig RR. 1994. Membrane organization in G-protein mechanisms. FASEB J. 8:939-46
117. Noel JP, Hamm HE, Sigler PB. 1993. The 2.2 Å crystal structure of transducin-α complexed with GTPγS. Nature 366:654-63
118. Nürnberg B, Ahnert-Hilger G. 1996. Potential roles of heterotrimeric G proteins of the endomembrane system. FEBS Lett. 389:61-65
119. Nürnberg B, Gudermann T, Schultz G. 1995. Receptors and G proteins as primary components of transmembrane signal transduction. Part 2. G proteins: structure and function. J. Mol. Med. 73:123-32, Correction: 73:379
120. Nussenzveig DR, Thaw CN, Gershengorn MC. 1994. Inhibition of inositol phosphate second messenger formation by intracellular loop one of a human calcitonin receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 269:28123-29
121. αq family members couple PTH/PTHrP and calcitonin receptors to phospholipase C in COS-7 cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 10:566-74
122. 2 and thrombin receptors in human platelets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:504-8
123. Offermanns S, Schultz G. 1994. Complex information processing by the transmembrane signaling system involving G proteins. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 350:329-38
124. α16 couple a wide variety of receptors to phospholipase C. J. Biol. Chem. 270:15175-80
125. q/11. Mol. Pharmacol. 45:890-98
126. 3 adenosine receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270:16895-902
127. Pan Y, Wilson P, Gitschier J. 1994. The effect of eight V2 vasopressin receptor mutations on stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and binding to vasopressin. J. Biol. Chem. 269:31933-37
128. Parma J, Dupret L, Van Sande J, Paschke R, Tonacchera M, et al. 1994. Constitutively active receptors as a disease-causing mechanism. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 100:159-62
129. Perlman JH, Laakkonen LJ, Guarnieri F, Osman R, Gershengorn MC. 1996. A refined model of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor binding pocket. Experimental analysis and energy minimization of the complex between TRH and TRH receptor. Biochemistry 35:7643-50
130. Phillips WJ, Cerione RA. 1992. Rhodopsin/transducin interactions. I. Characterization of the binding of the transducin-βγ subunit complex to rhodopsin using fluorescence spectroscopy. J. Biol. Chem. 267:17032-39
131. Pisegna JR, Wank SA. 1996. Cloning and characterization of the signal transduction of four splice variants of the human pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptor. Evidence for dual coupling to adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C. J. Biol. Chem. 271:17267-74
132. Popot JL, Engelman DM. 1990. Membrane protein folding and oligomerization: the two-stage model. Biochemistry 29:4031-37
133. Popot JL, Gerchman SE, Engelman DM. 1987. Refolding of bacteriorhodopsin in lipid bilayers. A thermodynamically controlled two-stage process. J. Mol. Biol. 198:655-76
134. αs that interact with tubulin for β-adrenergic activation of adenylyl cyclase. J. Biol. Chem. 269:21748-54
135. Pronin AN, Gautam N. 1992. Interaction between G protein β and γ subunit types is selective. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6220-24
136. Rao GN, Delafontaine P, Runge MS. 1995. Thrombin stimulates phosphorylation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1, and phospholipase C-γ1 in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:27871-75
137. 11 subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 270:21765-71
138. Ridge KD, Lee SSJ, Yao LL. 1995. In vivo assembly of rhodopsin from expressed polypeptide fragments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:3204-8
139. Ridge KD, Lee SSJ, Abdulaev NG. 1996. Examining rhodopsin folding and assembly through expression of polypeptide fragments. J. Biol. Chem. 271:7860-67
140. Ross EM. 1995. G protein GTPase-activating proteins: regulation of speed, amplitude, and signaling selectivity. Rec. Progr. Horm. Res. 50:207-21
141. Sargiacomo M, Sudol M, Tang ZL, Lisanti MP. 1993. Signal transducing molecules and glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked proteins form a caveolin-rich insoluble complex in MDCK cells. J. Cell. Biol. 122:789-807
142. 1 adenosine receptors achieve basolateral localization. J. Biol. Chem. 271:995-1002
143. Schmidt CJ, Thomas TC, Levine MA, Neer EJ. 1992. Specificity of G protein β and γ subunit interactions. J. Biol. Chem. 267:13807-10
144. Schöneberg T, Liu J, Wess J. 1995. Plasma membrane localization and functional rescue of truncated forms of a G protein-coupled receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270:18000-6
145. Schöneberg T, Yun J, Wenkert D, Wess J. 1996. Functional rescue of mutant V2 vasopressin receptors causing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by a co-expressed receptor polypeptide. EMBO J. 15:1283-91
146. Schwartz TW, Rosenkilde MM. 1996. Is there a 'lock' for all agonist 'keys' in 7TM receptors? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 17:213-16
147. 2A receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270:16683-88
148. Siderovski DP, Hessel A, Chung S, Mak TW, Tyers M. 1996. A new family of regulators of G-protein-coupled receptors? Curr. Biol. 6:211-12
149. Simon MI, Strathmann MP, Gautam N. 1991. Diversity of G proteins in signal transduction. Science 252:802-8
150. A protein βγ dimer at 2.1 Å resolution. Nature 379:369-74
151. -. Nature 372:276-79
152. Spengler D, Waeber C, Pantaloni C, Holsboer F, Bockaert J, et al. 1993. Differential signal transduction by five splice variants of the PACAP receptor. Nature 365:170-75
153. Strader CD, Pong TM, Tota MR, Underwood D, Dixon RAF. 1994. Structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors. Anna. Rev. Biochem. 63:101-32
154. o is a major growth cone protein subject to regulation by GAP-43. Nature 344:833-41
155. Sung CH, Davenport CM, Nathans J. 1993. Rhodopsin mutations responsible for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa: clustering of functional classes along the polypeptide chain. J. Biol. Chem. 268:26645-49
156. Suryanarayana S, von Zastrow M, Kobilka BK. 1992. Identification of intramolecular interactions in adrenergic receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 267:21991-94
157. iα. Science 261:218-21
158. 2 adrenergic receptor third intracellular loop peptide to Gβ and the amino terminus of Gα. J. Biol. Chem. 269:27618-24
159. Taylor JM, Neubig RR. 1994. Peptidesas probes for G protein signal transduction. Cell. Signal. 6:841-49
160. Thirstrup K, Elling CE, Hjorth SA, Schwartz TW. 1996. Construction of a high affinity zinc switch in the κ -opioid receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 271:7875-78
161. Thomas PJ, Qu B-H, Pedersen PL. 1995. Defective protein folding as a basis of human disease. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:456-59
162. Trumpp-Kallmeyer S, Hoflach J, Bruinvels A, Hibert M. 1992. Modeling of G-protein-coupled receptors: application to dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin, acetylcholine, and mammalian opsin receptors. J. Med. Chem. 35:3448-62
163. Unson CG, Cypress AM, Kim HN, Goldsmith PK, Carruthers CJL, et al. 1995. Characterization of deletion and truncation mutants of the rat glucagon receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270:27720-27
164. van Biesen T, Hawes BE, Luttrell DK, Krueger KM, Touhara K, et al. 1995. Receptor-tyrosine-kinase- and Gβγ-mediated MAP kinase activation by a common signalling pathway. Nature 376:781-84
165. Vernier P, Cardinaud B, Valdenaire O, Philippe H, Vincent J-D. 1995. An evolutionary view of drug-receptor interaction: the bioamine receptor family. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 16:375-81
166. Vu Hai-Luu Thi MT, Misrahi M, Houllier A, Jolivet A, Milgrom E. 1992. Variant forms of the pig lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor. Biochemistry 31:8377-83
167. iα1β1γ2. Cell 83:1047-58
168. q coupling by the use of receptor chimeras. J. Biol. Chem. 270:16677-82
169. Watson N, Linder ME, Druey KM, Kehrl JH, Blumer KJ. 1996. RGS family members: GTPase-activating proteins for heterotrimeric G-protein α-subunits. Nature 383:172-75
170. Watson AJ, Katz A, Simon MI. 1994. A fifth member of the mammalian G protein β-subunit family. J. Biol. Chem. 269:22150-56
171. Wess J, ed. 1995. Molecular Mechanisms of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function. New York: Springer. 272 pp.
172. s in response to muscarinic agonists. J. Biol. Chem. 265:6219-24
173. Wong SK-F, Ross EM. 1994. Chimeric muscarinic cholinergic:β-adrenergic receptors that are functionally promiscuous among G proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 269:18969-76
174. Wozniak M, Limbird LE. 1996. The three α2-adrenergic receptor subtypes achieve basolateral localization in Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells via different targeting mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 271:5017-24
175. 2-adrenergic receptor to hematopoietic-specific G proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 270:16008-10
176. 2-adrenoceptor to a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein in cardiac myocytes. Mol. Pharmacol. 47:322-29
177. Yan K, Gautam N. 1996. A domain on the G protein β subunit interacts with both adenylyl cyclase 2 and the muscarinic atrial potassium channel. J. Biol. Chem. 271:17597-600
178. Yan K, Kalyanaraman V, Gautam N. 1996. Differential ability to form G protein βγ complex among members of the β and γ subunit families. J. Biol. Chem. 271:7141-46
179. Yang RB, Foster DC, Garbers DL, Fülle HJ. 1995. Two membrane forms of guanylyl cyclase found in the eye. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:602-6
180. Yasuda H, Lindorfer MA, Woodfork KA, Fletcher JE, Garrison JC. 1996. Role of the prenyl group on the G protein y subunit in coupling trimeric G proteins to A1 adenosine receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 271:18588-95
181. Zhou W, Flanagan C, Ballesteros JA, Konvicka K, Davidson JS, et al. 1994. A reciprocal mutation supports helix 2 and helix 7 proximity in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 45:165-70