Recent advances in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prevention

Immunological Reviews

Volumn 157, Issue , 1997, Pages 79-109

  Blazar, Bruce R ^a   Korngold, Robert ^b   Vallera, Daniel A ^a  

^a UNIV OF MINNESOTA HOSP AND CLINIC   (United States)

^b THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN F(AB')2 FRAGMENT; IMMUNOTOXIN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 1; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 2; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; RAPAMYCIN; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR; TACROLIMUS;

CELLULAR IMMUNITY; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HELPER CELL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION;

ANIMALS; GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; IMMUNOTHERAPY;

EID: 0030762736     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1997.tb00976.x     Document Type: Review

References (314)

1. Vallera DA, Blazar BR. T cell depletion for graft-versus-host-disease prophylaxis: a perspective on engraftment in mice and humans. Transplantation 1989;47:751-760.
2. Martin PJ, Kernan NA. T-cell depletion for GVHD prevention in humans. In: Ferrara JLM, Deeg HJ, Burakoff SJ, eds. Graft-vs-host disease. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 1997. p.618-637.
3. Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of a predefined specificity. Nature 1975;256:495-497.
4. Hale G, Waldmann H. Recent results using CAMPATH-1 antibodies to control GVHD and graft rejection. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996;17:305-308.
5. O'Reilly RJ, et al. Transplantation of marrow-depleted T cells by soybean lectin agglutination and E-rosette depletion: major histocompatibility complex-related graft resistance in leukemic transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 1985;17:455-459.
6. Antin JH, et al. Depletion of bone marrow T-lymphocytes with an anti-CD5 monoclonal immunotoxin (ST-1 immunotoxin): effective prophylaxis for graft-versus-host disease. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990;333:207-215.
7. Filipovich AH, et al. Graft-versus-host disease prevention in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from histocompatible siblings: a pilot study using immunotoxins for T-cell depletion of donor bone marrow. Transplantation 1987;44:62-69.
8. Gratama JW, Jansen J, Lipovich RA, Tanke HJ, Goldstein G, Zwaan FE. Treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease with monoclonal antibodies OKT3. Transplantation 1984;38:469-474.
9. Martin PJ, et al. Treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies. Am J Kidney Dis 1988;11:149-152.
10. Hiruma K, Hirsch R, Patchen M, Bluestone JA, Gress RE. Effects of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody on engraftment of T-cell depleted bone marrow allografts in mice: host T-cell suppression, growth factors, and space. Blood 1992;79:3050-3058.
11. Blazar BR, Taylor PA, Vallera DA. In vivo or in vitro anti-CD3 chain monoclonal antibody therapy for the prevention of lethal murine GVHD across the major histocompatibility barrier in mice. J Immunol 1994;152:3665-3674.
12. Jenkins MK, Chen CA, Jung G, Mueller DL, Schwartz RH. Inhibition of antigen specific proliferation type 1 murine T cell clones after stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. J Immunol 1990;144:16-22.
13. Anasetti C, Tan P, Hansen JA, Martin PJ. Induction of specific nonresponsiveness in unprimed human T cells by anti-CD3 antibody and alloantigen. J Exp Med 1990;172:1691-1700.
14. Blazar BR, Taylor PA, Snover DC, Bluestone JA, Vallera DA. Non-mitogenic anti-CD3F (ab') 2 fragments inhibit lethal murine GVHD induced across the major histocompatibility barrier. J Immunol 1993;150:265-277.
15. Johnson BD, McCabe C, Hanke CA, Truitt RL. Use of anti-CD3 epsilon F(ab')2 fragments in vivo to modulate graft-versus-host disease without loss of graft-versus-leukemia reactivity after MHC-matched bone marrow transplantation. J Immunol 1995;154:5542-5554.
16. Anasetti C, et al. Treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease with nonmitogenic anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. Transplantation 1992;54:844-851.
17. Clement LT, Tilden AB, Dunlap NE. Analyses of the monocyte Fc receptors and antibody-mediated cellular interactions required for the induction of T-cell proliferation by anti-T3 antibodies. J Immunol 1985;135:165-171.
18. Alegre ML, et al. Cytokine release syndrome induced by the 145-2C11 anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in mice: prevention by high doses of methylprednisolone. J Immunol 1991;146:1185-1191.
19. Vallera DA, Taylor PA, Vannice J, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Blazar BR. Blocking of IL-1 and TNF in GVHD generated across minor or major histocompatibility barriers. Transplantation 1995;60:1371-1374.
20. Herve' P, et al. Phase I-II trial of a monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor a antibody for the treatment of refractory severe acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood 1992;79:3362-3368.
21. Moller A, Ernling F, Blohm D, Schlick E, Schollmeier K. Monoclonal antibodies to human tumor necrosis factor alpha: in vitro and in vivo application. Cytokine 1990;2:162-169.
22. Herve P, et al. Treatment of corticosteroid resistant acute graft-versus-host disease by in vivo administration of anti-interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody (B-B10). Blood 1990;76:2639-2640.
23. Anasetti C, et al. A phase I-II study evaluating the murine anti-IL-2 receptor antibody 2A3 for treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease. Transplantation 1990;50:49-54.
24. Blaise D, et al. Prevention of acute GVHD by in vivo use of anti-interleukin-receptor monoclonal antibody (33B31.1): a feasibility trial in 15 patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1991;8:105-111.
25. Anasetti C, et al. Treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease with humanized anti-tac: an antibody that binds to the interleukin-2 receptor. Blood 1994;84:1320-1327.
26. Martin PJ, et al. A retrospective analysis of therapy for acute graft-versus-host disease: secondary treatment. Blood 1991;:77:1821-1828.
27. 486IL-2) in hematologic malignancies expressing the IL-2 receptor. Blood 1992;79:2547-2554.
28. Vallera DA. Immunotoxins: will their clinical promise be fulfilled? Blood 1994;83:309-317.
29. Olnes S, Pihl A. Albrin, ricin and their associated lectins. In: Cuatrcasas P, ed. Receptors and recognition, Series B. The specificity and action and animal, bacterial, and plant toxins. London: Chapman and Hall; 1972. p.129-173.
30. Royston I, Majda JA, Baird SM, Meserve BL, Griffiths JC. Human T cell antigens defined by monoclonal antibodies: the 65 000-dalton antigen of T cells (T65) is also found on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells bearing surface immunoglobulin. J Immunol 1980;125:725-731.
31. Derocq JM, et al. Rationale for the selection of ricin A-chain anti-T immunotoxins for mature T-cell depletion. Transplantation 1987;44:763-769.
32. Manske JM, Buchsbaum DJ, Azemove SM, Hanna DE, Vallera DA. Antigenetic modulation by anti-CD5 immunotoxins. J Immunol 1986;136:4721-4728.
33. Przepiorka D, et al. Evaluation of anti-CD5 ricin A chain immunoconjugate for prevention of acute graft-vs-host disease after HLA-identical marrow transplantation. Ther Immunol 1994;1:77-82.
34. 2-ricin toxin A chain immunotoxin. Blood 1995;86:4367-4375.
35. Martin PJ, et al. Evaluation of a CD5-specific immunotoxin for treatment of acute graft-versus-host-disease after allogenic marrow transplantation. Blood 1996;88:824-883.
36. Filipovich AH, et al. T-cell depletion with anti-CD5 immunotoxin in histocompatible bone marrow transplantation. The correlation between residual CD5 negative T cells and subsequent GVHD. Transplantation 1990;50:410-415.
37. Martin PJ, Hansen JA, Torok-Storb B, Moretti L, Press O. Effects of treating marrow with a CD3-specific immunotoxin for prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 1989;3:437-444.
38. Blazar BR, Hirsch R, Gress RE, Carroll SF, Vallera DA. In vivo administration of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies or immunotoxins in murine recipients of allogeneic T-cell depleted marrow for the promotion of engraftment. J Immunol 1991;147:1492-1503.
39. Abramowicz D, et al. Release of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-2, and gamma-interferon in serum after injection of OKT3 monoclonal antibody in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 1989;47:606-608.
40. Hirsch R, Gress RE, Pluznik DH, Eckhaus M, Bluestone JA. Effects of in vivo administration of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody on T-cell function in mice. In vivo activation of T cells. J Immunol 1989;142:737-743.
41. 390-anti-CD3sFv, a single chain Fv fusion immunotoxin specifically targeting the CD3 epsilon moiety of the T-cell receptor. Blood 1996;88:2342-2353.
42. Nicholls PJ, Youle RJ. Structure of diphtheria toxin as a guide to rational design. Genetically engineered toxins. In: Frankel AE, ed. Genetically engineered toxins. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1992.p.339-356.
43. 389IL2 is well-tolerated at doses inducing responses in IL-2 receptor expressing lymphomas. Blood 1993;82:137 (Abstract).
44. Leo O, Foo M, Sachs DH, Samelson LE, Bluestone JA. Identification of monoclonal antibody specific for a murine T3 polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:1374-1378.
45. Jost CR, Kurucz I, Jacobus CM, Titus JA, George AJT, Segal DM. Mammalian expression and secretion of functional single-chain Fv molecules. Exp Immunol 1994;269:26267-26273.
46. Siegall CB, et al. Cytotoxicity of chimeric (human-murine) monoclonal antibody BR96 IgG, F(ab')2, and Fab' conjugated to Pseudomonas exotoxin. Bioconjug Chem 1992;3:302-307.
47. Faguet GB, Agee JF. Four ricin chain A-based immunotoxins directed against the common chronic lymphocytic leukemia antigen: in vitro characterization. Blood 1993;82:536-543.
48. Kohn FR, Fishwild DM, Bernhard SL, Better M, Kung AH. Efficacy of anti-CD5 F(ab')2 and Fab' immunoconjugates in human peripheral blood lymphocyte-reconstituted severe combined immunodeficient mice. Int J Immunopharmacol 1993;15:871-878.
49. Reiter Y, Pastan I. Antibody engineering of recombinant Fv immunotoxins for improved targeting of cancer. Disulfide-stabilized Fv immunotoxins. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:245-252.
50. Reiter Y, Brinkmann U, Lee B, Pastan I. Engineering antibody Fv fragments for cancer detection and therapy: disulfide-stabilized Fv fragments. Nature Biotech 1996;14:1239-1245.
51. Tanaka T, Ohtsuka Y, Yagita H, Shiratori Y, Omata M, Okumura K. The involvement of alpha 1 and alpha 4 integrins in gut mucosal injury of graft-versus-host disease. Int Immunol 1995;7:1183-1189.
52. Schegel PG, Vaysburd M, Chen Y, Butcher EC, Chao NJ. Inhibition of T-cell costimulation by VCAM-1 prevents murine graft-versus-host disease across minor histocompatibility barriers. J Immunol 1995;155:3856-3865.
53. Hayashishita N. Expression of adhesion molecules in hepatic graft-versus-host disease. Science 1994;69:627-637.
54. Norton J, al-Saffar N, Sloane JP. Adhesion molecule expression in human hepatic graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 1992;10:153-156.
55. Schiltz PM, Giorno RC, Claman HN. Increased ICAM-1 expression in the early stages of murine chronic graft-versus-host disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994;71: 136-141.
56. Blazar BR, Taylor PA, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Gray GS, Vallera DA. Co-blockade of the LFA1:ICAM and CD28/CTLA4:B7 pathways is a highly effective means of preventing acute lethal graft-versus-host disease induced by fully major histocompatibility complex-disparate donor grafts. Blood 1995;85:2607-2618.
57. Cavazzana-Calvo M, et al. A phase II trial of partially incompatible bone marrow transplantation for high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: prevention of graft rejection with anti-LFA-1 and anti-CD2 antibodies. Société Française de Greffe de Moelle Osseuse. Br J Immunol 1996;93:131-138.
58. Bell GM, Imboden JB. CD2 and the regulation of T-cell anergy. J Immunol 1995;155:2805-2807.
59. Guckel B, Berek C, Lutz M, Altevogt P, Schirrmacher V, Kyewski BA. Anti-CD2 antibodies induce T-cell unresponsiveness in vivo. J Exp Med 1991;174:957-967.
60. Kato K, et al. CD48 is a counter-receptor for mouse CDZ and is involved in T-cell activation. J Exp Med 1992;176:1241-1249.
61. Gollob JA, Li J, Reinherz EL, Ritz J. CD2 regulates responsiveness of activated T cells to interleukin-12. J Exp Med 1995;182:721-731.
62. Boussiotis VA, Freeman GJ, Griffin JD, Gray GS, Gribben JG, Nadler LM. CD2 is involved in maintenance and reversal of human alloantigen specific clonal anergy. J Exp Med 1994;180:1665-1673.
63. Bromberg JS, et al. Anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies alter cell-mediated immunity in vivo. Transplantation 1991;51:219-225.
64. Qin L, Chavin KD, Lin J, Yagita H, Bromberg JS. Anti-CD2 receptor and anti-CD2 ligand (CD48) antibodies synergize to prolong allograft survival. J Exp Med 1994;179:341-346.
65. Cabrero JG, Freeman GJ, Lane WS, Reiser H. Identification, by protein sequencing and gene transfection, of sgp-60 as the murine homologue of CD48. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:3418-3422.
66. + T cell mediated GVHD lethality but impairs allogeneic marrow engraftment. Blood 1996;88:297 (Abstract).
67. Kino T, et al. FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces. II. Immunosuppressive effect of FK-506 in vitro. J Antibiot 1987;40:1256-1265.
68. Crum Vander Woude A, Bierer BE. Immunosuppression and immunophilin ligands: cyclosporin A, FK506, and rapamycin. In: Ferrara JLM, Deeg HJ, Burakoff SJ, eds. Graft-vs-host disease. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 1997.p.111-149.
69. Blazar BR, Taylor PA, Fitzsimmons WE, Vallera DA. FK506 inhibits murine graft-versus-host disease and bone marrow graft rejection in murine recipients of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) disparate donor grafts by interfering with mature peripheral T-cell expansion post-transplantation. J Immunol 1994;153:1836-1846.
70. Sehgal S, Baker H, Vezina C. Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. II. Fermentation, isolation and characterization. J Antibiot 1975;28:727-732.
71. Metcalfe S, Milner J. Evidence that FK506 and rapamycin block T-cell activation at different sites relative to early reversible phosphorylation involving the protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. Transplantation 1990;51:1318-1320.
72. Dumont FJ, Staruch MJ, Koprak SL, Melino MR, Sigal NH. Distinct mechanisms of suppression of murine T-cell activation by the related macrolides FK506 and rapamycin. J Immunol 1990;144:251-258.
73. Bierer BE, et al. Two distinct signal transmission pathways in T lympohcytes are inhibited by complexes formed between an immunophilin and either FK506 or rapamycin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:9231-9235.
74. Bierer BE, Somers PK, Wandless TJ, Burakoff SJ, Schreiber SL. Probing immunosuppressant action with a nonnatural immunophilin ligand. Science 1990;250:556-559.
75. Kahan BD, Gibbons S, Tejpal N, Stepkowski SM, Chou TC. Synergistic interactions of cyclosporine and rapamycin to inhibit immune performances of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Transplantation 1991;51:232-239.
76. Morris RE. Prevention and treatment of allograft rejection in vivo by rapamycin: molecular and cellular mechanisms of action. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;685:68-72.
77. Ferraresso M, Ghobrial R, Stepkowski SM, Kahan BD. The mechanism of unresponsiveness to allografts induced by rapamycin and rapamycin/cyclosporine treatment in rats. Transplantation 1993;55:888-894.
78. Blazar BR, Taylor PA, Sehgal SN, Vallera DA. Rapamycin prolongs survival of murine recipients of fully allogeneic donor grafts when administered during the graft-versus-host disease process. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;685:73-85.
79. Blazar BR, Taylor PA, Snover DC, Sehgal SN, Vallera DA. Murine recipients of fully mismatched donor marrow are protected from lethal graft-versus-host disease by the in vivo administration of rapamycin but develop an autoimmune-like syndrome. J Immunol 1993;151:5726-5741.
80. Blazar BR, Taylor PA. Panaskoltsis-Mortari A, Sehgal S, Vallera DA. The in vivo inhibition of cytokine responsiveness and GVHD mortality by rapamycin leads to a clinical-pathological syndrome discrete from that observed with cyclosporin A. Blood 1996;87:4001-4009.
81. Ferraresso M, Tian L, Ghobrial R, Stepkowski SM, Kahan BD. Rapamycin inhibits production of cytotoxic but not noncytotoxic antibodies and preferentially activates T helper 2 cells that mediate long-term survival of heart allografts in rats. J Immunol 1994;153:3307-3318.
82. Blazar BR, Taylor PA, Sehgal SN, Vallera DA. Rapamycin, a potent inhibitor of T-cell function, prevents graft rejection in murine recipients of fully allogeneic T-cell depleted (TCD) donor marrow [published erratum appears in. Blood 1994;84:3434-3435]. Blood 1994;83:600-609.
83. Jenkins MK, Schwartz RH. Antigen presentation by chemically modified splenocytes induces antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 1987;165:302-319.
84. Gross JA, Callas E, Allison JP. Identification and distribution of the costimulatory receptor CD28 in the mouse. J Immunol 1992;149:380-388.
85. Linsley PS, Clark EA, Ledbetter JA. T-cell antigen CD28 mediates adhesion with B cells by interacting with activation antigen B7/BB-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:5031-5035.
86. Gimmi CD, et al. B-cell surface antigen B7 provides a costimulatory signal that induces T cells to proliferate and secrete interleukin 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:6575-6579.
87. Freeman GJ, et al. Structure, expression, and T-cell costimulatory activity of the murine homologue of the human B lymphocyte activation antigen B7. J Exp Med 1991;174:625-631.
88. Freeman GJ, et al. Murine B7-2, an alternative CTLA4 counter-receptor that costimulates T-cell proliferation and interleukin 2 production. J Exp Med 1993;178:2185-2192.
89. Hathcock KS, Laszlo G, Dickler HB, Bradshaw J, Linsley P, Hodes RJ. Identification of an alternative CTLA-4 ligand costimulatory for T cell activation. Science 1993;262:905-907
90. Lenschow DJ, et al. Expression and functional significance of an additional ligand for CTLA-4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90: 11054-11058.
91. Hathcock KS, Laszlo G, Pucillo C, Linsley P, Hodes RJ. Comparative analysis of B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory ligands: expression and function. J Exp Med 1994;180:631-640.
92. Linsley PS, Brady W, Urnes M, Grosmarie LS, Ledbetter JA, Damle NK. CTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B-cell activation antigen B7. J Exp Med 1991;174:561-567.
93. Linsley PS, et al. Immunosuppression in vivo by a soluble form of the CTLA-4 T cell activation molecule. Science 1992;257:792-795.
94. Lenschow DJ, et al. Long-term survival of xenogeneic pancreatic islet grafts by CTLA4-Ig. Science 1992;257:789-792.
95. Turka LA, et al. T-cell activation by the CD28 ligand B7 is required for cardiac allograft rejection in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89: 11102-11105.
96. Miller SD, et al. Blocakde of CD28/B7-1 interaction prevents epitope spreading and clinical relapses of murine EAE. Immunity 1995;3:739-745.
97. Lenschow DJ, et al. Differential effects of anti-B7-1 and anti-B7-2 monoclonal antibody treatment on the development of diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse. J Exp Med 1995;181:1145-1155.
98. Blazar BR, Taylor PA, Linsley PS, Vallera DA. In vivo blockade of CD28/CTLA4: B7/BB1 interaction with CTLA4-Ig reduces lethal murine graft-versus-host disease across the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barrier in mice. Blood 1994;83:3815-3825.
99. Wallace PM, Johnson JS, MacMaster JF, Kennedy KA, Gladstone P, Linsley PS. CTLA4Ig treatment ameliorates the lethality of murine graft-versus-host disease across major histocompatibility complex barriers. Transplantation 1994;58:602-610.
100. Blazar BR, Taylor PA, Gray GS, Vallera DA. The role of T-cell subsets in regulating the in vivo efficacy of CTLA4-Ig in preventing graft-versus-host disease in recipients of fully MHC or minor histocompatibility (miH) only disparate donor inocula. Transplantation 1994;58:1422-1426.
101. + T cells. J Immunol 1996;157:3250-3259.
102. Lenschow DJ, et al. Differential up-regulation of the B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules after Ig receptor engagement by antigen. J Immunol 1994;153:1990-1997.
103. Linsley PS, Greene J, Brady W, Bayorath J, Ledbetter JA, Peach R. Human B7-1(CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) bind with similar avidities but distinct kinetics to CD28 and CTLA4 receptors. Immunity 1994;1:793-801.
104. Kuchroo VK, et al. B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Th1/Th2 developmental pathways: application to autoimmune disease. Cell 1995;80:707-718.
105. Freeman GJ, et al. B7-1 and B7-2 do not deliver identical costimulatory signals, since B7-2 but not B7-1 preferentially costimulates the initial production of IL-4. Immunity 1995;2:523-532.
106. Azuma M, Yssel H, Phillips JH, Spits H, Lanier LL. Functional expression of B7/BB1 on activated T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1993;177:845-850.
107. Das MRP, Zamvil SS, Borriello F, Weiner HL, Sharpe AH, Kuchroo VK. Reciprocal expression of co-stimulatory molecules, B7-1 and B7-2, on murine T cells following activation. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:207-211.
108. Hirokawa M, Kitabayashi A, Kuroki J, Miura AB. Signal transduction by B7/BB1 expressed on activated T lymphocytes-cross-linking of B7/BB1 induces protein tyrosine phosphorylation and synergizes with signalling through T-cell receptor/CD3. Immunology 1995;86:155-161.
109. Sansom DM, Hall ND. B7/BB1, the ligand for CD28, is expressed on repeatedly activated human T cells in vitro. Eur J Immunol 1993;23:295-298.
110. Racke MK, et al. Distinct roles for B7-1 (CD-80) and B7-2 (CD-86) in the initiation of experimental encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 1995;96:2195-2203.
111. Sprent J, von Boehmer H. Activation of T lymphocytes to M locus determinants in vivo. I. Quantitation of T cell proliferation and migration into thoracic duct lymph. Eur J Immunol 1976;6:352-358.
112. Hakim FT, Cepeda R, Gray GS, June CH, Abe R. Acute graft-versus-host reaction can be aborted by blockade of costimulatory molecules. J Immunol 1998;155:1757-1766.
113. Blazar BR, Boyer MW, Taylor PA, Gray GS, Allison JP, Vallera DA. The role of CD28:B7 in the persistent graft-vs-leukemia (GVL) effect of delayed post-BMT splenocyte infusions in mice. Blood 1995;86:115 (Abstract).
114. + T-cell line with potent in vivo graft-versus-leukemia properties. Blood 1997;89 (In press).
115. Tan P, et al. Induction of alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness in human T lymphocytes by blocking interaction of CD28 with its natural ligand B7/BB1. J Exp Med 1993;177:165-173.
116. Lin H, et al. Long-term acceptance of major histocompatibility complex mismatched cardiac allografts induced by CTLA4Ig plus donor-specific transfusion. J Exp Med 1993;178:1801-1806.
117. Isobe M, Yagita H, Okumura K, Ihara A. Specific acceptance of cardiac allograft after treatment with antibodies to ICAM-1 and LFA-1. Science 1992;255:1125-1127.
118. Sligh JE Jr, et al. Inflammatory and immune responses are impaired in mice deficient in intercellular adhesion molecule I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:8529-8533.
119. Boussiotis VA, Freeman GJ, Gray G, Gribben J, Nadler LM. B7 but not intercellular adhesion molecule-1 costimulation prevents the induction of human alloantigen-specific tolerance. J Exp Med 1993;178:1753-1763.
120. Gribben JG, et al. Complete blockade of B7 family-mediated costimulation is necessary to induce human alloantigen-specific anergy: a method to ameliorate graft-versus-host disease and extend the donor pool. Blood 1996;87:4887-4893.
121. + T cells. J Exp Med 1996;184:19-29.
122. Van Gool SW, de Boer M, Ceuppens JL. The combination of anti-B7 monoclonal antibody and cyclosporin A induces alloantigen-specific anergy during a primary mixed lymphocyte reaction. J Exp Med 1994;179:715-710.
123. Van Gool SW, Ceuppens JL, Walter H, de Boer M. Synergy between cyclosporin A and a monoclonal antibody to B7 in blocking alloantigen-induced T-cell activation. Blood 1994;83:176-183.
124. Taub DD, et al. Induction of alloantigen-specific T-cell tolerance through the treatment of human T lymphocytes with wortmannin. J Immunol 1997;158 (In press).
125. Walunas TL, et al. CTLA-4 can function as a negative regulator of T cell activation. Immunity 1994;1:405-413.
126. Gribben JG, et al. CTLA4 mediates antigen-specific apoptosis of human T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:811-815.
127. + T cells in vivo is dependent upon CD28 costimulation and inhibited by CTLA-4. J Immunol 1995;155:1032-1036.
128. Krummel MF, Allison JE CTLA-4 engagement inhibits IL-2 accumulation and cell-cycle progression upon activation of resting T cells. J Exp Med 1996;183:2533-2540.
129. Walunas TL, Bakker CY, Bluestone JA. CTLA-4 ligation blocks CD28-dependent T-cell activation. J Exp Med 1996;183:2541-2550.
130. Clark EA, Ledbetter JA. Activation of human B cells mediated through two distinct cell surface differentiation antigens, Bp35 and Bp50. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:4494-4498.
131. Hart DNJ, McKenzie JL. Isolation and characterization of human tonsil dendritic cells. J Exp Med 1988;168:157-170.
132. Schriever F, et al. Isolated human follicular dendritic cells display a unique antigenic phenotype. J Exp Med 1989;169:2043-2058.
133. Galy AHM, Spits H. CD40 is functionally expressed on human thymic epithelium. J Immunol 1992;149:775-782.
134. Hollenbaugh D, et al. The human T cell antigen p39, a member of the TNF gene family, is a ligand for the CD40 receptor: expression of a soluble form of gp39 with B-cell co-stimultatory activity. EMBO J 1992;11:4313-4321.
135. Armitage RJ, et al. Molecular and biological characterization of a murine ligand for CD40. Nature 1992;357:80-82.
136. Noelle RJ, Roy M, Sheperd DM, Stamenkovic I, Ledbetter JA, Aruffo A. A 39-kDa protein on activated helper T cells bind CD40 and transduces the signal for cognate activation of B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:6550-6554.
137. Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Inghirami G, Lee JJ, Knowles DM, Chess L. Molecular interactions mediating T-B lymphocyte collaboration in human lymphoid follicles: roles of T-cell-B-cell-activating molecule (5c8 antigen) and CD40 in contact-dependent help. J Immunol 1992;149:3817-3826.
138. + T cell clones allow B cell growth and differentiation. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:2972-2977.
139. Grammer AC, Bergman MC, Miura Y, Fujita K, Davis LS, Lipsky PE. The CD40 ligand expressed by human B-cells costimulates B-cell responses. J Immunol 1995;154:4996-5010.
140. Ranheim EA, Kipps TJ. Activated T cells induced expression of B7/BB1 on normal or leukemic B cells through a CD40-dependent signal. J Exp Med 1993;177:925-935.
141. Kennedy MK, et al. Induction of B cell costimulatory function by recombinant murine CD40. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:116-123.
142. Klaus SJ, et al. Costimulation through CD28 enhances T-cell-dependent B-cell activation via CD40-CD40L interaction. J Immunol 1994;152:5643-5652.
143. Roy M, Aruffo A, Ledbetter J, Linsley P, Kehry M, Noelle R. Studies on the interdependence of gp39 and B7 expression and function during antigen-specific immune responses. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:596-603.
144. Ding L, Green JM, Thompson CB, Shevach EM. B7/CD28-dependent and -independent induction of CD40 ligand expression. J Immunol 1995;155:5124-5132.
145. Jaiswal AI, Dubey C, Swain SL, Croft M. Regulation of CD40 ligand expression on naive CD4 T cells - a role for TCR but not co-stimulatory signals. Int Immunol 1996;8:275-285.
146. Buhlmann JE, et al. In the absence of a CD40 signal, B cells are tolerogenic. Immunity 1995;2:645-653.
147. Hollander GA, et al. Induction of alloantigen-specific tolerance by B cells from CD40-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:4994-4998.
148. Durie FH, Fava RA, Foy TM, Aruffo A, Ledbetter JA, Noelle RJ. Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis with an antibody to gp39, the ligand for CD40. Science 1993;261:1328-1330.
149. Gerritse K, et al. CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:2499-2504.
150. Parker DC, et al. Survival of mouse pancreatic islet allografts in recipients treated with allogeneic small lymphocytes and antibody to CD40 ligand. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1995;92:9560-9564.
151. Durie FH, et al. Antibody to the ligand of CD40, gp39, blocks the occurrence of the acute and chronic forms of graft-vs-host disease. J Clin Invest 1994;94:1333-1338.
152. + T-cell mediated alloreactivity by inhibiting mature donor T cell expansion and function after bone marrow transplantation. J Immunol 1997;158:29-39.
153. Imura A, et al. The human OX40/gp34 system directly mediates adhesion of activated T cells to vascular endothelial cells. J Exp Med 1996;183:2185-2195.
154. Baum PR, et al. Molecular characterization of murine and human OX40/OX40 ligand systems: identification of a human OX40 ligand as the HTLV-1-regulated protein gp34. EMBO J 1994;13:3992-4001.
155. Stuber E, Strober W. The T-cell-B-cell interaction via OX40-OX40L is necessary for the T-cell-dependent humoral immune response. J Exp Med 1996;183:979-989.
156. Weinberg AD, et al. Selective depletion of myelin-reactive T cells with the anti-OX-40 antibody ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Med 1996;2:183-189.
157. Tittle TV, Steinkeler CN, Weinberg A, Mariarz RT. Identification of the T cells causing acute GVHD. FASEB J 1996;10:1435 (Abstract).
158. Durie FH, et al. Conversion of chronic graft-versus-host disease to that of the acute phenotype using in vivo administration of an antibody to OX40. FASEB J 1996;10:1435 (Abstract).
159. Pollok KE, et al. Inducible T-cell antigen 4-IBB. Analysis of expression and function. J Immunol 1993;150:771-781.
160. DeBenedette MA, et al. Role of 4-1BB ligand in costimulation of T lymphocyte growth and its upregulation on M12 B lymphomas by cAMP. J Exp Med 1995;181:985-992.
161. Boise LH, et al. CD28 costimulation can promote T cell survival by enhancing the expression of Bcl-XL. Immunity 1995;3:87-98.
162. Boise LH, Thompson CB. Hierarchical control of lymphocyte survival. Science 1996;274:67-68.
163. Van Parijs L, Ibraghimov A, Abbas AK. The roles of costimulation and Fas in T-cell apoptosis and peripheral tolerance. Immunity 1996;4:321-328.
164. Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M. A cell-killing monoclonal antibody (anti-Fas) to a cell-surface antigen co-downregulated with the receptor of tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 1989;169:1747-1756.
165. Trauth BC, et al. Monoclonal antibody-mediated tumor regression by induction of apoptosis. Science 1989;245:301-305.
166. Itoh N, et al. The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 1991;66:233-243.
167. Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P, Nagata S. Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell 1993;75:1169-1178.
168. Suda T, Nagata S. Purification and characterization of the Fas-ligand that induces apoptosis. J Exp Med 1994;179:873-879.
169. Ogasawara J, et al. Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice [published erratum appears in Nature 1993;365:568]. Nature 1993;364:806-809.
170. Suda T, Tanaka M, Miwa K, Nagata S. Apoptosis of mouse naive T cells induced by recombinant soluble fas ligand and activation-induced resistance to fas ligand. J Immunol 1996;157:3918-3924.
171. Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Nagata S. Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 1992;356:314-317.
172. Takahashi T, et al. Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell 1994;76:969-976.
173. +)-independent T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J Exp Med 1993;177:195-200.
174. Watanabe-Fukunaga R, et al. The cDNA structure, expression, and chromosomal assignment of the mouse Fas antigen. J Immunol 1992;148:1274-1279.
175. Braun MY, Lowin B, French L, Acha-Orbea H, Tschopp J. Cytotoxic T cells deficient in both functional fas ligand and perforin show residual cytolytic activity yet lose their capacity to induce lethal acute graft-versus-host disease. J Exp Med 1996;183:657-661.
176. Baker MB, Altman NH, Podack ER, Levy RB. The role of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in acute GVHD after MHC-matched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in mice. J Exp Med 1996;183:2645-2656.
177. Via CS, Nguyen P, Shustov A, Drappa J, Elkon KB. A major role for the Fas pathway in acute graft-versus-host disease. J Immunol 1996;157:5387-5393.
178. Baker MB, Riley RL, Podack ER, Levy RB. GVHD-associated lymphoid hypoplasia and B cell dysfunction is dependent upon donor T cell-mediated Fas-ligand function, but not perforin function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94 (In press).
179. Hsu DH, et al. Expression of interleukin-10 activity by Epstein-Barr virus protein BCRF1. Science 1990;250:830-832.
180. Vieira P, et al. Isolation and expression of human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor cDNA clones: homology to Epstein-Barr virus open reading frame BCRFI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991:88:1172-1176.
181. Fiorentino DF, et al. IL-10 acts on the antigen-presenting cell to inhibit cytokine production by Th1 cells. J Immunol 1991;146:3444-3451.
182. Roncarolo MG. The role of interleukin-10 in transplantation and GVHD. In: Ferrara JLM, Deeg HJ, Burakoff SJ, eds. Graft-vs-host disease. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 1997. p.693-715.
183. Howard M, O'Garra A, Ishida H, de Waal Malefyt R, de Vries J. Biological properties of interleukin 10. J Clin Immunol 1992;12:239-247.
184. Bejarano MT, et al. Interleukin-10 inhibits allogeneic proliferation and cytotoxic T cell responses generated in primary mixed lymphocyte cultures. Int Immunol 1992;4:1389-1397.
185. + T-cell clones and T cells: specific inhibition of IL-2 production and proliferation. J Immunol 1993;150:4754-4765.
186. de Waal Malefyt R, et al. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and viral IL-10 strongly reduce antigen-specific human T cell proliferation by diminishing the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes via downregulation of class II major histocompatibility complex expression. J Exp Med 1991;174:915-924.
187. de Waal Malefyt F, Abrams J, Bennett B, Figdor CG, de Vries JE. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes: an autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes. J Exp Med 1991;174:1209-1220.
188. Fiorentino DF, Zlotnick A, Mosmann TR, Howard M, O'Garra A. IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages. J Immunol 1991;147:3815-3822.
189. Bogdan C, Vodovotz Y, Nathan C. Macrophage deactivation by interleukin-10. J Exp Med 1991;174:1549-1555.
190. Nestel FP, Price KS, Seemayer TA, Lapp WS. Macrophage priming and lipopolysaccharide-triggered release of tumor necrosis factor during graft-versus-host disease. J Exp Med 1992;175:405-413.
191. Piguet P-F, Grau GE, Allet B, Vassalli P. Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin is an effector of skin and gut lesions of the acute phase of graft-vs-host disease. J Exp Med 1987;166:1280-1289.
192. McCarthy PL, et al. Inhibition of interleukin-1 by an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist prevent graft-versus-host disease. Blood 1991;78:1915-1918.
193. Gazzinelli RT, Oswald IP, James SL, Sher A. IL-10 inhibits parasite killing and nitrogen oxide production by IFN-γ-activated macrophages. J Immunol 1992;148:1792-1796.
194. Garside P, Hutton K, Severn A, Liew FY, Mowat AMcI. Nitric oxide mediates intestinal pathology in graft-vs-host disease. Eur J Immunol 1992;22:2141-2145.
195. Ding L, Shevach EM. IL-10 inhibits mitogen - induced T-cell proliferation by selectively inhibiting macrophage costimulatory function. J Immunol 1992;148:3133-3139.
196. Gorczynski RM, Wojcik D. A role for nonspecific (cyclosporin A) or specific (monoclonal antibodies to ICAM-1, LFA-1, and IL-10) immunomodulation in the prolongation of skin allografts after antigen-specific pretransplant immunization or transfusion. J Immunol 1994;152:2011-2019.
197. Takeuchi T, Lowry RP, Konieczny B. Heart allografts in murine systems. The differential activation of Th2-like effector cells in peripheral tolerance. Transplantation 1992;53:1281-1294.
198. Hancock W, Mottram PL, Purcell LJ, Han WR, Pietersz GA, McKenzie IF. Prolonged survival of mouse cardiac allografts after CD4 or CD8 monoclonal antibody therapy is associated with selective intragraft cytokine protein expression: interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 but not IL-2 or interferon-gamma. Transplant Proc 1993;25:2937-2938.
199. Abramowicz D, et al. Neonatal induction of transplantation tolerance in mice is associated with in vivo expression of IL-4 and -10 mRNAs. Transplant Proc 1993;25:312-313.
200. Bacchetta R, et al. High levels of interleukin 10 production in vivo are associated with tolerance in SCID patients transplanted with HLA mismatched hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med 1994;179:493-502.
201. Bacchetta R, et al. Dysfunctional cytokine production by host-reactive T-cell clones isolated from a chimeric severe combined immunodeficiency patient transplanted with haploidentical bone marrow. Blood 1995;85:1944-1953.
202. Blazar BR, Taylor PA, Smith S, Vallera DA. Interleukin-10 administration decreases survival in murine recipients of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) disparate donor grafts. Blood 1995;85:842-851.
203. Krenger W, Snyder K, Smith S, Ferrara JL. Effects of exogenous interleukin-10 in a murine model of graft-versus-host disease to minor histocompatibility antigens. Transplantation. 1994;58:1251-1257.
204. + T cells can cause accelerated GVHD lethality in the presence of high in vivo doses of exogenous IL10: role of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in GVHD induction. Blood 1996;88:247 (Abstract).
205. MacNeil IA, Suda T, Moore KW, Mosmann TR, Zlotnik A. IL-10, a novel growth cofactor for mature and immature T cells. J Immunol 1990;145:4167-4173.
206. Suda T, O'Garra A, MacNeil I, Fischer M, Bond MW, Zlotnik A. Identification of a novel thymocyte growth-promoting factor derived from B-cell lymphomas. Cell Immunol 1990;129:228-240.
207. Chen W-F, Zlotnik A. IL-10, a novel T cell cytotoxic differentiation factor. J Immunol 1990;147:528-534.
208. Allen RD, Staley TA, Sidman CL. Differential cytokine expression in acute and chronic murine graft-versus-host-disease. Eur J Immunol 1993;23:333-337.
209. Holler E, et al. Low incidence of transplanted related complications in patients with high spontaneous cellular IL-10 production prior to conditioning: evidence for a protective role of IL-10 in allogeneic BMT. 21st Annual Meeting of the EBMT; 1994 March 19-23; Davos, Switzerland.
210. + T cells. J Exp Med 1996;184:19-29.
211. Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, Giedlin MA, Coffman RL. Two types of murine helper T-cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 1986;136:2348-2357.
212. + T-cell subset with an unrestricted cytokine profile. J Immunol 1989;143:518-525.
213. Sad S, Mosmann TR. Single IL-2-secreting precursor CD4 T cell can develop into either Th1 or Th2 cytokine secretion phenotype. J Immunol 1994;153:3514-3522.
214. Gajewski TF, Fitch FW. Anti-proliferative effect of IFN-gamma in immune regulation. I. IFN-gamma inhibits the proliferation of Th2 but not Th1 murine helper T lymphocyte clones. J Immunol 1988;140:4245-4252.
215. Mosmann TR, Moore KW. The role of IL-10 in crossregulation of TH1 and TH2 responses. Immunol Today 1991;12:49-53.
216. Afonso LC, Scharton TM, Vieira LQ, Wysocka M. Trinchieri G, Scott P. The adjuvant effect of interleukin-12 in a vaccine against Leishmania major. Science 1994;263:235-237.
217. + T cells are important for the balance between protective and pathogenic cell-mediated immunity. J Exp Med 1994;179:589-600.
218. Reiner SL, Wang ZE, Hatam F, Scott P, Locksley RM. TH1 and TH2 cell antigen receptors in experimental leishmaniasis. Science 1993;259:1457-1460.
219. Gajewski TF, Pinnas M, Wong T, Fitch FW. Murine Th1 and Th2 clones proliferate optimally in response to distinct antigen-presenting cell populations. J Immunol 1991;146:1750-1758.
220. Quill H, Schwartz RH. Stimulation of normal inducer T-cell clones with antigen presented by purified Ia molecules in planar lipid membranes: specific induction of a long-lived state of proliferative nonresponsiveness. J Immunol 1987;138:3704-3712.
221. Weaver CT, Hawrylowicz CM, Unanue ER. T helper cell subsets require the expression of distinct costimulatory signals by antigen-presenting cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:8181-8185.
222. Abehsira-Amar O, Gibert M, Joliy M, Theze J, Jankovic DL. IL-4 plays a dominant role in the differential development of Tho into Th1 and Th2 cells. J Immunol 1992;148:3820-3829.
223. + T cells from T-cell receptor transgenic mice. J Exp Med 1992;176:1091-1098.
224. Via CS, Finkelman FD. Critical role of interleukin-1 in the development of acute graft-versus-host disease. Int Immunol 1993;5:565-572.
225. Murphy GF, Sueki H, Teuscher C, Whitaker D, Korngold R. Role of mast cells in early epithelial target cell injury in experimental acute graft-versus-host disease. J Invest Dermatol 1994;102:451-461.
226. Hoffman RA, et al. Characterization of the immunosuppressive effects of nitric oxide in graft-vs-host disease. J Immunol 1993;151:1508-1518.
227. Krenger W. et al. Interferon-gamma suppresses T-cell proliferation to mitogen via the nitric oxide pathway during experimental acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood 1996;88:1113-1121.
228. Antin JH, Ferrara JL. Cytokine dysregulation and acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood 1992;80:2964-2968.
229. Marchant A, et al. Interleukin-10 controls interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor production during experimental endotoxemia. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:1167-1171.
230. Powrie F, Menon S, Coffman RL. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 synergize to inhibit cell-mediated immunity in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1993;23:3043-3049.
231. Mulligan MS, Jones ML, Vaporciyan AA, Howard MC, Ward PA. Protective effects of IL-4 and IL-10 against immune complex-induced lung injury. J Immunol 1993;151:5666-5674.
232. Fowler DH, Gress RE. Graft-versus-host disease as a Th1-type process: regulation by donor cells of Th2 cytokine phenotype. In: Ferrara JLM, Deeg HJ, Burakoff SJ, eds. Graft-vs-host disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1997. p.479-500.
233. Pan L, Delmonte J Jr, Jalonen CK, Ferrara JL. Pretreatment of donor mice with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor polarizes donor T lymphocytes toward type-2 cytokine production and reduces severity of experimental graft-versus-host disease. Blood 1995;86:4422-4429.
234. Fowler DH, Kurasawa K, Smith R, Eckhaus MA, Gress RE. Donor CD4-enriched cells of Th2 cytokine phenotype regulate graft-versus-host disease without impairing allogeneic engraftment in sublethally irradiated mice. Blood 1994;84:3540-3549.
235. + donor T cells fail to induce experimental acute graft-versus-host disease. J Immunol 1995;155:585-593.
236. Fowler DH, Kurasawa K, Smith R, Eckhaus MA, Gress RE. Donor CD4-enriched cells of Th2 cytokine phenotype regulate graft-versus-host disease without impairing allogeneic engraftment in sublethally irradiated mice. Blood 1994;84:3540-3549.
237. +) Tc1 and Tc2 populations in graft-versus-leukemia effect and grift-versus-host disease. J Immunol 1996;157:4811-4821.
238. Chan SH, et al. Induction of interferon gamma production by natural killer cell stimulatory factor: characterization of the responder cells and synergy with other inducers. J Exp Med 1991;173:869-879.
239. Gazzinelli RT, Hieny S, Wynn TA, Wolf S, Sher A. Interleukin 12 is required for the T-lymphocyte-independent induction of interferon gamma by an intracellular parasite and induces resistance in T-cell-deficient hosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:6115-6119.
240. Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12: a cytokine produced by antigen-presenting cells with immunoregulatory functions in the generation of T-helper cells type 1 and cytotoxic lymphocytes. Blood 1994;84:4008-4027.
241. Nestel F, et al. The role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease. In: Ferrara JLM, Deeg HJ, Burakoff SJ, eds. Graft-vs-host disease. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 1997. p.501-523.
242. Sykes M, Szot GL, Nguyen PL, Pearson DA. Interleukin-12 inhibits murine graft-versus-host disease. Blood 1995;86:2429-2438.
243. Yang Y-G, Dey B, Sergio JJ, Sykes M. IL-12 induces complete protection from hyperacute GVHD in a full MHC haplotype-mismatched murine BMT model. Blood 1996;88:676 (Abstract).
244. Sykes M, Dey B, Yang Y-G. Recent advances and future directions: IL-12 effects on GVHD and GVL. In: Ferrara JLM, Deeg HJ, Burakoff SJ, eds. Graft-vs-host disease. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 1997. p.784-786.
245. Neta R, Stiefel SM, Finkelman F, Herrmann S, Ali N. IL-12 protects bone marrow from and sensitizes intestinal tract to ionizing radiation. J Immunol 1994;153:4230-4237.
246. Via CS, Rus V, Gately MK, Finkelman FD. IL-12 stimulates the development of acute graft-versus-host disease in mice that normally would develop chronic, autoimmune graft-versus-host disease. J Immunol 1994;153:4040-4047.
247. Sayegh MH, et al. CD28-B7 blockade after alloantigenic challenge in vivo inhibits Th1 cytokines but spares Th2. J Exp Med 1995;181:1869-1874.
248. Hughes C, Wolos JA, Giannini EH, Hirsch R. Induction of T helper cell hyporesponsiveness in an experimental model of autoimmunity by using nonmitogenic anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. J Immunol 1994;153:3319-3325.
249. Kuchroo VK, et al. A single TCR antagonist peptide inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis mediated by a diverse T-cell repertoire. J Immunol 1994;153:3326-3336.
250. Greer JM, et al. Immunogenic and encephalitogenic epitope clusters of myelin proteolipid protein. J Immunol 1996;156:371-379.
251. Smilek DE, Gautam AM, Pearson C, Steinman L, McDevitt HO. EAE: a model for immune intervention with synthetic peptides. Int Rev Immunol 1992;9:223-230.
252. Teitelbaum D, Fridkis-Hareli M, Arnon R, Sela M. Copolymer 1 inhibits chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by proteolipid protein (PLP) peptides in mice and interferes with PLP-specific T cell responses. J Neuroimmunol 1996;64:209-217.
253. Johnson KP, et al. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1995;45:1268-1276.
254. Schlegel PG, et al. Prevention of graft-versus-host disease by peptides binding to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. Blood 1994;84:2802-2810.
255. Schlegel PG, et al. A synthetic random basic copolymer with promiscuous binding to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules inhibits T-cell proliferative responses to major and minor histocompatibility antigens in vitro and confers the capacity to prevent murine graft-versus-host disease in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:5061-5066.
256. Doyle C, Strominger JL. Interaction between CD4 and class II MHC molecules mediates cell adhesion. Nature 1987;330:256-259.
257. Gay D, et al. Functional interaction between human T-cell protein CD4 and the major histocompatibility complex HLA-DR antigen. Nature 1987;328:626-629.
258. Veillette A, Bookman MA, Horak EM, Bolen JB. The CD4 and CD8 T cell surface antigens are associated with the internal membrane tyrosine-protein kinase p56kk. Cell 1988;55:301-308.
259. Sprent J, Schaefer M, Lo D, Korngold R. Properties of purified T cell subsets. II. In vivo responses to class I vs class II H-2 differences. J Exp Med 1986;163:998-1011.
260. + T cells to cause lethal graft-versus-host disease across minor histocompatibility barriers in mice. J Exp Med 1987;165:1552-1564.
261. Hamilton BL. L3T4-positive T cells participate in the induction of graft-vs-host disease in response to minor histocompatibility antigens. J Immunol 1987;139:2511-2515.
262. Cobbold S, Martin G, Waldmann H. Monoclonal antibodies for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease and marrow graft rejection. The depletion of T-cell subsets in vitro and in vivo. Transplantation 1986;42:239-247.
263. Knulst AC, Tibbe GJ, Noort WA, Bril-Bazuin C, Benner R, Savelkoul HP. Prevention of lethal graft-versus-host disease in mice by monoclonal antibodies directed against T cells or their subsets. I. Evidence for the induction of a state of tolerance based on suppression. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994;13:293-301.
264. +CD8 antibodies prevent graft-versus-host disease in fully mismatched mice. Transplantation 1995;57:458-461.
265. Hafler DA, Ritz J, Schlossman SF, Weiner HL. Anti-CD4 and anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody infusions in subjects with multiple sclerosis. Immunosuppressive effects and human anti-mouse responses. J Immunol 1988;141:131-138.
266. Racadot E, et al. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody: a preliminary report on B-F5 in 21 patients. J Autoimmun 1993;6:771-786.
267. Lindsey JW, Hodgkinson S, Mehta R, Mitchell D, Enzmann D, Steinman L. Repeated treatment with chimeric anti-CD4 antibody in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1994;36:183-189.
268. McDonnell JM, Varnum JM, Mayo KH, Jameson BA. Rational design of a peptide analog of the L3T4 CDR3-like region. Methods Immunomethods 1992;1:33-39.
269. Jameson BA, McDonnell JM, Marini JC, Korngold R. A rationally designed CD4 analogue inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Nature 1994;368:744-746.
270. + T-cell responses in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 1996;157:3706-3715.
271. Townsend RM, Briggs C, Marini JC, Murphy GF, Korngold R. Inhibitory effect of a CD4-CDR3 peptide analog on graft-versus-host disease across a major histocompatibility complex-haploidentical barrier. Blood 1996;88:3038-3047.
272. Poynton CH. T-cell depletion in bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1988;3:265-279.
273. Marmont AA, et al. T-cell depletion of HLA-identical transplants in leukemia. Blood 1991;78:2120-2130.
274. Martin PJ, et al. Effects of in vitro depletion of T cells in HLA-identical allogeneic marrow grafts. Blood 1985;66:664-672.
275. Bosserman LD, et al. Mechanism of graft failure in HLA-matched and HLA-mismatched bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1989;4:239-245.
276. Bierer BE, et al. Regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated graft rejection following bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1988;46:835-839.
277. Kernan NA, Flomenberg N, Dupont B, O'Reilly RJ. Graft rejection in recipients of T-cell-depleted HLA-nonidentical marrow transplants for leukemia. Identification of host-derived anti-donor allocytotoxic T lymphocytes. Transplantation 1987;43:842-847.
278. Donohue J, Homge M, Kernan NA. Characterization of cells emerging at the time of graft failure after bone marrow transplantation from an unrelated marrow donor. Blood 1993;82:1023-1029.
279. Wingard JR. Prevention and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. In: Forman SJ, Blume KG, Thomas ED, eds. Bone marrow transplantation. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1994. p.363-375.
280. Koch U, Korngold R. A synthetic CD4-CDR3 peptide analog enhances bone marrow engraftment across major histocompatibility barriers. Blood 1997 (In press).
281. + T cell function. J Biol Chem 1996;37:22635-22640.
282. Li S, et al. A computer screening approach to immunoglobulin superfamily structures and interactions: discovery of small non-peptidic CD4 inhibitors as novel immunotherapeutics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 (In press).
283. Kuntz ID. Structure-based strategies for drug design and discovery. Science 1992;257:1078-1082.
284. Ring CS, et al. Structure-based inhibitor design by using protein models for the development of antiparasitic agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:3583-3587.
285. Clayton LK, Sieh M, Pious DA, Reinherz EL. Identification of human CD4 residues affecting class II MHC versus HIV-1 gp120 binding. Nature 1989;339:548-551.
286. Lamarre D, Ashkenazi A, Fleury S, Smith DH, Sekaly RP, Capon DJ. The MHC-binding and gp120-binding functions of CD4 are separable. Science 1989;245:743-746.
287. Fleury S, et al. Mutational analysis of the interaction between CD4 and class II MHC: class II antigens contact CD4 on a surface opposite the gp120-binding site. Cell 1991;66:1037-1049.
288. Langedijk JPM, Puijk WC, Van Hoorn WP, Meloen RH. Location of CD4 dimerization site explains critical role of CDR3-like region in HIV-1 infection and T-cell activation and implies a model for complex of coreceptor-MHC. J Biol Chem 1993;268:16875-16878.
289. + cells in class I different hosts. J Exp Med 1988;167:556-569.
290. Zinkernagel RM, Doherty PC. H-2 compatability requirement for T-cell-mediated lysis of target cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Different cytotoxic T-cell specificities are associated with structures coded for in H-2K or H-2D. J Exp Med 1975;141:1427-1436.
291. 3 domain of HLA-A2. Nature 1990;345:41-46.
292. Zamoyska R, et al. Inability of CD8 alpha polypeptides to associate with p56lck correlates with impaired function in vitro and lack of expression in vivo. Nature 1989;342:278-281.
293. 2 domain of HLA-A2. Nature 1987;325:625-628.
294. Clayberger C, Lyu SC, DeKruff R, Parham P, Krensky AM. Peptides corresponding to the CD8 and CD4 binding domains of HLA molecules block T lymphocyte immune responses in vitro. J Immunol 1994;153:946-951.
295. Nisco S, et al. Induction of allograft tolerance in rats by an HLA class-I-derived peptide and cyclosporine A. J Immunol 1994;152:3786-3792.
296. Nossner E, Goldberg JE, Naftzger C, Lyu SC, Clayberger C, Krensky AM. HLA-derived peptides which inhibit T cell function bind to members of the heat-shock protein 70 family. J Exp Med 1996;183:339-348.
297. Miceli MC, Parnes JR. Role of CD4 and CD8 in T cell activation and differentiation. Adv Immunol 1993;53:59-122.
298. Hunkapiller T, Hood L. Diversity of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. Adv Immunol 1989;44:1-63.
299. Sukhatme VP, Sizer KC, Vollmer AC, Hunkapiller T, Parnes JR. The T cell differentiation antigen Leu-2/T8 is homologous to immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor variable regions. Cell 1985;40:591-597.
300. Nakauchi H, Nolan GP, Hsu C, Huang HS, Kavathas P, Herzenberg LA. Molecular cloning of Lyt-2, a membrane glycoprotein marking a subset of mouse T lymphocytes: molecular homology to its human counterpart, Leu-2/T8, and to immunoglobulin variable regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985;82:5126-5130.
301. Leahy DJ, Axel R, Hendrickson WA. Crystal structure of a soluble form of the human T cell co-receptor CD8 at 2.6 A resolution. Cell 1992;68:1145-1162.
302. Parnes JR. Molecular biology and function of CD4 and CD8. Adv Immunol 1989;44:265-305.
303. Jameson BA. Modelling in peptide design. Nature 1989;341:465-466.
304. Sanders SK, Fox RO, Kavathas P. Mutations in CD8 that affect interactions with HLA class I and monoclonal anti-CD8 antibodies. J Exp Med 1991;174:371-379.
305. + T-cell-mediated responses. Nat Med 1997 (Submitted).
306. Manolios N, Collier S, Taylor J, Pollard J, Harrison LC, Bender V. T-cell antigen receptor transmembrane peptides modulate T-cell function and T cell-mediated disease. Nat Med 1997;3:84-88.
307. Ossevoort MA, Feltkamp MC, van Veen KJ, Melief CJ, Kast WM. Dendritic cells as carriers for a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope-based peptide vaccine in protection against a human papillomavirus type 16-induced tumor. J Immunother 1995;18:86-94.
308. Porgador A, Snyder D, Gilboa E. Induction of antitumor immunity using bone marrow-generated dendritic cells. J Immunol 1996;156:2918-2926.
309. Celluzzi CM, Mayordomo JI, Storkus WJ, Lotze MT, Falo LD Jr. Peptide-pulsed dendritic cells induce antigen-specific CTL-mediated protective tumor immunity. J Exp Med 1996;183:283-287.
310. Zitvogel L, et al. Therapy of murine tumors with tumor peptide-pulsed dendritic cells: dependence on T cells, B7 costimulation, and T helper cell 1-associated cytokines. J Exp Med 1996;183:87-97.
311. Mayordomo JI, et al. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with synthetic tumour peptides x elicit protective and therapeutic antitumour immunity. Nat Med 1995;1:1297-1302.
312. Toes RE, Kast WM, Blom RJ, Bakker SC, Offringa R, Melief CJ. Efficient tumor eradication byadoptively transferred cytotoxic T-cell clones in allogeneic hosts. Int J Cancer 1996;66:686-691.
313. Goydos JS, Elder E, Whiteside TL, Finn OJ, Lotze MT. A phase I trial of a synthetic mucin peptide vaccine. Induction of specific immune reactivity in patients with adenocarcinoma. J Surg Res 1996;63:298-304.
314. Melief CJ, Kast WM. T-cell immunotherapy of tumors by adoptive transfer of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and by vaccination with minimal essential epitopes. Immunol Rev 1995;145:167-177.