Aβ amyloidogenesis: Unique, or variation on a systemic theme?

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Volumn 32, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 361-404

  Kisilevsky, Robert ^a   Fraser, Paul E ^b  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Amyloid; Apo E; Apolipoprotein E; A ; Basement membranes; Fibrillogenesis; Glycosaminoglycans; Laminin; Perlecan; Presenilins; PP

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID A PROTEIN; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN; LAMININ; PERLECAN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; AMYLOIDOSIS; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MATURITY ONSET DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; REVIEW;

EID: 0030684085     PISSN: 10409238     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10409239709082674     Document Type: Review

References (350)

1. Abraham, C. R., Selkoe, D. J., and Potter, H. 1988. Immunochemical identification of the serine protease inhibitor alpha-1-antichymotrypsin in the brain amyloid deposits of Alzheimer's disease. Cell 52:487-501.
2. Abraham, C. R., Shirahama, T., and Potter, H. 1990. Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin is associated solely with amyloid deposits containing the beta-protein - amyloid and cell localization of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin. Neurobiol. Aging 11:123-129.
3. Abraham, C. R., Driscoll, J., Potter, H., Van Nostrand, W. E., and Tempst, P. 1991. A calcium-activated protease from Alzheimer's disease brain cleaves at the N-terminus of the amyloid beta-protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 174:790-796.
4. Ailles, L., Kisilevsky, R., and Young, I. D. 1993. Induction of perlecan gene expression precedes amyloid formation during experimental murine AA amyloidogenesis. Lab. Invest. 69:443-448.
5. Ali-Khan, Z., Quriion, R., Robitaille, Y., Alizadeh-Khiavi, K., and Du, T. 1988. Evidence for increased amyloid enhancing factor activity in Alzheimer brain extract. Acta Neuropathol. 77:82-90.
6. Ancsin, J. B. and Kisilevsky, R. 1992. High affinity binding of laminin to serum amyloid A and the effect of entactin: potential nucleation events in the genesis of inflammation-associated amyloid. Lab. Invest. 66:106A.
7. Ancsin, J. B. and Kisilevsky, R. 1997. Characterization of high affinity binding between laminin and the acute-phase protein, serum amyloid A. J. Biol. Chem. 272:406-413.
8. Aplin, A. E., Gibb, G. M., Jacobsen, J. S., Gallo, J. M., and Anderton, B. H. 1996. In vitro phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of the amyloid precursor protein by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. J. Neurochem. 67:699-707.
9. Araki, W., Kitaguchi, N., Tokushima, Y., Ishii, K., Aratake, H., Shimohama, S., Nakamura, S., and Kimura, J. 1991. Trophic effect of beta-amyloid precursor protein on cerebral cortical neurons in culture. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181:265-271.
10. Ashburn, T. T., Auger, M., and Lansbury, P. T. 1992. The structural basis of pancreatic amyloid formation - isotope-edited spectroscopy in the solid state. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:790-791.
11. Ashburn, T. T. and Lansbury, P. T. 1993. Interspecies sequence variations affect the kinetics and thermodynamics of amyloid formation - peptide models of pancreatic amyloid. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:11012-11013.
12. Axelman, K., Basun, H., Winblad, B., and Lannfelt, L. 1994. A large Swedish family with Alzheimer's disease with a codon 670/671 amyloid precursor protein mutation: a clinical and genealogical investigation. Arch. Neurol. 51:1193-1197.
13. Axelrad, M. A., Kisilevsky, R., and Beswetherick, S. 1975. Acceleration of amyloidosis by syngeneic spleen cells from normal donors. Am. J. Pathol. 78:277-284.
14. Axelrad, M. A., Kisilevsky, R., Willmer, J., Chen, S. J., and Skinner, M. 1982. Further characterization of amyloid enhancing factor. Lab. Invest. 47:139-146.
15. Bakker, E., van Broeckhoven, C., Haan, J., Voorhoeve, E., vanHul, W., Levy, E., Lieberburg, I., Carman, M. D., Vanommen, G. JB., Frangione, B., and Roos, R. AC. 1991. DNA diagnosis for hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch type). Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49:518-521.
16. Baltz, M. L., Caspi, D., Evans, D. J., Rowe, I. F., Hind, C. R. K., and Pepys, M. B. 1986. Ciculating amyloid P component is the precursor of amyloid P component in tissue amyloid deposits. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 66:691-700.
17. Barrow, C. J., Yasuda, A., Kenny, P. TM., and Zagorski, M. G. 1992. Solution conformations and aggregational properties of synthetic amyloid beta-peptides of Alzheimer's Disease - analysis of circular dichroism spectra. J. Mol. Biol. 225:1075-1093.
18. Barrow, C. J. and Zagorski, M. G. 1991. Solution structures of beta peptide and its constituent fragments - relation to amyloid deposition. Science 253:179-182.
19. Beher, D., Hesse, L., Masters, C. L., and Multhaup, G. 1996. Regulation of amyloid protein precursor (APP) binding to collagen and mapping of the binding sites on APP and collagen type I. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1613-1620.
20. Benowitz, L. I., Rodriguez, W., Paskevich, P., Mufson, E. J., Schenk, D., and Neve, R. L. 1989. The amyloid precursor protein is concentrated in neuronal lysosomes in normal and Alzheimer Disease subjects. Exp. Neurol. 106: 237-250.
21. Benson, M. D. and Uemichi, T. 1996. Transthyretin amyloidosis. Amyloid 3:44-56.
22. Bergethon, P. R., Sabin, T. D., Lewis, D., Simms, R. W., Cohen, A. S., and Skinner, M. 1996. Improvement in the polyneuropathy associated with familial amyloid polyneuropathy after liver transplantation. Neurology 47:944-951.
23. Better, O. S. and Zemer, D. 1991. Familial Mediterranean Fever - diagnosis and treatment. Deut. Med. Wochenschr. 116:548-552.
24. Beyreuther, K., Multhaup, G., and Masters, C. L. 1996. Alzheimer's disease: Genesis of amyloid. Ciba Found. Symp. 199:119-131.
25. Blake, C. and Serpell, L. 1996. Synchrotron X-ray studies suggest that the core of the transthyretin amyloid fibril is a continuous β-sheet helix. Structure 4:989-998.
26. Booth, D. R., Sunde, M., Bellotti, V., Robinson, C. V., Hutchinson, W. L., Fraser, P. E., Hawkins, P. N., Dobson, C. M., Radford, S. E, Blake, C. C. F., and Pepys, M. B. 1997. Instability, unfolding and aggregation of human lysozyme variants underlying amyloid fibrillogenesis. Nature 385:787-793.
27. Borchelt, D. R., Thinakaran, G., Eckman, C. B., Lee, M. K., Davenport, F., Ratovitsky, T., Prada, C. M., Kim, G., Seekins, S., Yager, D., Slunt, H. H., Wang, R., Seeger, M., Levey, A. I., Gandy, S. E., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., Price, D. L., and Younkin, S. G. 1996. Familial Alzheimer's disease-linked presenilin 1 variants elevate A b 1-42/1-40 ratio in vitro and in vivo. Neuron 17:1005-1013.
28. Boyd, W. A Textbook of Pathology: An Introduction to Medicine, Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1932. ed. 2 pp. 107.
29. Brandwein, S. R., Sipe, J. D., Skinner, M., and Cohen, A. S. 1985. Effect of Colchicine on experimental amyloidosis in two CBA/J mouse models: chronic inflammatory stimulation and administration of amyloid-enhancing factor during acute inflammation. Lab. Invest. 52:319-325.
30. Breen, K. C., Bruce, M., and Anderton, B. H. 1991. Beta-amyloid precursor protein mediates neuronal cell-cell and cell-surface adhesion. J. Neurosci. Res. 28:90-100.
31. Breitner, J. C. S. 1996. The role of anti-inflammatory drugs in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Annu. Rev. Med. 47:401-411.
32. Brissette, L., Young, I., Narindrasorasak, S., Kisilevsky, R., and Deeley, R. 1989. Differential induction of the serum amyloid - a gene family in response to an inflammatory agent and to amyloid-enhancing factor. J. Biol. Chem. 264:19327-19332.
33. Buee, L., Ding, W., Delacourte, A., and Fillit, H. 1993. Binding of secreted human neuroblasto- ma proteoglycans to the Alzheimer's amyloid A4 peptide. Brain Res. 601:154-163.
34. Burdick, D., Soreghan, B., Kwon, M., Kosmoski, J., Knauer, M., Henschen, A., Yates, J., Cotman, C., and Glabe, C. 1992. Assembly and aggregation properties of synthetic Alzheimer's A4/beta amyloid peptide analogs. J. Biol. Chem. 267:546-554.
35. Bush, A. I., Pettingell, W. H., Deparadis, M., Tanzi, R. E., and Wasco, W. 1994a. The amyloid beta-protein precursor and its mammalian homologues - evidence for a zinc-modulated heparin-binding superfamily. J. Biol. Chem. 269:26618-26621.
36. Bush, A. I., Pettingell, W. H., Multhaup, G., Paradis, M. D., Vonsattel, J. P., Gusella, J. F., Beyreuther, K., Masters, C. L., and Tanzi, R. E. 1994b. Rapid induction of Alzheimer A beta amyloid formation by zinc. Science 265:1464-1467.
37. Buxbaum, J. D., Gandy, S. E., Cicchetti, P., Ehrlich, M. E., Czernik, A. J., Fracasso, R. P., Ramabhadran, T. V., Unterbeck, A. J., and Greengard, P. 1990. Processing of Alzheimer beta-A4 amyloid precursor protein - Modulation by agents that regulate protein phosphorylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:6003-6006.
38. Cairns, N. J., Chadwick, A., Lantos, P. L., Levy, R., and Rossor, M. N. 1993. betaA4 protein deposition in familial Alzheimer's Disease with the mutation in codon 717 of the betaA4 amyloid precursor protein gene and sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Neurosci. Lett. 149:137-140.
39. Campistol, J. M., Bernard, D., Papastoitsis, G., Sole, M., Kasirsky, J., and Skinner, M. 1996. Polymerization of normal and intact beta(2)-microglobulin as the amyloidogenic protein in dialysis-amyloidosis. Kidney Int. 50:1262-1267.
40. Caporaso, G. L., Gandy, S. E., Buxbaum, J. D. and Greengard, P. 1992a. Chloroquine inhibits intracellular degradation but not secretion of Alzheimer beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:2252-2256.
41. Caporaso, G. L., Gandy, S. E., Buxbaum, J. D., Ramabhadran, T. V., and Greengard, P. 1992b. Protein phosphorylation regulates secretion of Alzheimer-beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:3055-3059.
42. Caputo, C. B., Sobel, I. R. E., Sygowski, L. A., Lampe, R. A., and Spreen, R. C. 1993. The influence of amino acid sequence on the fibrillogenicity and amyloidogenicity of the carboxy-Tterminus of beta-amyloid precursor protein. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 306:321-330.
43. Cardin, A. D. and Weintraub, H. J. R. 1989. Molecular modeling of protein-glycosaminoglycan interactions. Arteriosclerosis 9:21-32.
44. Castano, E. M., Ghiso, J., Prelli, F., Gorevic, P. D., Migheli, A., and Frangione, B. 1986. In vitro formation of amyloid fibrils from two synthetic peptides of different lenghts homologous to Alzheimer's disease beta-protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 141:782-789.
45. Cataldo, A. M., Paskevich, P. A., Kominami, E., and Nixon, R. A. 1991. Lysosomal hydrolases of different classes are abnormally distributed in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:10998-11002.
46. Cataldo, A. M. and Nixon, R. A. 1990. Enzymatically active lysosomal proteases are associated with amyloid deposits in Alzheimer brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:3861-3865.
47. Charge, S. B. P., Esiri, M. M., Bethune, C. A., Hansen, B. C., and Clark, A. 1996. Apolipoprotein E is associated with islet amyloid and other amyloidoses: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J. Pathol. 179:443-447.
48. Chartier-Harlin, M. C., Crawford, F., Houlden, H., Warren, A., Hughes, D., Fidani, L., Goate, A., Rossor, M., Roques, P., Hardy, J., and Mullan, M. 1991. Early-onset Alzheimer's Disease caused by mutations at codon-717 of the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene. Nature 353:844-846.
49. Checler, F. 1995. Processing of the beta-amyloid precursor protein and its regulation in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 65:1431-1444.
50. Chen, W. J., Goldstein, J. L., and Brown, M. S. 1990. NPXY, a sequence often found in cytoplasmic tails, is required for coat pit-mediated internalization of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 265:3116-3123.
51. Citron, M., Oltersdorf, T., Haass, C., Mcconlogue, L., Hung, A. Y., Seubert, P., Vigo-Pelfrey, C., Lieberburg, I., and Selkoe, D. J. 1992. Mutation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein in familial Alzheimer's Disease increases beta-protein production. Nature 360:672-674.
52. Citron, M., Diehl, T. S., Gordon, G., Biere, A. L., Seubert, P., and Sclkoe, D. J. 1996. Evidence that the 42- and 40-amino acid forms of amyloid β protein are generated from the β-amyloid precursor protein by different protease activities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:13170-13175.
53. Citron, M., Westaway, D., Xia, W. M., Carlson, G., Diehl, T., Levesque, G., Johnsonwood, K., Lee, M., Seubert, P., Davis, A., Kholodenko, D., Motter, R., Sherrington, R., Perry, B., Yao, H., Strome, R., Lieberburg, I., Rommens, J., Kim, S., Schenk, D., Fraser, P., Hyslop, P. S., and Selkoe, D. J. 1997. Mutant presenilins of Alzheimer's disease increase production of 42-residue amyloid β-protein in both transfected cells and transgenic mice. Nature Med. 3:67-72.
54. Clarris, H. J., Cappai, R., Heffernan, D., Beyreuther, K., Masters, C. L., and Small, D. H. 1997. Identification of heparin-binding domains in the amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's disease by deletion mutagenesis and peptide mapping. J. Neurochem. 68:1164-1172.
55. Cohen, A. S., Shirahama, T., and Skinner, M. 1982. Electron microscopy of amyloid. In: Electron Microscopy of Proteins. pp. 165-205. Harris, J. R., Ed., Academic Press, London.
56. Cooper, G. J. S. and Tse, C. A. 1996. Amylin, amyloid and age-related disease. Drug Aging 9:202-212.
57. Coria, F., Castano, E., Prelli, F., Larrondo-Lillo, M., van Diunen, S., Shelanski, M. L., and Frangione, B. 1988. Isolation and characterization of amyloid p component from Alzheimer's Disease and other types of cerebral amyloidosis. Lab. Invest. 58:454-458.
58. Coria, F. and Rubio, I. 1996. Cerebral amyloid angiopathies. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 22: 216-227.
59. Cork, L. C. 1990. Neuropathology of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer Disease. Am. J. Med. Genet. Suppl.7:282-286.
60. Cornwell, G. G., Sletten, K., Johansson, B., and Westermark, P. 1988. Evidence that the amyloid protein in senile systemic amyloidosis is derived from normal prealbumin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 154:648-653.
61. De Beer, M. C., de Beer, F. C., McCubbin, W. D., Kay, C. M. and Kindy, M. S. 1993. Structural prerequisites for serum amyloid A fibril formation. J. Biol. Chem. 268:20606-20612.
62. De Strooper, B., Van Leuven, F. and Van Den Berghe, H. 1992. alpha2-Macroglobulin and other proteinase inhibitors do not interfere with the secretion of amyloid precursor protein in mouse neuroblastoma cells. FEBS Lett. 308: 50-53.
63. De Strooper, B., Umans, L., Van Leuven, F. and Van Den Berghe, H. 1993. Study of the synthesis and secretion of normal and artificial mutants of murine amyloid precursor protein (APP) - cleavage of APP occurs in a late compartment of the default secretion pathway. J. Cell Biol. 121:295-304.
64. De Strooper, B., Craessaerts, K., Van Leuven, F., and Van Den Berghe, H. 1995. Exchanging the extracellular domain of amyloid precursor protein for horseradish peroxidase does not interfere with alpha-secretase cleavage of the beta-amyloid region, but randomizes secretion in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:30310-30314.
65. Delabar, J. M., Goldgaber, D., Lamour, Y., Nicole, A., Huret, J. L., de Grouchy, J., Brown, P., Gajdusek, D. C., and Sinet, P. M. 1987. Beta amyloid gene duplication in Alzheimer's disease and karyotypically normal Down syndrome. Science 235:1390-1392.
66. Desauvage, F. and Octave, J. N. 1989. A novel messenger RNA of the A4-amyloid precursor gene coding for a possibly secreted protein. Science 245:651-653.
67. Dressler, D., Abraham, C. R., Amsterdam, P., and Potter, H. 1989. The two Alzheimer amyloid components a-1-antichymotrypsin and β-protein associate in vitro to form an SDS-stable complex. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 15:1041.
68. Dubrey, S., Mendes, L., Skinner, M. and Falk, R. H. 1996. Resolution of heart failure in patients with AL amyloidosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 125:481-484.
69. Duff, K., Eckman, C., Zehr, C., Yu, X., Prada, C. M., Pereztur, J., Hutton, M., Buee, L., Harigaya, Y., Yager, D., Morgan, D., Gordon, M. N., Holcomb, L., Refolo, L., Zenk, B., Hardy, J., and Younkin, S. 1996. Increased amyloid-b 42(43) in brains of mice expressing mutant presenilin 1. Nature 383:710-713.
70. Dyrks, T., Weidemann, A., Multhaup, G., Salbaum, J. M., Lemaire, H. G., Kang, J., Buller-Hill, B., Masters, C. L. and Beyreuther, K. 1988. Identification, transmembrane orientation and biogenesis of the amyloid A4 precursor of Alzheimer's disease. EMBO J. 7:949-958.
71. Edwards, P., Cooper, D. A., Turner, J., O'Connor, T. J. and Byrnes, D. J. 1988. Resolution of amyloidosis (AA Type) complicating chronic ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 95:810-815.
72. Ericzon, B. G., Suhr, O., Broome, U., Holmgren, G., Duraj, F., Eleborg, L., Wikstrom, L., Norden, G., Friman, S., and Groth, C. G. 1995. Liver transplant halts the progress of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Transplant. Proc. 27: 1233.
73. Erken, E., Gray, M., Cohen, A. S., and Skinner, M. 1996. Sequence analysis of amyloid protein AA from a Turkish patient with familial Mediterranean fever - documentation of its SAA(1 alpha) derivation. Amyloid 3:173-176.
74. Esch, F. S., Keim, P. S., Beattie, E. C., Blacher, R. W., Culwell, A. R., Oltersdorf, T., Mcclure, D., and Ward, P. J. 1990. Cleavage of amyloid-beta peptide during constitutive processing of its precursor. Science 248:1122-1124.
75. Esler, W. P., Stimson, E. R., Jennings, J. M., Ghilardi, J. R., Mantyh, P. W., and Maggio, J. E. 1996. Zinc-induced aggregation of human and rat β-amyloid peptides in vitro. J. Neurochem. 66: 723-732.
76. Estus, S., Golde, T. E., Kunishita, T., Blades, D., Lowery, D., Eisen, M., Usiak, M., Qu, X. M., Tabira, T., Greenberg, B. D., and Younkin, S. G. 1992. Potentially amyloidogenic, carboxyl-terminal derivatives of the amyloid protein precursor. Science 255:726-728.
77. Eulitz, M. 1992. Amyloid formation from immunoglobulin chains. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 373:629-633.
78. Evans, K. C., Berger, E. P., Cho, C. G., Weisgraber, K. H., and Lansbury, P. T. 1995. Apolipoprotein E is a kinetic but not a thermodynamic inhibitor of amyloid formation: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:763-767.
79. Evin, G., Beyreuther, K., and Master, C. L. 1994. Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein (AβPP): proteolytic processing, secretases, and βA4 amyloid production. Amyloid 1:263-280.
80. Falck, H. M., Tornroth, T., Skrifvars, B., and Wegelius, O.1979. Resolution of renal amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Med. Scand. 205:651-656.
81. Forloni, G., Angeretti, N., Chiesa, R., Monzani, E., Salmona, M., Bugiani, O., and Tagliavini, F. 1993. Neurotoxicity of a Prion Protein Fragment. Nature 362:543-546.
82. Forloni, G., Bugiani, O., Tagliavini, F., and Salmona, M. 1996. Apoptosis-mediated neurotoxicity induced by β-amyloid and PRP fragments. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 28:163-171.
83. Fraser, P. E., Nguyen, J. T., Surewicz, W. K., and Kirschner, D. A. 1991. pH-dependent structural transitions of Alzheimer amyloid peptides. Biophys. J. 60:1190-1201.
84. Fraser, P. E., Nguyen, J. T., Chin, D. T., and Kirschner, D. A. 1992a. Effects of sulfate ions on Alzheimer-beta/A4 peptide assemblies -implications for amyloid fibril-proteoglycan interactions. J. Neurochem. 59:1531-1540.
85. Fraser, P. E., Nguyen, J. T., Inouye, H., Surewicz, W. K., Selkoe, D. J., Podlisny, M. B., and Kirschner, D. A. 1992b. Fibril formation by primate, rodent, and Dutch-hemorrhagic analogues of Alzheimer amyloid beta-protein. Biochemistry 31:10716-10723.
86. Fraser, P. E., Nguyen, J. T., Mclachlan, D. R., Abraham, C. R., and Kirschner, D. A. 1993. alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin binding to Alzheimer A-beta peptides is sequence specific and induces fibril disaggregation in vitro. J. Neurochem. 61:298-305.
87. Gal, R., Korzets, A., Schwartz, A., Rathwolfson, L., and Gafter, U. 1994. Systemic distribution of beta(2)-microglobulin-derived amyloidosis in patients who undergo long-term hemodialysis - report of seven cases and review of the literature. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 118:718-721.
88. Gallo, G., Wisniewski, T., Choi-Miura, N. H., Ghiso, J., and Frangione, B. 1994. Potential role of apolipoprotein-E in fibrillogenesis. Am. J. Pathol. 145:526-530.
89. Ganowiak, K., Hultman, P., Engstrom, U., Gustavsson, A., and Westermark, P. 1994. Fibrils from synthetic amyloid-related peptides enhance development of experimental AA-amyloidosis in mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199: 306-312.
90. Gardella, J. E., Ghiso, J., Gorgone, G. A., Marratta, D., Kaplan, A. P., Frangione, B., and Gorevic, P. D. 1990. Intact Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP) is present in platelet membranes and is encoded by platelet messenger RNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173:1292-1298.
91. Gaucher, A. A., Kessler, M. L., and Netter, P. A. 1992. Dialysis associated arthropathy - can we prevent it - can it be treated. J. Rheumatol. 19:1659-1662.
92. Ghetti, B., Murrell, J., Benson, M. D. and Farlow, M. R. 1992. Spectrum of amyloid beta-protein immunoreactivity in hereditary Alzheimer Disease with a guanine to thymine missense change at position 1924 of the APP gene. Brain Res. 571:133-139
93. Ghetti, B., Piccardo, P., Frangione, B., Bugiani, O., Giaccone, G., Young, K., Prelli, F., Farlow, M. R., Dlouhy, S. R., and Tagliavini, F. 1996. Prion protein amyloidosis. Brain Pathol. 6:127-145.
94. Glenner, G., Harada, M., Isersky, C., Cuatrecasas, P., and Page, D. 1970. Human amyloid protein: diversity and uniformity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 41:1013.
95. Glenner, G. and Wong, C. W. 1984. Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome: sharing of a unique cerebrovascular amyloid fibril protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 122:1131-1135.
96. Glenner, G. G., Ein, D., Eanes, E. D., Bladen, H. A., Terry, W. and Page, D. L. 1971a. Creation of "amyloid" fibrils from Bence Jones proteins in vitro. Science 174:712-714.
97. Glenner, G. G., Terry, W., Harada, M., Isersky, C., and Page, D. 1971b. Amyloid fibril proteins: Proof of homology with immunoglobulin light chains by sequence analysis. Science 172:1150-1151.
98. Glenner, G. G. and Wong, C. W. 1984. Alzheimer's Disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 120:885-890.
99. Goate, A., Chartier-Harlin, M. C., Mullan, M., Brown, J., Crawford, F., Fidani, L., Giuffra, L., Haynes, A., Irving, N., James, L., Mant, R., Newton, P., Rooke, K., Roques, P., Talbot, C., Pericak-Vance, M. A., Roses, A., Williamson, R., Rossor, M., Owen, M., and Hardy, J. 1991. Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's Disease. Nature 349:704-706.
100. Goedert, M., Jakes, R., Spillantini, M. G., Hasegawa, M., Smith, M. J., and Crowther, R. A. 1996. Assembly of microtubule-associated protein tau into Alzheimer-like filaments induced by sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Nature 383:550-553.
101. Golde, T. E., Estus, S., Younkin, L. H., Selkoe, D. J., and Younkin, S. G. 1992. Processing of the amyloid protein precursor to potentially amyloidogenic derivatives. Science 255:728-730.
102. Gorevic, P. D., Castano, E. M., Sarma, R., and Frangione, B. 1987. Ten to fourteen residue peptides of Alzheimer's disease protein are sufficient for amyloid fibril formation and its characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 147:854-862.
103. Gowing, E., Roher, A. E., Woods, A. S., Cotter, R. J., Chancy, M., Little, S. P., and Ball, M. J. 1994. Chemical characterization of A beta-17-42 peptide, a component of diffuse amyloid deposits of Alzheimer Disease. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 10987-10990.
104. Graether, S. P., Young, I. D., and Kisilevsky, R. 1996. Early detection of inflammation-associated amyloid in murine spleen using thioflavin T fluorescence of spleen homogenates: Implications for amyloidogenesis. Amyloid 3:20-27.
105. Greenberg, B. D., Kezdy, F. J., and Kisilevsky, R. 1991. Amyloidogenesis as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimers Disease. Annu. Rep. Med. Chem. 26:229-238.
106. Greenberg, B. D. 1995. The COOH-terminus of the Alzheimer amyloid A beta peptide: differences in length influence the process of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer brain, and tell us something about relationships among parenchymal and vessel-associated amyloid deposits. Amyloid 2:195-203.
107. Gupta-Bansal, R., Ziehler, W., Wujek, J. R., and Brunden, K. R. 1993. Potential role of proteoglycans in the accumulation and persistence of beta-amyloid (Ab) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) senile plaques. Neurosci. Abst. #600.5:1471.
108. Gupta-Bansal, R., Frederickson, R. C. A. and Brunden, K. R. 1995. Proteoglycan-mediated inhibition of A beta proteolysis - a potential cause of senile plaque accumulation. J. Biol. Chem. 270:18666-18671.
109. Haass, C., Hung, A. Y., and Selkoe, D. J. 1991. Processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein in microglia and astrocytes favors an internal localization over constitutive secretion. J. Neurosci. 11:3783-3793.
110. Haass, C., Koo, E. H., Mellon, A., Hung, A. Y., and Selkoe, D. J. 1992a. A second processing pathway for the b-amyloid precursor protein: cell surface molecules traffic to lysosomes and generate amyloid-bearing fragments. Nature 357:500-503.
111. Haass, C., Schlossmacher, M. G., Hung, A. Y., Vigo-Pelfrey, C., Mellon, A., Ostaszewski, B. L., Lieberburg, L, Koo, E. H., Schenk, D., Teplow, D. B., and Selkoe, D. J. 1992b. Amyloid beta-peptide is produced by cultured cells during normal metabolism. Nature 359:322-325.
112. Haass, C., Hung, A. Y., Schlossmacher, M. G., Teplow, D. B., and Selkoe, D. J. 1993. beta-amyloid peptide and a 3-kDa fragment are derived by distinct cellular mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 268:3021-3024.
113. Haass, C. 1996. The molecular significance of amyloid beta-peptide for Alzheimer's disease. Eur. Arch. Psychiat. Clin. Neuros. 246:118-123.
114. Haass, C. and Selkoe, D. J. 1993. Cellular processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein and the genesis of amyloid beta-peptide. Cell 75:1039-1042.
115. Haga, S., Ikeda, K., Sato, M., and Ishii, T. 1993. Synthetic Alzheimer amyloid beta/A4 peptides enhance production of complement C3 component by cultured microglial cells. Brain Res. 601:88-94.
116. Halverson, K., Fraser, P. E., Kirschner, D. A., and Lansbury, P. T. 1990. Molecular determinants of amyloid deposition in Alzheimers Disease - conformational studies of synthetic beta-protein fragments. Biochemistry 29:2639-2644.
117. Hanger, D. P., Mann, D. MA., Neary, D., and Anderton, B. H. 1992. Tau-pathology in a case of familial Alzheimer's Disease with a valine to glycine mutation at position-717 in the amyloid precursor protein. Neurosci. Lett. 145:178-180.
118. Harter, C. and Mellman, I. 1992. Transport of the lysosomal membrane glycoprotein lgp120 (lgp-A) to lysosomes does not require appearance on the plasma membrane. J. Cell Biol. 117:311-325.
119. Hawkins, P. N., Richardson, S., Macsweeney, J. E., King, A. D., Vigushin, D. M., Lavender, J. P., and Pepys, M. B. 1993. Scintigraphic quantification and serial monitoring of human visceral amyloid deposits provide evidence for turnover and regression. Quart. J. Med. 86:365-374.
120. Hawkins, P. N. 1994a. Diagnosis and monitoring of amyloidosis. In: Clinical Rheumatology: Vol. 8 No. 3, Reactive Amyloidosis and the Acute Phase Response. pp. 635-659. Husby, G., Ed., Bailliere Tindall, London.
121. Hawkins, P. N. 1994b. Studies with radiolabeled serum amyloid P component provide evidence for turnover and regression of amyloid deposits in vivo. Clin. Sci. 87:289-295.
122. Helms, L. R. and Wetzel, R. 1996. Specificity of abnormal assembly in immunoglobulin light chain deposition disease and amyloidosis. J. Mol. Biol. 257:77-86.
123. Hendriks, L., van Duijn, C. M., Cras, P., Cruts, M., Van Hul, W., van Harskamp, F., Warren, A., Mcinnis, M. G., Antonarakis, S. E., Martin, J. J., Hofman, A., and van Broeckhoven, C. L. 1992. Presenile dementia and cerebral hemorrhage linked to a mutation at codon-692 of the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene. Nature Genet. 1:218-221.
124. Hendriks, L. and van Broeckhoven, C. 1996. The βA4 amyloid precursor protein gene and Alzheimer's disease. Eur. J. Biochem. 237:6-15.
125. Higaki, J., Quon, D., Zhong, Z. Y., and Cordell, B. 1995. Inhibition of beta-amyloid formation identifies proteolytic precursors and subcellular site of catabolism. Neuron 14:651-659.
126. Hilbich, C., Kisters-Woike, B., Reed, J., Masters, C. L., and Beyreuther, K. 1992. Substitutions of hydrophobic amino acids reduce the amyloidogenicity of Alzheimer's Disease betaA4 peptides. J. Mol. Biol. 228:460-473.
127. Huffman, J. S., Ericsson, L. H., Eriksen, N., Walsh, K. A., and Benditt, E. P. 1984. Murine tissue amyloid protein AA: NH2-terminal sequence identity with only one of two serum amyloid protein (ApoSAA) gene products. J. Exp. Med. 159:641-646.
128. Holmgren, G., Steen, L., Ekstedt, J., Groth, C. G., Ericzon, B. G., Eriksson, S., Andersen, O., Karlberg, I., Norden, G., Nakazato, M., Hawkins, P., Richardson, S., and Pepys, M. 1991. Biochemical effect of liver transplantation in two Swedish patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP-met30). Clin. Genet. 40:242-246.
129. Horiguchi, Y., Fine, J. D., Leigh, I. M., Yoshiki, T., Ueda, M., and Imamura, S. 1992. Lamina densa malformation involved in histogenesis of primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 99:12-18.
130. Hucul, J. A., Henshaw, E. C., and Young, D. A. 1985. Nucleoside diphosphate regulation of over-all rates of protein biosynthesis acting at the level of initiation. J. Biol. Chem. 260:15585-15591.
131. Husby, G., Araki, S., Benditt, E. P., Benson, M. D., Cohen, A. S., Frangione, B., Glenner, G. G., Natvig, J. B. and Westermark, P. 1991. The 1990 guidelines for nomenclature and classification of amyloid and amyloidosis. In: Amyloid and Amyloidosis 7990. pp. 7-11. Natvig, J. B., Forre, O., Husby, G., Husebekk, A., Skogen, B., Sletten, K., and Westermark, P., Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
132. Husby, G. 1994. Classification of amyloidosis. In: Clinical Rheumatology: Vol.8 No.3, Reactive Amyloidosis and the Acute Phase Response. pp. 503-511. Husby, G., Ed., Bailliere Tindall, London.
133. Inoue, S. and Kisilevsky, R. 1996. A high-resolution ultrastructural study of experimental murine AA amyloid. Lab. Invest. 74:670-683.
134. Inouye, H., Fraser, P. E., and Kirschner, D. A. 1993. Structure of beta-crystallite assemblies formed by Alzheimer beta-amyloid protein analogues - analysis by X-ray diffraction. Biophys. J. 64:502-519.
135. Iozzo, R. V., Cohen, I. R., Grassel, S., and Murdoch, A. D. 1994. The biology of perlecan: the multifaceted heparan sulphate proteoglycan of basement membranes and pericellular matrices. Biochem. J. 302:625-639.
136. Iwai, A., Yoshimoto, M., Masliah, E., and Saitoh, T. 1995. Non-A beta component of Alzheimer's disease amyloid (NAC) is amyloidogenic. Biochemistry 34:10139-10145.
137. Jarrett, J. T., Berger, E. P., and Lansbury, P. T. 1993. The carboxy terminus of the beta-amyloid protein is critical for the seeding of amyloid formation - implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Biochemistry 32:4693-4697.
138. Jarrett, J. T. and Lansbury, P. T. 1992. Amyloid fibril formation requires a chemically discriminating nucleation event - studies of an amyloidogenic sequence from the bacterial protein OsmB. Biochemistry 31:12345-12352.
139. Jarrett, J. T. and Lansbury, P. T. 1993. Seeding one-dimensional crystallization of amyloid - a pathogenic mechanism in Alzheimer's Disease and scrapie. Cell 73:1055-1058.
140. Jiang, H. X., Burdick, D., Glabe, C. G., Cotman, C. W., and Tenner, A. J. 1994. beta-amyloid activates complement by binding to a specific region of the collagen-like domain of the C1Q chain. J. Immunol. 152:5050-5059.
141. Joachim, C. L., Morris, J. H., and Selkoe, D. J. 1989. Diffuse senile plaques occur commonly in the cerebellum in Alzheimers Disease. Am. J. Pathol 135:309-319.
142. Joachim, C. L. and Selkoe, D. J. 1992. The seminal role of beta-amyloid in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease. Alz. Dis. Assoc. Disorder. 6:7-34.
143. Johnson-Green, P. C., Dow, K. E., and Riopelle, R. J. 1992. Neurite growth modulation associated with astrocyte proteoglycans - influence of activators of inflammation. Glia 5:33-42.
144. Kanai, M., Raz, A., and Goodman, D. S. 1968. Retinol-binding protein: the transport protein for vitamin A in human plasma. J. Clin. Invest. 47:2025-2044.
145. Kanda, Y., Goodman, D. S., Canfield, R. E., and Morgan, F. J. 1974. The amino acid sequence of human plasma prealbumin. J. Biol. Chem. 249:6796-6805.
146. Kang, J., Lemaire, H. G., Unterbeck, A., Salbaum, J. M., Masters, C. L., Grzeschik, K. H., Multhaup, G., Beyreuther, K., and Muller-Hill, B. 1987. The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature 325:733-736.
147. Karsenty, G., Ulmann, A., Droz, D., Carnot, F., and Grunfeld, J. P. 1985. Clinical and histological resolution of systemic amyloidosis after renal cell carcinoma removal. Nephron 40:232-234.
148. Kazatchkine, M. D., Husby, G., Araki, S., Benditt, E. P., Benson, M. D., Cohen, A. S., Frangione, B., Glenner, G. G., Natvig, J. B., and Westermark, P. 1993. Nomenclature of amyloid and amyloidosis - WHO-IUIS nomenclature sub-committee. Bull. WHO 71:105-108.
149. Kelly, J. W. 1996. Alternative conformations of amyloidogenic proteins govern their behavior. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 6:11-17.
150. Kelly, J. W. and Lansbury, P. T. 1994. A chemical approach to elucidate the mechanism of transthyretin and β-protein amyloid fibril formation. Amyloid 1:186-205.
151. Kindy, M. S., King, A. R., Perry, G., Debeer, M. C., and deBeer, F. C. 1995. Association of apolipoprotein E with murine amyloid A protein amyloid. Lab. Invest. 73:469-475.
152. Kirschner, D. A., Inouye, H., Duffy, L. K., Sinclair, A., Lind, M., and Selkoe, D. J. 1987. Synthetic peptide homologous to B protein from Alzheimer disease forms amyloid-like fibrils in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:6953-6957.
153. Kisilevsky, R., Benson, M. D., Axelrad, M. A., and Boudreau, L. 1979. The effect of a liver protein synthesis inhibitor on plasma SAA levels in a model of accelerated amyloid deposition. Lab. Invest. 41:206-210.
154. Kisilevsky, R. 1989. Theme and variations on a string of amyloid. Neurobiol. Aging 10:499-500.
155. Kisilevsky, R. 1991. Common elements in amyloidosis. In: Amyloid and Amyloidosis, 1990. pp. 251-253. Natvig, J. B., Forre, O., Husby, G., Husebekk, A., Skogen, B., Sletten, K. and Westermark, P., Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
156. Kisilevsky, R., Narindrasorasak, S., Tape, C., Tan, R., and Boudreau, L. 1994. During AA amyloidogenesis is proteolytic attack on serum amyloid A a pre- or post-fibrillogenic event? Amyloid 1:174-183.
157. Kisilevsky, R., Gruys, E., and Shirahama, T. 1995. Does amyloid enhancing factor (AEF) exist? Is AEF a single biological entity? Amyloid 2:128-133.
158. Kisilevsky, R. 1996. Anti-amyloid drugs: potential in the treatment of diseases associated with aging. Drug Aging 8:75-83.
159. Kisilevsky, R., Lindhorst, E., Ancsin, J. B., Young, D., and Bagshaw, W. 1996. Acute phase serum amyloid A (SAA) and cholesterol transport during acute inflammation: a hypothesis. Amyloid 3:252-260.
160. Kisilevsky, R. and Boudreau, L. 1983. The kinetics of amyloid deposition. I. The effect of amyloid enhancing factor and splenectomy. Lab. Invest. 48:53-59.
161. Kitaguchi, N., Takahashi, Y., Tokushima, Y., Shiojiri, S., and Ito, H. 1988. Novel precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein show protease inhibitory activity. Nature 331:530-532.
162. Klafki, H. W., Kratzin, H. D., Pick, A. I., Eckart, K., Karas, M., and Hilschmann, N. 1992. Complete amino acid sequence determinations demonstrate identity of the urinary Bence Jones protein (BJP-DIA) and the amyloid fibril protein (AL-DIA) in a case of AL-amyloidosis. Biochemistry 31:3265-3272.
163. Korotzer, A. R., Watt, J., Cribbs, D., Tenner, A. J., Burdick, D., Glabe, C., and Cotman, C. W. 1995. Cultured rat microglia express C1q and receptor for C1q: implications for amyloid effects on microglia. Exp. Neurol. 134:214-221.
164. Kuo, Y. M., Emmerling, M. R., Vigo-Pelfrey, C., Kasunic, T. C., Kirkpatrick, J. B., Murdoch, G. H., Ball, M. J., and Roher, A. E. 1996. Water-soluble A beta (N-40, N-42) oligomers in normal and Alzheimer disease brains. J. Biol. Chem. 271:4077-4081.
165. Kushner, I. and Rzewnicki, D. L. 1994. The acute phase respose: general aspects. In: Clinical Rheumatology: Vol.8 No.3, Reactive Amyloidosis and the Acute Phase Response, pp. 513-530. Husby, G., Ed., Bailliere Tindall, London.
166. Kyle, R. A. 1994. Monoclonal proteins and renal disease. Annu. Rev. Med. 4571-77.
167. Lai, Z. H., Colon, W., and Kelly, J. W. 1996. The acid-mediated denaturation pathway of transthyretin yields a conformational intermediate that can self-assemble into amyloid. Biochemistry 35:6470-6482.
168. Lalowski, M., Golabek, A., Lemere, C. A., Selkoe, D. J., Wisniewski, H. M., Beavis, R. C., Frangione, B., and Wisniewski, T. 1996. The "nonamyloidogenic" p3 fragment (amyloid β 17-42) is a major constituent of Down's syndrome cerebellar preamyloid. J. Biol. Chem. 271:33623-33631.
169. Lannfelt, L., Bogdanovic, N., Appelgren, H., Axelman, K., Lilius, L., Hansson, G., Schenk, D., Hardy, J., and Winblad, B. 1994. Amyloid precursor protein mutation causes Alzheimers Disease in a Swedish family. Neurosci Lett. 168:254-255.
170. Lansbury, P. T. 1995. The molecular mechanism of amyloid formation in Alzheimer's disease. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 30:S621-S633.
171. Lansbury, P. T., Costa, P. R., Griffiths, J. M., Simon, E. J., Auger, M., Halverson, K. J., Kocisko, D. A., Hendsch, Z. S., Ashburn, T. T., Spencer, R. G. S., Tidor, B., and Griffin, R. G. 1995. Structural model for the b-amyloid fibril based on interstrand alignment of an antiparallel-sheet comprising a C-terminal peptide. Nature Struct. Biol. 2:990-998.
172. Lantos, P. L., Luthert, P. J., Hanger, D., Anderton, B. H., Mullan, M., and Rossor, M. 1992. Familial Alzheimer's Disease with the amyloid precursor protein position-717 mutation and sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Have the same cytoskeletal pathology. Neurosci. Lett. 137:221-224.
173. Laurie, G. W., Inoue, S., Bing, J. T. and Hassell, J. R. 1988. Visualization of the large heparan sulfate proteoglycan from basement membrane. Am. J. Anat. 181:320-326.
174. Leblanc, A. C., Papadopoulos, M., Belair, C., Chu, W., Crosato, M., Powell, J., and Goodyer, C. G. 1997. Processing of amyloid precursor protein in human primary neuron and astrocyte cultures. J. Neurochem. 68:1183-1190.
175. Leblanc, A. C. and Gambetti, P. 1994. Production of Alzheimer 4-kDa beta-amyloid peptide requires the C-terminal cytosolic domain of the amyloid precursor protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 204:1371-1380.
176. Lejeune, J. 1990. Pathogenesis of mental deficiency in Trisomy-21. Am. J. Med. Genet. Suppl. 7:20-30.
177. Lemere, C. A., Lopera, F., Kosik, K. S., Lendon, C. L., Ossa, J., Saido, T. C., Yamaguchi, H., Ruiz, A., Martinez, A., Madrigal, L., Hincapie, L., Arango, J. C. L., Anthony, D. C., Koo, E. H., Goate, A. M., Selkoe, D. J., and Arango, J. C. V. 1996. The E280A presenilin 1 Alzheimer mutation produces increased Aβ 42 deposition and severe cerebellar pathology. Nature Med. 2: 1146-1150.
178. Leveugle, B., Scanameo, A., Ding, W., and Fillit, H. 1994. Binding of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan to beta-amyloid peptide: inhibition by potentially therapeutic polysulfated compounds. NeuroReport 5:1389-1392.
179. Levitan, D. and Greenwald, I. 1995. Facilitation of lin-12-mediated signaling by sel-12, a Caenor- habditis elegans S182 Alzheimer's disease gene. Nature 377:351-354.
180. Levy, E., Carman, M. D., Fernandez-Madrid, I., Power, M. D., Lieberburg, L, Vanduinen, S. G., Bots, G. TAM., Luyendijk, W., and Frangione, B. 1990. Mutation of the Alzheimers Disease amyloid gene in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage, Dutch Type. Science 248:1124-1126.
181. Levy-Lahad, E., Wasco, W., Poorkaj, P., Romano, D. M., Oshima, J., Pettingell, W. H., Yu, C. E., Jondro, P. D., Schmidt, S. D., Wang, K., Crowley, A. C., Fu, Y. H., Guenette, S. Y., Galas, D., Nemens, E., Wijsman, E. M., Bird, T. D., Schellenberg, G. D., and Tanzi, R. E. 1995. Candidate gene for the chromosome 1 familial Alzheimer's disease locus. Science 269:973-977.
182. Liepnieks, J. J., Kluve-Beckerman, B., and Benson, M. D. 1995. Characterization of amyloid A protein in human secondary amyloidosis: the predominant deposition of serum amyloid A1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1270:81-86.
183. Linke, R. P., Huhn, D., Casanova, S., and Donini, U. 1989. Immunoelectron microscopic identification of human AA-type amyloid - exploration of various monoclonal AA-antibodies, methods of fixation, embedding and of other parameters for the protein-A gold method. Lab. Invest. 61:691-697.
184. Livneh, A., Zemer, D., Siegal, B., Laor, A., Sohar, E., and Pras, M. 1992. Colchicine prevents kidney transplant amyloidosis in familial Mediterranean fever. Nephron 60:418-422.
185. Livneh, A., Zemer, D., Langevitz, P., Laor, A., Sohar, E., and Pras, M. 1994. Colchicine treatment of AA amyloidosis of familial Mediterranean fever: an analysis of factors affecting outcome. Arthritis Rheum. 37:1804-1811.
186. Lomakin, A., Chung, D. S., Benedek, G. B., Kirschner, D. A., and Teplow, D. B. 1996. On the nucleation and growth of amyloid beta-protein fibrils: detection of nuclei and quantitation of rate constants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:1125-1129.
187. Lorenzo, A., Razzaboni, B., Weir, G. C., and Yankner, B. A. 1994. Pancreatic islet cell toxicity of amylin associated with Type-2 diabetes mellitus. Nature 368:756-760.
188. Lorenzo, A. and Yankner, B. A. 1994. β-amyloid neurotoxicity requires fibril formation and is inhibited by Congo red. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:12243-12247.
189. Lue, L. F. and Rogers, J. 1992. Full complement activation fails in diffuse plaques of the Alzheimer's disease cerebellum. Dementia 3:308-313.
190. Lukacs, C. M. and Christianson, D. W. 1996. Is the binding of β-amyloid protein to antichymotrypsin in Alzheimer plaques mediated by a β-strand insertion? Protein-Struct. Funct. Genet. 25:420-424.
191. Lyon, A. W., Narindrasorasak, S., Young, I. D., Anastassiades, T., Couchman, J. R., McCarthy, K., and Kisilevsky, R. 1991. Co-deposition of basement membrane components during the induction of murine splenic AA amyloid. Lab. Invest. 64:785-790.
192. Ma, J. Y., Yee, A., Brewer, H. B., Das, S., and Potter, H. 1994. Amyloid-associated proteins alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin and apolipoprotein E promote assembly of Alzheimer beta-protein into filaments. Nature 372:92-94.
193. Magnus, J. H., Husby, G., and Kolset, S. O. 1989. Presence of glycosaminoglycans in purified AA type amyloid fibrils associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 48:215-219.
194. Magnus, J. H., Stenstad, T., Kolset, S. O., and Husby, G. 1991. Glycosaminoglycans in extracts of cardiac amyloid fibrils from familial amyloid cardiomyopathy of Danish origin related to variant transthyretin Met-111. Scand. J. Immunol. 34:63-69.
195. Mann, D. MA. 1989. Cerebral amyloidosis, ageing and Alzheimers Disease - a contribution from studies on Downs Syndrome. Neurobiol. Aging 10:397-399.
196. Mann, D. MA., Jones, D., Snowden, J. S., Neary, D., and Hardy, J. 1992. Pathological changes in the brain of a patient with familial Alzheimer's Disease having a missense mutation at codon-717 in the amyloid precursor protein gene. Neurosci. Lett. 137:225-228.
197. Maresh, G. A., Erezyilmaz, D., Murry, C. E., Nochlin, D., and Snow, A. D. 1996. Detection and quantitation of perlecan mRNA levels in Alzheimer's disease and normal aged hippocampus by competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. J. Neurochem. 67: 1132-1144.
198. Martins, R. N., Turner, B. A., Carroll, R. T., Sweeney, D., Kim, K. S., Wisniewski, H. M., Blass, J. P., Gibson, G. E., and Gandy, S. 1995. High levels of amyloid-beta protein from S182 (Glu(246)) familial Alzheimer's cells. NeuroReport 7:217-220.
199. Masters, C. L., Multhaup, G., Simms, G., Pottgiesser, J., Martins, R. N., and Beyreuther, K. 1985a. Neuronal origin of a cerebral amyloid: neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease contain the same protein as the amyloid of plaque cores and blood vessels. EMBO J. 4:2757-2763.
200. Masters, C. L., Simms, G., Weinman, N. A., Multhaup, G., McDonald, B. L., and Beyreuther, K. 1985b. Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82:4245-4249.
201. Mattson, M. P., Cheng, B., Culwell, A. R., Esch, F. S., Lieberburg, I., and Rydel, R. E. 1993. Evidence for excitoprotective and intraneuronal calcium-regulating roles for secreted forms of the beta-amyloid precursor protein. Neuron 10: 243-254.
202. May, P. C., Boggs, L. N., and Fuson, K. S. 1993. Neurotoxicity of human amylin in rat primary hippocampal cultures - similarity to Alzheimer's Disease amyloid-beta neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 61:2330-2333.
203. McCubbin, W. D., Kay, C. M., Narindrasorasak, S., and Kisilevsky, R. 1988. Circular dichroism and fluorescence studies on two murine serum amyloid A proteins. Biochem. J. 256: 775-783.
204. Mccutchen, S. L., Colon, W., and Kelly, J. W. 1993. Transthyretin mutation Leu-55-Pro Significantly alters tetramer stability and increases amyloidogenicity. Biochemistry 32:12119-12127.
205. Mccutchen, S. L., Lai, Z. H., Miroy, G. J., Kelly, J. W., and Colon, W. 1995. Comparison of lethal and nonlethal transthyretin variants and their relationship to amyloid disease. Biochemistry 34:13527-13536.
206. Mcdermott, J. R. and Gibson, A. M. 1991. The processing of Alzheimer A4/beta-amyloid protein precursor - identification of a human brain metallopeptidase which cleaves - Lys-Leu- in a model peptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179:1148-1154.
207. Mcgeer, P., Kawamata, T., and Walker, D. G. 1992. Distribution of clustrin in Alzheimer brain tissue. Brain Res. 579:337-341.
208. Mcgeer, P. L., Akiyama, H., and Mcgeer, E. G. 1989. Immune system response in Alzheimer's disease. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 16:516-527.
209. Mcgeer, P. L. and Rogers, J. 1992. Anti-inflammatory agents as a therapeutic approach to Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 42:447-449.
210. Meek, R. L., Huffman, J. S., and Benditt, E. P. 1986. Amyloidogenesis. one serum amyloid A isotype is selectively removed from the circulation. J. Exp. Med. 163:499-510.
211. Miller, D. L., Papayannopoulos, I. A., Styles, J., Bobin, S. A., Lin, Y. Y., Biemann, K., and Iqbal, K. 1993. Peptide compositions of the cerebrovascular and senile plaque core amyloid deposits of Alzheimer's Disease. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 301:41-52.
212. Milward, E. A., Papadopoulos, R., Fuller, S. J., Moir, R. D., Small, D., Beyreuther, K., and Masters, C. L. 1992. The amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's Disease is a mediator of the effects of nerve growth factor on neurite outgrowth. Neuron 9:129-137.
213. Miroy, G. J., Lai, Z. H., Lashuel, H. A., Peterson, S. A., Strang, C., and Kelly, J. W. 1996. Inhibiting transthyretin amyloid fibril formation via protein stabilization. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 93:15051-15056.
214. Mirzabekov, T. A., Lin, M. C., and Kagan, B. L. 1996. Pore formation by the cytotoxic islet amyloid peptide amylin. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1988-1992.
215. Miyakawa, T. and Kuramoto, R. 1989. Ultrastructural study of senile plaques and microvessels in the brain with Alzheimers Disease and Downs Syndrome. Ann. Med. 21:99-102.
216. Miyazaki, K., Hasegawa, M., Funahashi, K., and Umeda, M. 1993. A metalloproteinase inhibitor domain in Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor. Nature 362:839-841.
217. Mori, H., Takio, K., Ogawara, M., and Selkoe, D. 1992. Mass spectrometry of purified amyloid-beta protein in Alzheimer's Disease. J. Biol. Chem. 267:17082-17086.
218. Mullan, M., Crawford, F., Axelman, K., Houlden, H., Lilius, L., Winblad, B., and Lannfelt, L. 1992. A pathogenic mutation for probable Alzheimer's Disease in the APP gene at the N-terminus of beta-amyloid. Nature Genet. 1: 345-347.
219. Mullan, M., Tsuji, S., Miki, T., Katsuya, T., Naruse, S., Kaneko, K., Shimizu, T., Kojima, T., Nakano, I., Ogihara, T., Miyatake, T., Ovenstone, I., Crawford, F., Goate, A., Hardy, J., Roques, P., Roberts, G., Luthert, P., Lantos, P., Clark, C., Gaskell, P., Crain, B., and Roses, A. 1993. Clinical comparison of Alzheimer's Disease in pedigrees with the codon-717 Val → Ile mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene. Neurobiol. Aging 14:407-419.
220. Multhaup, G. 1994. Identification and regulation of the high affinity binding site of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein precursor (APP) to glycosaminoglycans. Biochimie 76:304-311.
221. Multhaup, G., Schlicksupp, A., Hesse, L., Beher, D., Ruppert, T., Masters, C. L., and Beyreuther, K. 1996. The amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's disease in the reduction of copper(II) to copper(I). Science 271:1406-1409.
222. Murrell, J., Farlow, M., Ghetti, B., and Benson, M. D. 1991. A mutation in the amyloid precursor protein associated with hereditary Alzheimer's Disease. Science 254:97-99.
223. Murtomaki, S., Risteli, J., Risteli, L., Koivisto, U. M., Johansson, S., and Liesi, P. 1992. Laminin and its neurite outgrowth-promoting domain in the brain in Alzheimer's Disease and Down's Syndrome patients. J. Neurosci. Res. 32:261-273.
224. Narindrasorasak, S., Lowery, D., Gonzalez-DeWhitt, P., Poorman, R. A., Greenberg, B., and Kisilevsky, R. 1991. High affinity interactions between the Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor proteins and the basement membrane form of heparan sulfate proteoglycan. J. Biol. Chem. 266:12878-12883.
225. Narindrasorasak, S., Lowery, D. E., Altman, R. A., Gonzalez-DeWhitt, P. A., Greenberg, B. D., and Kisilevsky, R. 1992. Characterization of high affinity binding between laminin and the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor proteins. Lab. Invest. 67:643-652.
226. Narindrasorasak, S., Altman, R. A., Gonzalez-DeWhitt, P., Greenberg, B. D., and Kisilevsky, R. 1995. An interaction between basement membrane and Alzheimer amyloid precursor proteins suggests a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Lab. Invest. 72:272-282.
227. Naruse, S., Igarashi, S., Aoki, K., Kaneko, K., Iihara, K., Miyatake, T., Kobayashi, H., Inuzuka, T., Shimizu, T., Kojima, T., and Tsuji, S. 1991. Missense mutation Val → ILe in exon-17 of amyloid precursor protein gene in Japanese familial Alzheimer's Disease. Lancet 337:978-979.
228. Naslund, J., Thyberg, J., Tjernberg, L. O., Wernstedt, C., Karlstrom, A. R., Bogdanovic, N., Gandy, S. E., Lannfelt, L., Terenius, L., and Nordstedt, C. 1995. Characterization of stable complexes involving apolipoprotein E and the amyloid beta peptide in Alzheimer's disease brain. Neuron 15:219-228.
229. Nelson, R. B. and Siman, R. 1990. Clipsin, a chymotrypsin-like protease in rat brain which is irreversibly inhibited by a-1-antichymotrypsin. J. Biol. Chem. 265:3836-3843.
230. Nishimoto, I., Okamoto, T., Matsuura, Y., Takahashi, S., Murayama, Y., and Ogata, E. 1993. Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor complexes with brain GTP-binding protein-G(O). Nature 362: 75-79
231. Oltersdorf, T., Fritz, L. C., Schenk, D. B., Lieberburg, L, Johnson-Wood, K. L., Beattie, E. C., Ward, P. J., Blacher, R. W., Dovey, H. F., and Sinha, S. 1989. The secreted form of the Alzheimers amyloid precursor protein with the Kunitz Domain is protease nexin-II. Nature 341:144-147.
232. Perfetti, V., Bellotti, V., Maggi, A., Arbustini, E., Debenedetti, F., Paulli, M., Marinone, M. G., and Merlini, G. 1994. Reversal of nephrotic syndrome due to reactive amyloidosis (AA- type) after excision of localized Castleman's disease. Am. J. Hematol. 46:189-193.
233. Perlmutter, L. S., Barren, E., Saperia, D., and Chui, H. C. 1991. Association between vascular basement membrane components and the lesions of Alzheimer's Disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 30:673-681.
234. Perry, G., Siedlak, S. L., Richey, P., Kawai, M., Cras, P., Kalaria, R. N., Galloway, P. G., Scardina, J. M., Cordell, B., Greenberg, B. D., Ledbetter, S. R., and Gambetti, P. 1991. Association of heparan sulfate proteoglycan with the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's Disease. J. Neurosci. 11:3679-3683.
235. Phelps, C. H. 1989. Trophic factors and Alzheimers Disease. Neurobiol. Aging 10:584-586.
236. Picken, M. M., Larrondo-Lillo, M., Coria, F., Gallo, G. R., Shelanski, M. L., and Frangione, B. 1990. Distribution of the protease inhibitor alpha-1-antichymotrypsin in cerebral and systemic amyloid. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 49:41-48.
237. Pike, C. J., Burdick, D., Walencewicz, A. J., Glabe, C. G., and Cotman, C. W. 1993. Neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid peptides in vitro the role of peptide assembly state. J. Neurosci. 13:1676-1687.
238. Podlisny, M. B., Lee, G., and Selkoe, D. J. 1987. Gene dosage of the amyloid B precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease. Science 238:669-671.
239. Ponte, P., Gonzalez-DeWhitt, P., Schilling, J., Miller, J., Hon, D., Greenberg, B., Davis, K., Wallace, W., Lieberburg, I., Fuller, F., and Cordell, B. 1988. A new A4 amyloid mRNA contains a domain homologous to serine proteinase inhibitors. Nature 331:525-528.
240. Potter, H., Abraham, C. R., and Dressier, D. 1991. The Alzheimer amyloid components α-1-anti-chymotrypsin and β-protein form a stable complex in-vitro. In: Alzheimer's Disease: Basic Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Strategies. pp. 275-279. (Iqbal, K., McLachlan, D. R. C., Winblad, B., and Wisniewski, H. M., Eds.) John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester.
241. Pras, M., Schubert, M., Zucker-Franklin, D., Rimon, A., and Franklin, E. C. 1968. The characterization of soluble amyloid prepared in water. J. Clin. Invest. 47:924-933.
242. Priola, S. A., Caughey, B., Raymond, G. J., and Chesebro, B. 1994. Prion protein and the scrapie agent: in vitro studies in infected neuroblastoma cells. Infect. Agent. Dis. 3:54-58.
243. Probst, A., Langui, D., Ipsen, S., Robakis, N., and Ulrich, J. 1991. Deposition of beta/A4 protein along neuronal plasma membranes in diffuse senile plaques. Acta Neuropathol. 83:21-29.
244. Prusiner, S. B. 1996. Prion biology and diseases - laughing cannibals, mad cows, and scientific heresy. Med. Res. Rev. 16:487-505.
245. Rafalowska, J., Barcikowska, M., Wen, G. Y., and Wisniewski, H. M. 1988. Laminar distribution of neuritic plaques in normal aging, Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Acta Neuropathol. 77:21-25.
246. Rajavashisth, T. B., Kapstein, J. S., Reue, K. L., and Lusis, A. J. 1985. Evolution of apolipoprotein E: mouse sequence and evidence for an 11-nucleotide ancestral unit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82:8085-8089.
247. Razzaboni, B. L., Papastoitsis, G., Koo, E. H., and Abraham, C. R. 1992. A calcium-stimulated serine protease from monkey brain degrades the beta-amyloid precursor protein. Brain Res. 589:207-216.
248. Reimann, H. A. 1979. Periodic peritonitis, amyloidosis and colchicine. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 9:16-17.
249. Robbins, J. and Rall, J. E. 1960. Proteins associated with the thyroid hormones. Physiol. Rev. 40:415-489.
250. Rogaev, E. I., Sherrington, R., Rogaeva, E. A., Levesque, G., Ikeda, M., Liang, Y., Chi, H., Lin, C., Holman, K., Tsuda, T., Mar, L., Sorbi, S., Nacmias, B., Piacentini, S., Chumakov, I., Cohen, D., Lannfelt, L., Fraser, P. E., Rommens, J. M., and St.George-Hyslop, P. H. 1995. Missense mutations in familial Alzheimer's disease in a gene on chromosome 1 homologous to the Alzheimer's disease type 3 gene. Nature 376:600-602.
251. Rogers, J., Cooper, N. R., Webster, S., Schultz, J., Mcgeer, P. L., Styren, S. D., Civin, W. H., Brachova, L, Bradt, B., Ward, P., and Lieberburg, I. 1992a. Complement activation by beta-amyloid in Alzheimer Disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:10016-10020.
252. Rogers, J., Schultz, J., Brachova, L., Lue, L. F., Webster, S., Bradt, B., Cooper, N. R., and Moss, D. E. 1992b. Complement activation and beta-amyloid-mediated neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's Disease. Res. Immunol. 143:624-630.
253. Roher, A. E., Lowenson, J. D., Clarke, S., Wolkow, C., Wang, R., Cotter, R. J., Reardon, I. M., Zurcher-Neely, H. A., Heinrikson, R. L., Ball, M. J., and Greenberg, B. D. 1993. Structural alterations in the peptide backbone of beta-amyloid core protein may account for its deposition and stability in Alzheimer's Disease. J. Biol. Chem. 268:3072-3083.
254. Roses, A. D. 1996. Apolipoprotein E alleles as risk factors in Alzheimer's disease. Annu. Rev. Med. 47387-400:
255. Royston, M. C., Kodical, N. S., Mann, D. M. A., Groom, K., Landon, M., and Roberts, G. W. 1994. Quantitative analysis of beta-amyloid deposition in Downs Syndrome using computerized image analysis. Neurodegeneration 3:43-51.
256. Rozemuller, A. JM., Roos, R. AC., Bots, G. TAM., Kamphorst, W., Eikelenboom, P., and Van Nostrand, W. E. 1993. Distribution of beta/A4 protein and amyloid precursor protein in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, Dutch Type and Alzheimer's Disease. Am. J. Pathol. 142:1449-1457.
257. Rozemuller, J. M., Eikelenboom, P., Stam, F. C., Beyreuther, K., and Masters, C. L. 1989. A4-protein in Alzheimers Disease - primary and secondary cellular events in extracellular amyloid deposition. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 48:674-691.
258. Saito, K. I., Elce, J. S., Hamos, J. E., and Nixon, R. A. 1993. Widespread activation of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) in the brain in Alzheimer Disease - a potential molecular basis for neuronal degeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:2628-2632.
259. Saitoh, T., Sundsmo, M., Roch, J. M., Kimura, N., Cole, G., Schubert, D., Oltersdorf, T., and Schenk, D. B. 1989. Secreted form of amyloid-beta protein precursor is involved in the growth regulation of fibroblasts. Cell 58:615-622.
260. Sanan, D. A., Weisgraber, K. H., Russell, S. J., Mahley, R. W., Huang, D., Saunders, A., Schmechel, D., Wisniewski, T., Frangione, B., Roses, A. D., and Strittmatter, W. J. 1994. Apolipoprotein E associates with beta amyloid peptide of Alzheimer's disease to form novel monofibrils - isoform ApoE4 associates more efficiently than ApoE3. J. Clin. Invest. 94:860-869.
261. Saraiva, M. J. M. 1996. Molecular genetics of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. J. Periph. Nerv. Syst. 1:179-188.
262. Sasaki, M., Kleinman, H. K., Huber, H., Deutzmann, R., and Yamada, Y. 1988. Laminin a multidomain protein: the A chain has a unique globular domain and homology with the basement membrane proteoglycan and the laminin B chains. J. Biol. Chem. 263:16536-16544.
263. Scheuner, D., Eckman, C., Jensen, M., Song, X., Citron, M., Suzuki, N., Bird, T. D., Hardy, J., Hutton, M., Kukull, W., Larson, E., Levy-Lahad, E., Viitanen, M., Peskind, E., Poorkaj, P., Schellenberg, G., Tanzi, R., Wasco, W., Lannfelt, L., Selkoe, D., and Younkin, S. 1996. Secreted amyloid β-protein similar to that in the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease is increased in vivo by the presenilin 1 and 2 and APP mutations linked to familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature Med. 2:864-870.
264. Schubert, D., Jin, L. W., Saitoh, T., and Cole, G. 1989a. The regulation of amyloid-beta-protein precursor secretion and its modulatory role in cell adhesion. Neuron 3:689-694.
265. Schubert, D., LaCorbiere, M., Saitoh, T., and Cole, G. 1989b. Characterization of an amyloid B precursor protein that binds heparin and contains tyrosine sulfate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:2066-2069.
266. Schultz, J., Schaller, J., Mckinley, M., Bradt, B., Cooper, N., May, P., and Rogers, J. 1994. Enhanced cytotoxicity of amyloid beta-peptide by a complement dependent mechanism. Neurosci. Lett. 175:99-102.
267. Schultz, R. T., Pintha, J. V., McDonald, T., and Debault, L. E. 1985. Ultrastructural studies of vascular lesions in experimental amyloidosis in mice. Am. J. Pathol. 119:138-150.
268. Schultz, R. T. and Pintha, J. 1985. Relation of the hepatic and splenic microcirculations to the development of lesions in experimental amyloidosis. Am. J. Pathol 119:127-137.
269. Selkoe, D. J., Podlisny, M. B., Joachim, C. L., Vickers, E. A., Lee, G., Fritz, L. C., and Oltersdorf, T. 1988. B-amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer disease occurs as 110-to 135-Kilodalton membrane-associated proteins in neural and nonneural tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:7341-7345.
270. Selkoe, D. J. 1996. Amyloid β-protein and the genetics of Alzheimer's disease. J. Biol. Chem. 271:18295-18298.
271. Selkoe, D. S., Abraham, C. R., Podlisny, M. B., and Duffy, L. K. 1986. Isolation of low-molecular-weight proteins from amyloid plaque fibers in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 46:1820-1833.
272. Serpell, L. C., Sunde, M., Fraser, P. E., Luther, P. K., Morris, E. P., Sangren, O., Lundgren, E., and Blake, C. C. F. 1995. Examination of the structure of the transthyretin amyloid fibril by image reconstruction from electron micrographs. J. Mol. Biol. 254:113-118.
273. Seubert, P., Vigo-Pelfrey, C., Esch, F., Lee, M., Dovey, H., Davis, D., Sinha, S., Schlossmacher, M., Whaley, J., Swindlehurst, C., Mccormack, R., Wolfert, R., Selkoe, D., Lieberburg, I., and Schenk, D. 1992. Isolation and quantification of soluble Alzheimer's beta-peptide from bio-logical fluids. Nature 359:325-327.
274. Seubert, P., Oltersdorf, T., Lee, M. G., Barbour, R., Blomquist, C., Davis, D. L., Bryant, K., Fritz, L. C., Galasko, D., Thal, L. J., Lieberburg, I., and Schenk, D. B. 1993. Secretion of beta-amyloid precursor protein cleaved at the amino terminus of the beta-amyloid peptide. Nature 361:260-263.
275. Sherrington, R., Rogaev, E. I., Liang, Y., Rogaeva, E. A., Levesque, G., Ikeda, M., Chi, H., Lin, C., Li, G. L., Holman, K., Tsuda, T., Mar, L., Foncin, J. F., Bruni, A. C., Montesi, M. P., Sorbi, S., Rainero, I., Pinessi, L., Nee, L., Chumakov, I., Pollen, D., Tanzi, R. E., Haines, J. L., Wasco, W., Da Silva, R., Pericak-Vance, M. A., Roses, A. D., Fraser, P. E., Rommens, J., and St.George-Hyslop, P. 1995. Cloning of a novel gene bearing missense mutations in early onset familial Alzheimer disease. Nature 375:754-760.
276. Shoji, M., Golde, T. E., Ghiso, J., Cheung, T. T., Estus, S., Shaffer, L. M., Cai, X. D., Mckay, D. M., Tintner, R., Frangione, B., and Younkin, S. G. 1992. Production of the Alzheimer amyloid-beta protein by normal proteolytic processing. Science 258:126-129.
277. Sipe, J. D., Carreras, I., Gonnerman, W. A., Cathcart, E. S., Debeer, M. C., and deBeer, F. C. 1993. Characterization of the inbred CE/J mouse strain as amyloid resistant. Am. J. Pathol. 143:1480-1485.
278. Sisodia, S. S., Koo, E. H., Beyreuther, K., Unterbeck, A., and Price, D. L. 1990. Evidence that beta-amyloid protein in Alzheimers Disease is not derived by normal processing. Science 248:492-495.
279. Sisodia, S. S. 1992. beta-amyloid precursor protein cleavage by a membrane-bound protease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:6075-6079.
280. Skinner, M., Connors, L. H., Rubinow, A., Libbey, C., Sipe, J. D., and Cohen, A. S. 1985. Lowered prealbumin levels in patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) and their non-affected but at risk relatives. Am. J. Med. Sci. 289:17-21.
281. Smith, R. P., Higuchi, D. A., and Broze, G. J. 1990. Platelet coagulation factor-XIa-inhibitor, a form of Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein. Science 248:1126-1128.
282. Snow, A. D., Kisilevsky, R., Stephens, C., and Anastassiades, T. 1987a. Characterization of tissue and plasma glycosaminoglycans during experimental AA amyloidosis and acute inflammation, quantitative and qualitative analysis. Lab. Invest. 56:665-675.
283. Snow, A. D., Willmer, J., and Kisilevsky, R. 1987b. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans: a common constituent of all amyloids? Lab. Invest. 56:120-123.
284. Snow, A. D., Willmer, J., and Kisilevsky, R. 1987c. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans in Alzheimer's disease. Hum. Pathol. 18:506-510.
285. Snow, A. D., Kisilevsky, R., and Wight, T.N. 1988. Immunolocalization of heparan sulfate proteoglycans to AA amyloid deposition sites in spleen during experimental amyloidosis. In: Amyloid and Amyloidosis. pp. 87-93. (Isobe, T., Araki, S., Uchino, F., Kito, S., and Tsubura, E., Eds.) Plenum Press, New York.
286. Snow, A. D. 1990. The possible involvement of specific proteoglycans in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers Disease, Downs Syndrome and other amyloidoses. Aging of the Brain 13:185-204.
287. Snow, A. D., Mar, H., Nochlin, D., Sekiguchi, R. T., Kimata, K., Koike, Y., and Wight, T. N. 1990a. Early accumulation of heparan sulfate in neurons and in the beta-amyloid protein containing lesions of Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Neurobiol. Aging 11:304.
288. Snow, A. D., Mar, H., Nochlin, D., Sekiguchi, R. T., Kimata, K., Koike, Y., and Wight, T. N. 1990b. Early accumulation of heparan sulfate in neurons and in the beta-amyloid protein-containing lesions of Alzheimer's Disease and Down's Syndrome. Am. J. Pathol. 137:1253-1270.
289. Snow, A. D., Bramson, R., Mar, H., Wight, T. N., and Kisilevsky, R. 1991. A temporal and ultrastructural relationship between heparan sulfate proteoglycans and AA amyloid in experimental amyloidosis. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 39:1321-1330.
290. Snow, A. D., Sekiguchi, R., Nochlin, D., Fraser, P., Kimata, K., Mizutani, A., Arai, M., Schreier, W. A., and Morgan, D. G. 1994. An important role of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (perlecan) in a model system for the deposition and persistence of fibrillar A beta-amyloid in rat brain. Neuron 12:219-234.
291. Snow, A. D., Nochlin, D., Sekiguchi, R., and Carlson, S. S. 1996. Identification and immunolocalization of a new class of proteoglycan (keratan sulfate) to the neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease. Exp. Neurol. 138:305-317.
292. Snow, A. D. and Kisilevsky, R. 1985. Temporal relationship between glycosaminoglycan accumulation and amyloid deposition during experimental amyloidosis: a histochemical study. Lab. Invest. 53:37-44.
293. Snyder, S. W., Wang, G. T., Barrett, L., Ladror, U. S., Casuto, D., Lee, C. M., Krafft, G. A., Holzman, R. B., and Holzman, T. F. 1994. Complement C1q does not bind monomeric beta-amyloid. Exp. Neurol. 128:136-142.
294. Soto, C., Castano, E. M., Frangione, B., and Inestrosa, N. C. 1995. The alpha-helical to betastrand transition in the amino-terminal fragment of the amyloid beta-peptide modulates amyloid formation. J. Biol. Chem. 270:3063-3067.
295. Sprecher, C. A., Grant, F. J., Grimm, G., Ohara, P. J., Norris, F., Norris, K., and Foster, D. C. 1993. Molecular cloning of the cDNA for a human amyloid precursor protein homolog - evidence for a multigene family. Biochemistry 32:4481-4486.
296. St.George-Hyslop, P. H., Tanzi, R. E., Polinsky, R. J., Haines, J. L., Nee, L., Watkins, P. C., Myers, R. H., Feldman, R. G., Pollen, D., Drachman, D., Growdon, J., Bruni, A., Foncin, J. F., Salmon, D., Frommelt, P., Amaducci, L., Sorbi, S., Piancentini, S., Stewart, G. D., Hobbs, W. J., Conneally, P. M., and Gusella, J. F. 1987a. The genetic defect causing familial Alzheimer's disease maps on chromosome 21. Science 235: 885-890.
297. St.George-Hyslop, P. H., Tanzi, R. E., Polinsky, R. J., Neve, R. L., Pollen, D., Drachman, D., Growdon, J., and Cupples, L. A. 1987b. Absence of duplication of chromosome 21 genes in familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Science238: 664-665.
298. Stenstad, T., Magnus, J. H., Kolset, S. O., Cornwell, G. G., and Husby, G. 1991. Macromolecular properties of glycosaminoglycans in primary AL amyloid fibril extracts of lymphoid tissue origin. Scand. J. Immunol. 34:611-617.
299. Strittmatter, W. J., Saunders, A. M., Schmechel, D., Pericak-Vance, M. A., Enghild, J., Salvesen, G. S., and Roses, A. D. 1993. Apolipoprotein-E - high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type-4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer Disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:1977-1981.
300. Strittmatter, W. J. and Roses, A. D. 1996. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimier's disease. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19:53-77.
301. Suarez, G. A. and Kelly, J. J. 1993. Polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance - further evidence that IgM-MGUS neuropathies are different than IgG-MGUS. Neurology 43:1304-1308.
302. Suhr, O. B., Holmgren, G., Steen, L., Wikstrom, L., Norden, G., Friman, S., Duraj, F. F., Groth, C. G., and Ericzon, B. G. 1995. Liver transplantation in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy - follow-up of the first 20 Swedish patients. Transplantation 60:933-938.
303. Suzuki, N., Cheung, T. T., Cai, X. D., Odaka, A., Otvos, L., Eckman, C., Golde, T. E., and Younkin, S. G. 1994. An increased percentage of long amyloid beta protein secreted by familial amyloid beta protein precursor (beta APP(717)) mutants. Science 264:1336-1340.
304. Suzuki, T., Oishi, M., Marshak, D. R., Czernik, A. J., Nairn, A. C., and Greengard, P. 1994. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of the phosphorylation and metabolism of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor Protein. EMBO J. 13:1114-1122.
305. Takashima, S., Kuruta, H., Mito, T., Nishizawa, M., Kunishita, T., and Tabira, T. 1990. Developmental and aging changes in the expression patterns of beta-amyloid in the brains of normal and Down Syndrome cases. Brain Develop. 12:367-371.
306. Tanzi, R. E., Bird, E. D., Latt, S. A., and Neve, R. L. 1987a. The amyloid B protein gene is not duplicated in brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Science 238:666-669.
307. Tanzi, R. E., Gusella, J. F., Watkins, P. C., Bruns, G. A. P., St.George-Hyslop, P. H., Van Keuren, M. L., Patterson, D., Pagan, S., Kurnit, D. M., and Neve, R. L. 1987b. Amyloid beta protein gene: cDNA, mRNA distribution and genetic linkage near the Alzheimer locus. Science 235: 880-884.
308. Tanzi, R. E., McClatchey, A. I., Lamperti, E. D., Villa-Komaroff, L., Gusella, J. F., and Neve, R. L. 1988. Protease inhibitor domain encoded by an amyloid protein precursor mRNA associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nature 331: 528-530.
309. Tape, C., Tan, R., Nesheim, M., and Kisilevsky, R. 1988. Direct evidence for circulating apoSAA as the precursor of tissue AA amyloid deposits. Scand. J. Immunol 28:317-324.
310. Tateishi, J., Kitamoto, T., Dohura, K., Boellaard, J. W., and Peiffer, J. 1992. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease with amyloid angiopathy - diagnosis by immunological analyses and transmission experiments. Acta Neuropathol. 83:559-563.
311. Tennent, G. A., Lovat, L. B. and Pepys, M. B. 1995. Serum amyloid P component prevents proteolysis of the amyloid fibrils of Alzheimer disease and systemic amyloidosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:4299-4303.
312. Tjernberg, L. O., Naslund, J., Thyberg, J., Gandy, S. E., Terenius, L. and Nordstedt, C. 1997. Generation of Alzheimer amyloid β peptide through nonspecific proteolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1870-1875.
313. Ueda, K., Cole, G., Sundsmo, M., Katzman, R., and Saitoh, T. 1989. Decreased adhesiveness of Alzheimer's Disease fibroblasts: is amyloid B-protein precursor involved? Ann. Neurol. 25:246-251.
314. Uhlar, C. M., Burgess, C. J., Sharp, P. M., and Whitehead, A. S. 1994. Evolution of the serum amyloid A (SAA) protein superfamily. Genomics 19:228-235.
315. Valazquez, P., Cribbs, D. H., Poulos, T. L., and Tenner, A. J. 1997. Aspartate residue 7 in amyloid β-protein is critical for classical complement pathway activation: implications for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Nature Med. 3:77-79.
316. van Buren, M., Hene, R. J., Verdonck, L. F., Verzijlbergen, F. J., and Lokhorst, H. M. 1995. Clinical remission after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation in a patient with AL amyloidosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 122:508-510.
317. Van Nostrand, W. E., Wagner, S. L., Suzuki, M., Choi, B. H., Farrow, J. S., Geddes, J. W., Cotman, C. W. and Cunningham, D. D. 1989. Protease nexin-II, a potent anti-chymotrypsin, shows identity to amyloid beta-protein precursor. Nature 341:546-549.
318. Van Nostrand, W. E., Schmaier, A. H., Farrow, J. S., and Cunningham, D. D. 1990. Protease nexin-II (amyloid beta-protein precursor) - a platelet alpha-granule protein. Science 248:745-748.
319. Varga, J., Flinn, M. S., Shirahama, T., Rodgers, O. G., and Cohen, A. S. 1986. The induction of accelerated murine amyloid with human splenic extract. Probable role of amyloid enhancing factor. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. 51:177-185.
320. Vinters, H. V. 1991. Alzheimer A4 peptide, gamma-trace, leukoencephalopathy, and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Dutch Type - reply. Ann. Neurol. 29:341-342.
321. Walley, V. M., Kisilevsky, R. and Young, I. D. 1995. Amyloid and the cardiovascular system: a review of pathogenesis and pathology with clinical correlations. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 4:79-102.
322. Webster, S., Glabe, C., and Rogers, J. 1995. Multivalent binding of complement protein C1Q to the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) promotes the nucleation phase of Ab aggregation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 217:869-875.
323. Wegelius, O. 1982. The resolution of amyloid substance. Acta Med. Scand. 212:273-275.
324. Weidemann, A., Konig, G., Bunke, D., Fischer, P., Salbaum, J. M., Masters, C. L., and Beyreuther, K. 1989. Identification, biogenesis, and localization of precursors of Alzheimer's Disease A4 amyloid protein. Cell 57:115-126.
325. Weinreb, P. H., Zhen, W., Poon, A. W., Conway, K. A., and Lansbury, P. T. 1996. NACP, a protein implicated in Alzheimer's disease and learning, is natively unfolded. Biochemistry 35: 13709-13715.
326. Werdelin, O. and Ranlov, P. 1966. Amyloidosis in mice produced by transplantation of spleen cells from casein-treated mice. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 68:1-18.
327. Wertkin, A. M., Turner, R. S., Pleasure, S. J., Golde, T. E., Younkin, S. G., Trojanowski, J. Q., and Lee, V. M. Y. 1993. Human neurons derived from a teratocarcinoma cell line express solely the 695 amino acid amyloid precursor protein and produce intracellular beta-amyloid or A4 peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:9513-9517.
328. Westermark, G. T., Westermark, P., and Sletten, K. 1987. Amyloid fibril protein AA: characterization of uncommon subspecies from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Lab. Invest. 57: 57-64.
329. Westermark, G. T., Sletten, K. and Westermark, P. 1989. Massive vascular AA-amyloidosis - a histologically and biochemically distinctive subtype of reactive systemic amyloidosis. Scand. J. Immunol. 30:605-613.
330. Westermark, G. T., Engstrom, U., and Westermark, P. 1992. The N-terminal segment of protein AA determines its fibrillogenic properties. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 182:27-33.
331. Westermark, P., Engstrom, U., Johnson, K. H., Westermark, G. T., and Betsholtz, C. 1990a. Islet amyloid polypeptide - pinpointing amino acid residues linked to amyloid fibril formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:5036-5040.
332. Westermark, P., Sletten, K., Johansson, B., and Corn well, G. G. 1990b. Fibril in senile systemic amyloidosis is derived from normal transthyretin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:2843-2845.
333. Westermark, P., Sletten, K., and Johnson, K. H. 1996. Ageing and amyloid fibrillogenesis: lessons from apolipoprotein AI, transthyretin and islet amyloid polypeptide. Ciba Foundation Symposium 199:205-222.
334. Williamson, T. G., Mok, S. S., Henry, A., Cappai, R., Lander, A. D., Nurcombe, V., Beyreuther, K., Masters, C. L., and Small, D. H. 1996. Secreted glypican binds to the amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's disease (APP) and inhibits APP-induced neurite outgrowth. J. Biol. Chem. 271:31215-31221.
335. Wisniewski, H. M., Bancher, C., Barcikowska, M., Wen, G. Y., and Currie, J. 1989. Spectrum of morphological appearance of amyloid deposits in Alzheimers Disease. Acta Neuropathol. 78:337-347.
336. Wisniewski, T., Ghiso, J., and Frangione, B. 1991. Peptides homologous to the amyloid protein of Alzheimer's Disease containing a glutamine for glutamic acid substitution have accelerated amyloid fibril formation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179:1247-1254.
337. Wisniewski, T. and Frangione, B. 1992. Apolipoprotein E - a pathological chaperone protein in patients with cerebral and systemic amyloid. Neurosci. Lett. 135:235-238.
338. Woo, P. 1994. Amyloidosis in children. In: Clinical Rheumatology: Vol.8 No.3, Reactive Amyloidosis and the Acute Phase Response, pp. 691-697. (Husby, G., Ed.) Bailliere Tindall, London.
339. Wood, S. J., Wetzel, R., Martin, J. D., and Hurle, M. R. 1995. Prolines and amyloidogenicity in fragments of the Alzheimer's peptide beta/A4. Biochemistry 34:724-730.
340. Woodrow, S. I., Gore, J., Kisilevsky, R., and Young, I. D. 1994. Type IV collagen gene expression in experimental splenic AA amyloidosis. In: Amyloid and Amyloidosis 1993, pp. 195-197. (Kisilevsky, R., Benson, M. D., Frangione, B., Gauldie, J., Muckle, T. J. and Young, I. D., Eds.) The Parthenon Publishing Group, Park Ridge, New Jersey.
341. Yamaguchi, H., Hiral, S., Morimatsu, M., Shoji, M., and Nakazato, Y. 1989. Diffuse type of senile plaques in the cerebellum of Alzheimer-type dementia demonstrated by B protein immunostain. Acta Neuropathol. 77:314-319.
342. Yamaguchi, H., Yamazaki, T., Lemere, C. A., Frosch, M. P., and Selkoe, D. J. 1992. Beta-amyloid is focally deposited within the outer basement membrane in the amyloid angiopathy of Alzheimer's Disease - an immunoelectron microscopic study. Am. J. Pathol. 141: 249-259.
343. Yasuhara, O., Muramatsu, H., Kim, S. U., Muramatsu, T., Maruta, H., and Mcgeer, P. L. 1993. Midkine, a novel neurotrophic factor, is present in senile plaques of Alzheimer Disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192:246-251.
344. Yoshimoto, M., Iwai, A., Kang, D., Otero, D. A. C., Xia, Y., and Saitoh, T. 1995. NACP, the precursor protein of the non-amyloid b/A4 protein (Ab) component of Alzheimer disease amyloid, binds Ab and stimulates Ab aggregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:9141-9145.
345. Yoshimura, N., Kubota, S., Fukushima, Y., Kudo, H., Ishigaki, H., and Yoshida, Y. 1990. Down's Syndrome in middle age - topographical distribution and immunoreactivity of brain lesions in an autopsied patient. Acta Pathol. Jpn. 40: 735-743.
346. Yoshizawa, T., Komatsuzaki, Y., Iwamoto, H., Mizusawa, H., and Kanazawa, I. 1993. Screening of the missense mutation producing the (717) Val → He substitution in the amyloid precursor protein in Japanese familial and sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 117:12-15.
347. Young, I. D., Willmer, J. P., and Kisilevsky, R. 1989. The ultrastructural localization of sulfated proteoglycans is identical in the amyloids of Alzheimers Disease and AA, AL, senile cardiac and medullary carcinoma-associated amyloidosis. Acta Neuropathol. 78:202-209.
348. Young, I. D., Ailles, L., Narindrasorasak, S., and Kisilevsky, R. 1991. The basement membrane form of heparan sulphate proteoglycan is part of human IAPP amyloid deposits in the islets of Langerhans. In: Amyloid and Amyloidosis 1990. Proceedings of the VIth International Symposium on Amyloidosis, pp. 334-337. (Natvig, J. B., Forre, O., Husby, G., Husebekk, A., Skogen, B., Sletten, K. and Westermark, P., Eds.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
349. Young, I. D., Ailles, L., Narindrasorasak, S., Tan, R., and Kisilevsky, R. 1992. Localization of the basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan in islet amyloid deposits in Type II diabetes mellitus. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 116:951-954.
350. Zemer, D., Livneh, A., Pras, M., and Sohar, E. 1993. Familial Mediterranean fever in the Colchicine era - the fate of one family. Am. J. Med. Genet. 45:340-344.