메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 516-524

Targets for cancer therapy in the cell cycle pathway

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLIN A; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; CYCLINE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; GAMMA INTERFERON; PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE INHIBITOR; PROTEASOME; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; PROTEIN P21; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE KINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR E2F;

EID: 0029854071     PISSN: 10408746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001622-199611000-00012     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (37)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 0029017456 scopus 로고
    • Ras transformation results in an elevated level of cyclin D1 and acceleration of G1 progression in NIH 3T3 cells
    • Liu JJ, Chao JR, Jiang MC, Ng SY, Yen JJY, Yang-Yen HF: Ras transformation results in an elevated level of cyclin D1 and acceleration of G1 progression in NIH 3T3 cells. Molec Cell Biol 1995, 15:3654-3663.
    • (1995) Molec Cell Biol , vol.15 , pp. 3654-3663
    • Liu, J.J.1    Chao, J.R.2    Jiang, M.C.3    Ng, S.Y.4    Yen, J.J.Y.5    Yang-Yen, H.F.6
  • 2
    • 0029980043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • p53 in growth control and neoplasia
    • Gottlieb TM, Oren M: p53 In growth control and neoplasia. Biochem Biophys Acta 1996, 1287:77-102. The biologic role of p53 in cell cycle checkpoint, apoptosis, and development are reviewed in this paper. A model for the induction of p53 activity by DNA damage is proposed. Cellular proteins that interact with p53 and their role in cell cycle arrest are described. Possible interconnections between p53 and Rb pathways and the role of p53 in carcinogenetics are also reviewed in this paper.
    • (1996) Biochem Biophys Acta , vol.1287 , pp. 77-102
    • Gottlieb, T.M.1    Oren, M.2
  • 3
    • 0030046508 scopus 로고
    • Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis
    • White E: Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis. Genes Devel 1995, 10:1-15. Interplay between p53, Rb, and bcl2 family pathways in regulating apoptosis through the action of ICE family proteases is reviewed in this paper.
    • (1995) Genes Devel , vol.10 , pp. 1-15
    • White, E.1
  • 4
    • 0029971218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell cycle regulation by the retinoblastoma family of growth inhibitory proteins
    • Beijersbergen RL, Bernards R: Cell cycle regulation by the retinoblastoma family of growth inhibitory proteins. Biochem Biophys Acta 1996, 1287:103-120. Changes in the phosphorylation state of pRb is contemparaneous with the restriction point, a stage in the cell cycle where cell proliferation becomes serum independent. pRb and it's family members, p107 and p 130, are phosphorylated by cyclin D.cdk4 and cyclin E.cdk2 kinases. Interactions between pRb family members and E2F family members, their relationship with the cell cycle stages, and their consequences with regard to the transcriptional activation and repression are discussed. The role of E2F in cell cycle progression and apoptosis is reviewed in this paper. Functional differences between pRb family members and their targets are also discussed.
    • (1996) Biochem Biophys Acta , vol.1287 , pp. 103-120
    • Beijersbergen, R.L.1    Bernards, R.2
  • 5
    • 0029984015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulating S phase: CDKs, licensing and proteolysis
    • Wuarin J, Nurse P: Regulating S phase: CDKs, licensing and proteolysis. Cell 1996, 85:785-787.
    • (1996) Cell , vol.85 , pp. 785-787
    • Wuarin, J.1    Nurse, P.2
  • 6
    • 0029134016 scopus 로고
    • Role of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors in the development of cancer
    • Hirama T, Koeffler HP: Role of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors in the development of cancer. Blood 1995, 86:841-854. This review surveys alterations in cyclins, cdks, and their inhibitors in a large number of primary human cancers of different types.
    • (1995) Blood , vol.86 , pp. 841-854
    • Hirama, T.1    Koeffler, H.P.2
  • 7
    • 0029921317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic alterations of cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases, and CDK inhibitors in human cancer
    • Hall M, Peters G: Genetic alterations of cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases, and CDK inhibitors in human cancer. Adv Cancer Res 1996, 68:67-108. This review is biased towards the role of D-type cyclins in cell cycle and human cancer. This review presents an excellent overview of chromosonal translocations that initially led to the identification of cyclin D1 as an oncogene and discusses the role of t(11:14) translocation in mantle-cell lymphoma. Overexpression of cyclin D1 in breast carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and their prognostic significance are critically evaluated. Importance of the p16-cyclin D1.cdk4-pRb pathway was summarized by a discussion of cdk4 amplifications in sarcomas and gliomas, alterations of p16 in primary tumors and by an inverse correlation of cyclin D1, p16, and pRb abnormalities.
    • (1996) Adv Cancer Res , vol.68 , pp. 67-108
    • Hall, M.1    Peters, G.2
  • 8
    • 0028931265 scopus 로고
    • Principles of CDK regulation
    • Morgan DO: Principles of CDK regulation. Nature 1995, 374:131-134. This review presents an overview of the role of cyclin-cdk association, the role of inhibitory and activating phosphorylation of cdks, and the role of cdk inhibitory proteins in controling cdk activity.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.374 , pp. 131-134
    • Morgan, D.O.1
  • 9
    • 0028988585 scopus 로고
    • Inhibitors of mammalian G cyclin-dependent kinases
    • Sherr CJ, Roberts JM: Inhibitors of mammalian G cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes Devel 1995, 9:1149-1163. Positive and negative regulators of G1 progression and the role of p21 as a regulator of muscle cell differentiation are discussed in this paper. How mitogens overcome an inhibitory threshold set by p21 and p27 and how growth factor starvation leads to a decrease in cyclin D and cdk4 synthesis, whereby increasing the synthesis of p21 and p27, are discussed. In addition, the role of p16 in suppressing neoplastic transformation in vitro and its relationship to human cancer is also discussed.
    • (1995) Genes Devel , vol.9 , pp. 1149-1163
    • Sherr, C.J.1    Roberts, J.M.2
  • 10
    • 11944270727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to the E2F family: Protein structure and gene regulation
    • Slansky JE, Farnham PJ: Introduction to the E2F family: protein structure and gene regulation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996, 208:1-30.
    • (1996) Curr Top Microbiol Immunol , vol.208 , pp. 1-30
    • Slansky, J.E.1    Farnham, P.J.2
  • 11
    • 0029655816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory interactions among E2Fs and cell cycle control proteins
    • Cobrink D: Regulatory interactions among E2Fs and cell cycle control proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996, 208:31-61. This paper presents a current view of the interactions between the different family members of E2F transcription factor and their regulators (pRb family, cyclin A.cdk2) and substrates (cdks) in relation to the stages in the cell cycle. The importance of downregulating E2F activity in S phase for avoiding apoptosis is also discussed.
    • (1996) Curr Top Microbiol Immunol , vol.208 , pp. 31-61
    • Cobrink, D.1
  • 12
    • 0029615315 scopus 로고
    • Physical and functional interactions between p53 and cell cycle cooperating transcription factors, E2F1 and DP1
    • O'Connor DJ, Lam EW, Griffin S, Zhong S, Leighton LC, Burbidge SA, Lu X: Physical and functional interactions between p53 and cell cycle cooperating transcription factors, E2F1 and DP1. EMBO J 1995, 14:6184-6192.
    • (1995) EMBO J , vol.14 , pp. 6184-6192
    • O'Connor, D.J.1    Lam, E.W.2    Griffin, S.3    Zhong, S.4    Leighton, L.C.5    Burbidge, S.A.6    Lu, X.7
  • 15
    • 0029670046 scopus 로고
    • E2F1 and E1A 12S have a homologous activation domain regulated by RB and CBP
    • Trouche D, Kouzarides T: E2F1 and E1A 12S have a homologous activation domain regulated by RB and CBP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 93:1439-1442.
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.93 , pp. 1439-1442
    • Trouche, D.1    Kouzarides, T.2
  • 16
    • 0029655690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cellular effects of E2F overexpression
    • Adams PD, Kaelin WG Jr: The cellular effects of E2F overexpression Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996, 208:79-93. Consequences of E2F overexpression in SAOS2 cells are reviewed in this paper. The role of E2F in overriding cell cycle arrest caused by serum withdrawal or by tumor growth factor β is discussed. In addition, the role of E2F expression in p53 dependent apoptosis and in cellular transformation are also reviewed.
    • (1996) Curr Top Microbiol Immunol , vol.208 , pp. 79-93
    • Adams, P.D.1    Kaelin Jr., W.G.2
  • 17
    • 0029043782 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of active transcriptional repression by the retinoblastoma protein
    • Weintraub SJ, Chow KNB, Luo RX, Zhang SH, He S, Dean DC: Mechanism of active transcriptional repression by the retinoblastoma protein. Nature 1995, 375:812-815.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.375 , pp. 812-815
    • Weintraub, S.J.1    Chow, K.N.B.2    Luo, R.X.3    Zhang, S.H.4    He, S.5    Dean, D.C.6
  • 18
    • 0029967723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell cycle regulation of E2F site occupation in vivo
    • Zwicker J, Liu N, Engeland K, Lucibello FC, Muller R: Cell cycle regulation of E2F site occupation in vivo. Science 1996, 271:1595-1597. In vivo footprinting of E2F site occupation in NIH 3T3 cells at early G1 phase is correlated with an inactive state of the B-myb promoter, highlighting the in vivo role of E2F as a transcriptional repressor.
    • (1996) Science , vol.271 , pp. 1595-1597
    • Zwicker, J.1    Liu, N.2    Engeland, K.3    Lucibello, F.C.4    Muller, R.5
  • 19
    • 0029901988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repression of RNA polymerase III transcription by the retinoblastoma protein
    • White RJ, Trouche D, Martin K, Jackson SP, Kouzarides T: Repression of RNA polymerase III transcription by the retinoblastoma protein. Nature 1996, 382:88-90.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.382 , pp. 88-90
    • White, R.J.1    Trouche, D.2    Martin, K.3    Jackson, S.P.4    Kouzarides, T.5
  • 20
    • 0029888359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor induction and tissue atrophy in mice lacking E2F-1
    • Yamasaki L, Jacks T, Bronson R, Goillot E, Harlow E, Dyson NJ: Tumor induction and tissue atrophy in mice lacking E2F-1. Cell 1996, 85:537-548. Mice lacking E2F1 are viable, fertile, show testicular atrophy, and exocrine gland dysplasia. By 8 to 18 months of age, they develop a variety of unusual and highly invasive tumors of reproductive tract sarcomas, lung adenocarcinomas, and lymphomas. This paper highlights the importance of tissue and temporal specificity of E2F1 expression and the quantitative aspects of expression in determining the phenotype of E2F1 -deficient mice. E2F1 is the first example of a gene that is both an oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene. E2F1 may activate or repress growth promoting and inhibiting genes.
    • (1996) Cell , vol.85 , pp. 537-548
    • Yamasaki, L.1    Jacks, T.2    Bronson, R.3    Goillot, E.4    Harlow, E.5    Dyson, N.J.6
  • 22
    • 0028990227 scopus 로고
    • G1 phase arrest induced by Wilm's tumor protein WT1 is abrogated by cyclin/CDK complexes
    • Kudoh T, Ishidate T, Moriyama M, Toyoshima K, Akiyama T: G1 phase arrest induced by Wilm's tumor protein WT1 is abrogated by cyclin/CDK complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92:4517-4521.
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.92 , pp. 4517-4521
    • Kudoh, T.1    Ishidate, T.2    Moriyama, M.3    Toyoshima, K.4    Akiyama, T.5
  • 23
    • 15844371372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 Is required for embryonic cellular proliferation in the mouse
    • Hakem R, de la Pompa JL, Sirard C, Mo R, Woo M, Hakem A, Wakeham A, Potter J, Reitmair A, Billia F, Firpo E, Hui CC, Roberts J, Rossant J, Mak TK: The tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 Is required for embryonic cellular proliferation in the mouse. Cell 1996, 85:1009-1023. The BRCA1 gene, deleted in exons 5 and 6, could be introduced into mice only in a heterozygous state. Homozygous animals die at 7.5 and 8.5 days. Homozygous mutant embryos showed a decreased expression of cyclin E and mdm-2, whereas the expression of p21 was dramatically increased. Increased expression of p21 in BRCA1-deficient embryos may affect their ability to proliferate or differentiate.
    • (1996) Cell , vol.85 , pp. 1009-1023
    • Hakem, R.1    De La Pompa, J.L.2    Sirard, C.3    Mo, R.4    Woo, M.5    Hakem, A.6    Wakeham, A.7    Potter, J.8    Reitmair, A.9    Billia, F.10    Firpo, E.11    Hui, C.C.12    Roberts, J.13    Rossant, J.14    Mak, T.K.15
  • 25
    • 0029665447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rb phosphorylation during mitogenic stimulation of G1-arrested human breast cancer cells
    • Rb phosphorylation during mitogenic stimulation of G1-arrested human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 1996, 12:2315-2324. MCF7 cells that are growth inhibited by simvastatin, an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, can be induced to enter S phase by 17β estradiol. Under these conditions, cyclin D1 mRNA levels increased within 1 to 9h corresponding to midto late-G1 phase. This increase is correlated with the formation of cyclin D1.cdk2 and cyclin D1.cdk4 complexes and increased phosphorylation of pRb.
    • (1996) Oncogene , vol.12 , pp. 2315-2324
    • Altucci, L.1    Addeo, R.2    Cicatiello, L.3    Dauvois, S.4    Parker, M.G.5    Truss, M.6    Beato, M.7    Sica, V.8    Bresciani, F.9    Weisz, A.10
  • 27
    • 0028786916 scopus 로고
    • Antiestrogen inhibition of cell cycle progression in breast cancer cells is associated with inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activity and decreased retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation
    • Watts CK, Brady A, Sarcevic B, deFazio A, Musgrove EA, Sutherland RL: Antiestrogen inhibition of cell cycle progression in breast cancer cells is associated with inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activity and decreased retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Mol Endocrinol 1995, 9:1804-1813.
    • (1995) Mol Endocrinol , vol.9 , pp. 1804-1813
    • Watts, C.K.1    Brady, A.2    Sarcevic, B.3    DeFazio, A.4    Musgrove, E.A.5    Sutherland, R.L.6
  • 28
    • 0029868841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Negative regulation of cell growth byTGF-β
    • Polyak K: Negative regulation of cell growth byTGF-β. Biochem Biophys Acta 1996, 1242:185-199. This review summarizes the connections between tumor growth factor-β and genes controlling cell cycle progression. Tumor growth factor-β decreases mRNA synthesis for cyclins A, D, and E decreases the translation of cdk4 mRNA. In addition, tumor growth factor-β induces synthesis of p15, p21, and p27, inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases.
    • (1996) Biochem Biophys Acta , vol.1242 , pp. 185-199
    • Polyak, K.1
  • 29
    • 0029923780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell growth arrest and induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 WAF1/CIP1 mediated by STAT1
    • Chin YE, Kitagawa M, Su WC, You ZH, Iwamoto Y, Fu XY: Cell growth arrest and induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 WAF1/CIP1 mediated by STAT1. Science 1996, 272:719-722. Epidermal growth factor and Interferon. Gamma act through signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins. STAT activation was correlated with cell growth inhibition and with increased synthesis of p21 mRNA. Activated STAT proteins specifically recognized the conserved STAT-responsive elements in p21 promoter.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 719-722
    • Chin, Y.E.1    Kitagawa, M.2    Su, W.C.3    You, Z.H.4    Iwamoto, Y.5    Fu, X.Y.6
  • 30
    • 0030013561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth inhibitory concentrations of EGF induce p21 (Waf1/Cip1) and alter cell cycle control in squamous carcinoma cells
    • Jakus JJ, Yeudall WA: Growth inhibitory concentrations of EGF induce p21 (Waf1/Cip1) and alter cell cycle control in squamous carcinoma cells. Oncogene 1996, 12:2369-2376.
    • (1996) Oncogene , vol.12 , pp. 2369-2376
    • Jakus, J.J.1    Yeudall, W.A.2
  • 31
    • 0029876639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adhesion-dependent cell cycle progression linked to the expression of cyclin D1, activation of cyclin E-cdk2, and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein
    • Zhu X, Ohtsubo M, Bohmer RM, Roberts JM, Assoian RK: Adhesion-dependent cell cycle progression linked to the expression of cyclin D1, activation of cyclin E-cdk2, and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. J Cell Biol 1996, 133:391-403.
    • (1996) J Cell Biol , vol.133 , pp. 391-403
    • Zhu, X.1    Ohtsubo, M.2    Bohmer, R.M.3    Roberts, J.M.4    Assoian, R.K.5
  • 32
    • 0030027049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dependence of cyclin E-CDK2 kinase activity on cell anchorage
    • Fang F, Orend G, Watanabe N, Hunter T, Ruoslahti E: Dependence of cyclin E-CDK2 kinase activity on cell anchorage. Science 1996, 271:499-502.
    • (1996) Science , vol.271 , pp. 499-502
    • Fang, F.1    Orend, G.2    Watanabe, N.3    Hunter, T.4    Ruoslahti, E.5
  • 33
    • 0029826236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P53: Independent induction of apoptosis by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition
    • Shibata Y, Nishimura S, Okuyama A, Nakamura T: P53: independent induction of apoptosis by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition. Cell Growth Diff 1996, 7:887-891.
    • (1996) Cell Growth Diff , vol.7 , pp. 887-891
    • Shibata, Y.1    Nishimura, S.2    Okuyama, A.3    Nakamura, T.4
  • 34
    • 0029014496 scopus 로고
    • Requirement for tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk4 in G1 arrest induced by ultraviolet irradiation
    • Terada Y, Tatsuka M, Jinno S, Okayama H: Requirement for tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk4 in G1 arrest induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Nature 1995, 376:358-362.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 358-362
    • Terada, Y.1    Tatsuka, M.2    Jinno, S.3    Okayama, H.4
  • 35
    • 0030065422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional activation of the cdk inhibitor p21 by vitamin D3 leads to the induced differentiation of the myelomonocytic cell line U937
    • Lui M, Lee M-H, Cohen M, Bommakanti M, Freedman LP: Transcriptional activation of the cdk inhibitor p21 by vitamin D3 leads to the induced differentiation of the myelomonocytic cell line U937. Genes Devel 1996, 10:142-153. This paper describes the cloning of the p21 gene, in a differential screen for the isolation of vitamin D-inducible genes. A functional vitamin D-response element was located in the p21 promoter; transient overexpression of p21 or p27 in U937 cells, in the absence of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, led to the differentiation of this monoblastic cell line. This is possibly the first paper demonstrating that the overexpression of cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors, such as p21 or p27, leads to the terminal differentiation program.
    • (1996) Genes Devel , vol.10 , pp. 142-153
    • Lui, M.1    Lee, M.-H.2    Cohen, M.3    Bommakanti, M.4    Freedman, L.P.5
  • 36
    • 0029977448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antitumor activity of a Phosphorothioate antlsense oligodeoxynucleotide targeted against C-raf kinase
    • Monia BP, Johnston JF, Geiger T, Muller M, Fabbro D: Antitumor activity of a Phosphorothioate antlsense oligodeoxynucleotide targeted against C-raf kinase. Nature Med 1996, 2:668-675.
    • (1996) Nature Med , vol.2 , pp. 668-675
    • Monia, B.P.1    Johnston, J.F.2    Geiger, T.3    Muller, M.4    Fabbro, D.5
  • 37
    • 0029364471 scopus 로고
    • Suppression of lung cancer cell growth by ribozyme-mediated modification of p53 pre-mRNA
    • Cai DW, Mukhopadhyay T, Roth JA: Suppression of lung cancer cell growth by ribozyme-mediated modification of p53 pre-mRNA. Cancer Gene Ther 1995, 2:199-205.
    • (1995) Cancer Gene Ther , vol.2 , pp. 199-205
    • Cai, D.W.1    Mukhopadhyay, T.2    Roth, J.A.3
  • 38
    • 0028823416 scopus 로고
    • In vivo gene therapy with p53 or p21 adenovirus for prostate cancer
    • Eastham JA, Hall SJ, Sehgal I, Wang J, Timme TL, Yang G, Connell-Crowley L, Elledge SJ, Zhang WW, Harper JW: In vivo gene therapy with p53 or p21 adenovirus for prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1995, 55:5151-5155. Relative effectivenes of Ad5CMV-p21 and Ad5CMV-p53 viruses to treat prostate tumors established in syngenic mice is discussed in this paper. Intratumoral injection with AdSCMV led to a reduction in the rate of tumor growth and to an increased survival of the host animals.
    • (1995) Cancer Res , vol.55 , pp. 5151-5155
    • Eastham, J.A.1    Hall, S.J.2    Sehgal, I.3    Wang, J.4    Timme, T.L.5    Yang, G.6    Connell-Crowley, L.7    Elledge, S.J.8    Zhang, W.W.9    Harper, J.W.10
  • 42
    • 0029283863 scopus 로고
    • Cyclin D1 as a cellular proto oncogene
    • Bates S, Peters G: Cyclin D1 as a cellular proto oncogene. Semin Cancer Biol 1995, 6:73-82. An excellent review that deals with the discovery of cyclin D1 gene alterations in parathyroid adenomas. The relationship between BcI 1, cyclin D1, and amplification of t(11:14) is discussed. This paper discusses early transgenic experiments, which suggested a role for cyclin D1 in cancer. The role of three different D-type cyclins and the connections between cyclin D.cdk4 kinases and pRb are discussed.
    • (1995) Semin Cancer Biol , vol.6 , pp. 73-82
    • Bates, S.1    Peters, G.2
  • 43
    • 0028845863 scopus 로고
    • Overexpression of cyclin D mRNA distinguishes invasive and in situ breast carcinomas from non-malignant lesions
    • Weinstat-Saslow D, Merino MJ, Manrow RE, Lawrence JA, Bluth RF, Wittenbel KO, Simpson JF, Page DL, Steeg PS: Overexpression of cyclin D mRNA distinguishes invasive and in situ breast carcinomas from non-malignant lesions. Nature Med 1995, 1:1257-1260. In situ hybridization analysis of cyclin D1 mRNA levels was used on a cohort of 94 breast biopsies. Quantitative increases in cyclin D1 mRNA was seen in 18% of benign lesions, 18% of hyperplasia, 76% of low-grade ductal caracinoma in situ, 76% of high-grade comedo ductal carcinoma, and 83% of infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma. This paper suggests that cyclin D1 mRNA expression levels differentiate between benign breast lesion from breast carcinoma.
    • (1995) Nature Med , vol.1 , pp. 1257-1260
    • Weinstat-Saslow, D.1    Merino, M.J.2    Manrow, R.E.3    Lawrence, J.A.4    Bluth, R.F.5    Wittenbel, K.O.6    Simpson, J.F.7    Page, D.L.8    Steeg, P.S.9
  • 44
    • 0029883680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinicopathological study on overexpression of cyclin D1 and of p53 in a series of 248 patients with operable breast cancer
    • Michalides R, Hageman P, van-Tinteren H, Houben L, Wientjens E, Klompmaker R, Peterse J: A clinicopathological study on overexpression of cyclin D1 and of p53 in a series of 248 patients with operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1996, 73:728-734. Overexpression of cyclin D1 was measured by immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal antibody in 248 operable breast cancer patients in stage I or II. Overexpression of cyclin D1 or p53 was not of prognostic significance in this series.
    • (1996) Br J Cancer , vol.73 , pp. 728-734
    • Michalides, R.1    Hageman, P.2    Van-Tinteren, H.3    Houben, L.4    Wientjens, E.5    Klompmaker, R.6    Peterse, J.7
  • 45
    • 0029111421 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the prognostic value of cyclin D1 overexpression in breast cancer
    • McIntosh GG, Anderson JJ, Milton I, Steward M, Pair AH, Thomas MD, Henry JA, Angus B, Lennard TWJ, Home CHW: Determination of the prognostic value of cyclin D1 overexpression in breast cancer. Oncogene 1995, 11:885-891. Immunohistochemistry, with a monoclonal antibody specific to cyclin D1, was used in 93 human breast carcinomas. Forty percent of the cases were positive for local node invasion. Twenty eight percent showed overexpression, whereas 69% showed an increase either in cyclin D1 or D3 or both. Patients coexpressing cyclin D1 with either epidermal growth factor receptor or Rb have a significantly poorer prognosis than those expressing cyclin D1 alone.
    • (1995) Oncogene , vol.11 , pp. 885-891
    • McIntosh, G.G.1    Anderson, J.J.2    Milton, I.3    Steward, M.4    Pair, A.H.5    Thomas, M.D.6    Henry, J.A.7    Angus, B.8    Lennard, T.W.J.9    Home, C.H.W.10
  • 46
    • 0029893319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyclin D1 and prognosis in human breast cancer
    • Gillett C, Smith P, Gregory W, Richards M, Millis R, Peters G, Barnes D: Cyclin D1 and prognosis in human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1996, 69:92-99. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess the expression of cyclin D1 in 345 breast carcinomas. About 50% showed excessive nuclear staining, some showed strong cyloplasmic staining and 25% were negative. Moderate to strong staining was associated with improved relapse-free and overall survival. Negative tumors had an adverse prognosis. The authors speculate that tumors with low cyclin D1 levels may have other mutations, eg. Rb, which may have greater impact on survival from breast cancer.
    • (1996) Int J Cancer , vol.69 , pp. 92-99
    • Gillett, C.1    Smith, P.2    Gregory, W.3    Richards, M.4    Millis, R.5    Peters, G.6    Barnes, D.7
  • 47
    • 0029111934 scopus 로고
    • Cyclin D1 provides a link between development and oncogensesis in the retina and breast
    • Sicinski P, Donaher JL, Parker SB, Li T, Fazeli A, Gardner H, Haslam SZ, Bronson RT, Elledge SJ, Weinberg RA: Cyclin D1 provides a link between development and oncogensesis in the retina and breast. Cell 1995, 82:621-630. Cyclin D1-deficient mice are viable, show reduced body size, reduced viability, and symptoms of neurologic impairment. Normal mice have a high cyclin D1 levels in retina, and cyclin D1-deficient mice showed retinal abnormalities related to the inhibition of cell proliferation. Breast epithelium failed to undergo pregnancy-associated proliferative changes despite normal levels of ovarian steroid hormones.
    • (1995) Cell , vol.82 , pp. 621-630
    • Sicinski, P.1    Donaher, J.L.2    Parker, S.B.3    Li, T.4    Fazeli, A.5    Gardner, H.6    Haslam, S.Z.7    Bronson, R.T.8    Elledge, S.J.9    Weinberg, R.A.10
  • 48
    • 0028889751 scopus 로고
    • Mice lacking cyclin D1 are small and show defects in eye and mammary gland development
    • Fantl V, Stamp G, Andrews A, Rosewell I, Dickson C: Mice lacking cyclin D1 are small and show defects in eye and mammary gland development Genes Devel 1995, 9:2364-2372. This paper confirms the observations of the previous paper. In addition, they report that 50% of the animals had a malformation of the jaw. Cell cycle and growth characteristics of cyclin D1-deficient fibroblasts in cell culture were similiar to their parents.
    • (1995) Genes Devel , vol.9 , pp. 2364-2372
    • Fantl, V.1    Stamp, G.2    Andrews, A.3    Rosewell, I.4    Dickson, C.5
  • 49
    • 0029665852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crystal structure of the p27KIP1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor bound to the cyclin A. cdk2 complex
    • Russo AA, Jeffrey PD, Patten AK, Massagui J, Pavletich NP: Crystal structure of the p27KIP1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor bound to the cyclin A. cdk2 complex. Nature 1996, 382:325-331. P27 has an amino-terminal LFG motif (25-50) that is involved in binding to cyclin A and a more distal (52-93) region that is involved in binding to cdk2. Whereas p27 binding to cyclin A does not change the structure of cyclin A, p27 binding to cdk2 profoundly alters cdk2 structure: β-sheet atop the kinase is flattened, β-strand segment of p27 pushes aside the first β-strand in the cdk2 sheet, and another segment of p27 binds deep within the active-site cleft preventing binding of ATP.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.382 , pp. 325-331
    • Russo, A.A.1    Jeffrey, P.D.2    Patten, A.K.3    Massagui, J.4    Pavletich, N.P.5
  • 50
    • 0029090514 scopus 로고
    • Multiple modes of ligand recognition: Crystal structures of cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2 in complex with ATP and two inhibitors, olomucine and isopentenyladenine
    • Schulze-Gahmen U, Brandsen J, Jones HD, Morgan DO, Meijer L, Vesely J, Kim SH: Multiple modes of ligand recognition: crystal structures of cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2 in complex with ATP and two inhibitors, olomucine and isopentenyladenine. Proteins 1995, 22:378-391.
    • (1995) Proteins , vol.22 , pp. 378-391
    • Schulze-Gahmen, U.1    Brandsen, J.2    Jones, H.D.3    Morgan, D.O.4    Meijer, L.5    Vesely, J.6    Kim, S.H.7
  • 51
    • 0029993339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural basis for specificity and potency of a flavonoid inhibitor of human CDK2, a cell cycle kinase
    • De Azevedo WF Jr, Mueller-Dieckmann HJ, Schulze-Gahmen, U, Worland PJ, Sausville E, Kim S-H: Structural basis for specificity and potency of a flavonoid inhibitor of human CDK2, a cell cycle kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:2735-2740. Flavopiridol inhibits cdc2 and cdk2 kinase activity with an IC50 of 0.4mM. Phenyl ring of LB68276, a flavopiridol, is pointing away from the ATP-binding pocket. Flavopiridol that is in clinical trials has a chlorophenyl instead of the phenyl in the L868276 molecule, and this increases kinase inhibition by a factor of 6.
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.93 , pp. 2735-2740
    • De Azevedo Jr., W.F.1    Mueller-Dieckmann, H.J.2    Schulze-Gahmen, U.3    Worland, P.J.4    Sausville, E.5    Kim, S.-H.6
  • 54
    • 85035186945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transformation of secondary REPs by a cyclin D1-cdk4 fusion protein and activated Ha-Ras
    • Stamm NB, Otto KA, Rao RN, Skidmore BJ: Transformation of secondary REPs by a cyclin D1-cdk4 fusion protein and activated Ha-Ras. The Cell Cycle, Keystone Symposia 1996, p.65. This work is based on a cyclin D1-cdk4 fusion contract that synthesizes an enzymatically active kinase. This construct was cloned in a tetracycline-controlled expression vector. In this sytem, the gene is expresed in the absence of tetracycline but is inhibited by the inclusion of tetracycline. Fusion gene construct cooperated with activated Ha-Ras to transform rat embryo fibroblasts. The ability of these cells to proliferate is inhibited by tetracycline, thus demonstrating the continued requirement for cyclin D1.cdk4 kinase activity for proliferation.
    • (1996) The Cell Cycle, Keystone Symposia , pp. 65
    • Stamm, N.B.1    Otto, K.A.2    Rao, R.N.3    Skidmore, B.J.4
  • 55
    • 0028882228 scopus 로고
    • In vitro assembly of a functional human CDK7-cyclin H complex requires MAT1, a novel 36kDa RING finger protein
    • Tassan JP, Jaquenoud M, Fry AM, Frutigen S, Hughes G J, Nigg EA: In vitro assembly of a functional human CDK7-cyclin H complex requires MAT1, a novel 36kDa RING finger protein. EMBO J 1995, 14:5608-5617.
    • (1995) EMBO J , vol.14 , pp. 5608-5617
    • Tassan, J.P.1    Jaquenoud, M.2    Fry, A.M.3    Frutigen, S.4    Hughes, G.J.5    Nigg, E.A.6
  • 56
    • 0029147732 scopus 로고
    • Both p16 and p21 families of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors block the phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases by the CDK-activating kinase
    • Aprelikova O, Xiong Y, Liu ET: Both p16 and p21 families of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors block the phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases by the CDK-activating kinase. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:18195-18197.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 18195-18197
    • Aprelikova, O.1    Xiong, Y.2    Liu, E.T.3
  • 57
    • 0028787404 scopus 로고
    • The transcriptional elongation inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-beta ribofuranosylbenzimidazole inhibits transcription factor IIH-associated protein kinase
    • Yankulov K, Yamashita K, Roy R, Egly JM, Bentley DL: The transcriptional elongation inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-beta ribofuranosylbenzimidazole inhibits transcription factor IIH-associated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:23922-23925.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 23922-23925
    • Yankulov, K.1    Yamashita, K.2    Roy, R.3    Egly, J.M.4    Bentley, D.L.5
  • 58
    • 0029119560 scopus 로고
    • CDC25 phosphatases as potential human oncogenes
    • Galaktionov K, Lee AK, Eckstein J, Draetta G, Mechler J, Loda M, Beach D: CDC25 phosphatases as potential human oncogenes. Science 1995, 269:1575-1577. Cdc25A and cdc25B, but not cdc25C, cooperated with activated Ha-Ras to transform mouse embryo fibroblasts. Transformed cells overexpressed cdc25 protein, about 2-3 fold. cdc25A, by itself, transformed Rb-deficient but not p53-deficient cells.
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 1575-1577
    • Galaktionov, K.1    Lee, A.K.2    Eckstein, J.3    Draetta, G.4    Mechler, J.5    Loda, M.6    Beach, D.7
  • 60
    • 0029664339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germline mutations in the p16INK4a binding domain of CDK4 in familial melanoma
    • Zuo L, Weger J, Yang Q, Goldstein AM, Tucker MA, Walker GJ, Hayward N, Oracopoli NC: Germline mutations in the p16INK4a binding domain of CDK4 in familial melanoma. Nature Genet 1996 12:97-99. Familial melanoma is a heterogeneous disease. About half of the kindreds show linkage to the p16 gene. Two families, from the other half of the kindreds, have an alteration in cdk4 (R24C). The same mutation had been independently identified in another melanoma family. cdk4 R24C is defective in it's interaction with p 16. Thus, normal regulation of G1 checkpoint can be overcome by a p 16 alteration, or by a cyclin D1 overexpression, or by a cdk4 amplification or by a mutation of p16 binding site in cdk4.
    • (1996) Nature Genet , vol.12 , pp. 97-99
    • Zuo, L.1    Weger, J.2    Yang, Q.3    Goldstein, A.M.4    Tucker, M.A.5    Hayward N, W.G.J.6    Oracopoli, N.C.7
  • 61
    • 0029993450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the INK4a locus in tumor suppression and cell mortality
    • Serrano M, Lee H-W, Chin L, Cordon-Cardo C, Beach D, dePinho RA: Role of the INK4a locus in tumor suppression and cell mortality. Cell 1996, 85:27-37. p16-Deficient mice are viable and do not show any defects in organomorphogenesis. These mice do not have a higher incidence of spontaneous cancer, but are prone to ultraviolet B (280-320nm) irradiation, with or without 9,10-dimethyl 1,2-benzanthracene, induced cancer. They developed predominantly sarcomas and lymphornas. Senescence could not be detected in p16-deficient fibroblasts. These fibroblasts could be transformed by activated Ha-Ras but not by V-myc.
    • (1996) Cell , vol.85 , pp. 27-37
    • Serrano, M.1    Lee, H.-W.2    Chin, L.3    Cordon-Cardo, C.4    Beach, D.5    DePinho, R.A.6
  • 62
    • 0028978183 scopus 로고
    • Mice Lacking p21 CIP1/WAF1 undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control
    • Deng C, Zhang P, Harper JW, Elledge SJ, Leder P: Mice Lacking p21 CIP1/WAF1 undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control. Cell 1995, 82:675-684. p21-Deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts are defective in G1 checkpoint. These cells continue to show p53-dependent mitotic spindle checkpoint and p53-dependent apoptosis. These cells do not show any increase in tumorigenesis. Any essential role for p21 in terminal differentiation is redundant. This study suggests that p53-mediated apoptosis and not p53-mediated G1 checkpoint plays a role in tumorigenesis.
    • (1995) Cell , vol.82 , pp. 675-684
    • Deng, C.1    Zhang, P.2    Harper, J.W.3    Elledge, S.J.4    Leder, P.5
  • 63
    • 0030067581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted in vivo expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 halts hepatocyte cell-cycle progression, postnatal liver development and regeneration
    • Wu H, Wade M, Krall L, Grisham J, Xiong Y, Van Dyke T: Targeted in vivo expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 halts hepatocyte cell-cycle progression, postnatal liver development and regeneration. Genes Devel 1996, 10:245-260. Targeted expression of p21 in liver was achieved by the use of transthyretin promoter. In transgenic livers, there was an elevation of cyclin D1 protein which was in association with cdk4 protein. Overexpression of the p21 protein interfered with the postnatal liver development and led to a reduction in hepatocyte number. These changes could be explained by a p21-induced inhibition of postnatal hepatocyte proliferation. Growth of affected mice was stunted, and the mice had a shorter life span, dying by about 2 to 3 months of age.
    • (1996) Genes Devel , vol.10 , pp. 245-260
    • Wu, H.1    Wade, M.2    Krall, L.3    Grisham, J.4    Xiong, Y.5    Van Dyke, T.6
  • 64
    • 0029948612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • p21 Contains independent binding sites for cyclin and cdk2: Both sites are required to inhibit cdk2 kinase activity
    • Fotedar R, Fitzerald P, Rousselle T, Cannella D, Doree M, Messier H, Fotedar A: p21 Contains independent binding sites for cyclin and cdk2: both sites are required to inhibit cdk2 kinase activity. Oncogene 1996, 12:2155-2164. Cyclin E interacting domain in p21 was mapped to 1 to 28 residues and cdk2 interacting domain was mapped to 26 to 82 residues. This work demonstrated that cyclin A and cyclin E kinase inhibitory domains are distinct and that both are required to inhibit kinase activity. Importance of L21 and P24 in p21, and F33 and G34 in p27 for the inhibition of cyclin E.cdk2 kinase activity is discussed in this paper. The paper suggests that full length p21 could directly block access of the substrate to the catalytic cleft of the activated kinase.
    • (1996) Oncogene , vol.12 , pp. 2155-2164
    • Fotedar, R.1    Fitzerald, P.2    Rousselle, T.3    Cannella, D.4    Doree, M.5    Messier, H.6    Fotedar, A.7
  • 65
    • 0030011128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncoupling of S phase and mitosis induced by anticancer agents in cells lacking p21
    • Waldman T, Lengauer D, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B: Uncoupling of S phase and mitosis induced by anticancer agents in cells lacking p21. Nature 1996, 371:713-716.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.371 , pp. 713-716
    • Waldman, T.1    Lengauer, D.2    Kinzler, K.W.3    Vogelstein, B.4
  • 67
    • 0029863734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E2-C, a cyclin-selective ubiquitin carrier protein required for the destruction of mitotic cyclins
    • Aristarkhov A, Eytan E, Moghe A, Admon A, Hershko A, Ruderman JV: E2-C, a cyclin-selective ubiquitin carrier protein required for the destruction of mitotic cyclins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:4294-4299.
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.93 , pp. 4294-4299
    • Aristarkhov, A.1    Eytan, E.2    Moghe, A.3    Admon, A.4    Hershko, A.5    Ruderman, J.V.6
  • 68
    • 0028909272 scopus 로고
    • Amplification of the E2F1 transcription factor gene in HEL erythroleukemia cell line
    • Saito M, Helin K, Valentine MB, Griffith BB, Willman CL, Harlow E, Look AT: Amplification of the E2F1 transcription factor gene in HEL erythroleukemia cell line. Genomics 1995, 25:130-138. Although no structural rearrangements of the E2F1 gene were detected in primary acute leukemia or myelodysplasia, this gene was amplified or overexpressed in several established human leukemia cell lines. This is the first report of gene amplification involving the E2F family in human cancer cells.
    • (1995) Genomics , vol.25 , pp. 130-138
    • Saito, M.1    Helin, K.2    Valentine, M.B.3    Griffith, B.B.4    Willman, C.L.5    Harlow, E.6    Look, A.T.7
  • 70
    • 9444242683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shared role of the pRb: Related p130 and p107 proteins in limb development
    • Cobrinik D, Lee M-H, Hannon G, Mulligan G, Bronson RT, Dyson N, Harlow E, Beach D, Weinberg RA, Jacks T: Shared role of the pRb: related p130 and p107 proteins in limb development Genes Devel 1996, 10:1633-1644. p130-Deficient mice show very little developmental changes. In embryonic fibroblasts p107 largely compensated for the loss of p130 in binding to E2F. Mice that were deficient for both p107 and p130 exhibited increased chondrocyte density. pRb, even at low levels, may carry out critical growth control functions that cannot be carried out by p107 or p130. Growth regulation by p107 and p130 can be substituted by pRb in tissues other than developing cartilage.
    • (1996) Genes Devel , vol.10 , pp. 1633-1644
    • Cobrinik, D.1    Lee, M.-H.2    Hannon, G.3    Mulligan, G.4    Bronson, R.T.5    Dyson, N.6    Harlow, E.7    Beach, D.8    Weinberg, R.A.9    Jacks, T.10
  • 71
    • 0029665779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cdc37 is a protein kinase-targeting subunit of Hsp90 that binds and stabilizes cdk4
    • cdc37 is a protein kinase-targeting subunit of Hsp90 that binds and stabilizes cdk4. Genes Devel 1996, 10:1491-1502. cdc37 Encodes a 50kD subunit of Hsp90 that was previously observed in complexes with Raf-1 and pp60V-Src Loss of association of cdc37 with cdk4 results in a decreased half-life of newly synthesized cdk4. Cdc37/Hsp90 could serve as a point of regulation during exit from or entry into cell cycle. Cdc37 and D-type cyclins form mutally exclusive complexes with cdk4. Unlike p36MAT1, cdc37 does not remain stably associated with the assembled kinase. Cdc37 does not function directly to recruit cyclin D2 into cdk4 complexes.
    • (1996) Genes Devel , vol.10 , pp. 1491-1502
    • Stepanova, L.1    Leng, X.2    Parker, S.B.3    Harper, J.W.4
  • 72
    • 0029842109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of the FKBP12-Rapamycin complex Interacting with the binding domain of human FRAP
    • Choi J, Chen J, Schreiber SL, Clardy J: Structure of the FKBP12-Rapamycin complex Interacting with the binding domain of human FRAP. Science 1996, 273:239-242.
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 239-242
    • Choi, J.1    Chen, J.2    Schreiber, S.L.3    Clardy, J.4
  • 73
    • 15844390729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of candidate tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 18 in colorectal cancers
    • Thiagalingam S, Lengauer C, Leach FS, Schutte M, Hahn SA, Overhausen J, Willson JKV, Markowitz S, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B: Evaluation of candidate tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 18 in colorectal cancers. Nature Genet 1996, 13:343-346. Chromosone 18q is lost in about 60% of colorectal as well as other cancers. This work presents a strategy to analyze early passage cancer cell lines for changes in their genotype. Whereas some genetic changes provide a selective advantage, others represent "passenger" losses that gets fixed during clonal expansion. This paper highlights the importance of looking for changes in general pattern rather than isolated alterations in individual tumors as a way to validate genetic investigations. Identification of the relevant gene, among several genetically defined candidates, requires functional and biological tests.
    • (1996) Nature Genet , vol.13 , pp. 343-346
    • Thiagalingam, S.1    Lengauer, C.2    Leach, F.S.3    Schutte, M.4    Hahn, S.A.5    Overhausen, J.6    Willson, J.K.V.7    Markowitz, S.8    Hamilton, S.R.9    Kern, S.E.10    Kinzler, K.W.11    Vogelstein, B.12
  • 74
    • 0029944122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiostatin induces and sustains dormancy of human primary tumors in mice
    • O'Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Chen C, Folkman J: Angiostatin induces and sustains dormancy of human primary tumors in mice. Nature Med 1996, 2:689-692.
    • (1996) Nature Med , vol.2 , pp. 689-692
    • O'Reilly, M.S.1    Holmgren, L.2    Chen, C.3    Folkman, J.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.