Garlic: Medicinal Food or Nutritious Medicine?

Journal of Medicinal Food

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 13-28

  Nagourney, Robert A ^a  

^a Rational Therapeutics   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002596568     PISSN: 1096620X     EISSN: 15577600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jmf.1998.1.13     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Abdullah, T. H. (1996). In vitro efficacy of a compound derived from garlic against Pneumocystis carinii [letter]. J Natl Med Assoc 88, 694–704.
2. Adetumbi, M., Javor, G. T., and Lau, B. H. (1986). Allium sativum (garlic) inhibits lipid synthesis by Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 3, 499–450.
3. Agarwal, K. (1996). Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Med Res Rev 16, 111–124.
4. Ali, M. (1995). Mechanism by which garlic (Allium sativum) inhibits cyclooxygenase activity: Effect of raw versus boiled extract on the synthesis of prostanoids. Prostoglandins Leukot Essen Fatty Acids 53, 397–400.
5. Ankiri, S., Miron, T., Rabinkov, A., and Wilchek, M. (1997). Allicin from garlic strongly inhibits cysteine proteinases and cytopathic effect of Entamoeba histolytica. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41, 2286–2288.
6. Apitz-Castro, R., Badimon, J. J., and Badimon, L. (1994). A garlic derivative, ajoene, inhibits platelet deposition on severely damaged vessel wall in an in vivo porcine experimental model. Thrombosis Res 75, 243–249.
7. Apitz-Castro, R., Cabrera, S., Cruz, M. R., Ledezma, E., and Jain, M. K. (1983) Effects of garlic extract and of three pure components isolated from it on human platelet aggregation, arachidonate metabolism, release reaction and platelet ultrastructure. Thrombosis Res 32, 155.
8. Apitz-Castro, R., Jain, M. K., Bartoli, F., Ledezma, E., Ruiz, M. C., and Salas, R. (1991). Evidence for direct coupling of primary agonist-receptor interaction to the exposure of functional IIb-IIIa complexes in human blood platelets: Results from studies with the antiplatelet compound ajoene. Biochim Biophys Acta 1094, 269–268.
9. Belman, S. (1983) Onion and garlic oils inhibit tumor promotion. Carcinogenesis 4, 1063–1065.
10. Bimmermann, A., Weingart, K., and Schwartzkopff, W. (1988) Therapiewoche 38, 3885–3890.
11. Blania, G. and Spangenberg, B. (1991). Formation of allicin from dried garlic (allium sativum): a simple HPTLC method for simultaneous determination of allicin and ajoene in dried garlic and garlic preparations [German]. Planta Med 57, 371–375.
12. Block, E. (1985). The chemistry of garlic and onion. Sci Am 252, 114–119.
13. Block, E. (1985). Spekt Wiss 66, 1985.
14. Bordia, A. (1981). Effect of garlic on blood lipids in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 34, 2100–3103.
15. Bordia, A. (1986). Apotheken-Magazin 6,128–131.
16. Brewitt, B. and Lehmann, B. (1991). Der Kaasenartzt 5, 47–55.
17. Brodnitz, M. H., Pascale, J. V., and van Derslice, L. J. (1971). Agrie Food Chem 19, 273.
18. Buiatti, E., Palli, D., DeCarli, A., Amadori, D., Avellini, C., Bianchi, S., Biserni, R., Cipriani, F., Cocco, P., Giacosa, A., et al. (1989). A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. International Journal of Cancer 44, 611–616.
19. Cai, X. J., Block, E., Uden, P. C., Zhang, X., Quimby, B. D., and Sullivan, J. J. (1995) J Agr Food Chem 43,1754–1757.
20. Cavallito, C. J. and Bailey, H. (1944). Allicin, the antibacterial principle of Allium sativum: I. Isolation, physical properties and antibacterial action. II. Determination of the chemical structure. J Am Chem Soc 66, 1950–1951.
21. Cellini, L., Di Campii, E., Masulli, M., Di Bartolomeo, S., and Allocati, N. (1996). Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by garlic extract (Allium sativum). FEMS Immun Med Microbiol 13, 273–277.
22. Cheng, J. Y., Meng, C. L., Tzeng, C. C., and Lin, J. C. (1995). Optimal dose of garlic to inhibit dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer. World J Surg 19, 621–626.
23. Choy, Y. M., Kwok, T. T., Fung, K. P., and Lee, C. Y. (1983). Effect of garlic, Chinese medicinal drugs and amino acids on growth of Erlich ascites tumor cells in mice. Am J Chin Med 11, 69–73.
24. Chutani, S. K. and Bordia A. (1981). The effect of fried versus raw garlic on fibrinolytic activity in man. Atherosclerosis 38, 417–421.
25. Das, T., Roychoudhury, A., Archana, S., and Talukder. (1993). Modification of clastogenicity of three known clastogens by garlic extract in mice in vivo. Environ Mol Mutagen 21, 383–388.
26. Davis, D. L. (1989). Natural anticarcinogens, carcinogens, and changing patterns in cancer: Some speculation. Environ Res 50, 322–340.
27. de Candole, A. (1908). Origin of Cultivated Plants. (New York).
28. Deshpande, R. G., et al. (1993). Inhibition of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates from AIDS patients by garlic (Allium sativum). J Antimicrob Chemother 32, 623–626.
29. Dorant, E., van dn Brandt, P. A., and Goldbohm, R. A. (1994). A prospective cohort study on Allium vegetable consumption, garlic supplement use, and the risk of lung carcinoma in The Netherlands. Cancer Res 54, 6148–6153.
30. Dorant, E., van dn Brandt, P. A., and Goldbohm, R. A. (1995). Allium vegetable consumption, garlic supplement intake, and female breast carcinoma incidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 33,163–170.
31. Dorant, E., van dn Brandt, P. A., and Goldbohm, R. A. (1996). A prospective cohort study on the relationship between onion and leek consumption, garlic supplement use and the risk of colorectal carcinoma in The Netherlands. Carcinogenesis 17, 477–484.
32. Dorant, E., van dn Brandt, P. A., Goldbohm, R. A., and Sturmans, F. (1996). Consumption of onions and a reduced risk of stomach carcinoma. Gastroenterology 110, 12–20.
33. el-Bayoumy, K., Chae, Y. H., Upadhyaya, P., and Ip, C. (1996). Chemoprevention of mammary cancer by diallyl selenide, a novel organoselenium compound. Anticancer Res 16, 2911–2915.
34. el-Sabban, R., Fahim, M. A., Radwan, G. M., Zaghloul, S. S., and Singh, S. (1996). Garlic preserves patency and delays hyperthermia-induced thrombosis in pial miscro-circulation. Int J Hyperthermia 12, 513–525.
35. Farbman, K. S., Barnett, E. D., Bolduc, G. R., and Klein, J. (1993). Antibacterial activity of garlic and onions: A hiatorical perspective. Pediatr Infect Dis J 12, 613–614.
36. Feldberg, R. S., Chang, S.C., Kotik, A. N., Nadler, M., Neuwirth, Z., Sundstrom, D. C., and Thompson, N. H. (1988). In vitro mechanism of inhibition of bacterial cell growth by allicin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32, 1763–1768.
37. Fliermans, C. B. (1973). Inhibition of Histoplasma capsulatum by garlic. Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 50, 227–231.
38. Fu, N. (1993). Antioxidant action of garlic oil and allitridi [Chinese]. Chung-Kuo Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Huseh Pao Acta Acad Med Sincine 15, 295–301.
39. Fulder, S. and Blackwood, J. (1997). Garlic: Nature's Original Remedy. (Healing Arts Press, Rochester, VT).
40. Gadkari, J. V., and Joshi, V. D. J. (1991). Effect of ingestion of raw garlic on serum cholesterol level, clotting time and fibrinolytic activity in normal subjects. J Postgrad Mea 37,128–131.
41. Gebhardt R. (1991). Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis by a water-soluble garlic extract in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Arzneimittelforschung 41, 800–804.
42. Gebhardt, R. (1993). Multiple inhibitory effects of garlic extracts on cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatocytes. Lipids 28, 613–619.
43. Gebhardt, R., Beck, H., and Wagner, K. G. (1994). Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis by allicin and ajoene in rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1213, 57–62.
44. Goldberg, M. T. and Josephy, P. D. (1987). Studies on the mechanism of action of diallyl sulfide, an inhibitor of the genotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 65, 467–471.
45. Guo, N. L., Lu, D. P., Woods, G. L., Reed, E., Zhou, G. Z., Zhang, L. B., and Waldman, R. H. (1993). Demonstration of the anti-viral activity of garlic extract against human cytomegalovirus in vitro. Chinese Med J (Engl) 106, 93–96.
46. Hatano, S., Jimenez, A., and Wargovich, M. J. (1996). Chemopreventive effect of S-allylcysteine and its relationship to the detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase. Carcinogenesis 17,1041–1044.
47. Hu, X., Benson, P. J., Srivastava, S. K., Mack, L. M., Xia, H., Gupta, V., Zaren H. A., and Singh, S. V. (1996). Glutathione S-transferases of female A/J mouse liver and forestomach and their differential induction by anti-carcinogenic organosulfides from garlic. Arch Biochem Biophys 336, 199–214.
48. Imai, J., Ide, N., Nagae, S., Moriguchi, T., Matsuura, H., and Itakura, Y. (1994). Antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of aged garlic extract and its constituents. Planta Med 60, 417–420.
49. Ip, C., Lisk, D. J., and Thompson, H. J. (1996). Selenium-enriched garlic inhibits the early stage but not the late stage of mammary carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 17, 1979–1982.
50. Isensee, H., Reitz, B., and Jacob, R. (1992). Drug Res.
51. Jain, M. K. and Apitz-Castro, R. (1993). Current Science 65, 148.
52. Kiesewetter, H., Jung, F., Pindur, G., Jung, E. M., Mrowietz, C., and Wenzel, E. (1991). Effect of garlic on thrombocyte aggregation microcirculation, and other risk factors. Int J Clin Ther Toxicol 29,151–155.
53. Kourounakis, P. N. and Rekka, E. A. (1991). Effect on active oxygen species of alliin and Allium sativum (garlic) powder. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 74, 249–252.
54. Kritchevsky D., Tepper, S. A., Czarnecki, S. K., and Klurfeld, D. M. (1982). Atherogenicity of animal and vegetable protein. Influence of the lysine to arginine ratio. Atherosclerosis 41, 429–431.
55. Kwak, M. K., Kim, S. G., and Kim, N. D. (1995). Effects of garlic oil on rat hepatic P4502E1 expression. Xenobiotica 25,1021–1029.
56. Larner, A. J. (1995). How does garlic exert its hypocholesterolaemic action? The tellurium hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 44, 295–297.
57. Lawson, L., Wang, Z. J., and Hughes, B. G. (1991). J Nat Prod 54, 436.
58. Lawson, L., Wang, Z. J., and Hughes, B. G. (1991). Identification of HPLC quantitation of the sulfides and dialk(en)yl thiosulfinates in commercial garlic products. Planta Med 57, 363–370.
59. Lawson, L. D., Ransom, D. K., and Hughes, B. G. (1992). Inhibition of whole blood platelet-aggregation by compounds in garlic clove extracts and commercial garlic products. Thromb Res 65,141–156.
60. Lee, E. S., Steiner, M., and Lin, R. (1994). Thioallyl compounds: Potent inhibitors of cell proliferation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1221, 73–77.
61. Legnani, C., Frascaro, M., Guazzaloca, G., et al. (1993). Effects of a dried garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in health subjects. Arzneitmittelforschung 43,119–122.
62. Lewin, G. and Popov, I. (1994). Antioxidant effects of aqueous garlic extract. Second communication: Inhibition of the Cu(2+)-initiated oxidation of low density lipoproteins. Arzneimittelforschung 44, 604–607.
63. Loeper, M. and Debray, C. B. (1921). Compt. rend, hebdom. Soc Biol 85,160–161.
64. Lu, D. P. (1994). Bone marrow transplantation in the People's Republic of China. Chinese Bone Marrow Transplant Registry. Bone Marrow Transplant 13, 703–704.
65. Martin, N., Bardisa, L., Pantoja, C., Vargas, M., Quezada, P., and Valenzuela, J. (1994). Anti-arrhythmic profile of a garlic dialysate assayed in dogs and isolated atrial preparations. J Ethnopharmacol 43,1–8.
66. Martin, N., Bardisa, L., Vargas, M., et al. (1992). Libro de Resumenes Sociedad de Biologia de Chile R-62.
67. Mathews, B. C. and Augusti, K. T. (1996). Biochemical effects of garlic protein diet and garlic oil on glycosaminoglycin metabolism in cholesterol fed rats. Indian J Exp Biol 34, 346–350.
68. Mathews, B. C., Daniels, R. S., and Agusti, K. T. (1996). Hypolipidemic effect of garlic protein substituted for casein in diet of rats compared to those of garlic oil. Indian J Exp Biol 34, 337–340.
69. Mei, X., Wang, M. L., Xu, et al. (1982). Acta Nutrimenta Sinica 4, 53–56.
70. Melzig, M. F., Krause, E., and Franke, S. (1995). Inhibition of adenosine deaminase activity of aortic endothelial cells by extracts of garlic. Pharmazie 50, 359–361.
71. Mirelman, D. (1997). Biochim Biophy Acta.
72. Mochizuki, E., Yamamoto, T., Suzuki, S., and Nakazawa, H. (1996). Electrophoretic identification of garlic and garlic products. J AOAC Int 79,1466–1470.
73. Mohammad, S. F. and Woodward, S. C. (1986). Characterization of a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and release reaction isolated from Allium sativum (garlic). Thromb Res 44, 793.
74. Moriguchi, T., Takashina, K., Chu, P. J., Saito, H., and Nishiyama, N. (1994). Prolongation of life span and improved learning in the senescence accelerated mouse produced by aged garlic extract. Biol Pharm Bull 17, 1589–1594.
75. Moriguchi, T., Saito, H., and Nishiyama, N. (1996). Aged garlic extract prolongs longevity and improves spatial memory deficit in senescence-accelerated mouse. Biol Pharm Bull 19, 305–307.
76. Morris, J., Burke, V., Mori, T. A., Vandongen, R., and Beilin L. J. (1995). Effects of garlic extract on platelet aggregation: A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Clin Exper Pharmacol Physiol 22, 414–417.
77. Nagabhushan, M., Line, D., Polverini, P. J., and Soit, D. B. (1992). Anticarcinogenic action of diallyl sulfide in hamster buccal pouch and forestomach. Cancer Lett 66, 207–216.
78. Nagai, K. (1973). Effect of garlic extract in prevention of virus infections [Japanese]. J Jap Assoc Infect Dis 47, 111–115.
79. Naganawa, R., Iwata, N., Ishikawa, K., Fukuda, H., Fujino, T., and Suzuki, A. (1996). Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlic. Appi Environ Microbiol 62,4238–4242.
80. Nagda, K. K., Ganeriwal, S. K., Nagda, K. C., and Diwan, A. M. (1983). Effect of onion and garlic on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in vitro. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 27,141–145.
81. Nagourney, R. A. (1997). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol.
82. Neil, H. A., Silagy, C. A., Lancaster, T., Hodgeman, J., Vos, K., Moore, J. W., Jones, L., Cahill, J., and Fowler, G. H. (1996). Garlic powder in the treatment of moderate hyperlipidaemia: A controlled trial and meta-analysis. J R Physicians Lond 30, 329–334.
83. Niwa, T., Swaneck, G., and Bradlow, H. L. (1994). Alterations in estradiol metabolism in MCF-7 cells induced by treatment with indole-3-carbinol and related compounds. Steroids 59, 523–527.
84. O'Dwyer, P. J., Spiers, A. S. D., and Marsoni, S. (1986). Association of severe and fatal infections and treatment with pentostatin. Cancer Treat Rep 70,1117.
85. Orellana, A., Kawada, M. E., Morlaes, M. N., Vargas, L., and Bronfman, M. (1992). Induction of peroxisomal fatty acyl-coenzyme. A oxidase and total carnitine acetyl-coenzyme A transferase in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes by garlic extracts. Toxicol Lett 60, 11–17.
86. Pai, S. T. and Platt, M. W. (1995). Antifungal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract against the Aspergillus species involved in otomycosis. Letters in Applied Microbiology 20,14–18.
87. Pan, J., Hong, J. Y., and Li, D. (1993). Regulation of cytochrome P450 2B1/2 genes by diallyl sulfone, disulfiram, and other organosulfur compounds in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 45, 2323–2329.
88. Pan, J., Hong, J. Y., Ma, B. L., Ning, S. M., Paranawithana, S. R., and Yang, C. S. (1993). Transcriptional activation of cytochrome P450 2B1/2 genes in rat liver by diallyl sulfide, a compound derived from garlic. Arch Biochem Biophys 302, 337–342.
89. Perez, H. A., De la Rosa, M., and Apitz, R. (1994). In vivo activity of ajoene against rodent malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38, 337–339.
90. Pfaff, K. (1991). Dtsch Apoth Ztg 131, 27-suppl. 24,12.
91. Prasad, K., Laxdal, V. A., Yu, M., and Raney, B. L. (1995). Antioxidant activity of allicin, an active principle in garlic. Mol Cell Biochem 148,183–189.
92. Quereshi, A. A., Abuirmeileh, N., Din, Z. Z., Elson, C. E., and Burger, W. C. (1983). Inhibition of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in liver enzymes and chicken hepatocytes by polar fractions of garlic. Lipids 18,343–348.
93. Reitz, B., Isensee, H., Strobach, H., Makdessi, S., and Jacob, R. (1993). Cardioprotective actions of wild garlic (Allium ursinum) in ischemia and reperfusion. Mol Cell Biochem 119, 143–150.
94. Reuter, H. D. and Sendl, A. (1994). Allim sativum and Allium ursinum: Chemistry, pharmacology and medicinal applications. Economic and Medicinal Plant Research 6, 56–113.
95. Saghir. A. R., Ann, I. K., Bernhard, R. A., and Jacobsen, J. V. (1964). Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 84, 386.
96. Sandvik, H. and Baerheim, A. (1994). Does garlic protect against vampires? An experimental study [Norwegian]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 114, 3583–3586.
97. Schaffer, E. M., Liu, J., Green, J., Dangler, C. A., and Milner, J. A. (1996). Garlic and associated allyl sulfur components inhibit N-methyl-N-nitrosoureas induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 102, 199–204.
98. Semmler, F. W. (1892). Arch Pharm 230, 434.
99. Sendl, A., Schliak, M., Loser, R., Stanislaus, F., and Wagner, H. (1992). Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in vitro by extracts and isolated compounds prepared from garlic and wild garlic. Atherosclerosis 94, 79–85.
100. Siegel, G., Walter, A., Schnalke, F., Schmidt, A., Buddecke, E., Loirand, G., and Stock, G. (1991). Potassium channel activation, hyperpolarization, and vascular relaxation. Z Kardiol 80(suppl 7), 9–24.
101. Siegel, G., Emden, J., Wenzel, K., Mironneau, J., and Stock, G. (1992). Potassium channel activation in vascular smooth muscle. Adv Exp Med Biol 311, 53–72.
102. Silagy, C. A. and Neil, A. W. (1994). A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. J Hyperten 12, 463–468.
103. Silagy, C. and Neil, A. (1994). Garlic as a lipid lowering agent—a meta-analysis. J R Coll Physicians Land 28, 39–45.
104. Singh, S. V., Mohan, R. R., Agarawal, R., Benson P. J., Hu, X., Rudy, M. A., Xia, H., Katoh, A., Srivastava, S. K., Mukhtar, H., Gupta, V., and Zaren, H. A. (1996). Novel anti-carcinogenic activity of an organosulfide from garlic: Inhibition of H-RAS oncogene transformed tumor growth in vivo by diallyl disulfide is associated with inhibition of p21H-ras processing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 225, 660–665.
105. Small, L. D., Bailey, J. H., and Cavalitto, C. (1947). J Chem Soc 69,1710–1713.
106. Soudamini, K. K., Unnikrishnan M. C., Sukumaran, K., and Kuttan, R. (1995). Mutogenicity and anti-mutagenicity of selected speces. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol 39, 347–353.
107. Sparnins, V. L., Barany, G., and Wattenberg, L. W. (1988). Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia and glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse. Carcinogenesis 9,131–134.
108. Srivastava, K. C. (1986). Evidence for the mechanism by which garlic inhibits platelet aggregation. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Medicine 22(3), 313–321.
109. Srivastava, K. C., and Tyagi, O. D. (1993). Effects of a garlic-derived principle (Ajoene) on aggregation and arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostoglandins Leukot Essen Fatty Acids 49, 587–595.
110. Steinmetz, K. A. and Potter, J. D. (1991). Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2, 325–357.
111. Steinmetz, K. A., Kushi, L. H., Bostick, R. M., Folsom, A. R., and Potter, J. D. (1994). Vegetables, fruit, and colon cancer in Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 139, 1–15.
112. Stoll, A. and Seebeck, E. 1951. Helvetica Chimica Acta 34, 481.
113. Sundaram, S. G. and Milner, J. A. (1993). Impact of organosulfur compounds in garlic on canine mammary tumor cells in culture. Cancer Lett 74, 85–90.
114. Sundaram, S. G. and Milner, J. A. (1996). Diallyl disulfide inhibits the proliferation of human tumor cells in culture. Bichim Biophys Acta 1315,15–20.
115. Sundaram, S. G. and Milner, J. A. (1996). Diallyl disulfide suppresses the growth of human colon tumor cell xenografts in athymic nude mice. J Nutr 126,1355–1361.
116. Svendsen, L., Rattan, S. I. S., and Clark, B. F. C. (1994). Testing garlic for possible anti-ageing effects on long-term growth characteristics, morphology and macromolecular synthesis of human fibroblasts in culture. J Ethnopharmacol 43,125–133.
117. Torok, B., Belagyi, J., Rietz, B., and Jacob, R. (1994). Effectiveness of garlic on the radical activity in radical generating systems. Arzneimittelforschung 44, 608–611.
118. Tsai, Y., Cole, L. L., Davis, L. E., Lockwood, S.J., Simmons, V., and Wild, G. C. (1985). Antiviral properties of garlic: In vitro effects on influenza B, herpes simplex and coxsackie viruses. Planta Med 51, 460–461.
119. Tsai, S. J., Jenq, S. N., and Lee, H. (1996). Naturally occurring diallyl disulfide inhibits the formation of carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines in boiled pork juice. Mutagenesis 11, 235–240.
120. Tynecka, Z., and Gos, Z. (1975). The fungistatic activity of garlic in vitro. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodozvska [Med] 30, 5–13.
121. Unnikshnan, M. C., Soudamini, K. K., and Kuttan, R. (1990). Chemoprotection of garlic extract toward cyclophosphamide toxicity in mice. Nutr Cancer 13, 201–207.
122. Venugopal, P. V. and Venugopal, T. V. (1995). Antidermatophytic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) in vitro. Int J Dermatol 34, 278–279.
123. Wargovich, M. J. and Imada, O. (1993). Esophageal carcinogenesis in the rat: A model for aerodigestive tract cancer. Int J Dermatol 34, 278–297.
124. Warshafsky, S., Kamer, R. S., and Sivak, S. L. (1993). Effects of garlic on total serum cholesterol: A meta-effect of garlic on total serum cholesterol. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 119, 599–605.
125. Watts, A. (1970). Alan Watts Journal.
126. Weber, N. D., Andersen, D. O., North, J. A., Murray, B. K., Lawson, L. D., and Hughes, B. G. (1992). In vitro virucidal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract and compounds. Planta Med 58, 417–423.
127. Welch, C., Wuarin, L., and Sidell, N. (1992). Antiproliferative effect of the garlic compound S-allyl cysteine on human neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Cancer Lett 63, 211–219.
128. Wertheim, T. (1844). Ann Chem Pharm 51, 289.
129. Yamasaki, T., Teel, R. W., and Lau, B. H. (1991). Effect of allixin, a phytoalexin produced by garlic, on mutagenesis, DNA-binding and metabolism of aflatoxin 61. Cancer Lett 59,89.
130. Yang C. S. and Lu, A. Y. H. (1987). In Mammalian Cytochromes P 450, Vol. 2. F. P. Guengerich, ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL) pp. 2–17.
131. Yeh, Y. Y. and Yeh, S. M. (1994). Garlic reduces plasma lipids by inhibiting hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol synthesis. Lipids 29,189–193.