Left ventricular contractile dysfunction as a complication of thermal injury

Shock

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 495-507

  Horton, Jureta W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ARGININE; ASCORBIC ACID; COLISTIN; FLUCYTOSINE; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; HYPOXANTHINE; MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITION FACTOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; MULTIVITAMIN; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; OXYGEN RADICAL; RHO KINASE; TOBRAMYCIN; TROPONIN I; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; XANTHINE; XANTHINE OXIDASE; ZINC;

ALPHA ADRENERGIC STIMULATION; BURN; CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FLUID THERAPY; HEART INJURY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW; HEART MUSCLE RELAXATION; HEART PERFORMANCE; HEART PROTECTION; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INOTROPISM; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT MONITORING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THERMAL INJURY; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; WOUND CARE;

ANIMALS; BURNS; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 9644295842     PISSN: 10732322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000145205.51682.c3     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Blalock A: Experimental shock. VII. The importance of the local loss of fluid in the production of the low blood pressure after burns. Arch Surg 22:610-617, 1931.
2. Harkins HN: The present status of the problem of thermal burns. Physiol Rev 25:531-539, 1945.
3. Evans EI, Purnell OJ, Robinett PW, Batchelor A, Martin A: Fluid and electrolyte requirements in severe burns. Ann Surg 135:804-817, 1952.
4. Brooks F, Dragstedt LR, Warner L, Knisely MH: Sludged blood following severe thermal burns. Arch Surg 61:387-418, 1950.
5. Moyer CA, Coller FA, Iob V, Vaughn HH, Marty D: A study of the interrelationship of salt solutions, serum and defibrinated blood in the treatment of severely scalded, anesthetised dogs. Ann Surg 120:367-371, 1944.
6. Salzberg AM, Evans EI: Blood volumes in normal and burned dogs. Ann Surg 132:425-438, 1950.
7. Wolfe RR, Miller HI: Cardiovascular and metabolic responses during burn shock in the guinea pig. Am J Physiol 231:892-897, 1976.
8. Fozzard HA: Myocardial injury in burn shock. Ann Surg 154:113-119, 1961.
9. Allgower M, Burn C, Cueni L, Eugley F, Fleish H, Gruber VF, Harder F, Russell RG: Study of burn toxins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 150:807-815, 1968.
10. Gunther GW: Beitrag sur pathologie des verbrennungskollops. Arch F Klin Chir 194:539-545, 1938.
11. Buis LJ, Hartman FW: Histopathology of the liver following superficial burns. Am J Clin Pathol 11:275-281, 1941.
12. Baxter CR, Cook WA, Shires GT: Serum myocardial depressant factor of burn shock. Surg Forum 17:1-2, 1966.
13. Adams HR, Baxter CR, Parker JL: Contractile function of heart muscle from burned guinea pigs. Circ Shock 9:63-73, 1982.
14. Adams HR, Baxter CR, Izsenberg SD: Decreased contractility and compliance of the left ventricle as complications of thermal trauma. Am Heart J 108:1477-1487, 1984.
15. Adams HR, Baxter CR, Parker JL, Senning R: Development of acute burn shock in unresuscitated guinea pigs. Circ Shock 8:613-625, 1981.
16. Horton JW, Maass DL, White DJ: Effects of burn serum on myocardial inflammation and function. Shock 22:438-445, 2004.
17. Ferrara JJ, Franklin EW, Kukuy EL, Flynn DM, Gilman DA, Keller VA, Choe EU, Flint LM, Lefer DJ: Lymph isolated from a regional scald injury produced a negative inotropic effect in dogs. J Burn Care Rehab 19:296-304, 1998.
18. Sambol JT, White J, Horton JW, Deitch EA: Burn induced impairment of cardiac contractile function due to gut derived myocardial depressant factors. Shock 18:272-276, 2002.
19. Horton JW, White J, Maass DL, Sanders B: Arginine in burn injury improves cardiac performance and prevents bacterial translocation. J Appl Physiol 84:695-702, 1998.
20. White J, Maass DL, Horton JW: Development of acute burn model in adult mice for studies of cardiac function and cardiomyocyte cellular function. Shock 16:122-129, 2001.
21. Horton JW, Garcia NM, White DJ, Keffer J: Postburn cardiac contractile function and biochemical markers of postburn cardiac injury. J Am Coll Surg 181:289-298, 1995.
22. Elgjo GL, Mathey BP, Poli de Figueiredo LF, Schenarts PJ, Horton JW, Dubick MA, Kramer GC: Resuscitation with hypertonic saline Dextran improves cardiac function in vivo and ex vivo after burn injury in sheep. Shock 9:375-383, 1998.
23. Moore DB, Rainey WC, Caldwell FT Jr, Bowser-Wallace BH, Graves DB, Shewmake KB, Hough AJ: The effect of rapid resuscitation upon cardiac index following thermal trauma in a porcine model. J Trauma 27:141-146, 1987.
24. Murphy JT, Horton JW, Purdue GF, Hunt JL: Evaluation of troponin-1 as an indicator of cardiac dysfunction after thermal injury. J Trauma 45:700-704, 1998.
25. Maass DL, Hybki Peters D, White J, Horton JW: The time course of cardiac NF-κB activation and TNF-α secretion by cardiac myocytes after burn injury: contribution to burn-related cardiac contractile dysfunction. Shock 17:293-299, 2002.
26. Sheeran P, Maass DL, White DJ, Turbeville TD, Giroir BP, Horton J: Aspiration pneumonia-induced sepsis increases cardiac dysfunction after burn trauma. J Surg Res 76:192-199, 1998.
27. Thomas JA, Tsen MF, White DJ, Horton JW: TLR4 inactivation and rBPI(21) block burn-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction. Am J Physiol 283:H1645-H1655, 2002.
28. Horton JW, Thomas J, Maass DL, White J, Giroir B: Role of LPS in postburn proinflammatory cytokine responses. Crit Care Med 29:A48, 2001.
29. Moldawer LL, Lowry SF, Cerami A: Cachectin, its impact on metabolism and nutritional status. Anna Rev Nutr 8:585-609, 1988.
30. Tracey KJ, Beutler B, Lowry SF, Merryweather J, Wolpe S, Milsark IW, Hariri RJ, Fahey TJ III, Zentella A, Albert JD, Shires GT, Cerami A: Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin. Science 234:470-474, 1986.
31. Tracey KJ, Fong Y, Hesse DG, Manogue KR, Lee AT, Kuo GC, Lowry SF, Cerami A: Anticachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteremia. Nature 330:662-664, 1987.
32. Fong Y, Moldawer LL, Marano MA, Wei H, Barber A, Manogue K, Tracey KJ, Kuo G, Fischman DA, Cerami A, Lowry SF: Cachectin/TNF or IL-1α induces cachexia with redistribution of body proteins. Am J Physiol 256:R659-R665, 1989.
33. Moldawer LL, Marano M, Wei H, Fong Y, Silen ML, Kuo G, Manogue KR, Vlassara H, Cohen H, Cerami A: Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor-α alters red blood cell kinetics and induces anemia in vivo. FASEB J 3:1637-1643, 1989.
34. Waage AP, Brandtzaeg P, Halstensen A, Kierulf P, Espevik T: The complex pattern of cytokines in serum from patients with meningococcal septic shock. Association between interleukin 6, interleukin 1, and fatal outcome. J Exp Med 169:333-338, 1989.
35. Marano MA, Fong Y, Moldawer LL, Wei H, Calvano SE, Tracey KJ, Barie PS, Manogue K, Cerami A, Shires GT: Serum cachectin/TNF in critically ill patients correlates with infection and mortality. Surg Gynecol Obstet 170:32-38, 1990.
36. Marano MA, Moldawer LL, Fong Y, Wei H, Minei J, Yurt R, Cerami A, Lowry SF: Cachectin/TNF production in experimental burns and Pseudomonas infection. Arch Surg 123:1383-1388, 1988.
37. Cannon JG, Friedberg JS, Gelfand JA, Tompkins RG, Burke JF, Dinarello CA: Circulating interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations after burn injury in humans. Crit Care Med 20:1414-1419, 1992.
38. Endo S, Inada K, Yamada Y: Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in patients with burns. Burns 19:124-127, 1993.
39. Drost AC, Burleson DG, Cioffi WG: Plasma cytokines after thermal injury and their relationship to infection. Ann Surg 218:74-78, 1993.
40. Drost AC, Burleson DG, Cioffi WG, Jordan BS, Mason AD, Pruitt BA: Plasma cytokines following thermal injury and their relationship with patient mortality, burn size, and time postburn. J Trauma 35:335-339, 1993.
41. de Bandt JP, Chollet-Martin S, Hernvann A: Cytokine response to burn injury: relationship with protein metabolism. J Trauma 36:624-628, 1994.
42. Liu XS, Luo ZH, Yang ZC, Huang WH, Li AN: The significance of changes in serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity in severely burned patients. Burns 20:40-44, 1994.
43. Giroir BP, Johnson JH, Brown T, Allen GA, Beutler B: The tissue distribution of tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis during endotoxemia. J Clin Invest 90:693-698, 1992.
44. Giroir B, Horton JW, White DJ, McIntyre KL, Lin CQ: Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor prevents myocardial dysfunction during burn shock. Am J Physiol 267:H118-H124, 1994.
45. Pagani FD, Baker LS, His C, Knox M, Fink MP, Visner MS: Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction after infusion of tumor necrosis factor-α in conscious dogs. J Clin Invest 90:389-398, 1992.
46. Eichenholz PW, Eichacker PQ, Hoffman WD, Banks SM, Parillo JE, Danner RL, Natanson C: Tumor necrosis factor challenges in canines: patterns of cardiovascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol 263:H668-H674, 1992.
47. Heard SO, Perkins MW, Fink MP: Tumor necrosis factor-α causes myocardial depression in guinea pigs. Crit Care Med 20:523-527, 1992.
48. Yokoyama T, Vaca L, Rossen RD, Durante W, Hazarika P, Mann DL: Cellular basis for the negative inotropic effects of tumor necrosis factor-α in the adult mammalian heart. J Clin Invest 92:2303-2312, 1993.
49. Horton JW, Maass DL, White DJ, Sanders B: Hypertonic saline Dextran suppresses burn-related cytokine synthesis by cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol 280:H1591-H1601, 2001.
50. Maass DL, White DI, Horton JW: Nitric oxide donors alter cardiomyocyte cytokine secretion and cardiac function. Crit Care Med (in press).
51. Bryant D, Becker L, Richardson J, Shelton J, France F, Peshock R, Thompson M, Giroir BP: Cardiac failure in transgenic mice with myocardial expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF). Circulation 97:1375-1381, 1998.
52. Williams JG, Bankey P, Minei JP, McIntyre K, Turbeville T: Burn injury enhances alveolar macrophage endotoxin sensitivity. J Burn Care Rehab 15:493-498, 1994.
53. Turbeville T, Horton JW: Burn trauma stimulates cardiomyocyte production of TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO). Shock 9(suppl):8, 1998.
54. Garner LB, Willis MSI, Carlson DL, DiMaio JM, White MD, White DJ, Adams GA IV, Horton JW, Giroir BP: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a cardiac-derived myocardial depressant factor. Am J Physiol 285:H2500-H2509, 2003.
55. Willis MS, Carlson DL, DiMaio JM, White MD, White DJ, Adams GA IV, Horton JW, Giroir BP: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) mediates late cardiac dysfunction following burn injury. Am J Physiol (in press).
56. Dios A, Mitchell RA, Aljabari B, Lubetsky J, O'Connor K, Liao H, Senter PD, Manogue KR, Lolis E, Metz C, Bucala R, Callaway DJ, Al-Abed Y: Inhibition of MIF bioactivity by rational design of pharmacological inhibitors of MIF tautomerase activity. J Med Chem 45:2410-2416, 2002.
57. de Jong YP, Abadia-Molina AC, Satoskar AR, Clarke K, Rietdijk ST, Faubion WA, Mizoguchi E, Metz CN, Alsahli M, ten Hove T, Keates AC, Lubetsky JB, Farrell RJ, Michetti P, van Deventer SJ, Lolis E, David JR, Bhan AK, Terhorst C, Sahli MA: Development of chronic colitis is dependent on the cytokine MIF. Nat Immunol 2:1061-1066, 2001.
58. Roger T, David J, Glauser MP, Calandra T: MIF regulates innate immune responses through modulation of Toll-like receptor 4. Nature 414:920-924, 2001.
59. Lue H, Kleemann R, Calandra T, Roger T, Bernhagen J: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF): mechanisms of action and role in disease. Microbes Infect 4:44C-460, 2002.
60. Chandrasekar B, Freeman GL: Induction of nuclear factor κB and activation protein 1 in postischemic myocardium. FEBS Lett 401:30-34, 1997.
61. Demling R, Ikegami K, LaLonde C: Increased lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant activity correspond with death after smoke exposure in the rat. J Burn Care Rehabil 16:104-110, 1995.
62. Horton JW: Free radicals and lipid peroxidation mediated injury in burn trauma: the role of antioxidant therapy. Toxicology 189:75-88, 2003.
63. McCord JM: Oxygen-derived free radicals in post-ischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med 313:159-163, 1985.
64. Megison S, Horton J, Walker P: Polyethylene glycol conjugated Superoxide dismutase and catalase in mesenteric ischemia. Circ Shock 31:39, 1990.
65. Horton JW, White DJ: Role of xanthine oxidase and leukocytes in postburn cardiac dysfunction. J Am Coll Surg 181:129-137, 1995.
66. Horton JW, White DJ: Free radical scavengers prevent ischemia- reperfusion-mediated cardiac dysfunction. J Surg Res 55:282-289, 1993.
67. Horton JW, Mileski WJ, White DJ, Lipsky P: Monoclonal antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 reduces cardiac contractile dysfunction alter burn injury in rabbits. J Surg Res 64:49-56, 1996.
68. LaLonde C, Picard L, Campbell C, Demling R: Lung and systemic oxidant and antioxidant activity after graded smoke exposure in the rat. Circ Shock 42:7-13, 1994.
69. LaLonde C, Nayak U, Hennigan J, Demling R: Plasma catalase and glutathione levels are decreased in response to inhalation injury. J Burn Cure Rehabil 18:515-519, 1997.
70. Szebeni A, Negyesi G, Feuer L: Vitamin A levels in the serum of burned patients. Burns 7:313-318, 1981.
71. Nguyen TT, Cox CS, Traber DL, Grasser H: Free radical activity and loss of the plasma antioxidants vitamin E and sulfhydryl groups in patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 14:602-609, 1993.
72. Cynober L, Desmoulins D, Lioret N, Aussel C, Hirsch-Marie H, Saizy R: Significance of vitamin A and retinol binding protein serum levels after burn injury. Clin Chim Acta 148:247-253, 1985.
73. Murray JD, Nelms CD, Kaufman TM, Horton JW: Lipid peroxidation in plasma and heart tissue after burn injury. [abstract] FASEB J 6:2042, 1992.
74. Demling RH, LaLonde C: Systemic lipid peroxidation and inflammation induced by thermal injury persists into the post-resuscitation period. J Trauma 30:69-74, 1990.
75. Demling RH, LaLonde C: Early postburn lipid peroxidation: effect of ibuprofen and allopurinol. Surgery 1007:85-93, 1990.
76. Sasaki J, Cottam G, Baxter C: Lipid peroxidation following thermal injury. J Burn Care Rehabil 4:251-255, 1990.
77. Ward PA, Till GO, Hatherill JR, Annesley TM, Kukel RG: Systemic complement activation, lung injury, and products of lipid peroxidation. J Clin Invest 76:517-527, 1985.
78. Takeda K, Shimad Y, Amano M, Sakai T, Okada T, Yoshiya I: Plasma lipid peroxides and α-tocopherol in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 12:957-959, 1984.
79. Flynn DM, Buda AJ, Jeffords PR, Lefer DJ: A sialyl Lewis(x)-containing carbohydrate reduces infarct size: role of selectins in myocardial reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol 271:H2086-H2096, 1996.
80. Mileski W, Winn R, Harlan J, Rice C: Transient inhibition of neutrophil adherence with monoclonal antibody 60.3 does not increase susceptibility to abdominal sepsis. Surgery 109:497-501, 1991.
81. Horton JW, White DJ: ICAM-1/P-Selectin in postburn myocardial function. Am Burn Assoc 25(suppl):S91, 2004.
82. LaLonde C, Nayak U, Hennigan J, Demling RH: Excessive liver oxidant stress causes mortality in response to burn injury combined with endotoxin and is prevented with antioxidants. J Burn Care Rehabil 18:187-192, 1997.
83. Matsuda T, Tanaka H, Williams S, Hanumadass M, Abcarian E, Reyes H: Reduced fluid volume requirement for resuscitation of third-degree burns with high-dose vitamin C. J Burn Care Rehabil 12:525-532, 1991.
84. Matsuda T, Tanaka H, Hanumadass M, Gayle R, Yuasa H, Abcarian H, Matsuda H, Reyes H: Effects of high-dose vitamin C administration on postburn microvascular fluid and protein flux. J Burn Care Rehabil 13:560-566, 1992.
85. Matsuda TH, Tanaka H, Yuasa H, Forrest R, Matsuda H, Hanumadass M, Reyes H: The effects of high-dose vitamin C therapy on postburn lipid peroxidation. J Burn Care Rehabil 14:624-629, 1993.
86. Stein B, Frank P, Schmitz W, Scholz H, Thoenes M: Endotoxin and cytokines induce direct cardiodepressive effects in mammalian cardiomyocytes via induction of nitric oxide synthase. J Mol Cell Cardiol 28:1631-1639, 1996.
87. Brady AJB, Warren JB, Poole-Wilson PA, Williams TJ, Harding SE: Nitric oxide attenuates cardiac myocyte contraction. Am J Physiol 265:H176-H182, 1993.
88. Finkel MS, Oddis CV, Jacob TD, Watkins SC, Hauler BG, Simmons RI: Negative inotropic effects of cytokines on the heart mediated by nitric oxide. Science 257:387-398, 1992.
89. Balligand JL, Kelly RA, Mardsen PA, Smith TW, Michel T: Control of cardiac muscle cell function by an endogenous nitric oxide signaling system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:347-351, 1993.
90. Mohan P, Brusaert DI, Paulus WJ, Sys SU: Myocardial contractile response to nitric oxide and cGMP. Circulation 93:1223-1229, 1996.
91. Ungureanu-Longrois D, Balligand J-L, Kelly RA, Smith TW: Myocardial contractile dysfunction in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: role of a cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase in cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 27:155-167, 1995.
92. Kelly RA, Balligand JL, Smith TW: Nitric oxide and cardiac function. Circ Res 79:363-380, 1996.
93. Szabo C, Hoshima H: DNA injury induced by peroxynitrite. Nitric Oxide Biol Chem 1:323-385, 1997.
94. Horton JW, Maass DL, White J, Sanders B: Nitric oxide modulation of TNF-α-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction is concentration dependent. Am J Physiol 278:H1955-H1965, 2000.
95. White J, Carlson DL, Thompson M, Maass DL, Sanders B, Giroir BP, Horton JW: Molecular and pharmacologic approaches to inhibiting nitric oxide after burn trauma. Am J Physiol 285:H1616-H1625, 2003.
96. Koshy US, Burton KP, Le TH, Horton JW: Altered ionic calcium and cell motion in ventricular myocytes after cutaneous thermal injury. J Surg Res 68:133-138, 1997.
97. 23Na NMR study. J Surg Res 69:212-219, 1997.
98. Horton JW, Lin C, Maass DL: Burn trauma and TNF-α alter calcium handling by cardiomyocytes. Shock 10:270-277, 1998.
99. Murphy JT, Giroir B, Horton JW: Thermal injury alters myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium channel function. J Surg Res 82:244-252, 1999.
100. Horton JW, White DJ, Maass DL, Sanders B, Thompson M, Giroir B: Calcium antagonist improve cardiac mechanical performance after thermal trauma. J Surg Res 87:39-50, 1999.
101. Horton JW, Burton KP, White DJ: The role of toxic oxygen metabolites in a young model of thermal injury. J Trauma 39:563-569, 1995.
102. Horton JW: Oxygen free radicals contribute to postburn cardiac cell membrane dysfunction. J Surg Res 61:97-102, 1996.
103. 23Na NMR study. J Appl Physiol 91:2695-2702, 2001.
104. LaLonde C, Nayak U, Hennigan J, Demling R: Antioxidants prevent the cellular deficit produced in response to burn injury. J Burn Care Rehabil 17:379-383, 1996.
105. Sugden PH, Clerk A: "Stress-responsive" mitogen activated protein kinases (c-Jun-N-terminal kinases and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases) in the myocardium. Circ Res 83:345-352, 1998.
106. Wang Y, Huang S, Sah VP, Ross J, Brown JH, Han J, Chien KR: Cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy and apoptosis induced by distinct members of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase family. J Biol Chem 273:2161-2168, 1993.
107. Ballard-Croft C, White DJ, Maass DL, Peters Hybki D, Horton JW: The role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in cardiac myocyte secretion of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Am J Physiol 280:H1970-H1981, 2001.
108. Hoshijima M, Sah VP, Wang Y, Chien KR, Brown JH: The low molecular weight GTPase Rho regulates myofibril formation and organization in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Involvement of Rho kinase. J Biol Chem 273:7725-7730, 1998.
109. Kobayashi N, Horinaka S, Mita S, Nakano S, Honda T, Yoshida K, Kobayashi T, Matsuoka H: Critical role of Rho-kinase pathway for cardiac performance and remodeling in failing rat hearts. Cardiovas Res 55:757-767, 2002.
110. Ballard-Croft C, Maass DL, Sikes P, White J, Horton JW: The activation of stress-responsive pathways by the sympathetic nervous system in burn trauma. Shock 18:38-45, 2002.
111. 2+ sensitivity in failing hearts. Am J Physiol 281:H637-H646, 2001.
112. Horton JW, Ballard-Croft C, Maass DL: Rho-associated kinase modulates myocardial inflammatory cytokine responses. [abstract] Am Assoc Surg Trauma 237:52, 2002.
113. Horton JW, Ballard-Croft C, Maass DL: Does burn trauma upregulate PKCE? FASEB J 17:806.1, 2003.
114. Horton JW, White J, Maass DL: Protein kinase C inhibition improves ventricular function after thermal trauma. J Trauma 44:254-265, 1998.
115. Bauerle PA, Baltimore D: NF-κB: ten years after. Cell 87:13-20, 1996.
116. Geppert TD, Whitehurst CE, Thompson P, Beutler B: Lipopolysaccharide signal activation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis through the ras/raf-1/MEK/MAPK pathway. Mol Med 1:93-103, 1994.
117. Carlson D, White J, Maass DL, Nguyen RC, Giroir BP, Horton JW: IκB overexpression in cardiomyocytes prevents NF-κB activation and provides cardioprotection in trauma. Am J Physiol 284:H804-H814, 2003.
118. Carlson DL, Lightfoot E Jr, Bryant DD, Haudek SP, Maass DL, Horton JW, Giroir BP: Burn plasma mediates cardiac myocyte apoptosis via endotoxin. Am J Physiol 282:H1907-H1914, 2002.
119. Ballard-Croft C, Carlson D, Maass DL, Horton JW: Burn trauma alters calcium transport protein expression in the heart. J Appl Physiol 97:1470-1476, 2004.
120. Cain BS, Meldrum DR, Dinarello CA, Meng XZ, Joo KS, Banerjee A, Harken AH: Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β synergistically depress human myocardial function. Crit Care Med 27:1309-1318, 1999.
121. Flesch M, Kilter H, Cremers B, Laufs U, Sudkamp M, Ortmann M, Muller FU, Bohm M: Effects of endotoxin on human myocardial contractility involvement of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1062-1070, 1999.
122. Macnicol MF, Goldberg AH, Clowes GH Jr: Depression of isolated heart muscle by bacterial endotoxin. J Trauma 13:554-558, 1973.
123. Starr RG, Lader AS, Phillips GC, Stroman CE, Abel FL: Direct action of endotoxin on cardiac muscle. Shock 3:380-384, 1995.
124. Stein B, Frank P, Schmitz W, Scholz H, Thoenes M: Endotoxin and cytokines induce direct cardiodepressive effects in mammalian cardiomyocytes via induction of nitric oxide synthase. J Mol Cell Cardiol 28:1631-1639, 1996.
125. Meldrum DR: Tumor necrosis factor in the heart. Am J Physiol 274:R577-R595, 1998.
126. Deitch EA, Adams C, Lu Q, Xu D: A time course study of the protective effects of mesenteric lymph duct ligation on hemorrhagic shock-induced pulmonary injury and the toxic effects of lymph from shocked rats on endothelial cell monolayer permeability. Surgery 129:39-47, 2001.
127. 2 regulates splanchnic blood flow during burn injury. [abstract] Circ Shock 2:162, 1993.
128. 2 release is restored by treatment with lazaroid. Prostaglandins 45:535-546, 1993.
129. Horton JW: Bacterial translocation after burn injury: the contribution of ischemia and permeability changes. Shock 1:286-290, 1994.
130. Deitch EA: Bacterial translocation of the gut flora. J Trauma 30(suppl):S184-S189, 1990.
131. Deitch EA: Intestinal permeability is increased in burn patients shortly after injury. Surgery 107:411-416, 1990.
132. Herndon DN, Zeigler ST: Bacterial translocation after thermal injury. Crit Care Med 21:S50-S54, 1993.
133. Takeuchi O, Hoshino K, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Takada H, Ogawa T, Takeda K, Akira S: Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity 11:443-451, 1999.
134. Underbill DM, Ozinsky A, Smith KD, Aderem A: Toll-like receptor-2 mediates mycobacteria-induced proinflammatory signaling in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14459-14463, 1999.
135. Poltorak A, He XL, Smirnova I, Liu MY, Van Huffel C, Du X, Birdwell D, Alejos E, Suva M, Galanos C, Freudenberg M, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Layton B, Beutler B: Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 282:2085-2088, 1998.
136. Frantz S, Kobzik L, Kim YD, Fukazawa R, Medzhitov R, Lee RT, Kelly RA: Toll4 (TLR4) expression in cardiac myocytes in normal and failing myocardium. J Clin Invest 104:271-280, 1999.
137. Baumgarten G, Knuefermann P, Nozaki N, Sivasubramanian N, Mann DL, Vallejo JG: In vivo expression of proinflammatory mediators in the adult heart after endotoxin administration: the role of toll-like receptor-4. J Infect Dis 183:1617-1624, 2001.
138. Horton JW, Tan J, White DJ, Maass DL, Thomas JA: Selective decontamination of the digestive tract attenuate the myocardial inflammation and dysfunction that occur with burn injury. Am J Physiol (in press).
139. Kusunoki T, Mailman E, Juan TS, Lichenstein HS, Wright SD: Molecules from Staphylococcus aureus that bind CD14 and stimulate innate immune responses. J Exp Med 182:1673-1682, 1995.
140. Takeuchi O, Hoshino K, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Takada H, Ogawa T, Takeda K, Akira S: Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity 11:443-451, 1999.
141. White DJ, Carlson D, Ordway GA, Horton JW: The protective role of heat stress in burn trauma. Crit Care Med 32:1338-1345, 2004.
142. White DJ, Horton JW: Role of heat shock protein iHSP70 in burn/sepsis related cardiac dysfunction. Shock 21(suppl 2):113, 2004.
143. Asea A, Rehli M, Kabingu E, Boch JA, Bare O, Auron PE, Stevenson MA, Calderwood SK: Novel signal transduction pathway utilized by extracellular HSP70: role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. J Biol Chem 277:15028-15034, 2002.
144. Moroi Y, Mayhew M, Trcka J, Hoe MH, Takechi Y, Hartl FU, Rothman JE, Houghton AN: Induction of cellular immunity by immunization with novel hybrid peptides complexed to heat shock protein 70. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:3485-3490, 2000.
145. Mann DL, Spinale FO: Activation of matrix metalloproteinases in the failing human heart - Breaking the tie that binds. Circulation 98:1699-1702, 1998.
146. Young PK, Grinnell F: Metalloproteinase activation cascade after burn injury - a longitudinal analysis of the human wound environment. J Invest Dermat 103:660-664, 1994.
147. Nagase H, Woessner JF: Matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 274:21491-21494, 1999.
148. Janzekovic Z: The burn wound from the surgical point of view. J Trauma 15:42-62, 1975.
149. Lalonde C, Demling RH: The effect of complete burn wound excision and closure on postburn oxygen-consumption. Surgery 102:862-868, 1987.
150. Demling RH, Lalonde C: Early burn excision attenuates the postburn lung and systemic response to endotoxin. Surgery 108:28-35, 1990.
151. Desai MH, Herndon DN, Broemeling L, Barrow RE, Nichols RJ, Rutan RL: Early burn wound excision significantly reduces blood-loss. Ann Surg 211:753-762, 1990.
152. Desai MH, Rutan RL, Herndon DN: Conservative treatment of scald burns is superior to early excision. J Burn Care Rehabil 12:482-484, 1991.
153. Herndon DN, Barrow RE, Rutan RL, Rutan TC, Desai MH, Abston S: A comparison of conservative versus early excision therapies in severely burned patients. Ann Surg 209:547-553, 1989.
154. Malik M, Camm AJ: Heart rate variability: from facts to fancies. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:566-568, 1993.
155. Tsuji H, Larson MG, Venditti FJ, Manders ES, Evans JC, Feldman CL, Levy D: Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events: the Framingham Heart study. Circulation 94:2850-2855, 1996.
156. Huikuri HV, Makikallio T, Airaksinen KEJ, Mitrani R, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ: Measurement of heart rate variability: a clinical tool or a research toy? J Am Coll Cardiol 34:1878-1883, 1999.
157. Yien HW, Hseu SS, Lee LC, Kuo TBJ, Lee TY, Chan SHH: Spectral analysis of systemic arterial pressure and heart rate signals as a prognostic tool for the prediction of patient outcome in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 25:258-266, 1997.