Progress report on the potential of angiogenesis inhibitors for neuro-oncology

Cancer Investigation

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 577-587

  Purow, Benjamin ^a   Fine, Howard A ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Anti angiogenic; Antivascular; Brain tumor; Glioma; Meningioma; Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)

Indexed keywords

2,4 DIMETHYL 5 (2 OXO 1H INDOL 3 YLMETHYLENE) 3 PYRROLEPROPIONIC ACID; 4 DEDIMETHYLAMINOSANCYCLINE; 5 AMINO 1 [3,5 DICHLORO 4 (4 CHLOROBENZOYL)BENZYL] 1H 1,2,3 TRIAZOLE 4 CARBOXAMIDE; AE 941; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANGIOSTATIN; BATIMASTAT; BETA INTERFERON; BEVACIZUMAB; CAPTOPRIL; CARMUSTINE; CYTOKINE; ENDOSTATIN; FUMAGILLOL CHLOROACETYLCARBAMATE; GAMMA INTERFERON; GEMCITABINE; IMATINIB; MARIMASTAT; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; SEMAXANIB; SOLIMASTAT; THALIDOMIDE; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; UNINDEXED DRUG; UROKINASE; VASCULOTROPIN ANTIBODY;

ANGIOGENESIS; ARTHRALGIA; BLEEDING; BLOOD VESSEL; BRAIN TUMOR; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; HUMAN; MYALGIA; NEUROLOGY; NEUROTOXICITY; ONCOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOMNOLENCE; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CLINICAL TRIALS; HUMANS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC;

EID: 8644289922     PISSN: 07357907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/CNV-200027141     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Davis, F.G.; Freels, S.; Grutsch, J.; Barlas, S.; Brem, S. Survival rates in patients with primary malignant brain tumors stratified by patient age and tumor histological type: an analysis based on surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) data, 1973-1991. J. Neurosurg. 1998, 88, 1-10.
2. Azizi, S.A.; Miyamoto, C. Principles of treatment of malignant gliomas in adults: an overview. J. Neurovirology 1998, 4, 204-216.
3. Folkman, J.; Watson, K.; Ingber, D.; Hanahan, D. Induction of angiogenesis during the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia. Nature 1989, 339, 58-61.
4. Holash, J.; Maisonpierre, P.C.; Compton, D.; Boland, P.; Alexander, C.R.; Zagzag, D.; Yancopoulos, G.D.; Wiegand, S.J. Vessel cooption, regression, and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Science 1999, 284, 1994-1998.
5. Ramanujan, S.; Koenig, G.C.; Padera, T.P.; Stoll, B.R.; Jain, R.K. Local imbalance of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors: a potential mechanism of focal necrosis and dormancy in tumors. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 1442-1448.
6. Carmeliet, P. Mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Nat. Med. 2000, 6, 389-395.
7. Yancopoulos, G.D.; Davis, S.; Gale, N.W.; Rudge, J.S.; Wiegand, S.J.; Holash, J. Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation. Nature 2000, 407, 242-248.
8. Brem, S.; Cotran, R.; Folkman, J. Tumor angiogenesis: a quantitative method for histologic grading. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1972, 48, 347-356.
9. Grotzer, M.A.; Wiewrodt, R.; Janss, A.J.; Zhao, H.; Cnaan, A.; Sutton, L.N.; Rorke, L.B.; Phillips, P.C. High microvessel density in primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors of childhood. Neuropediatrics 2001, 32, 75-79.
10. Huber, H.; Eggert, A.; Janss, A.J.; Wiewrodt, R.; Zhao, H.; Sutton, L.N.; Rorke, L.B.; Phillips, P.C.; Grotzer, M.A. Angiogenic profile of childhood primitive neuroectodermal brain tumours/medulloblastomas. Eur. J. Cancer 2001, 37, 2064-2072.
11. Folkerth, R.D. Descriptive analysis and quantification of angiogenesis in human brain tumors. J. Neuro-oncol. 2000, 50, 165-172.
12. Koga, K.; Todaka, T.; Morioka, M.; Hamada, J.; Kai, Y.; Yano, S.; Okamura, A.; Takakura, N.; Suda, T.; Ushio, Y. Expression of angiopoietin-2 in human glioma cells and its role for angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2001, 61, 6248-6254.
13. Ding, H.; Roncari, L.; Wu, X.; Lau, N.; Shannon, P.; Nagy, A.; Guha, A. Expression and hypoxic regulation of angiopoietins in human astrocytomas. Neuro-oncology 2001, 3, 1-10.
14. Fukumura, D.; Xu, L.; Chen, Y.; Gohongi, T.; Seed, B.; Jain, R.K. Hypoxia and acidosis independently up-regulate vascular endothelial growth factor transcription in brain tumors in vivo. Cancer Res. 2001, 61, 6020-6024.
15. Plate, K.H.; Breier, G.; Weich, H.A.; Risau, W. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature 1992, 359, 845-848.
16. Chan, A.S.; Leung, S.Y.; Wong, M.P.; Yuen, S.T.; Cheung, N.; Fan, Y.W.; Chung, L.P. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in the anaplastic progression of astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1998, 22, 816-826.
17. Schmidt, N.O.; Westphal, M.; Hagel, C.; Ergun, S.; Stavrou, D.; Rosen, E.M.; Lamszus, K. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in human gliomas and their relation to angiogenesis. Int. J. Cancer 1999, 84, 10-18.
18. Samoto, K.; Ikezaki, K.; Ono, M.; Shono, T.; Kohno, K.; Kuwano, M.; Fukui, M. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its possible relation with neovascularization in human brain tumors. Cancer Res. 1995, 55, 1189-1193.
19. Auguste, P.; Gursel, D.B.; Lemiere, S.; Reimers, D.; Cuevas, P.; Carceller, F.; Di Santo, J.P.; Bikfalvi, A. Inhibition of fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor activity in glioma cells impedes tumor growth by both angiogenesis-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Cancer Res. 2001, 61, 1717-1726.
20. Kunkel, P.; Ulbricht, U.; Bohlen, P.; Brockmann, M.A.; Filibrandt, R.; Stavrou, D.; Westphal, M.; Lamszus, K. Inhibition of glioma angiogenesis and growth in vivo by systemic treatment with a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. Cancer Res. 2001, 61, 6624-6628.
21. Rubenstein, J.L.; Kim, J.; Ozawa, T.; Zhang, M.; Westphal, M.; Deen, D.F.; Shuman, M.A. Anti-VEGF antibody treatment of glioblastoma prolongs survival but results in increased vascular cooption. Neoplasia 2000, 2, 306-314.
22. Pasqualini, R.; Ruoslahti, E. Organ targeting in vivo using phage display peptide libraries. Nature 1996, 380, 364-366.
23. MacDonald, T.J.; Taga, T.; Shimada, H.; Tabrizi, P.; Zlokovic, B.V.; Cheresh, D.A.; Laug, W.E. Preferential susceptibility of brain tumors to the antiangiogenic effects of an alpha(v) integrin antagonist. Neurosurgery 2001, 48, 151-157.
24. Delorme, S.; Knopp, M.V. Non-invasive vascular imaging: assessing tumour vascularity. Eur. Radiol. 1998, 8, 517-527.
25. Logothetis, C.J.; Wu, K.K.; Finn, L.D.; Daliani, D.; Figg, W.; Ghaddar, H.; Gutterman, J.U. Phase I trial of the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 for progressive androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001, 7, 1198-1203.
26. Joussen, A.M.; Germann, T.; Kirchhof, B. Effect of thalidomide and structurally related compounds on corneal angiogenesis is comparable to their teratological potency. Graefe Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1999, 237, 952-961.
27. Stephens, T.D.; Bunde, C.J.; Fillmore, B.J. Mechanism of action in thalidomide teratogenesis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2000, 59, 1489-1499.
28. Singhal, S.; Mehta, J.; Desikan, R.; Ayers, D.; Roberson, P.; Eddlemon, P.; Munshi, N.; Anaissie, E.; Wilson, C.; Dhodapkar, M.; Zeddis, J.; Barlogie, B. Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 341, 1565-1571.
29. Figg, W.D.; Dahut, W.; Duray, P.; Hamilton, M.; Tompkins, A.; Steinberg, S.M.; Jones, E.; Premkumar, A.; Linehan, W.M.; Floeter, M.K.; Chen, C.C.; Dixon, S.; Kohler, D.R.; Kruger, E.A.; Gubish, E.; Pluda, J.M.; Reed, E. A randomized phase II trial of thalidomide, an angiogenesis inhibitor, in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001, 7, 1888-1893.
30. Fine, H.A.; Figg, W.D.; Jaeckle, K.; Wen, P.Y.; Kyritsis, A.P.; Loeffler, J.S.; Levin, V.A.; Black, P.M.; Kaplan, R.; Pluda, J.M.; Yung, W.K. Phase II trial of the antiangiogenic agent thalidomide in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 18, 708-715.
31. Boehm, T.; Folkman, J.; Browder, T.; O'Reilly, M.S. Antiangiogenic therapy of experimental cancer does not induce acquired drug resistance. Nature 1997, 390, 404-407.
32. Gately, S.; Twardowski, P.; Stack, M.S.; Cundiff, D.L.; Grella, D.; Castellino, F.J.; Enghild, J.; Kwaan, H.C.; Lee, F.; Kramer, R.A.; Volpert, O.; Bouck, N.; Soff, G.A. The mechanism of cancer-mediated conversion of plasminogen to the angiogenesis inhibitor angiostatin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94, 10868-10872.
33. Belman, N.; Bonnem, E.M.; Harvey, H.A.; Lipton, A. Phase I trial of recombinant platelet factor 4 (rPF4) in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Invest. New Drugs 1996, 14, 387-389.
34. Thorgeirsson, U.P.; Lindsay, C.K.; Cottam, D.W.; Gomez, D.E. Tumor invasion, proteolysis, and angiogenesis. J. Neuro-oncol. 1994, 18, 89-103.
35. Bramhall, S.R.; Rosemurgy, A.; Brown, P.D.; Bowry, C.; Buckels, J.A. Marimastat as first-line therapy for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer: a randomized trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001, 19, 3447-3455.
36. Wojtowicz-Praga, S.; Torri, J.; Johnson, M.; Steen, V.; Marshall, J.; Ness, E.; Dickson, R.; Sale, M.; Rasmussen, H.S.; Chiodo, T.A.; Hawkins, M.J. Phase I trial of Marimastat, a novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, administered orally to patients with advanced lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1998, 16, 2150-2156.
37. Rudek, M.A.; Figg, W.D.; Dyer, V.; Dahut, W.; Turner, M.L.; Steinberg, S.M.; Liewehr, D.J.; Kohler, D.R.; Pluda, J.M.; Reed, E. Phase I clinical trial of oral COL-3, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, in patients with refractory metastatic cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001, 19, 584-592.
38. Browder, T.; Butterfield, C.E.; Kraling, B.M.; Shi, B.; Marshall, B.; O'Reilly, M.S.; Folkman, J. Antiangiogenic scheduling of chemotherapy improves efficacy against experimental drug-resistant cancer. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 1878-1886.
39. Klement, G.; Baruchel, S.; Rak, J.; Man, S.; Clark, K.; Hicklin, D.J.; Bohlen, P.; Kerbel, R.S. Continuous low-dose therapy with vinblastine and VEGF receptor-2 antibody induces sustained tumor regression without overt toxicity. J. Clin. Invest. 2000, 105, R15-R24.
40. Teicher, B.A.; Sotomayor, E.A.; Huang, Z.D. Antiangiogenic agents potentiate cytotoxic cancer therapies against primary and metastatic disease. Cancer Res. 1992, 52, 6702-6704.
41. Teicher, B.A.; Holden, S.A.; Ara, G.; Sotomayor, E.A.; Huang, Z.D.; Chen, Y.N.; Brem, H. Potentiation of cytotoxic cancer therapies by TNP-470 alone and with other anti-angiogenic agents. Int. J. Cancer 1994, 57, 920-925.
42. Teicher, B.A.; Holden, S.A.; Ara, G.; Korbut, T.; Menon, K. Comparison of several antiangiogenic regimens alone and with cytotoxic therapies in the Lewis lung carcinoma. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1996, 38, 169-177.
43. Mauceri, H.J.; Hanna, N.N.; Beckett, M.A.; Gorski, D.H.; Staba, M.J.; Stellato, K.A.; Bigelow, K.; Heimann, R.; Gately, S.; Dhanabal, M.; Soff, G.A.; Sukhatme, V.P.; Kufe, D.W.; Weichselbaum, R.R. Combined effects of angiostatin and ionizing radiation in antitumour therapy. Nature 1998, 394, 287-291.
44. Bello, L.; Carrabba, G.; Giussani, C.; Lucini, V.; Cerutti, F.; Scaglione, F.; Landre, J.; Pluderi, M.; Tomei, G.; Villani, R.; Carroll, R.S.; Black, P.M.; Bikfalvi, A. Low-dose chemotherapy combined with an antiangiogenic drug reduces human glioma growth in vivo. Cancer Res. 2001, 61, 7501-7506.
45. Gyorffy, S.; Palmer, K.; Podor, T.J.; Hitt, M.; Gauldie, J. Combined treatment of a murine breast cancer model with type 5 adenovirus vectors expressing murine angiostatin and IL-12: a role for combined anti-angiogenesis and immunotherapy. J. Immunol. 2001, 166, 6212-6217.
46. Lode, H.N.; Moehler, T.; Xiang, R.; Jonczyk, A.; Gillies, S.D.; Cheresh, D.A.; Reisfeld, R.A. Synergy between an antiangiogenic integrin alphav antagonist and an antibody-cytokine fusion protein eradicates spontaneous tumor metastases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999, 96, 1591-1596.
47. Kuo, C.J.; Farnebo, F.; Yu, E.Y.; Christofferson, R.; Swearingen, R.A.; Carter, R.; von Recum, H.A.; Yuan, J.; Kamihara, J.; Flynn, E.; D'Amato, R.; Folkman, J.; Mulligan, R.C. Comparative evaluation of the antitumor activity of antiangiogenic proteins delivered by gene transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001, 98, 4605-4610.
48. Gordon, M.S.; Margolin, K.; Talpaz, M.; Sledge, G.W., Jr.; Holmgren, E.; Benjamin, R.; Stalter, S.; Shak, S.; Adelman, D. Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of recombinant human anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with advanced cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001, 19, 843-850.
49. Margolin, K.; Gordon, M.S.; Holmgren, E.; Gaudreault, J.; Novotny, W.; Fyfe, G.; Adelman, D.; Stalter, S.; Breed, J. Phase Ib trial of intravenous recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer: pharmacologic and long-term safety data. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001, 19, 851-856.
50. Yang, J.C.; Haworth, L.; Steinberg, S.M.; Rosenberg, S.A.; Novotny, W. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of bevacizumab (anti-VEGF antibody) demonstrating a prolongation in time to progression in patients with metastatic renal cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2002, 21, Abstract 15.
51. Laird, A.D.; Vajkoczy, P.; Shawver, L.K.; Thurnher, A.; Liang, C.; Mohammadi, M.; Schlessinger, J.; Ullrich, A.; Hubbard, S.R.; Blake, R.A.; Fong, T.A.; Strawn, L.M.; Sun, L.; Tang, C.; Hawtin, R.; Tang, F.; Shenoy, N.; Hirth, K.P.; McMahon, G.; Cherrington, J.M. SU6668 is a potent antiangiogenic and antitumor agent that induces regression of established tumors. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 4152-4160.
52. Buchdunger, E.; Cioffi, C.L.; Law, N.; Stover, D.; Ohno-Jones, S.; Druker, B.J.; Lydon, N.B. Abl protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 inhibits in vitro signal transduction mediated by c-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2000, 295, 139-145.
53. Kaban, L.B.; Mulliken, J.B.; Ezekowitz, R.A.; Ebb, D.; Smith, P.S.; Folkman, J. Antiangiogenic therapy of a recurrent giant cell tumor of the mandible with interferon alfa-2a. Pediatrics 1999, 103, 1145-1149.
54. Singh, R.K.; Gutman, M.; Bucana, C.D.; Sanchez, R.; Llansa, N.; Fidler, I.J. Interferons alpha and beta down-regulate the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in human carcinomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995, 92, 4562-4566.
55. Slaton, J.W.; Perrotte, P.; Inoue, K.; Dinney, C.P.; Fidler, I.J. Interferon-alpha-mediated down-regulation of angiogenesis-related genes and therapy of bladder cancer are dependent on optimization of biological dose and schedule. Clin. Cancer Res. 1999, 5, 2726-2734.
56. Hong, Y.K.; Chung, D.S.; Joe, Y.A.; Yang, Y.J.; Kim, K.M.; Park, Y.S.; Yung, W.K.; Kang, J.K. Efficient inhibition of in vivo human malignant glioma growth and angiogenesis by interferon-beta treatment at early stage of tumor development. Clin. Cancer Res. 2000, 6, 3354-3360.
57. Strieter, R.M.; Kunkel, S.L.; Arenberg, D.A.; Burdick, M.D.; Polverini, P.J. Interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), a member of the C-X-C chemokine family, is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1995, 270, 51-57.
58. Voest, E.E.; Kenyon, B.M.; O'Reilly, M.S.; Truitt, G.; D'Amato, R.J.; Folkman, J. Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo by interleukin 12. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1995, 87, 581-586.
59. Coughlin, C.M.; Salhany, K.E.; Wysocka, M.; Aruga, E.; Kurzawa, H.; Chang, A.E.; Hunter, C.A.; Fox, J.C.; Trinchieri, G.; Lee, W.M. Interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 synergistically induce murine tumor regression which involves inhibition of angiogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 1998, 101, 1441-1452.
60. Kohn, E.G.; Figg, W.D.; Sarosy, G.A.; Bauer, K.S.; Davis, P.A.; Soltis, M.J.; Thompkins, A.; Liotta, L.A.; Reed, E. Phase I trial of micronized formulation carboxyamidotriazole in patients with refractory solid tumors: pharmacokinetics, clinical outcome, and comparison of formulations. J. Clin. Oncol. 1997, 15, 1985-1993.
61. Bauer, K.S.; Figg, W.D.; Hamilton, J.M.; Jones, E.C.; Premkumar, A.; Steinberg, S.M.; Dyer, V.; Linehan, W.M.; Pluda, J.M.; Reed, E. A pharmacokinetically guided phase II study of carboxyamido-triazole in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 1999, 5, 2324-2329.
62. Yamada, M.; Kawai, M.; Kawai, Y.; Mashima, Y. The effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on corneal angiogenesis in the rat. Curr. Eye Res. 1999, 19, 300-304.
63. Daniel, T.O.; Liu, H.; Morrow, J.D.; Crews, B.C.; Marnett, L.J. Thromboxane A2 is a mediator of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent endothelial migration and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 1999, 59, 4574-4577.
64. Sawaoka, H.; Tsuji, S.; Tsujii, M.; Gunawan, E.S.; Sasaki, Y.; Kawano, S.; Hori, M. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors suppress angiogenesis and reduce tumor growth in vivo. Lab. Invest. 1999, 79, 1469-1477.
65. Reynolds, L.E.; Wyder, L.; Lively, J.C.; Taverna, D.; Robinson, S.D.; Huang, X.; Sheppard, D.; Hynes, R.O.; Hodivala-Dilke, K.M. Enhanced pathological angiogenesis in mice lacking beta3 integrin or beta3 and beta5 integrins. Nat. Med. 2002, 8, 27-34.
66. Posey, J.A.; Khazaeli, M.B.; DelGrosso, A.; Saleh, M.N.; Lin, C.Y.; Huse, W.; LoBuglio, A.F. A pilot trial of Vitaxin, a humanized anti-vitronectin receptor (and alpha v beta 3) antibody in patients with metastatic cancer. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 2001, 16, 125-132.
67. Li, H.; Lu, H.; Griscelli, F.; Opolon, P.; Sun, L.Q.; Ragot, T.; Legrand, Y.; Belin, D.; Soria, J.; Soria, C.; Perricaudet, M.; Yeh, P. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of a uPA/uPAR antagonist suppresses angiogenesis-dependent tumor growth and dissemination in mice. Gene Ther. 1998, 5, 1105-1113.
68. Li, H.; Lindenmeyer, F.; Grenet, C.; Opolon, P.; Menashi, S.; Soria, C.; Yeh, P.; Perricaudet, M.; Lu, H. AdTIMP-2 inhibits tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis, and prolongs survival in mice. Hum. Gene Ther. 2001, 12, 515-526.
69. Regulier, E.; Paul, S.; Marigliano, M.; Kintz, J.; Poitevin, Y.; Ledoux, C.; Roecklin, D.; Cauet, G.; Calenda, V.; Homann, H.E. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of antiangiogenic genes as an antitumor approach. Cancer Gene Ther. 2001, 8, 45-54.
70. Tanaka, T.; Manome, Y.; Wen, P.; Kufe, D.W.; Fine, H.A. Viral vector-mediated transduction of a modified platelet factor 4 cDNA inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth. Nat. Med. 1997, 3, 437-442.
71. Tanaka, T.; Cao, Y.; Folkman, J.; Fine, H.A. Viral vector-targeted antiangiogenic gene therapy utilizing an angiostatin complementary DNA. Cancer Res. 1998, 58, 3362-3369.
72. Hampl, M.; Tanaka, T.; Albert, P.S.; Lee, J.; Ferrari, N.; Fine, H.A. Therapeutic effects of viral vector-mediated antiangiogenic gene transfer in malignant ascites. Hum. Gene Ther. 2001, 12, 1713-1729.
73. Read, T.A.; Sorensen, D.R.; Mahesparan, R.; Enger, P.O.; Timpl, R.; Olsen, B.R.; Hjelstuen, M.H.; Haraldseth, O.; Bjerkvig, R. Local endostatin treatment of gliomas administered by microencapsulated producer cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 2001, 19, 29-34.
74. Joki, T.; Machluf, M.; Atala, A.; Zhu, J.; Seyfried, N.T.; Dunn, I.F.; Abe, T.; Carroll, R.S.; Black, P.M. Continuous release of endostatin from microencapsulated engineered cells for tumor therapy. Nat. Biotechnol. 2001, 19, 35-39.
75. Tozer, G.M.; Prise, V.E.; Wilson, J.; Cemazar, M.; Shan, S.; Dewhirst, M.W.; Barber, P.R.; Vojnovic, B.; Chaplin, D.J. Mechanisms associated with tumor vascular shut-down induced by combretastatin A-4 phosphate: intravital microscopy and measurement of vascular permeability. Cancer Res. 2001, 61, 6413-6422.
76. Hood, J.D.; Bednarski, M.; Frausto, R.; Guccione, S.; Reisfeld, R.A.; Xiang, R.; Cheresh, D.A. Tumor regression by targeted gene delivery to the neovasculature. Science 2002, 296, 2404-2407.
77. Matsuno, F.; Haruta, Y.; Kondo, M.; Tsai, H.; Barcos, M.; Seon, B.K. Induction of lasting complete regression of preformed distinct solid tumors by targeting the tumor vasculature using two new anti-endoglin monoclonal antibodies. Clin. Cancer Res. 1999, 5, 371-382.
78. Olson, T.A.; Mohanraj, D.; Roy, S.; Ramakrishnan, S. Targeting the tumor vasculature: inhibition of tumor growth by a vascular endothelial growth factor-toxin conjugate. Int. J. Cancer 1997, 73, 865-870.
79. Arap, W.; Pasqualini, R.; Ruoslahti, E. Cancer treatment by targeted drug delivery to tumor vasculature in a mouse model. Science 1998, 279, 377-380.
80. Curnis, F.; Sacchi, A.; Borgna, L.; Magni, F.; Gasparri, A.; Corti, A. Enhancement of tumor necrosis factor alpha antitumor immunotherapeutic properties by targeted delivery to aminopeptidase N (CD13). Nat. Biotechnol. 2000, 18, 1185-1190.
81. Nilsson, F.; Kosmehl, H.; Zardi, L.; Neri, D. Targeted delivery of tissue factor to the ED-B domain of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis, mediates the infarction of solid tumors in mice. Cancer Res. 2001, 61, 711-716.