The Talking Ape: How Language Evolved

The Talking Ape: How Language Evolved

Volumn , Issue , 2023, Pages 1-286

  Burling, Robbins ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85191918618     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199279401.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (272)

1. Abler, William (1989), '‘On the particulate principle of self-diversifying systems,'' Journal of Social and Biological Structures 12: 1-13.
2. Aiello, Leslie C. (1996), '‘Hominine preadaptations for language and cognition’', in Paul Mellars and Kathleen R. Gibson (eds.), Modelling the Early Human Mind. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monograph Series, 89-99.
3. Anderson, Stephen R. and Lightfoot, David W. (2002), The Language Organ: Linguistics as Cognitive Physiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Arbib, Michael A. (forthcoming), '‘From monkey-like action recognition to human language: an evolutionary framework,'' Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
5. Armstrong, David F., Stokoe, William C., and Wilcox, Sherman E. (1994), '‘Signs of the origin of syntax,'' Current Anthropology 35: 349-58.
6. Armstrong, David F., Stokoe, William C., and Wilcox, Sherman E. (1995), Gesture and the Nature of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Ayala, Francisco J. (1995), '‘The myth of Eve: molecular biology and human origins,'' Science 270: 1930-6.
8. Baldwin, Dare A. (1991), '‘Infants’ contribution to the achievement of joint reference,'' Child Development 62: 875-90.
9. Baldwin, J. Mark (1896), '‘A new factor in evolution,'' American Naturalist 30: 441-51.
10. Bedford, F. (1993), '‘Perceptual learning’', in Douglas L. Medin (ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1-60.
11. Begun, David R. (1999), '‘Hominid family values: morphological and molecular data on relations among the great apes and humans’', in Sue Taylor Parker, Robert W. Mitchell, and H. Lyn Miles (eds.), The Mentalities of Gorillas and Orangutans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-42.
12. Bellugi, Ursula and Fischer, Susan (1972), '‘A comparison of sign language and spoken languages,'' Cognition 1: 175-200.
13. Berwick, Robert C. (1998), '‘Language evolution and the minimalist program: The origins of syntax’', in James R. Hurford, Michael Studdert-Kennedy, and Chris Knight (eds.), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 320-40.
14. Bickerton, Derek (1981), Roots of Language. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.
15. Bickerton, Derek (1990), Language & Species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
16. Bickerton, Derek (1995), Language and Human Behavior. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
17. Bickerton, Derek (2002), '‘Foraging versus social intelligence in the evolution of protolanguage’', in Alison Wray (ed.), The Transition to Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 207-25.
18. Bickerton, Derek (2003), '‘Symbol and structure: a comprehensive framework for language evolution’', in Morton H. Christiansen and Simon Kirby (eds.), Language Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 77-93.
19. Bloch, Maurice (ed.) (1975), Political Language and Oratory in Traditional Society. New York: Academic Press.
20. Bloom, Paul (1997), '‘Intentionality and word learning,'' Trends in Cognitive Science 1: 9-12.
21. Bloom, Paul (1998), '‘Some issues in the evolution of language and thought’', in Denise Dellarosa Cummins and Colin Allen (eds.), The Evolution of Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
22. Bloom, Paul (2000), How Children Learn the Meanings of Words. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
23. Bloom, Paul and Markson, Lori (1998). '‘Capacities underlying word learning,'' Trends in Cognitive Science 2: 67-73.
24. Boesch, Christophe and Boesch-Achermann, Hedwige (2000), The Chimpanzees of the Taï Forest: Behavioral Ecology and Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25. Bolinger, Dwight (1978), '‘Intonation across languages’', in Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.), Universals of Human Language, II: Phonology. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 471-524.
26. Bolinger, Dwight (1985), '‘The inherent iconism of intonation’', in John Haiman (ed.), Iconicity in Syntax: Proceedings of a Symposium on Iconicity in Syntax, Stanford, June 24-26, 1983. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 97-108.
27. Bolinger, Dwight (1986), Intonation and its Parts: Melody in Spoken English. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
28. Bolinger, Dwight (1989), Intonation and its Uses: Melody in Grammar and Discourse. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
29. Borgerhoff-Mulder, Monique (1987), '‘On cultural and reproductive success: Kipsigis evidence,'' American Anthropologist 89: 617-34.
30. Boyd, Robert and Richerson, Peter J. (1985), Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
31. Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen C. (1987), Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32. Brown, Steven (2000). '‘The ‘musilanguage’ model of music evolution,'' in Nils L. Wallin, Björn Merker, and Steven Brown (eds.), The Origins of Music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 271-300.
33. Bruner, Jerome S. (1972), '‘Nature and uses of immaturity,'' American Psychologist 27: 687-708.
34. Burling, Robbins (1963), Rengsanggri: Family and Kinship in a Garo Village. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
35. Burling, Robbins (1986), '‘The selective advantage of complex language,'' Ethology and Sociobiology 7: 1-16.
36. Burling, Robbins (1993), '‘Primate calls, human language and nonverbal communication,'' Current Anthropology 34: 25-37.
37. Burling, Robbins (1999), '‘Motivation, conventionalization, and arbitrariness in the origin of language’', in Barbara J. King (ed.), The Origins of Language: What Nonhuman Primates can Tell us. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 307-50.
38. Burling, Robbins (2002), '‘The slow growth of language in children’', in Alison Wray (ed.), The Transition to Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 297-310.
39. Bybee, Joan L. (1985), '‘Diagrammatic iconicity in stem-inflection relations’', in John Haiman (ed.), Iconicity in Syntax: Proceedings of a Symposium on Iconicity in Syntax, Stanford, June 24-26, 1983. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 11-47.
40. Bybee, Joan L., Perkins, Revere, and Pagliuca, William (1994), The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41. Byrne, Richard W. and Russon, Anne E. (1998), '‘Learning by imitation: a hierarchical approach,'' Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21: 667-721.
42. Byrne, Richard W. and Russon, Anne E. and Whiten, Andrew (eds.) (1988), Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys and Apes. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
43. Calvin, William H. and Bickerton, Derek (2000), Lingua ex Machina: Reconciling Darwin and Chomsky with the Human Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
44. Carruthers, Peter and Boucher, Jill (eds.) (1998), Language and Thought: Interdisciplinary Themes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
45. Casimir, Michael J. and Rao, Aparna (1995), '‘Prestige, possessions, and progeny: cultural goals and reproductive success among the Bakkarwal,'' Human Nature 6: 241-72.
46. Catchpole, Clive K. and Slater, P. J. B. (1995), Bird Song: Biological Themes and Variations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47. Chagnon, Napoleon A., Flinn, Mark V., and Melancon, Thomas F. (1979), '‘Sex ratio variation among the Yanomamo Indians’', in Napoleon A. Chagnon and William Irons (eds.), Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press.
48. Chagnon, Napoleon A., Flinn, Mark V., Melancon, Thomas F., and Irons, William (1979), Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press.
49. Cheney, Dorothy L. and Seyfarth, Robert M. (1990), How Monkeys See the World: Inside the Mind of Another Species. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
50. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, Suzanne (1973), '‘Facial expression of emotion in nonhuman primates’', in Paul Ekman (ed.), Darwin and Facial Expression: A Century of Research in Review. New York: Academic Press, 11-90.
51. Chomsky, Noam (1957), Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton.
52. Chomsky, Noam (1959), '‘Review of B. F. Skinner (1957), Verbal Behavior, New York: Appelton-Century-Crofts,'' Language 35: 26-58.
53. Chomsky, Noam (1965), Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
54. Chomsky, Noam (1975), Reflections on Language. New York: Pantheon.
55. Chomsky, Noam (1991), '‘Linguistics and cognitive science: problems and mysteries’', in Asa Kasher (ed.), The Chomskyan Turn: Generative Linguistics, Philosophy, Mathematics and Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell.
56. Clark, Andy (1998), '‘Magic words: how language augments human computation’', in Peter Carruthers and Jill Boucher (eds.), Language and Thought: Interdisciplinary Themes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 162-83.
57. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Guinness, F. E., and Albon, S. D. (1982), Red Deer: Behavior and Ecology of Two Sexes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
58. Cmiel, Kenneth (1990), Democratic Eloquence: The Fight over Popular Speech in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: W. Morrow.
59. Comrie, Bernard (1981), Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60. Corballis, Michael C. (2002), From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
61. Couper-Kuhlin, Elizabeth (1993), English Speech Rhythm: Form and Function in Everyday Verbal Interaction. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
62. Crick, Francis (1994), The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Scribner.
63. Cronin, Helena (1991), The Ant and the Peacock: Altruism and Sexual Selection from Darwin to Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
64. Cronk, Lee (1991), '‘Wealth, status, and reproductive success among the Mukogodo of Kenya,'' American Anthropologist 93: 345-60.
65. Crow, T. J. (2002), '‘ProtocadherinXY: a candidate gene for cerebral asymmetry and language’', in Alison Wray (ed.), The Transition to Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 93-112.
66. Daly, Martin and Wilson, Margo (1983), Sex, Evolution, and Behavior. Boston: Willard Grant.
67. Darwin, Charles (1930 [1871]), The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
68. Darwin, Charles (1998 [1872]), The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 3rd edn. ed. Paul Ekman. New York: Oxford University Press.
69. Dawkins, Richard (1986), The Blind Watchmaker. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
70. De Miguel, C. and Henneberg, M. (2001), '‘Variation in hominid brain size: how much is due to method?'' Homo 52/1: 3-58.
71. Deacon, Terrence W. (1997), The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
72. DeCasper, Anthony J. and Spence,Melanie J. (1986), '‘Prenatal maternal speech influences newborns’ perception of speech sounds,'' Infant Behavior and Development 9: 133-50.
73. Dennett, Daniel Clement (1991), Consciousness Explained. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
74. Dennett, Daniel Clement (1995), Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon and Schuster.
75. Dessalles, Jean-Louis (1998), '‘Altruism, status and the origin of relevance’', in James R. Hurford, Michael Studdert-Kennedy, and Chris Knight (eds.), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 130-47.
76. Dessalles, Jean-Louis (2000), '‘Language and hominid politics’', in Chris Knight, Michael Studdert-Kennedy, and James R. Hurford (eds.), The Evolutionary Emergence of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge Univerisity Press, 62-80.
77. Driver, Edwin D. (1963), Differential Fertility in Central India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
78. Dunbar, Robin I. M. (1996), Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
79. Edelman, Gerald M. (1989), The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consciousness. New York: Basic Books.
80. Ekman, Paul (ed.) (1972), Emotion in the Human Face: Guide-Lines for Research and an Integration of Findings. New York: Pergamon Press.
81. Ekman, Paul (1994), '‘Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: a reply to Russell’s mistaken critique,'' Psychological Bulletin 115: 286-7.
82. Ekman, Paul and Friesen, Wallace V. (1969), '‘The repertoire of non-verbal behavior: categories, origins, usage, and coding,'' Semiotica 1: 49-98.
83. Ekman, Paul and Friesen, Wallace V. (1971), '‘Constants across cultures in the face and emotion,'' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17: 124-9.
84. Eldredge, N. and Gould, Stephen J. (1972), '‘Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism’', in Thomas J. M. Schopf (ed.), Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper, 82-115.
85. Enard, Wolfgang, Przeworski, Molly, Fisher, Simon E., Lai, Cecillia S. L., Wiebe, Victor, Kitano, Takashi, Monaco, Anthony P., and Pääbo Svante, (2002), '‘Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language,'' Nature 418: 869-72.
86. Falk, Dean (forthcoming). '‘Prelinguistic evolution in early hominins: whence motherese?'' Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
87. Fisher, Simon E. (forthcoming). '‘Dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying speech and language disorders,'' Applied Psycholinguistics.
88. Fitch, W. Techumseh (2002), '‘Comparative vocal production and the evolution of speech: reinterpreting the descent of the larynx’', in Alison Wray (ed.), The Transition to Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 21-45.
89. Fodor, Jerry A. (1975), The Language of Thought. New York: Crowell.
90. Fouts, Roger S. and Couch, Joseph B. (1976), '‘Cultural evolution of learned language in chimpanzees’', in Martin E. Hahn and Edward C. Simmel (eds.), Communicative Behavior and Evolution. New York: Academic Press, 141-61.
91. Fraser, Colin, Bellugi, Ursula, and Brown, Roger (1963), '‘Control of grammar in imitation, comprehension, and production,'' Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2: 121-35.
92. Fridlund, Alan J. (1994), Human Facial Expression: An Evolutionary View. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
93. Frishberg, Nancy (1975), '‘Arbitrariness and iconicity: historical change in American Sign Language,'' Language 51: 696-719.
94. Gardner, R. Allen and Gardner, Beatrice T. (1969), '‘Teaching sign-language to a chimpanzee,'' Science 165: 664-72.
95. Geissmann, Thomas (2000), '‘Gibbon songs and human music from an evolutionary perspective’', in Nils L. Wallin, Björn Merker, and Steven Brown (eds.), The Origins of Music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 103-23.
96. Givón, Talmy (1989), Mind, Code, and Context: Essays in Pragmatics. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
97. Goldberg, Adele E. (1995), Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
98. Goldin-Meadow, Susan (1993), '‘When does gesture become language? A study of gesture used as a primary communication system by deaf children of hearing parents’', in Kathleen R. Gibson and Tim Ingold (eds.), Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 63-85.
99. Goodall, Jane (1986), The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
100. Gould, Stephen J. (1982), '‘The meaning of punctuated equilibrium and its role in validating a hierarchical approach to macroevolution’', in Roger Milkman (ed.), Perspectives on Evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 83-104.
101. GriYn, Donald R. (1976), The Question of Animal Awareness: Evolutionary Continuity of Mental Experience. New York: Rockefeller University Press.
102. Haiman, John (ed.) (1985), Iconicity in Syntax: Proceedings of a Symposium on Iconicity in Syntax, Stanford, June 24-26, 1983. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
103. Hare, Brian, Brown, Michelle, Williamson, Christina, and Tomasello, Michael (2002), '‘The domestication of social cognition in dogs,'' Science 298: 1634-6.
104. Hare, Brian, Brown, Michelle, Williamson, Christina, and Tomasello, Michael, Call, Josep, Agnetta, Bryan, and Tomasello, Michael (2000), '‘Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see,'' Animal Behavior 59: 771-85.
105. Hauser, Marc D. (1992), '‘Articulatory and social factors influence the acoustic structure of rhesus monkey vocalization: a learned mode of production?'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91: 2175-9.
106. Hauser, Marc D., Chomsky, Noam, and Fitch, W. Techumseh (2002), '‘The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?'' Science 298: 1569-79.
107. Hauser, Marc D., Chomsky, Noam, and Fitch, W. Techumseh, Weiss, Daniel, and Marcus, Gary (2002), '‘Rule learning by cotton-top tamarins,'' Cognition 86: B15-B22.
108. Havelock, Eric Alfred (1963), Preface to Plato. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
109. Hayes, Keith J. and Nissen, Catherine H. (1971), '‘Higher mental functions of a home-raised chimpanzee’', in Allan M. Schrier and Fred Stollnitz (eds.), Behavior of Nonhuman Primates: Modern Research Trends. New York: Academic Press, 59-115.
110. Heine, Bernd, Claudi, Ulrike, and Hünnemeyer, Friederike (1991), Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
111. Hewes, Gordon W. (1973), '‘Primate communication and the gestural origin of language,'' Current Anthropology 14: 5-12.
112. Hewes, Gordon W. (1974a), '‘Gesture language in culture contact,'' Sign Language Studies 4: 1-34.
113. Hewes, Gordon W. (1974b), '‘Language in early hominids,'' in Roger W. Wescott (ed.), Language Origins. Silver Springs, MD: Linstock Press, 1-33.
114. Hinton, G. and Nolan, S. (1987), '‘How learning can guide evolution,'' Complex Systems 1: 495-502.
115. Hockett, Charles F. (1959), '‘Animal ‘languages’ and human language’', in James N. Spuhler (ed.), The Evolution of Man’s Capacity for Culture. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 32-9.
116. Hockett, Charles F. (1960), '‘The Origin of Speech,'' Scientific American, October: 89-96.
117. Hooff, Jan A. R. A. M. van (1972), '‘A comparative approach to the phylogeny of laughter and smiling’', in R. A. Hinde (ed.), Non-Verbal Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 209-41.
118. Hooff, Jan A. R. A. M. van (1976), '‘The comparison of facial expressions in man and higher primates’', in M. von Cranach (ed.), Methods of Inference from Animal to Human Behavior. Chicago: Aldine, 165-96.
119. Hopper, Paul J. and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs (1993), Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
120. Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer and Williams, George C. (1983), '‘Behavioral biology and the double standard’', in Samuel K. Wasser (ed.), Social Behavior in Female Vertebrates. New York: Academic Press, 3-17.
121. Humbolt, Wilhelm von (1972 [1836]), Linguistic Variability and Intellectual Development, trans. G. C. Buck and F. A. Raven. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
122. Humphrey, Nicholas K. (1976), '‘The social function of the intellect’', in P. P. G. Bateson and R. A. Hinde (eds.), Growing Points in Ethology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 303-17.
123. Humphrey, Nicholas K. (1984), Consciousness Regained: Chapters in the Development of Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
124. Humphries, Tom, Padden, Carol, and O’Rourke, Terrence J. (1994), A Basic Course in American Sign Language. Silver Spring, MD: T. J. Publishers.
125. Hurford, James (2002), '‘The roles of expression and representation in language evolution’', in Alison Wray (ed.), The Transition to Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 311-34.
126. Irons, William (1979), '‘Culture and biological success’', in Napoleon A. Chagnon and William Irons (eds.), Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury, 257-72.
127. Izard, Carroll E. (1971), The Face of Emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
128. Izard, Carroll E. (1980), '‘Cross-cultural perspectives on emotions and emotion communication’', in Harry C. Triandis and W. Lonner (eds.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology: Vol. 3 Basic Processes. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 185-222.
129. Izard, Carroll E. (1994), '‘Innate and universal facial expressions: evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research,'' Psychological Bulletin 115: 288-99.
130. Jackendoff, Ray (1987), Consciousness and the Computational Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
131. Jackendoff, Ray (1996), '‘How language helps us think,'' Pragmatics & Cognition 4: 1-34.
132. Jackendoff, Ray (2002), Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
133. Jaynes, Julian (1977), The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Boston: Houghton MiZin.
134. Jespersen, Otto (1922), Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin. London: G. Allen & Unwin.
135. Jolly, Alison (1966), '‘Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence,'' Science 153: 501-6.
136. Jusczyk, Peter W. (1997), The Discovery of Spoken Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
137. Kegl, Judy A. and McWhorter, John (1997), '‘Perspectives on an emerging language’', in Eve V. Clark (ed.), The Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Child Language Research Forum. Stanford: CSLI, 15-38.
138. Kegl, Judy A. and McWhorter, John, Senghas, Ann, and Coppola, Marie (1999), '‘Creation through contact: sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua’', in Michel DeGraV (ed.), Language Creation and Language Change: Creolization, Diachrony, and Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 179-237.
139. Kellogg, Winthrop N. and Kellogg, Luella A. (1933), The Ape and the Child: A Study of Environmental Influence upon Early Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
140. Kendon, Adam (1992), '‘Some recent work from Italy on quotable gestures (emblems),'' Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 2: 92-108.
141. Kendon, Adam (1993), '‘Human gesture’', in Kathleen R. Gibson and Tim Ingold (eds.), Tools, Language, Cognition in Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 43-62.
142. Kendon, Adam (1997), '‘Gesture,'' Annual Review of Anthropology 26: 109-28.
143. Kirby, Simon (1999), Function, Selection, and Innateness: The Emergence of Language Universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
144. Kirby, Simon and James Hurford (1997), '‘Learning, culture and evolution in the origin of linguistic constraints’', in Phil Husbands and Inman Harvey (eds.), Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 493-502.
145. Klima, Edward S. and Bellugi, Ursula (1966), '‘Syntactic regulation in the speech of children’', in John Lyons and R. J. Wales (eds.), Psycholinguistics Papers: The Proceedings of the 1966 Edinburgh Conference. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 183-203.
146. Klima, Edward S. and Bellugi, Ursula (1979), The Signs of Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
147. Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963), The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
148. Krebs, John R. and Dawkins, Richard (1984), '‘Animal signals: mindreading and manipulation’', in John R. Krebs and N. B. Davies (eds.), Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell, 380-402.
149. Kuhl, Patricia K. and Miller, James D. (1975), '‘Speech perception by the chinchilla: voiced-voiceless distinction in alveolar plosive consonants,'' Science 190: 69-72.
150. Labov, William (1972), Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
151. Lai, Cecillia S. L., Fisher, Simon E., Hurst, Jane A., Vargha-Khadem, Faraneh, and Monaco, Anthony P. (2001), '‘A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder,'' Nature 413: 519-23.
152. Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark (1980), Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
153. Lakoff, Robin Tolmach (1975), Language and Woman’s Place. New York: Harper and Row:
154. Lancaster, Jane (1968), '‘Primate communication systems and the emergence of human language’', in Phyllis C. Jay (ed.), Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 439-57.
155. Lee, Sang-Hee and Wolpoff, Milford H. (2003), '‘The pattern of evolution in Pleistocene human brain size,'' Paleobiology 29: 186-96.
156. Lehmann, Christian (1982), Thoughts on Grammaticalization: A Programatic Sketch. Köln: Arbeiten des Kölner Universalien-Projekts.
157. Lerdahl, Fred and Jackendoff, Ray (1983), A Generative Theory of Tonal Music. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
158. Levinson, Stephen C., Kita, Sotaro, Haun, Daniel B. M., and Rasch, Björn H. (2002), '‘Returning the tables: language affects spatial reasoning,'' Cognition 84: 155-88.
159. Li, Peggy and Gleitman, Lila (2002), '‘Turning the tables: language and spatial reasoning,'' Cognition 83: 265-94.
160. Lieberman, Philip. (1968), '‘Primate vocalization and human linguistic ability,'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 44: 1574-84.
161. Lieberman, Philip. (1984). The Biology and Evolution of Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
162. Lieberman, Philip. and Crelin, Edmund S. (1971), '‘On the speech of Neanderthal man,'' Linguistic Inquiry 2: 203-22.
163. Lindblom, Björn and Maddieson, Ian (1988), '‘Phonetic universals in consonant systems’', in Larry M. Hyman and Charles N. Li (eds.), Language, Speech, and Mind: Studies in Honour of Victoria A. Fromkin. London: Routledge.
164. Livingstone, Frank B. (1973), '‘Did the australopithecines sing?'' Current Anthropology 14: 25-9.
165. Locke, John L. (1998), The De-Voicing of Society. New York: Simon and Schuster.
166. Mace, Ruth (1996), '‘Biased parental investment and reproductive success among Gabbra pastoralists,'' Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 38: 75-81.
167. Mandel, Denise R., Jusczyk, Peter W., and Pisoni, D. B. (1995), '‘Infants’ recognition of the sound patterns of their own names,'' Psychological Science 6: 314-17.
168. Marcus, Gary (2004), The Birth of the Mind: How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought. New York: Basic Books.
169. Marcus, Gary and Fisher, Simon E. (2003), '‘FOXP2 in focus: what can genes tell us about speech and language?'' Trends in Cognitive Science 7: 257-62.
170. Marcus, Gary and Fisher, Simon E., Vijayan, S., Bandi Rao, S., and Vishton, P. M. (1999), '‘Rule learning by seven-month-old infants,'' Science 283: 77-80.
171. Markman, Ellen M. (1989), Categorization and Naming in Children: Problems of Induction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
172. Marler, Peter (1970), '‘Birdsong and speech development: could there be parallels?'' American Scientist 58: 669-73.
173. Marler, Peter (1976), '‘Social organization, communication, and graded signals: the chimpanzee and the gorilla’', in P. P. G. Bateson and R. A. Hinde (eds.), Growing Points in Ethology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 239-80.
174. Marler, Peter (1982). '‘Avian and primate communication: the problem of natural categories,'' Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 61: 87-94.
175. Marler, Peter and John Mitani (1988), '‘Vocal communication in primates and birds: parallels and contrasts’', in D. Todt, Goedeking, P., and Symmes, D. (eds.), Primate Vocal Communication. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 3-14.
176. Marshall, Andrew J., Wrangham, Richard W., and Arcadi, Adam Clark (1999), '‘Does learning affect the structure of vocalizations in chimpanzees?'' Animal Behavior 58: 825-30.
177. Martinet, André (1949), '‘La double articulation linguistique,'' Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague 5: 30-8.
178. Matthews, Peter. H. (1991), Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
179. McNeilage, Peter F. (1998), '‘Evolution of the mechanism of language output: comparative neurobiology of vocal and manual communication’', in James R. Hurford, Michael Studdert-Kennedy, and Chris Knight (eds.), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 222-41.
180. McNeilage, Peter F. and Davis, Barbara L. (2000), '‘Evolution of speech: the relation between ontogeny and phylogeny’', in Chris Knight, Michael Studdert-Kennedy, and James R. Hurford (eds.), The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 146-60.
181. McNeill, David (1992), Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal about Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
182. McNeill, David (ed.) (2000), Language and Gesture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
183. Mealey, Linda (1985), '‘The relationship between social status and biological success: a case study of the Mormon religious hierarchy,'' Ethology and Sociobiology 6: 249-57.
184. Mehler, Jacques, Jusczyk, Peter, Lambertz, Ghislaine, Halsted, Nilofar, Bertoncini, Josiane, and Amiel-Tison, Claudine (1988), '‘A precursor of language acquisition in young infants,'' Cognition 29: 143-78.
185. Mellars, Paul and Stringer, Chris (eds.) (1989), The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
186. Meltzoff, A. N. and Moore, M. K. (1977), '‘Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonate,'' Science 198: 75-8.
187. Merker, Björn (2000), '‘Synchronous chorusing and human origins’', in Nils L. Wallin, Björn Merker, and Steven Brown (eds.), The Origins of Music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
188. Miles, H. Lyn (1983), '‘Apes and language: the search for communicative competence’', in Judith de Luce and Hugh T. Wilder (eds.), Language in Primates: Perspectives and Implications. New York: Springer-Verlag, 43-61.
189. Miller, Geoffrey F. (2000a), The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. New York: Doubleday.
190. Miller, Geoffrey F. (2000b), '‘Evolution of human music through sexual selection,'' in Nils L. Wallin, Björn Merker, and Steven Brown (eds.), The Origins of Music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
191. Mitani, John C. and Brandt, Karl L. (1994), '‘Social factors influence the acoustic variability in the long-distance calls of male chimpanzees,'' Ethology 96: 233-52.
192. Mitani, John C. and Brandt, Karl L., Hasegawa, Toshikazu, Gros-Louis, Julie, Marler, Peter, and Byrne, Richard (1992), '‘Dialects in wild chimpanzees?'' American Journal of Primatology 27: 233-43.
193. Mitani, John C. and Brandt, Karl L., Hasegawa, Toshikazu, Gros-Louis, Julie, Marler, Peter, and Byrne, Richard, Hunley, K. L., and Murdoch, M. E. (1999), '‘Geographic variation in the calls of wild chimpanzees: a reassessment,'' American Journal of Primatology 47: 133-52.
194. Moon, Christine, Cooper, Robin Panneton, and Fifer,William P. (1993), '‘Twoday-olds prefer their native language,'' Infant Behavior and Development 16: 495-500.
195. Neel, James F. (1980), '‘On being headman,'' Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 23: 277-94.
196. Newmeyer, Frederick J. (1991), '‘Functional Explanations in Linguistics and the Origins of Language,'' Language and Communication 11: 3-28.
197. O’Connell, J. F. and Allen, J. (2004), '‘Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia-New Guinea): a review of recent research,'' Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 835-53.
198. Ohala, John J. (1994), '‘The frequency code underlies the sound-symbolic use of voice pitch’', in Leanne Hinton, Johanna Nichols, and John. J. Ohala (eds.), Sound Symbolism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 325-47.
199. Paley, William (1802[1851]), Natural Theology, or Evidence of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Collected from the Appearances of Nature. Boston: Gould and Lincoln.
200. Payne, Katherine (2000), '‘The progressively changing songs of humpback whales: a window on the creative process in a wild animal’', in Nils L.Wallin, Björn Merker, and Steven Brown (eds.), The Origins of Music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 135-50.
201. Pederson, Eric, Danziger, Eve,Wilkins, David, Levinson, Stephen, Kita, Sotaro, and Senft, Gunter (1998), '‘Semantic typology and spatial conceptualization,'' Language 74: 557-89.
202. Peirce, Charles Sanders (1940), '‘Logic as semiotic: the theory of signs’', in J. Buchler (ed.), The Philosophical Writings of Peirce. New York: Dover, 98-119.
203. Peters, Charles R. (1974), '‘On the possible contribution of ambiguity of expression to the development of proto-linguistic performance’', in Roger W. Wescott (ed.), Language Origins. Silver Springs, MD: Linstok Press, 83-102.
204. Pike, Kenneth L. (1945), The Intonation of American English. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
205. Pinker, Steven (1994), The Language Instinct. New York: William Morrow.
206. Pinker, Steven and Paul Bloom (1990), '‘Natural language and natural selection,'' Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13: 707-84.
207. Premak, David (1983), '‘The codes of man and beast,'' Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6: 125-67.
208. Preuschoft, Signe (1992), '‘Laughter and smile in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus),'' Ethology 91: 220-36.
209. Preuschoft, Signe and Hooff, Jan A. R. A. M. van (1995), '‘Homologizing primate facial displays: a critical review of methods,'' Folia Primatologica (Basel) 65: 121-37.
210. Preuschoft, Signe (1997), '‘The social function of ‘smile’ and ‘laughter’: variations across primate species and societies’', in Ullica Segerstra°le and Peter Molnár (eds.), Nonverbal Communication: Where Nature Meets Culture. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum, 171-89.
211. Provine, Robert R. (2000), Laughter: A Scientific Investigation. New York: Viking.
212. Quine, Willard V. O. (1960), Word and Object. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
213. Richman, Bruce (1987), '‘Rhythm and Melody in Gelada Vocal Exchanges,'' Primates 28: 199-223.
214. Richman, Bruce (2000), '‘How music Wxed ʼnonsense’ into significant formulas: on rhythm, repetition, and meaning’', in Nils L.Wallin, BjörnMerker, and Steven Brown (eds.), The Origins of Music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 301-14.
215. Rickford, John R. (1987), Dimensions of a Creole Continuum. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
216. Rinn,William E. (1984), '‘The neuropsychology of facial expression: a review of the neurological and psychological mechanisms for producing facial expressions,'' Psychological Bulletin 95: 52-77.
217. Rizzolatti, G. and Arbib, Michael A. (1998), '‘Language within our grasp,'' Trends in Neurosciences 21: 188-94.
218. Russell, James A. (1994), '‘Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies,'' Psychological Bulletin 115: 102-41.
219. Russell, James A. (1995), '‘Facial expressions of emotions: what lies beyond minimal universality?'' Psychological Bulletin 118: 379-91.
220. Russon, Anne E. and Galdikas, Birute M. F. (1993), '‘Imitation in free-ranging rehabilitant orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus),'' Journal of Comparative Psychology 107: 147-61.
221. Russon, Anne E. and Galdikas, Birute M. F. (1995), '‘Constraints on great apes’ imitation: model and action selectivity in rehabilitant orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) imitation,'' Journal of Comparative Psychology 109: 5-17.
222. Saffran, Jenny R., Aslin, Richard N., and Newport, Elissa (1996), '‘Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants,'' Science 274: 1926-8.
223. Sampson, Geoffrey (1997), Educating Eve: The Language Instinct Debate. London: Cassell.
224. Sankoff, Gillian (1980), The Social Life of Language. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
225. Saussure, Ferdinand de (1959), Course in General Linguistics. New York: Philosophical Library.
226. Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue and Roger Lewin (1994), Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
227. Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue and Roger Lewin, Murphey, Jeannine, Sevcik, Rose A., Brakke, Karen E., Williams, Shelly L., and Rumbaugh, Duane M. (1993), Language Comprehension in Ape and Child.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Serial No. 233, 58, 3-4.
228. Schaller, George B. (1972), The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
229. Schaller, Susan (1991), A Man Without Words. New York: Summit Books.
230. Schmidt, Karen L. and Cohn, Jeffrey F. (2001), '‘Human facial expressions as adaptations: evolutionary questions in facial expression research,'' Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 44: 3-24.
231. Senghas, Ann and Coppola, Matie (2001), '‘Children creating language: how Nicaraguan sign language acquired a spatial grammar,'' Psychological Science 12: 323-8.
232. Seyfarth, Robert M., Cheney, Dorothy L., and Marler, Peter (1980a), '‘Vervet monkey alarm calls: semantic communication in a free-ranging primate,'' Animal Behavior 28: 1070-94.
233. Seyfarth, Robert M., Cheney, Dorothy L., and Marler, Peter (1980b), '‘Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: evidence of predator classification and semantic communication,'' Science 210: 801-8.
234. Shannon, Claude E. and Weaver, Warren (1949), The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
235. Skinner, B. F. (1957), Verbal Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
236. Slobin, Dan. I. (1985), '‘The child as a linguistic icon maker’', in John Haiman (ed.), Iconicity in Syntax: Proceedings of a Symposium on Iconicity in Syntax, Stanford, June 24-26, 1983. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 221-48.
237. Smith, Neil (1999), Chomsky: Ideas and Ideals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
238. Sobel, Dava (1999), Galileo’s Daugher: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love. New York: Walker & Co.
239. Sommers, M. S, Moody, D. B., Prosen, C. A., and Stebbins, W. C. (1992), '‘Formant frequency discrimination by Japanese macques (Macaca fuscata),'' Journal of the Accoustical Society of America 91: 902-9.
240. Sreedhar, M. V. (1974), Naga Pidgin: A Sociolinguistic Study of Inter-Lingual Communication Pattern in Nagaland. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
241. Stokoe, William C. (1960), Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf. Studies in Linguistics: Occasional Papers 8. Buffalo, NY: Department of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo.
242. Stoneking, Mark (1994), '‘In defense of ‘Eve’-a response to Templeton’s critique,'' American Anthropologist 96: 131-41.
243. Strathern, Andrew (1975), '‘Veiled speech in Mount Hagen’', in Maurice Bloch (ed.), Political Language and Oratory in Traditional Society. New York: Academic Press, 185-203.
244. Struhsaker, T. T. (1967), '‘Auditory communication in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)'', in Stuart A. Altmann (ed.), Social Communication Among Primates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 281-324.
245. Studdert-Kennedy, Michael (1998), '‘The particulate origins of language generativity: from syllable to gesture’', in James R. Hurford, Michael Studdert-Kennedy, and Chris Knight (eds.), Approaches to the Evolution of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 202-21.
246. Studdert-Kennedy, Michael (2000), '‘Evolutionary implications of the particulate principle: imitation and the dissociation of phonetic from semantic function’', in Chris Knight, Michael Studdert-Kennedy, and James R. Hurford (eds.), The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
247. Tanner, J. E. and Byrne, Richard W. (1996), '‘Representation of action through iconic gesture in a captive lowland gorilla,'' Current Anthropology 37: 162-73.
248. Templeton, Alan R. (1993), '‘The ‘Eve’ hypotheses: a genetic critique and reanalysis,'' American Anthropologist 95: 51-72.
249. Tinbergen, N. (1952), '‘Derived activities: their causation, biological significance, origin and emancipation during evolution,'' Quarterly Review of Biology 27: 1-32.
250. Tomasello, Michael (1996), '‘Do apes ape?'' in C. Heyes and B. Galef (eds.), Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
251. Tomasello, Michael (2003), Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
252. Tomasello, Michael, and Call, Josep (1997), Primate Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
253. Tomasello, Michael, Nagell, K., Olguin, R., and Carpenter, M. (1994), '‘The learning and use of gestural signals by young chimpanzees: a trans-generational study,'' Primates 35: 137-54.
254. Tomasello, Michael, Nagell, K., Olguin, R., and Carpenter, M., Warren, Jennifer, Frost, G. Thomas, Carpenter, Malinda, and Nagell, Katherine (1997), '‘The ontogeny of chimpanzee gestural signals: a comparison across groups and generations,'' Evolution of Communication 1: 223-59.
255. Tomasello, Michael, Nagell, K., Olguin, R., and Carpenter, M., Warren, Jennifer, Frost, G. Thomas, Carpenter, Malinda, and Nagell, Katherine, and Camaioni, Luigia (1997), '‘A comparison of the gestural communication of apes and human infants,'' Human Development 40: 7-24.
256. Tomasello, Michael, Nagell, K., Olguin, R., and Carpenter, M., Warren, Jennifer, Frost, G. Thomas, Carpenter, Malinda, and Nagell, Katherine, and Camaioni, Luigia, George, B. L., Kruger, A. C., Farrar, M. J., and Evans, A. (1985), '‘The development of gestural communication in young chimpanzees,'' Journal of Human Evolution 14: 175-86.
257. Tomasello, Michael, Nagell, K., Olguin, R., and Carpenter, M., Warren, Jennifer, Frost, G. Thomas, Carpenter, Malinda, and Nagell, Katherine, and Camaioni, Luigia, George, B. L., Kruger, A. C., Farrar, M. J., and Evans, A., Gust, D., and Frost, G. T. (1989), '‘The development of gestural communication in young chimpanzees: a follow-up,'' Primates 30: 35-50.
258. Turton, David (1975), '‘The relationship between oratory and the exercise of influence among the Mursi’', in Maurice Bloch (ed.), Political Language and Oratory in Traditional Society. New York: Academic Press, 163-83.
259. Tyack, Peter L. and Sayigh, Laela S. (1997), '‘Vocal learning in cetaceans’', in Charles T. Snowdon and Martine Hausberger (eds.), Social Influences on Vocal Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 208-33.
260. VanSwearingen, Jessie M., Cohn, Jeffrey F., and Bajaj-Luthra, Anu (1999), '‘Specific impairment of smiling increases the severity of depressive symptoms in patients with facial neuromuscular disorders,'' Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 23: 416-23.
261. Waal, Frans. B. M. de (1982), Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes. New York: Harper and Row.
262. Wallin, Nils L., Merker, Björn, and Brown, Steven (eds.) (2000), The Origins of Music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
263. Whallon, Robert (1989), '‘Elements of cultural change in the later Paleolithic’', in Paul Mellars and Chris Stringer (eds.), The Human Revolution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 433-54.
264. Whiten, Andrew, Goodall, Jane, McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C. E. G., Wrangham, Richard W., and Boesch, Christophe (1999), '‘Cultures in chimpanzees,'' Nature 399: 682-5.
265. Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1956), Language, Thought, and Reality, Selected Writings. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
266. Wickett, John C., Vernon, Philip A., and Lee, Donald H. (2000), '‘Relationships between factors of intelligence and brain volume,'' Personality and Individual Differences 29: 1095-122.
267. Wilbur, Ronnie Bring (1987), American Sign Language: Linguistic and Applied Dimensions. Boston: Little, Brown.
268. Wolfram, Walt (1976), '‘Levels of sociolinguistic bias in testing’', in Deborah Sears Harrison and Tom Trabasso (eds.), Black English: A Seminar. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
269. Wrangham, Richard and Peterson, Dale (1996), Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. Boston: Houghton MiZin.
270. Wray, Alison (2002), '‘Dual processing in a protolanguage: performance without competence’', in Alison Wray (ed.), The Transition to Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 113-37.
271. Yamauchi, Hajime (2001), '‘The diYculty of the Baldwinian account of linguistic innateness’', in J. Kelemen and P. Sosík (eds.), Advances in Artificial Life: 6th European Conference, ECAL 2001. Prague: Springer-Verlag, 391-400.
272. Zahavi, Amot and Zahavi, Avishag (1997), The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin’s Puzzle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.