Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia-New Guinea): A review of recent research

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 835-853

  O'Connell, J F ^a   Allen, J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Dating in archaeology; Early colonization of Australia; Modern human origins

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; COLONIZATION; DATING METHOD; MIGRATION; RADIOCARBON DATING;

ASIA; AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; EURASIA; MALAY ARCHIPELAGO; NEW GUINEA; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

EID: 1942424250     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2003.11.005     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. H. Allen, Where the crow flies backwards: man and land in the Darling Basin. Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, 1972.
2. J. Allen, S. Holdaway, The contamination of Pleistocene radiocarbon determinations in Australia, Antiquity 69 (1995) 101-112.
3. J. Allen, J.F. O'Connell, The long and the short of it: archaeological approaches to determining when humans first colonized Australia and New Guinea, Australian Archaeology 57 (2003) in press.
4. D.D. Anderson, Lang Rongrien Rockshelter: a Pleistocene/early Holocene Archaeological Site from Krabi, Southwestern Thailand, University Museum Monograph 71, The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1990.
5. D.D. Anderson, Cave archaeology in Southeast Asia, Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 12 (1997) 607-638.
6. B. Arensberg, O. Bar-Yosef, M. Chech, P. Goldberg, H. Laville, L. Meingnen, Y. Rak, E. Tehernov, A.-M. Tillier, B. Vandermeersch, Une sepulture neanderthalien dans la grotte de Kabara (Israel), Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris 300 (2) (1985) 227-230.
7. C. Ballard, Stimulating minds to fantasy? A critical etymology for Sahul, in: M.A. Smith, M. Spriggs, B. Fankhauser (Eds.), Sahul in Review: Pleistocene Archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia. Occasional Papers in Prehistory 24, Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 1993, pp. 17-23.
8. J. Balme, Excavations revealing 40,000 years of occupation at Mimbi Caves, south central Kimberley, Western Australia, Australian Archaeology 51 (2000) 1-5.
9. L. Barham, Backed tools in Middle Pleistocene central Africa and their evolutionary significance. Journal of Human Evolution 43 (2002) 585-603.
10. G. Barker, Prehistoric foragers and farmers in south-east Asia: renewed investigations at Niah Cave, Sarawak, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 68 (2002) 147-164.
11. O. Bar-Yosef, The Upper Paleolithic revolution, Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (2002) 363-393.
12. O. Bar-Yosef, S.L. Kuhn, The big deal about blades: Laminar technologies and human evolution, American Anthropologist 101 (1999) 322-338.
13. O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, B. Arensberg, A. Belfer-Cohen, P. Goldberg, H. Laville, L. Meignen, Y. Rak, J.D. Speth, E. Tchernov, A.-M. Tillier, S. Weiner, The excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel, Current Anthropology 33 (1992) 497-550.
14. 4C concentration during the last glacial period, Science 292 (2001) 2453-2458.
15. P. Bellwood, G. Nitihaminoto, G. Irwin, Gunadi, A. Waluyo, D. Tanudirjo, 35,000 years of prehistory in the northern Moluccas, in: G.-J. Bartstra (Ed.) Bird's Head approaches: Irian Jaya Studies-A Programme for Interdisciplinary Research, Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia 15 (1998) 233-275.
16. C. Bird, D. Frankel, N. van Waarden, New radiocarbon determinations from the Grampians-Gariwerd region, western Victoria, Archaeology in Oceania 33 (1998) 31-36.
17. M.I. Bird, L.K. Ayliffe, L.K. Fifield, C.S.M. Turney, R.G. Cresswell, T.T. Barrows, B. David, Radiocarbon dating of "old" charcoal using a wet oxidation, stepped-combustion procedure, Radiocarbon 41 (1999) 127-140.
18. M.I. Bird, C.S.M. Turney, L.K. Fifield, R. Jones, L.K. Ayliffe, A. Palmer, R.G. Cresswell, S. Robertson, Radiocarbon analysis of the early archaeological site of Nauwalabila 1, Arnhem Land, Australia: implications for sample suitability and stratigraphic integrity, Quaternary Science Reviews 21 (2002) 1061-1075.
19. J. Bowler, Willandra Lakes revisited: environmental framework for human occupation, Archaeology in Oceania 33 (1998) 120-155.
20. J. Bowler, J. Magee, Redating Australia's oldest human remains: a skeptic's view, Journal of Human Evolution 38 (2000) 719-726.
21. J. Bowler, D. Price, Luminescence dates and stratigraphic analyses at Lake Mungo: review and new perspectives, Archaeology in Oceania 33 (1998) 156-168.
22. J. Bowler, A.G. Thorne, Human remains from Lake Mungo: discovery and excavation of Lake Mungo III, in: R.L. Kirk, A.G. Thorne (Eds.), The Origin of the Australians, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 1976, pp. 127-138.
23. J.M. Bowler, R. Jones, H. Allen, A. Thorne, Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, western New South Wales, World Archaeology 2 (1970) 39-60.
24. J.M. Bowler, H. Johnston, J.M. Olley, J.R. Prescott, R.G. Roberts, W. Shawcross, N.A. Spooner, New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia, Nature 421 (2003) 837-840.
25. D.M.J.S. Bowman, The impact of Aboriginal landscape burning on the Australian biota, New Phytologist 140 (1998) 385-410.
26. B. Brook, D.M.J.S. Bowman, Explaining the Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions: models, chronologies and assumptions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 99 (2002) 14624-14627.
27. D. Cahen, J. Moeyersons, Subsurface movements of stone artifacts and their implications for the prehistory of Central Africa, Nature 266 (1977) 812-815.
28. J. Campbell, N. Cole, E. Hatte, C. Tuniz, A. Watchman, Dating of rock surface accretions with Aboriginal paintings and engravings in north Queensland, in: S. Ulm, I. Lilley, A. Ross (Eds), Australian Archaeology '95: Proceedings of the 1995 Australian Archaeological Association Annual Conference, Tempus 6, Anthropology Museum, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Queensland, 1996, pp. 231-239.
29. J. Chappell, Pleistocene seedbeds of western Pacific maritime cultures and the importance of chronology, in: S. O'Connor, P. Veth (Eds.), East of Wallace's Line: Studies of Past and Present Maritime Cultures of the Indo-Pacific Region, Balkema, Rotterdam, 2000, pp. 77-98.
30. J. Chappell, Sea level changes forced ice breakouts in the Last Glacial cycle: new results from coral terraces, Quaternary Science Reviews 21 (2002) 1229-1240.
31. J. Chappell, J. Head, J. Magee, Beyond the radiocarbon limit in Australian archaeology and Quaternary research, Antiquity 70 (1996) 543-552.
32. J. Chappell, A. Omura, T. East, M. McCulloch, J. Pandolfi, Y. Ota, B. Pillans, Reconciliation of late Quaternary sea levels derived from coral terraces at Huon Peninsula with deep sea oxygen isotope records, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 141 (1996) 227-236.
33. J.D.G. Clark, World Prehistory: A New Outline, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1977.
34. R.L. Clark, Pollen and charcoal evidence for the effects of Aboriginal burning on the vegetation of Australia, Archaeology in Oceania 18 (1983) 32-37.
35. N.A. Cole, A. Watchman, M.J. Morwood, Chronology of Laura rock art, in: M.J. Morwood, D.R. Hobbs (Eds.), Quinkan Prehistory: the Archaeology of Aboriginal Art in S.E. Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Tempus 3, Anthropology Museum, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Queensland, 1995, pp. 147-160.
36. J.B. Coltrain, J. Field, R. Cosgrove, J. O'Connell, Stable isotope and protein analyses of Genyornis remains from Cuddie Springs, Archaeology in Oceania (2004) in press.
37. N.J. Conard, M. Bolus, Radiocarbon dating the appearance of modern humans and timing of cultural innovations in Europe: new results and new challenges, Journal of Human Evolution 44 (2003) 331-371.
38. R. Cordeaux, M. Stoneking, South Asia, the Andamanese, and the genetic evidence for an "early" human dispersal out of Africa, American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2003) 1586-1590.
39. R. Cosgrove, Late Pleistocene behavioural variation and time trends: the case from Tasmania, Archaeology in Oceania 30 (1995) 83-104.
40. R. Cosgrove, J. Allen, Prey choice and hunting strategies in the Late Pleistocene: Evidence from Southwest Tasmania, in: A. Anderson, I. Lilley, S. O'Connor (Eds.), Histories of Old Ages: Essays in honour of Rhys Jones, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 2001, pp. 397-430.
41. B. David, Landscapes, Rock Art and the Dreaming: an Archaeology of Pre-understanding, Leicester University Press, 2002.
42. B. David, L. Dagg, Two caves, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 33 (1993) 143-162.
43. B. David, R. Roberts, C. Tuniz, R. Jones, J. Head, New optical and radiocarbon dates from Ngarrabullgan Cave, a Pleistocene archaeological site in Australia: implications for the comparability of time clocks and for the human colonization of Australia, Antiquity 71 (1997) 183-188.
44. J.M. Diamond, Australia's last giants, Nature 411 (2001) 755-757.
45. C. Dortch, Devil's Lair, A Study in Prehistory, Western Australian Museum, Perth, 1984.
46. C. Dortch, J. Dortch, Review of Devil's Lair artefact classification and radiocarbon chronology, Australian Archaeology 43 (1996) 28-32.
47. J. Erlandson, The archaeology of aquatic adaptations: paradigms for a new millennium, Journal of Archaeological Research 9 (2001) 287-350.
48. J. Field, J. Dodson, Late Pleistocene megafauna and archaeology from Cuddie Springs, southeastern Australia, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65 (1999) 1-27.
49. L.K. Fifield, M.I. Bird, C.S.M. Turney, P.A. Hausladen, G.M. Santos, M.L. di Tada, Radiocarbon dating of the human occupation of Australia prior to 40 ka BP-successes and pitfalls, Radiocarbon 43 (2001) 1139-1145.
50. T. Flannery, The Future Eaters, Reed Books, Melbourne, 1994.
51. T. Flannery, R.G. Roberts, Late Quaternary extinctions in Australasia, in: R.D.E. MacPhee (Ed.), Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts and Consequences, Plenum, New York, 1999, pp. 239-256.
52. T. Flannery, P. Schouten, Lost and found. Australian Weekend Magazine, 22-23 September (2001) 18-22.
53. R. Foley, M.M. Lahr, Mode 3 technologies and the evolution of modern humans, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7 (1997) 3-36.
54. R.L.K. Fullagar, D.M. Price, L.M. Head, Early human occupation of northern Australia: archaeology and thermoluminescene dating of Jinmium rockshelter, northern Australia, Antiquity 70 (1996) 751-773.
55. N. Fuller, Archaeological sites in the Garnpung-Gogolo and Garnpung-Leaghur interlake zone, BA Honors thesis, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology. The Faculties, Australian National University, 1986.
56. C. Gamble, Timewalkers: The Prehistory of Global Colonization, Penguin, Harmandsworth, 1993.
57. D.A.E. Garrod, D.M.A. Bate, The Stone Age of Mount Carmel I, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1937.
58. R. Gillespie, Burnt and unburnt carbon: dating charcoal and bone from the Willandra Lakes, Australia, Radiocarbon 39 (1997) 239-250.
59. R. Gillespie, Alternative time scales: a critical review of Willandra Lakes dating, Archaeology in Oceania 33 (1998) 169-182.
60. R. Gillespie, Dating the first Australians, Radiocarbon 44 (2002) 455-472.
61. R. Gillespie, B. David, The importance, or impotence, of Cuddie Springs, Australasian Science 22 (9) (2001) 42-43.
62. R. Gillespie, R. Roberts, On the reliability of age estimates for human remains at Lake Mungo, Journal of Human Evolution 38 (2000) 727-732.
63. I. Glover, Leang Burung 2: an Upper Paleolithic rock shelter in south Sulawesi, Indonesia, Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia 6 (1981) 1-38.
64. J.A.J. Gowlett, R.E.M. Hedges, I.A. Law, C. Perry, Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: archaeometry datelist 5, Archaeometry 29 (1987) 125-155.
65. D.K. Grayson, The archaeological record of human impacts on animal populations, Journal of World Prehistory 15 (2001) 1-65.
66. L.M. Groube, J. Chappell, J. Muke, D. Price, A 40,000 year-old human occupation site at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea, Nature 324 (1986) 453-455.
67. R. Grun, N. Spooner, A. Thorne, G. Mortimer, J.J. Simpson, M.T. McCullough, L. Taylor, D. Curnoe, Age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton: a reply to Bowler and Magee and to Gillespie and Roberts, Journal of Human Evolution 38 (2000) 733-741.
68. S.G. Haberle, M-P. Ledru, Correlations among charcoal records of fires from the past 16,000 years in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Central and South America, Quaternary Research 55 (2001) 97-104.
69. S.G. Haberle, G.S. Hope, S. van der Kaars, Biomass burning in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea: Natural and human induced fire events in the fossil record, Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 171 (2001) 259-268.
70. L. Head, Both ends of the candle? Discerning human impact on the vegetation, Australian Archaeology 39 (1994) 82-86.
71. S. Holdaway, N. Porch, Cyclical pattern in the Pleistocene human occupation of southwest Tasmania, Archaeology in Oceania 30 (1995) 74-82.
72. W.D. Jackson, Palaeohistory of vegetation change: the last 2 million years, in: J.B. Reid, B.S. Hill, M.J. Brown, M.J. Hovenden (Eds). Vegetation of Tasmania, Flora of Australia, Supplementary Series 8, University of Tasmania, Forestry Tasmania, and Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, Hobart, 1999, pp. 64-88.
73. B. Johnson, G. Miller, M. Fogel, J. Magee, M. Gagan, A. Chirvas, 65,000 years of vegetation change in central Australia and the Australian summer monsoon, Science 284 (1999) 1150-1152.
74. H. Johnston, Pleistocene shell middens of the Willandra Lakes, in: M.A. Smith, M. Spriggs, B. Fankhauser (Eds), Sahul in Review: Pleistocene Archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia, Occasional Papers in Prehistory 24, Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 1993, pp. 197-203.
75. R. Jones, The geographical background to the arrival of man in Australia and Tasmania, Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 3 (1968) 186-215.
76. R. Jones, Fire stick farming, Australian Natural History 16 (1969) 224-228.
77. R. Jones, Ions and eons: some thoughts on archaeological science and scientific archaeology, in: W. Ambrose, P. Duerden (Eds.), Archaeometry: an Australasian Perspective, Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 1982, pp. 22-35.
78. R. Jones, Dating the human colonization of Australia: radiocarbon and luminescence revolutions, Proceedings of the British Academy 99 (1998) 37-65.
79. R. Jones, I. Johnson, Deaf Adder Gorge: Lindner Site, Nauwalabila I, in: R. Jones (Ed.) Archaeological Research in Kakadu National Park, Special Publication 13, Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra, 1985, pp. 165-227.
80. A.P. Kershaw, A late Pleistocene and Holocene pollen diagram from Lynch's Crater, north-eastern Queensland, Australia, New Phytologist 77 (1976) 469-498.
81. A.P. Kershaw, G.M. McKenzie, A. McMinn, A Quaternary vegetation history of northeastern Queensland from pollen analysis of ODP site 820, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 133 (1993) 107-114.
82. A.P. Kershaw, J.S. Clark, A.M. Gill, D. D'Costa, A history of fire in Australia, in: R.A. Bradstock, J.E. Williams, M.A. Gill (Eds.), Flammable Australia: The Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, pp. 3-25.
83. H. Kitagawa, J. Van der Plicht, Atmospheric radiocarbon calibration beyond 11,900 BP from Lake Suigetsu laminated sediments, Radiocarbon 42 (2000) 369-380.
84. R.G. Klein, Why anatomically modern people did not disperse from Africa 100,000 years ago, in: T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.), Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, Plenum, New York, 1998, pp. 509-521.
85. M.M. Lahr, R.A. Foley, Multiple dispersals and modern human origins, Evolutionary Anthropology 3 (1994) 48-60.
86. C. Laj, C. Kissel, A. Mazaud, E. Michel, R. Muscheler, J. Beer, Geomagnetic field intensity, North Atlantic Deep Water circulation and atmospheric delta C-14 during the last 50 kyr, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 200 (2002) 177-190.
87. M.G. Leavesley, M.I. Bird, L.K. Fifield, P.A. Hausladen, G.M. Santos, M.L. di Tada, Buang Merabak: early evidence for human occupation in the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, Australian Archaeology 54 (2002) 55-57.
88. P.S. Martin, Clovisia the beautiful, Natural History 96 (10) (1987) 10-13.
89. S. McBrearty, A.S. Brooks, The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior, Journal of Human Evolution 39 (2000) 453-563.
90. T.D. McCown, A. Keith, The Stone Age of Mount Carmel II, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1939.
91. D. Meltzer, Clocking the first Americans, Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995) 21-45.
92. D.J. Meltzer, D.K. Grayson, G. Ardila, A.W. Barker, D.F. Dincauze, C.V. Haynes, F. Mena, L. Nunez, D.J. Stanford, On the Pleistocene antiquity of Monte Verde, southern Chile, American Antiquity 62 (1997) 659-663.
93. N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence date for the Mousterian burial site of es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science 20 (1993) 169-174.
94. G.H. Miller, J.W. Magee, B.J. Johnson, M.L. Fogel, N.A. Spooner, M.T. McCulloch, L. Ayliffe, Pleistocene extinction of Genyornis newtoni: Human impact on Australian megafauna, Science 283 (1999) 205-208.
95. M. Morwood, S. L'Oste-Brown, D. Price, Excavations at Mushroom Rock, in: M. Morwood, D. Hobbs (Eds), Quinkan Prehistory: The Archaeology of Aboriginal Art in S.E. Cape York Peninsula, Australia, Tempus 3, Anthropology Museum, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Queensland, 1995, pp. 133-146.
96. D.J. Mulvaney, The Stone Age of Australia, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 27 (1961) 56-107.
97. J.F. O'Connell, J. Allen, When did humans first arrive in Greater Australia, and why is it important to know? Evolutionary Anthropology 6 (1998) 132-146.
98. S. O'Connor, P. Veth, C. Campbell, Serpent's Glen rockshelter: report of the first Pleistocene-aged occupation sequence from the Western Desert, Australian Archaeology 46 (1998) 12-22.
99. S. O'Connor, K.P. Aplin, M. Spriggs, P. Veth, L.K. Ayliffe, From savannah to rainforest: changing environments and human occupation at Liang Lemdubu, Aru Islands, Maluku (Indonesia), in: P. Kershaw, B. David, N. Tapper, D. Penny, J. Brown (Eds). Bridging Wallace's Line: The Environmental and Cultural History and Dynamics of the SE-Asian-Australian Region, Advances in Geoecology 34, Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, 2002, pp. 279-306.
100. S. O'Connor, M. Spriggs, P. Veth, Excavation at Lene Hara Cave establishes occupation in East Timor at least 30,000-35,000 years ago, Antiquity 76 (2002) 45-50.
101. P. Ossa, B. Marshall, C. Webb, New Guinea II cave: a Pleistocene site on the Snowy River, Victoria, Archaeology in Oceania 30 (1995) 22-35.
102. C. Pavlides, C. Gosden, 35,000-year-old sites in the rainforests of West New Britain, Papua New Guinea, Antiquity 68 (1994) 604-610.
103. R.H. Pearce, M. Barbetti, A 38,000-year-old archaeological site at Upper Swan, Western Australia, Archaeology in Oceania 16 (1981) 173-178.
104. D.A. Richards, J.W. Beck, Dramatic shifts in atmospheric radiocarbon during the Last Glacial period, Antiquity 73 (2001) 482-485.
105. R.G. Roberts, Luminescence dating in archaeology: from origins to optical, Radiation Measurements 27 (5/6) (1997) 819-892.
106. R.G. Roberts, The last Australian megafauna, Australasian Science 22 (9) (2001) 40-41.
107. R.G. Roberts, R. Jones, Luminescence dating of sediments: new light on the human colonization of Australia, Australian Aboriginal Studies 2 (1994) 2-17.
108. R.G. Roberts, R. Jones, Chronologies of carbon and silica: evidence concerning the dating of the earliest human presence in northern Australia, in: P.V. Tobias, M.A. Raath, J. Moggi-Cecchi, G.A. Doyle (Eds.), Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia: Colloquia in Human Biology and Paleo-Anthropology, Florence University Press, Florence, 2000, pp. 243-252
109. R.G. Roberts, R. Jones, M.A. Smith, Thermoluminescence dating of a 50,000 year old human occupation site in northern Australia, Nature 345 (1990) 153-156.
110. R.G. Roberts, R. Jones, M.A. Smith, Stratigraphy and statistics at Malakunanja II: reply to Hiscock, Archaeology in Oceania 25 (1990) 125-129.
111. R.G. Roberts, R. Jones, M.A. Smith, Early dates at Malakunanja II: a reply to Bowdler, Australian Archaeology 31 (1990) 94-97.
112. R.G. Roberts, R. Jones, N.A. Spooner, M.J. Head, A.S. Murray, M.A. Smith, The human colonization of Australia: optical dates of 53,000 and 60,000 bracket human arrival at Deaf Adder Gorge, Northern Territory, Quaternary Science Reviews 13 (1994) 575-583.
113. R.G. Roberts, N.A. Spooner, R. Jones, S. Cane, J.M. Olley, A.S. Murray, J. Head, Preliminary luminescence dating for archaeological sediments on the Nullarbor Plain, South Australia, Australian Archaeology 42 (1996) 7-16.
114. R.G. Roberts, M. Bird, J. Olley, R. Galbraith, E. Lawson, G. Laslett, H. Yoshida, R. Jones, R. Fullagar, G. Jacobsen, Q. Hua, Optical and radiocarbon dating at Jinmium rock shelter in northern Australia, Nature 395 (1998) 358-362.
115. R.G. Roberts, H. Yoshida, R. Gailbraith, G. Laslett, R. Jones, M. Smith, Single aloquot and single grain optical dating confirm thermoluminescence age estimates at Malakunanja II rock shelter in northern Australia. Ancient TL 16 (1998) 19-24.
116. R.G. Roberts, T.F. Flannery, L. Ayliffe, H. Yoshida, J.M. Olley, G.J. Prideaux, G.M. Laslett, A. Baynes, M.A. Smith, R. Jones, B.L. Smith, New ages for the last Australian megafauna: continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago, Science 292 (2001) 1888-1892.
117. J.G. Robinson, Lake Mungo: An analysis of the surface collection. MA thesis, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Faculties, Australian National University, 1980.
118. H.P. Schwarcz, R. Grun, B. Vandermeersch, H. Valladas, E. Tchernov, ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Qafzeh in Israel, Journal of Human Evolution 17 (1988) 733-737.
119. H.P. Schwarcz, W.M. Buhay, R. Grun, H. Valladas, E. Tchernov, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, ESR dating of the Neanderthal Site, Kebara Cave, Israel, Journal of Archaeological Science 16 (1989) 653-659.
120. W. Shawcross, Archaeological excavations at Mungo, Archaeology in Oceania 33 (1998) 183-200.
121. W. Shawcross, M. Kaye, Australian archaeology: implications of current interdisciplinary research, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 5 (1980) 112-118.
122. G. Singh, A.P. Kershaw, R. Clark, Quaternary vegetation and fire history in Australia, in: A.M. Gill, R.H. Groves, I.R. Noble (Eds.), Fire and the Australian Biota, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, 1981, pp. 23-54.
123. M. Slack, R. Fullagar, J. Field, A. Border, P. Tacon, M. Archer, Pleistocene human occupation in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area in northwest Queensland (in prep.).
124. M.A. Smith, N. Sharp, Pleistocene sites in Australia, New Guinea and island Melanesia: geographic and temporal structure of the archaeological record, in: M. Smith, M. Spriggs, B. Fankhauser (Eds). Sahul in Review: Pleistocene Archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia, Occasional Papers in Prehistory 24, Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 1993, pp. 37-59.
125. 14C and luminescence chronologies at Puritjarra rock shelter, central Australia, Quaternary Science Reviews 16 (1997) 299-320.
126. 14C ages remove dating anomalies at Puritjarra rock shelter, Australian Archaeology 53 (2001) 45-47.
127. N. Stern, J. Allen, Pallawa Trounta Shelter, in: J. Allen (Ed.), Report of the Southern Forests Archaeological Project, vol. 1: Site Descriptions, Stratigraphies and Chronologies, School of Archaeology, La Trobe University, 1996, pp. 169-193.
128. C. Stringer, Modern human origins: progress and prospects, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, series B 357 (2002) 563-579.
129. E. Tchernov, Biochronology, paleoecology and dispersal events of hominids in the southern Levant, in: T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, T. Kimura (Eds.), The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, Hokusen-Sha, Tokyo, 1992, pp. 149-188.
130. P.B. Thorley, Pleistocene settlement in the Australian arid zone: occupation of an inland riverine landscape in the central Australian ranges, Antiquity 72 (1998) 34-45.
131. A.G. Thorne, R. Grun, G. Mortimer, N.A. Spooner, J.J. Simpson, M. McCulloch, L. Taylor, D. Curnoe, Australia's oldest human remains: age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton, Journal of Human Evolution 36 (1999) 591-612.
132. R. Torrence, Archaeological Fieldwork in West New Britain, PNG, June-July 2001, report prepared for the Papua New Guinea Museum and Art Gallery, the West New Britain Provincial Government and New Britain Palm Oil Ltd., Mahonia Na Dari, 2001.
133. C.S.M. Turney, M.I. Bird, Determining the timing and pattern of human colonization in Australia: proposals for radiocarbon dating "early" sequences, Australian Archaeology 54 (2002) 1-5.
134. C.S.M. Turney, M.I. Bird, L.K. Fifield, R.G. Roberts, M. Smith, C.E. Dortch, R. Grun, E. Lawson, L.K. Ayliffe, G.H. Miller, J. Dortch, R.G. Cresswell, Early human occupation at Devil's Lair, southwestern Australia, 50,000 years ago, Quaternary Research 55 (2001) 3-13.
135. H. Valladas, J.L Joron, G. Valladas, P. Arensberg, O. Bar-Yosef, A. Belfer-Cohen, P. Goldberg, H. Laville, L. Meignen, Y. Rak, E. Tchernov, A.-M. Tillier, B. Vandermeersch, Thermoluminescence dates for the Neanderthal burial site at Kebara (Mount Carmel, Israel), Nature 330 (1987) 159-160.
136. H. Valladas, J.L. Reyss, J.L. Joron, G. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, Thermoluminescence dating of Mousterian 'Cro-Magnon' remains from Israel and the origin of modern man, Nature 331 (1988) 614-616.
137. B. Vandermeersch, Les Hommes Fossiles de Qafzeh (Israel), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1981.
138. J. Van der Plicht, Calibration of the C-14 time scale: towards a complete dating range, Geologie en Mijnbouw-Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 81 (2002) 85-96.
139. A.H.L. Voelker, P.M. Grootes, M.J. Nadeau, M. Sarnthein, Radiocarbon levels in the Iceland Sea from 25-53 kyr and their link to the earth's magnetic field intensity, Radiocarbon 42 (2000) 437-452.
140. D.C. Wallace, M.T. Lott, "MITOMAP: A Human Mitochondrial Genome Database," http://www.mitomap.org.2003.
141. K. Walshe, Taphonomy of Mungo B assemblage: indicators for subsistence and occupation of Lake Mungo, Archaeology in Oceania 33 (1998) 200-206.
142. X. Wang, S. van der Kaars, A.P. Kershaw, M. Bird, F. Jansen, A record of fire, vegetation and climate through the last three glacial cycles from Lombok Ridge core G6-4, eastern Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 147 (1998) 241-256.
143. J.P. White, J.F. O'Connell, A Prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Sahul, Academic Press, Sydney, 1982.
144. M.A.J. Williams, Termites, soils and landscape equilibrium in the Northern Territory of Australia, in: J.L. Davies, M.A.J. Williams (Eds.), Landform Evolution in Australasia, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1978, pp. 128-141.
145. S. Wroe, J. Field, R. Fullagar, L.S. Jermin, Megafaunal extinctions in the Late Quaternary and the global overkill hypothesis, Alcheringa (2003) in press.
146. Y. Yokoyama, T.M. Esat, K. Lambeck, L.K. Fifield, Last ice age millennial timescale climate changes recorded in Huon Peninsula corals, Radiocarbon 42 (2000) 383-401.
147. M. Zuraina, H.D. Tjia, K. Tampan, Perak: The geological and archaeological evidence for a late Pleistocene site, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 61 (1988) 123-134.