The rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, opportunities and critical interventions

The rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, opportunities and critical interventions

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-276

  Cheru, Fantu ^a   Obi, Cyril ^a  

^a NORDIC AFRICA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85187349474     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (559)

1. Abbas, A. (2007) ‘The United Nations, the African Union and the Darfur crisis: of apology and utopia’, Netherlands International Law Review, pp. 415–40.
2. Abbas, H. (2007) ‘African and Chinese CSOs discuss China in Africa’, Fahamu and Pambazuka News, 306, 31 May, www.pambazuka.org.
3. Abramovici, P. (2004) ‘United States: the new scramble for Africa’, Le Monde Diplomatique (English edn), July, available at mondediplo.com/2004/07/07usinafrica, accessed 21 April 2009.
4. Accra Declaration (2002) ‘Text of Accra Conference Declaration’, adopted at the end of the joint CODESRIA–TWN– Africa conference on Africa’s Development Challenges in the Millennium, Accra, 23–26 April, in Adesina et al. (2006).
5. Acharya, A. and A. I. Johnston (eds) (2007) Crafting Cooperation: Regional international institutions in comparative perspectives, New York: Cambridge University Press.
6. Adedeji, A. (2002) ‘History and prospects for regional integration in Africa’, Paper presented at the Third Meeting of the African Development Forum, Addis Ababa, 3–8 March.
7. Adejumobi, S. (2003) ‘Globalization and Africa’s development agenda: from the WTO to NEPAD’, Journal of Comparative Education and International Relations in Africa, 5(1/2): 129–55.
8. Adejumobi, S. and A. Olukoshi (eds) (2009) The African Union and New Strategies for Development in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
9. Adesina, O. J. (2002) NEPAD and the Challenge of Africa’s Development: Towards a political economy of a discourse, Grahmastown: Rhodes University Press.
10. Adesina, O. J., Y. Graham and A. Olukoshi (2006) Africa and Development: Challenges in the New Millennium, the NEPAD Debate, Dakar, London and Pretoria: CODESRIA, Zed Books and UNISA Press.
11. AfDB/OECD (2008) Senegal: Africa Economic Outlook, 540, available at www.oecd.org/dataoecd/12/26/40578355.pdf.
12. Africa-Asia Confidential (2007) ‘Strategic partnerships: India competes with China and the West in the rush for contracts, metals and energy’, 1(2), available at www.africa-asia-confidential.com/article-preview/id/10/Strategicpartnerships, accessed 19 May 2009.
13. Africa-Asia Confidential (2009) ‘Nigeria/Asia: from win-win to lose-lose’, 2(6), available at www.africaasia-confidential.com/article-preview/id/222/From-win-win-to-lose-lose, accessed 19 May 2009.
14. African Oil Journal (2007) ‘Indian prime minister arrives in Nigeria to talk oil’, 15 October, available at www.africanoil journal.com, accessed 20 September 2008.
15. African Union (2000) Constitutive Act of the African Union, Adopted by the 36th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government, Lomé, Togo, 11 July.
16. African Union (2006a) Communiqué of the 66th Meeting of the Peace and Security Council PSC/AHG/Comm (LXVI) on the Situation in Darfur (the Sudan), 30 November 2006, Peace and Security Council, African Union, Addis Ababa.
17. African Union (2006b) ‘Study on an African Union government: towards the United States of Africa’, Addis Ababa.
18. African Union (2008) ‘Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi signs MoU with Chairperson Konare to strengthen technical and economic cooperation between China and the AU Commission’, Press release no. 005/2008.
19. African Union Peace and Security Council (2006) Communiqué of the 66th Meeting of the Peace and Security Council PSCIAHG/Comm (LXVI) on the Situation in Darfur (Sudan), 30 November, African Union, Addis Ababa.
20. Agrawal, S. (2007) ‘Emerging donors in international development assistance: the Indian case’, Report prepared for IDRC, Partnership and Business Development Division, Ottawa: IDRC.
21. Agubuzu, L. (2004) ‘Regional economic integration: a development paradigm for Africa’, in B. Onimode (ed.), African Development and Governance Strategies in the 21st Century: Looking back to move forward, essays in honour of Adebayo Adedeji at seventy, London and Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria: Zed Books and ACDESS.
22. Ahmed, S. (2006) ‘New economic opportunities beckon Indian industries’, Economic Times, November.
23. Akopari, J. (2008) ‘Dilemmas of regional integration and development in Africa’, in J. Akokpari, A. Ndinga-Muvumba and T. Murithi (eds), The Africa Union and Its Institutions, South Africa: Centre for Conflict Resolution and Fanele Press, pp. 85–112.
24. Akyeampong, E. K. (2006) ‘Race, identity and citizenship in Black Africa: the case of the Lebanese in Ghana’, Africa, 76: 298–323.
25. Akyut, D. and A. Goldstein (2006) ‘Developing country multinationals: South–South investment comes of age’, Working Paper 257, OECD Development Centre, December.
26. Alden, C. (2005) ‘China in Africa’, Survival, 47(3), Autumn.
27. Alden, C. (2007) China in Africa, London: Zed Books.
28. Alden, C. and A. Alves (2008) ‘History and identity in the construction of China’s Africa policy’, Review of African Political Economy, 35(115): 43–58.
29. Alden, C. and M. Davies (2006) ‘A profile of the operations of Chinese multinationals in Africa’, South African Journal of International Affairs, 13(1): 83–96.
30. Alemayehu, G. (2002) Finance and Trade in Africa: Macroeconomic response in the world economy context, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
31. Alemayehu, G. (2006) ‘The impact of China and India on African manufacturing, review of the relevant literature’, Mimeo, Department of Economics and African Economic Research Consortium, Addis Ababa University, Nairobi.
32. Alemayehu, G. and H. Kibret (2002) ‘Regional economic integration in Africa: a review of problems and prospects with a case study of COMESA’, Draft report, Department of Economics, SOAS, University of London.
33. Alike, E. (2008) ‘FG moves against oil firms over N2.5 trn investments’, Business Day, 22 January, available at www.businessdayonline.com, accessed 20 September 2008.
34. Alves, P. (2007) ‘India and South Africa: shifting priorities’, South African Journal of International Affairs, 14(2): 95.
35. Amin, S. (1976) Unequal Development, Hassocks: Harvester Press.
36. Amnesty International (2006) People’s Republic of China: Sustaining conflict and human rights abuses, London: Amnesty International.
37. Amosu, A. (2007) ‘China in Africa: it’s (still) the governance, stupid’, Foreign Policy in Focus, Institute for Policy Studies, Washington, DC.
38. Ampiah, K. and S. Naidu (2008) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon? Africa and China, Cape Town: Kwazulu Natal Press.
39. Ancharaz, V. (2009) ‘David v. Goliath: Mauritius facing up to China’, European Jornal of Development Research, 21(4): 622–43.
40. Anderson, J. E. (1979) ‘A theoretical foundation for gravity equation’, American Economic Review, 69(1): 106–16.
41. Anshan, L. (2007) ‘China and Africa: policy and challenges’, China Security, 3(3): 69ff.
42. Anyang’ Nyong’o, P. (1990) Regional Integration in Africa: Unfinished agenda, Nairobi: Academy of Science.
43. Anyang’ Nyong’o, P., A. Ghirmazion and L. Davinder (eds) (2002) NEPAD: A new path?, Nairobi: Heinrich Böll Foundation.
44. Apollo Hospital, Bangalore (2009) available at www.apollohospitalsbangalore.com/News.htm, accessed 14 August 2009.
45. Apollo Hospitals, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi (2009) available at www.indianhealthguru.com and www.apollohospdelhi.com/news, accessed 5 August 2009.
46. Arhin, K. (1979) West African Traders in Ghana in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, London: Longman.
47. Armijo, L. E. (ed.) (2007) ‘The BRICs countries in the global system’, Asian Perspective, 31(4): 1–224.
48. Aryeetey, E. (1994) ‘Private investment under uncertainty in Ghana’, World Development, 22(8): 1211–21.
49. Asante, S. K. B. (1997) Regionalization and Africa’s Development: Expectations, reality and challenges, London: Macmillan.
50. Asian Times (2006) ‘Curses, oil again!’, 11 January, available at www.atimes.com/atimes/, accessed 11 July 2008.
51. Associated Press (2007a) ‘China appoints special representative to focus on Darfur crisis’, 10 May 2007.
52. Associated Press (2007b) ‘China says strongly opposed to US House resolution on Darfur’, Sudan Tribune, 30 May, available at www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?page=imprimableandid_article=22284.
53. Atnafu, Meskel G. (2007) ‘The impact of China and India on African manufacturing exports on the third market’, MSc thesis, Department of Economics, Addis Ababa University.
54. Ayee J. (2007) ‘A decade of political leadership in Ghana’, in K. Boafo-Arthur (ed.), Ghana: One decade of the liberal state, Dakar: Codresia.
55. Bajarachanya, R. (1999) In F. Flatters, ‘Ghana’s trade policies: tariff rate structure and revenues’, available at qed.econ.queensu.ca/faculty/flatters/writings/ff_ghana_tariffs.pdf, accessed 26 November 2008.
56. Bajpaee, C. (2008) ‘The Indian elephant returns to Africa’, Asian Times Online, 25 April, available at www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JD25Df02.html, accessed 11 July 2008.
57. Baldauf, S. (2006) ‘India steps up trade ties in Africa’, Christian Science Monitor, 3 November, available at www.cs monitor.com/2006/1103/p04s01-wosc.html.
58. Bastholm, A. and P. Kragelund (2009) ‘State-driven Chinese investments in Zambia: combining strategic interests and profits’, in M. P. van Dijk (ed.), The New Presence of China in Africa. The importance of increased Chinese trade, aid and investments for sub-Saharan Africa, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp. 117–41.
59. Baylies, C. and M. Szeftel (1992) ‘The fall and rise of multi-party politics in Zambia’, Review of African Political Economy, 19(54): 75–91.
60. Beeson, M. and S. Bell (2009) ‘The G-20 and international economic governance: hegemony, collectivism or both?’, Global Governance, 15(1): 67–86.
61. Beijing Review (2005) ‘Cultural diplomacy’, 48(48): 4.
62. Bellamy, A. J. (2005) ‘Responsibility to protect or Trojan horse? The crisis in Darfur and humanitarian intervention after Iraq’, Ethics in International Affairs, 19(2): 31–54.
63. Bennell, P. (1997) ‘Foreign direct investment in Africa: rhetoric and reality’, SAIS Review, 17(2): 127–39.
64. Berger, A. (2008) ‘Sino-African bilateral investment treaties: implications for economic development’, 12th EADI General Conference for Sustainable Development, Geneva.
65. Beri, R. (1999) ‘India–South Africa defence cooperation: potential and prospects’, Strategic Analysis, 23(10): 1681–1705.
66. Beri, R. (2003) ‘India’s Africa policy in the postcold war era: an assessment’, Strategic Analysis, 27(2): 216–32.
67. Beri, R. (2005) ‘Africa’s energy potential: prospects for India’, Strategic Analysis, 29(3).
68. Beri, R. (2007) ‘China’s rising profile in Africa’, China Report, 43(3).
69. Beri, R. (2008) ‘India woos Africa’, IDSA Strategic Comments, Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis, 19 March, www.idsa.in/publications/stratcomments/RuchitaBeri190308.htm, accessed 22 May 2009.
70. Bernal, L., R. Kaukab, S. Musungu and V. Yu (2004) ‘South–South cooperation in the multilateral trading system: Cancun and beyond’, Working Paper 21 (May), South Centre, Geneva.
71. Bernstein R. and R. H. Munro (1998) The Coming Conflict with China, New York: Vintage.
72. Besada, H., Y. Wang and J. Whalley (2008) ‘China’s growing economic activity in Africa’, NBER Working Paper 14024.
73. Bing-Papoppoe, A. (2007) Ghana and the APRM: A critical assessment, Johannesburg: AfriMAP.
74. Birchall, J. (2006) ‘Thousands die as world defines genocide’, Financial Times, 6 July.
75. Black, D. (2008) ‘Darfur’s challenge to international society’, Canadian International Council.
76. Blair, D. (2005) ‘Oil-hungry China takes Sudan under its wings’, Daily Telegraph, 23 April 23, available at www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/005/04/23/wsud23.xml.
77. Blakely, R. (2008) ‘India takes on China over Africa’s riches’, The Times, 9 April, available at business.timesonline.co.uk, accessed 16 September 2008.
78. Boafo-Arthur, K. (2007) ‘A decade of liberalism in perspective’, in K. Boafo-Arthur (ed.), Ghana: One decade of the liberal state, Dakar: CODRESIA.
79. Bond, P. (ed.) (2002) Fanon’s Warning: A civil society reader on the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, Cape Town: Africa World Press.
80. Bonnett, D. (2005) ‘India in Africa: an old partner, a new competitor’, Traders Journal, 26, available at www.tradersafrica.com/PDF/traders_26_hires.pdf.
81. Boston Consulting Group (2006a) ‘The new global challengers: how 100 top companies from rapidly developing economies are changing the world’, May.
82. Boston Consulting Group (2006b) ‘China’s global challengers: strategic implications of China’s outbound M&A’, May.
83. Bradford, C. and J. Linn (2007) Reforming Global Governance, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
84. Braillard, P. and M.-R. Djalili (1986) The Third World and International Relations, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
85. Braude, W. (2008) ‘SADC, COMESA, and the EAC: conflicting regional and trade agendas’, IGD Occasional Paper no. 57, Midrand.
86. Brautigam, D. (1998) Chinese Aid and African Development: Exporting green revolution, London: Macmillan.
87. Brecher, M. (1959) Nehru: A political biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
88. Breslin, S. (2007) China and the Global Political Economy, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
89. Broadman, H. G. (2007) Africa’s Silk Road: China and India’s new economic frontier, Washington, DC: World Bank.
90. Brooks, P. and Ji Hye Shin (2006) ‘China’s influence in Africa: implications for the United States’, Backgrounder, 1916, Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC, 22 February.
91. Buckley, P. J., L. J. Clegg, A. R. Cross, Xin Lui, H. Voss and Ping Zheng (2007) ‘The determinants of Chinese outward foreign direct investment’, Journal of International Business Studies, 38: 499–518.
92. Burdette, M. M. (1988) Zambia. Between two worlds, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
93. Burgis, T. (2009) ‘Tantalising chances in global strife’, Financial Times, Special Report on South Africa, 17 July.
94. Burke, C., L. Corkin and N. Tay (2007) China’s Engagement of Africa: Preliminary scoping of African case studies. Angola, Ethiopia, Gabon, Uganda, South Africa, Zambia, Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch.
95. Business Week (2007) ‘China aims to clean up in solar power’, 11 April.
96. CAADP (2001) ‘Estimates of expenditures on the various components of the agricultural sector’, NEPAD Framework Document, Midrand, South Africa.
97. CAADP (2009) CAADP: The Agriculture Unit and the food security declarations of the Africa Union: a progress report on key crops and initiatives, CAADP, Midrand, available at www.caadp.net/libraryreports.php, accessed 13 March 2009.
98. Cai, K. G. (2008) The Political Economy of East Asia: Regional and national dimensions, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
99. Campbell, H. (2008) ‘China in Africa: challenging US global hegemony’, Third World Quarterly, 29(1): 89–105.
100. Carey, K. et al. (2007) ‘Sub-Saharan Africa: forging new trade links with Asia’, Washington, DC: IMF, October.
101. Carlson, A. (2004) ‘Helping to keep the peace (albeit reluctantly): China’s recent stance on sovereignty and multilateral intervention’, Pacific Affairs, 17(1): 9–27.
102. Centre for Chinese Studies (2007) ‘China’s engagement of Africa: preliminary scoping of Africa case studies’, University of Stellenbosch.
103. Cera, V., R. Sandra and S. Sweta (2005) ‘Crouching tiger, hidden dragon: what are the sequences of WTO entry for India’s trade?’, IMF Working Paper WP/05/101.
104. CFR (Council on Foreign Relations) (2007) Africa–China–US Trilateral Dialogue, Summary report.
105. Chan, C. (2007) ‘China in Africa – spreading the wealth’, Canada–Asia Commentary, March.
106. Chaturyedi, S. and S. K. Mohanty (2007) ‘Trade and investment: trends and prospects’, South African Journal of International Affairs, special issue: India in Africa, 14(2): 53–69.
107. Cheng, J. and Huangao Shi (2009) ‘China’s African policy in the post-cold war era’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 39(1): 87–115.
108. Cheru, F. (1989) The Silent Revolution in Africa: Debt, Development and Democracy, London: Zed Books.
109. Cheru, F. (2002) African Renaissance: Roadmaps to the Challenge of Globalization, London: Zed Books.
110. Cheru, F. (2009) ‘Engaging the BRICs from a stronger platform: what prospects for “policy space” for African countries?’, Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on ‘Hierarchy and power in the history of civilizations’, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for African Studies and Russian State University, Moscow, 23–26 June.
111. Cheru, F. and C. Bradford (2005) The Millennium Development Goals: Raising the resources to tackle world poverty, London: Zed Books.
112. China Report (2007) ‘White Paper on China’s African policy’, January 2006, China Report, 43(3).
113. CII (Confederation of Indian Industry) (2005) ‘Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited’, in Success Models across Africa, New Delhi, pp. 42–4.
114. CII-EXIM Bank (2009) Trends in Indo-African Trade Relations, Background paper on the 5th India–Africa Project Partnership Conclave, New Delhi, 22–24 March, pp. 10–13.
115. Clark, G. (1994) Onions are My Husband: Survival and accumulation by West African market women, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
116. Clinique Darne (2009) ‘Fortis pledges to redefine healthcare in Mauritius’, Press release, 25 March, available at www.cliniquedarne.com, accessed 1 August 2009.
117. Cockcroft, L. and R. C. Riddell (1991) Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa, Washington, DC: International Economics Department, World Bank.
118. Cohen, H. (2008) ‘In sub-Saharan Africa, security is overtaking development as Washington’s top policy priority’, American Foreign Policy Interests, 30: 2.
119. Confucius Institute Division (2007) Global Distribution of Confucius Institutes, 20 January, available at www.hanban.org-en-hanban/content.php.
120. Cooper, A. F. and A. Antkiewicz (eds) (2008) Emerging Powers in Global Governance: Lessons from the Heiligendamm Dialogue Process, Waterloo: WLU Press.
121. Cooper, A. F., A. Antkiewicz and T. M. Shaw (2007) ‘Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South–North relations at the start of the 21st century: economic size trumps all else?’, International Studies Review, 9(4): 673–89.
122. Cooper, F. (2002) Africa since 1994: The past of the present, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
123. Cooper, H. (2007) ‘Darfur collides with Olympics, and China yields’, International Herald Tribune, 12 April.
124. Coquery-Vidrovitch, C. (1997) African Women: A modern history, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
125. Cordonnier, R. (1987) Femmes africaines et commerce. Les revendeuses de tissu de la ville de Lomé (Togo), Paris: L’Harmattan.
126. Cornelissen, S., F. Cheru and T. M. Shaw (eds) (2010) Africa and International Relations in the Twenty-first Century: Still challenging theory?, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
127. Cornwell, R. (2005) ‘Darfur killings not genocide, says UN group’, Independent, 31 January.
128. Cullen, K. (2007) ‘Genocide games’, Boston Globe, 25 March.
129. Curtis, M. and C. Hickson (2005) ‘Arming and alarming? Arms exports, peace and security’, in L. Wild and D. Mephma, The New Sinosphere, p. 41.
130. Cutler, H., D. J. Berri and T. Ozawa (2003) ‘Market recycling in labor-intensive goods, flying-geese style: an empirical analysis of East Asian exports to the US’, Journal of Asian Economics, 14: 35–50.
131. Dalal, P. (2009), ‘EXIM Bank’s lines of credit: a shining example of South– South cooperation’, African Review, Indo-African Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ASSOCHAM), May/June, pp. 60–64.
132. Dannreuther, R. (2003) ‘Asian security and China’s needs’, International Relations of the Asia Pacific, 3.
133. Daojiong, Z. (2006) ‘China’s energy security: domestic and international issues’, Survival, 48(1).
134. Darkwah, A. (2002) ‘Going global: transnational female traders in an era of globalization’, Unpublished thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
135. Davies, M. (2008a) ‘Beijing’s friendship puts SA in key commercial spot’, Business Report, 2(7), May.
136. Davies, M. (2008b) ‘China’s developmental model comes to Africa’, Review of African Political Economy, 35(1): 134–7.
137. Davis, P. (2007) ‘China and the end of poverty in Africa: towards mutual benefit?’, Joint report, Diakonia, Sweden, and the European Network on Debt and Development (Eurodad).
138. Dawar, N. and T. Frost (1999) ‘Competing with giants’, Harvard Business Review, March/April, pp. 119–29.
139. De Silva, L. (1983) ‘The non-aligned movement: its economic organization and NIEO perspectives’, in B. Palvic, R. Uranga, B. Cizelj and M. Svetlicic, The Challenge of South–South Cooperation, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
140. De Waal, A. (2007) ‘Darfur and the failure of the responsibility to protect’, International Affairs, 83(6): 1039–54.
141. Denoon, D. B. H. (2007) The Economic and Strategic Rise of China and India: Asian realignments after the 1997 financial crisis, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
142. DfID (2008) ‘managing aid effectively: lessons for China?’, Workshop report, Beijing, 27/28 March, p. 2.
143. DfID/Centre for Chinese Studies (2006) ‘China’s interest in Africa’s construction and infrastructure sectors’, University of Stellenbosch.
144. Dikshit, S. (1989) Nehru and Africa, Nehru Centenary Volume, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
145. Dixon, R. (2006) ‘Africans lash out at Chinese employees’, Los Angeles Times, 6 October.
146. Dowling, M. and C. T. Cheang (2000) ‘Shifting comparative advantage in Asia: new tests of the “flying geese” model’, Journal of Asian Economics, 11: 443–63.
147. Downs, E. (2004) ‘The Chinese energy security debate’, China Quarterly, 177.
148. Downs, E. (2007) ‘The fact and fiction of Sino-African energy relations,’ China Security, 3(3).
149. Draper, P. and P. Alves (2006) ‘South Africa, China, and clothing conundrums’, Evian Group Policy Brief, December.
150. Draper, P., M. Kalaba and P. Alves (2006) ‘Deepening integration in SADC – South Africa’s international trade diplomacy: implications for regional integration’, in A. Bosl, W. Breytenbach, T. Hartzenberg, C. McCarthy and K. Schade, Monitoring Regional Integration in Southern Africa Yearbook, 6, Stellenbosch: tralac.
151. Duke, D., A. Jacobson and D. M. Kammen (2002) ‘Photovoltaic module quality in the Kenyan solar home systems market’, Energy Policy, 30: 477–99.
152. Dunn, K. C. and T. M. Shaw (eds) (2001) Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory, London: Palgrave.
153. Dunning, J. H. (1973) ‘The determinants of international production’, Oxford Economic Papers, 25: 289–336.
154. Dunning, J. H. (2001) ‘The Eclectic (OLI) paradigm of international production: past, present, and future’, International Journal of the Economics of Business, 8(2): 173–90.
155. Dutta, S. (2007) ‘Govt to set up energy security panel to counter China’, Times of India, 7 March, available at www.timesofindia.com/Govt_to_set_up_energy_security_panel_to_counter_China/articleshow/1729102.com.
156. ECA (2006) Assessing Regional Integration in Africa: Rationalizing regional economic communities, Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa.
157. ECLAC (1995) Policies to Improve Linkages with the Global Economy, Santiago: ECLAC.
158. Economic Times (2009) ‘India set to sign pharma export deal with Nigeria’, New Delhi, 3 August.
159. Economist (2007) The World in 2008.
160. Economist (2008a) ‘The new colonialists: special report on China’s thirst for resources’, 15–21 March.
161. Economist (2008b) ‘Africa: there is hope’, 11–18 October, pp. 20, 33–6.
162. Economist (2008c) ‘Dealing with sinophobia’, 12 July.
163. Economist (2009) ‘Buying farmland abroad: outsourcing’s third wave’, Special issue on India, ‘Good news from India’, 23 May.
164. Eichengreen, B., Y. Ree and Y. Tong (2004) ‘The impact of China on the exports of other Asian countries’, NBER Working Paper no. w1078, Cambridge, MA.
165. EIU (Economics Intelligence Unit) (2005) ‘Sudan: country profile’.
166. EIU (Economics Intelligence Unit) (2006) ‘Sudan: country report’, September.
167. Elbadawi, I. (1997) ‘The impact of regional trade and monetary schemes on intra-sub-Saharan African trade’, in A. Oyejide, I. Elbadawi and P. Collier (eds), Regional Integration and Trade Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa, vol. 1: Framework, Issues and Methodological Perspectives, London: Macmillan.
168. Embassy of India in Ethiopia (2006) Market Survey on Bulk Drugs and Pharmaceutical Products, HS no. 30, February, available at www.cii.in/documents/market_africa.pdf, accessed 23 July 2009.
169. Embassy of India in Ethiopia (2009) List of Investments Approved by Indian Investors, July 1992–December 2008, available at www.indianembassy.gov.et/FINAl_800by600/investment.xls, accessed 4 August 2009.
170. Enderwick, P. (2007) Understanding Emerging Markets: China and India, New York: Routledge.
171. Enfan, S. (ed.) (1997) Memorabilia of Diplomacy of People’s Republic of China, vol. 1, Beijing: World Affairs Publishing House.
172. Engdahl, W. (2007) ‘Darfur? It’s the oil, stupid …’ Financial Sense, guest editorials, 21 May, available at www.financialsense.com/editorial/engdahl/2007/0521.html.
173. Engineer, J. and A. Parimi (2008) ‘Africa: great potential’, in V. S. Sheth (ed.), India–Africa Relations: Emerging policy and development perspective, Delhi: Academic Excellence Press.
174. Ethiopian Embassy (2008) ‘Ethiopia: Indian investment reaches US$1.8 billion – Tata International opens office in Addis’, July, available at www.ethiopiaembassy.in/indian-investmentnews.htm.
175. Evans, P. (1998) ‘Transferable lessons? Reexamining the institutional prerequisites of East Asian economic policies’, Journal of Development Studies, 34(6): 66–86.
176. EXIM Bank of India (2008) Annual Report 2008–09: South–South cooperation and trade prospects, New Delhi: EXIM Bank.
177. EXIM Bank of India (2009a) ‘India to triple trade with Africa to US$100 billion in five years’, Indo-African Business, Mumbai, November– January, pp. 5–10.
178. EXIM Bank of India (2009b) ‘Bulk of EXIM Bank’s LOCs goes to Africa, SME get preference’, Indo-African Business, May–July, p. 34.
179. EXIM Bank of India (2009c) ‘EXIM Bank’s LOCs: expanding links in India–Africa Project partnership’, Indo-African Business, February– April, p. 13.
180. EXIM Bank of India (2009d) Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on sub-Saharan Africa, 25 March, available at www.exim.gov/products/special/africa/pubs/impact_global_crisis_sub-saharan_africa_mar09.pdf, accessed 22 July 2009.
181. Eximius: Export Advantage (2008) Available at www.eximbankindia.com/expadv-mar09.pdf, accessed July 2008.
182. Falola, T. (1995) ‘Gender, business, and space control: Yoruba market women and power’, in B. House-Midamba and F. K. Ekechi (eds), African Market Women and Economic Power: The role of women in African economic development, Westport, CT: Greenwood.
183. Fandrych, S. (2007) ‘China in Angola – sustainable reconstruction, calculated election campaign support or global interest politics?’, Heft: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
184. FAO (2008) cited in Factbox: Investing in Africa, Land and Agriculture, Reuters, 7 October, available at farmlandgrab.org/2532, accessed 31 July 2009.
185. Farrow, M. and R. Farrow (2007) ‘The Genocide Olympics’, Wall Street Journal, 28 March.
186. Fenby, J. (2008) The Penguin History of Modern China: The fall and rise of a great power 1850–2008, London: Allen Lane.
187. Feus, T. (2008) Quoted in G. Mutume, ‘Africa secures new southern partners’, Africa Renewal, 22(3), available at un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol22no3/223-africa-secures-newpartners.html.
188. FICCI (2007) Special Address by Honourable Minister Shri Murli Deora, 6/7 November, available at www.ficci.com, accessed 16 June 2008.
189. Financial Times (2007a) ‘Solar power looks to brighter future’, 14 September.
190. Financial Times (2007b) ‘“Wall of money” set to flow into Asian renewable energy’, 29 October.
191. Financial Times (2008) ‘The new scramble for Africa’s resources’, 28 January.
192. Finger, M. K. (n.d.) ‘Evolving wave of competition in the international market: challenges for Africa through the rise of China and India’, Mimeo, Economic Research and Statistics Division, WTO.
193. FOCAC (Forum on China–Africa Cooperation) (2003) ‘Let us build on our past achievements and promote China–Africa friendly cooperation on all fronts’, Speech by HE Mr Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, at the opening ceremony of the 2nd Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation, Addis Ababa, 15 December, Documents and Speeches, pp. 29–46.
194. FOCAC (Forum on China–Africa Cooperation) (2006) ‘Programme for China–Africa cooperation in economic and social development’, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People’s Republic of China, Beijing, 6 October.
195. Fortune (2009) Indian Company to Start Tendaho Sugar Factory, Addis Ababa, 29 June, available at www.ethiopia embassy.in/news/panel/frmNews.aspx, accessed 1 August 2009.
196. Frank, A. G. (1967) Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America, New York: Monthly Review Press.
197. Frazer, A. and J. Lungu (2006) For Whom the Windfalls?, Lusaka: Civil Society Trade Network Zambia (CSTNZ).
198. French-Davies, R. (1988) ‘An outline of a neo-structuralist approach’, CEPAL Review, 34: 371.
199. Frynas, J. G. (2004) ‘The oil boom in Equatorial Guinea’, African Affairs, 103(413): 527.
200. Frynas, J. G. and M. Paulo (2007) ‘A new scramble for African oil? Historical, political and business perspectives’, African Affairs, 106(423): 229–51.
201. G77 and China (2003) Ministerial Declaration of the Group of 77 and China on the Fifth WTO Ministerial Conference at Cancun, Mexico, 10–14 September 2003, WT/L/536, 25 August.
202. Gadir, H. E. A. (2007) Paper presented at the international conference on ‘China– Sudan Relations’, Beijing, 26 July.
203. Ganguly, S. (ed.) (2003a) India as an Emerging Power, London: Frank Cass.
204. Ganguly, S. (2003b) ‘India’s foreign policy grows up’, World Policy Journal, 20(4): 41–7.
205. Ganguly, S. (2007) The ONGC: Charting a New Course?, Report prepared in conjunction with an energy study sponsored by Japan Petroleum Energy Centre and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, March.
206. Ganguly, S. (2008) ‘India 2007: a symposium on the year that was’, Seminar no. 581, January.
207. Garlick, P. C. (1971) African Traders and Economic Development in Ghana, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
208. Gerlich, G. (2005) ‘Wax prints im sociokulturellen Kontext Ghanas’, Working Paper no. 54, Institute für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz.
209. Gerth, H. H. and C. Wright Mills (1948) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, London: Routledge.
210. Ghemawat, P. (2007) Redefining Global Strategy: Crossing borders in a world where differences still matter, Harvard Business School Publishing.
211. Gibbon, P. (2002) ‘Present-day capitalism, the New International Trade Regime and Africa’, Review of African Political Economy, 29(91): 95–112.
212. Gill, B. and J. Reilly (2000) ‘Sovereignty, intervention and peacekeeping: the view from Beijing’, Survival, 42: 41–59.
213. Gill, B., Chin-hao Huang and J. S. Morrison (2006) China’s Expanding Role in Africa: Implications for the United States, Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Affairs.
214. Global Insight (2007) Indian and Chinese Companies Dominate Mini Licensing Round in Nigeria, available at www.globalinsight.com/SDA/SDADetail5934.htm, accessed 16 June 2008.
215. Goldstein, A. (2007) Multinational Companies from Emerging Economies, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
216. Goldstein, A., N. Pinaud, H. Reisen and X. Chen (2006) ‘The rise of China and India: what’s in it for Africa?’, Paris: OECD.
217. Goodman, P. S. (2004) ‘China invests heavily in Sudan’s oil industry’, Washington Post, 23 December, available at www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A21143-2004Dec22.
218. Gopal, S. and U. Iyengar (eds) (2002) The Essential Writings of Jawaharlal Nehru, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
219. Gore, C. (2000) ‘The rise and fall of the Washington Consensus as a paradigm for developing countries’, World Development, 28(3): 789–804.
220. Government of India (1949) Independence and After: A Collection of the More Important Speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru from September 1946 to May 1949, Public Division, Delhi.
221. Government of India (1993) ‘Annual report’, Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi.
222. Government of India (2001) Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, available at indiandiaspora.nic.in/diaspora.pdf./chapter7.pdf., accessed 13 December 2008.
223. Guest, R. (2004) The Shackled Continent: Africa’s past, present, and future, Oxford: Macmillan.
224. Guijin, L. (2007) Speech by Ambassador Liu Guijin, Special Representative of the Chinese Government for African Affairs, at the conference ‘Partners in competition? EU, Africa and China’, 28 June.
225. Gulfnews (2008) ‘India’s crude imports rise 9.1 per cent in 2007–08’, 3 May, available at archive.gulfnews.com/articles/08/05/03, accessed 17 September 2008.
226. Haggard, S. (1990) Pathways to the Periphery: The politics of growth in the newly industrialized countries, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
227. Haggard, S. (1994) ‘Politics and institutions in the World Bank’s East Asia’, in R. Wade et al. (eds), Miracle or Design? Lessons from the East Asian experience, Washington, DC: Overseas Development Council, pp. 81–104.
228. Hanson, S. (2008) ‘China, Africa, and oil’, Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, DC.
229. Hare, P. (2007) ‘China and Zambia: the all-weather friendship hits stormy weather’, China Brief 26-4-2007, Jamestown Foundation, Washington, DC.
230. Harsh, E. (2009) ‘Senegal to fight hunger, modernize farming’, Africa Recovery, 17(1): 14, available at www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec//vol17no1/171food2.htm.
231. Hart, M. (2008) ‘Soaring Asian trade benefits Africa’, Business Day, 21 August, available at www.businessdayonline.com, accessed 17 September 2008.
232. Haselock, S. (2008) ‘Pessimism hangs over Darfur’, New African, August/September, p. 42.
233. Hate, V. (2008) ‘India in Africa: moving beyond oil’, Africa Policy Forum, 7 July, available at forums.csis.org/africa/?p=144, accessed 20 September 2008.
234. Heilbrunn, J. R. (1993) ‘Social origins of national conferences in Benin and Togo’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 31(2): 277–99.
235. Heine, J. (2006) ‘On the manner of practising the new diplomacy’, Working Paper no. 11, CIGI, Waterloo, October
236. Herbst, J. (2005) ‘Africa and the challenge of globalization’, Presented at the Conference on Globalization and Economic Success: Policy Options for Africa, Singapore, 7/8 November.
237. Hilsum, L. (2005) ‘We love China’, Granta, the View from Africa, 92.
238. Hindu, The (2004) ‘Apollo to assist Hygeia’, 19 October.
239. Hindu Business Line (2008a) ‘Karturi launches farm operations in Ethiopia’, 24 October.
240. Hindu Business Line (2008b) ‘Technology, agriculture high on India–Africa meet agenda’, 15 March.
241. Hodges, T. (2001) Angola from Afro-Stalinism to Petro-diamond Capitalism, Oxford: James Currey.
242. Holsag, J. (2007) ‘China’s diplomatic victory in Darfur’, BICCS Asia Paper, 2(4), 15 August.
243. House-Midamba, B. and F. K. Ekechi (eds) (1995) African Market Women and Economic Power: The role of women in African economic development, Westport, CT: Greenwood.
244. Huang Meibo (2007) ‘The mechanism of China’s foreign aid: status and trend’, International Economic Cooperation, 6: 4–11.
245. Hughes, C. (2006) Chinese Nationalism in a Global Era, London: Routledge.
246. Human Rights Watch (2003) Sudan, Oil, and Human Rights, New York: Human Rights Watch.
247. Humphrey, J. and D. Messner (2006) ‘China and India as emerging governance actors: challenges for developing and developed countries’, IDS Bulletin, 37(1): 107–14.
248. Hunter, A. (2006), China: Soft power and cultural influence, available at www.ipra2006.com/papers/CRPBC/China SoftPowerAndCulturalInfluence.doc.
249. Hutchful, E. (2002) Ghana’s Adjustment Experience. The paradox of reform, UNDRISD.
250. IFC (International Finance Corporation) (2009) Agribusiness in Africa, available at www.ifc.org/ifcext/africa.nsf/Content/Agribusiness, accessed 21 July 2009.
251. Ikome, F. (2007) From the Lagos Plan of Action to the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, Midrand: Institute for Global Dialogue.
252. Imitira, J. (2008) Economic Regulation Department, Energy Regulatory Commission, personal interview, 12 August.
253. India–Africa Forum Summit (2008) Delhi Declaration, 8/9 April.
254. Indian National Congress (1976) India and the African Liberation Struggle, New Delhi.
255. Insoll, T. (2003) The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
256. International Crisis Group (2002) God, Oil and Country: Changing the logic of war in the Sudan, Brussels: International Crisis Group.
257. IPA (International Peace Academy) (2002) NEPAD: African initiative, new partnership?, IPA Workshop Report, New York.
258. IRIN News (2006) ‘AFRICA: China’s great leap into the continent’, March, available at www.irinnews.org, accessed 30 May 2007.
259. Jacobson, A. and D. Kammen (2005) The Value of Vigilance: Evaluating product quality in the Kenyan solar photovoltaic industry, Berkeley: University of California.
260. Jakobson, L. and Z. Daojiong (2006) ‘China and the worldwide search for oil security’, Asia-Pacific Review, 13(2).
261. Jenkins, R. and C. Edwards (2005) ‘The effect of China and India’s growth and trade liberalization on poverty in Africa’, Final report, African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi.
262. Jobelius, M. (2007) ‘New powers for global change? Challenges for the development cooperation: the case of India’, Dialogue on Globalization, Briefing Paper, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Berlin, 5 March.
263. Johnson, C. (1995) ‘Political institutions and economic performance: the government–business relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan’, in F. Deyo (ed.), The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialization, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
264. Johnson, H. (1976) ‘The New International Economic Order’, Selected Papers no. 49, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, available at www.chicagobooth.edu/factulty/selected papers/sp49.pdf, accessed 20 April 2009.
265. Junbo, J. (2007) ‘China in Africa: from capitalism to colonialism’, Asia Times (online), 5 January, available at www.atimes.com/atimes/China/IA05Ad01.html, accessed 13 February 2009.
266. Kajee, A. (2004) ‘Nepad’s APRM: a progress report, practical limitations and challenges’, South African Yearbook of International Affairs 2003/04, SAIIA, Johannesburg.
267. Kanter, J. (2009) ‘Bio fuels and “land grabs” in poor nations’, Green Inc, reprinted New York Times, 13 August, available at greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/12/biofuels-and-landgrabs-in-poor-nations.
268. Kaplinsky, R. and D. Messner (eds) (2008) ‘Special issue: the impact of Asian drivers on the developing world’, World Development, 36(2): 197–340.
269. Kaplinsky, R., D. McCormic and M. Morris (2006) ‘The impact of China on sub Saharan Africa’, Asian Drivers Background Papers, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton.
270. Kasahara, S. (2004) ‘The flying geese paradigm: a critical study of its application to East Asian regional development’, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva.
271. Katti, V., T. Chahoud and A. Kaushik (2009) ‘India’s development cooperation: opportunities and challenges for international development cooperation’, Briefing Paper 3/2009, German Development Institute.
272. Kaunda, K. (1968) ‘Zambia’s economic reforms’, African Affairs, 67(4): 295–304.
273. Kay, C. (1989) Latin American Theories of Development and Underdevelopment, London: Routledge.
274. Kay, G. (1975) Development and Underde velopment: A Marxist analysis, London: Macmillan.
275. KBL (Kirloskar Brothers Ltd) (2008) ‘Kirloskar pumping solutions unleash green revolution in Senegal’, Company leaflet.
276. KBL (Kirloskar Brothers Ltd) (n.d.) Kirolskar Pumps and Valves in Sugar Industry, available at web.kbl.co.in/kbl_internet/images/downloads/sectoralleaflets/Sugar.pdf, accessed 3 August 2009.
277. Keet, D. (2002) ‘The New Partnership for Africa’s Development: unity and integration within Africa? Or integration of Africa into the global economy?’, IGD Occasional Paper no. 35, Midrand.
278. Keet, D. (2006) ‘South–South strategic challenges to the global economic system’, Occasional Paper no. 53, Johannesburg: Institute for Global Dialogue.
279. Keet, D. (2007) Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs): Response to the EU offensive against ACP development regions, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
280. Kenya Ministry of Energy (2004) Sessional Paper no. 4 of 2004 on Energy, Nairobi: Government Printers.
281. Khor, M. (2001) Rethinking Globalization, London: Zed Books.
282. Khor, M. (2009) Statement at the United Nations General Assembly Extraordinary Thematic Dialogue on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development, South Centre, New York, 25 March, available at www.southcentre.org/index.php?option, accessed 10 April 2009.
283. King, K. (2006) ‘China in Africa: A new lens on development cooperation, with a focus on human resources’, Conference paper, Comparative Culture and Education in African and Asian Societies.
284. Kitissou, M. (ed.) (2007) Africa in China’s Global Strategy, London: Adonis & Abbey.
285. Klare, M. and D. Volman (2006) ‘America, China and the scramble for Africa’s oil’, Review of African Political Economy, 33(108): 297–309.
286. Kojima, K. (2000) ‘The flying-geese model of Asian economic development: origin, theoretical extensions and regional policy implications’, Journal of Asian Economics, 11: 375–401.
287. Konings, P. (2007) ‘China and Africa in the era of neo-liberal globalisation’, Codesria Bulletin, (1/2): 17–22.
288. Koyi, G. and A. Muneku (2007) ‘The social and economic impact of Asian FDI in Zambia: a case of Chinese and Indian investments in Zambia, 1997–2007’, Study commissioned by Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Lusaka.
289. Kragelund, P. (2008) ‘The return of non-DAC donors to Africa: new prospects for African development’, Development Policy Review, 26(5): 555–84.
290. Kragelund, P. (2009) ‘Part of the disease or part of the cure? Chinese investments in the Zambian mining and construction sectors’, European Journal of Development Research, 21(4): 644–61.
291. Kriger, C. E. (2006) Cloth in West African History, Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
292. Kristoff, N. D. (2006) ‘China and Sudan, blood and oil’, New York Times, 23 April.
293. Kumaraswamy, P. (2007) ‘India’s energy cooperation with China: the slippery side’, China Report, 43(3).
294. Kurlantzick, J. (2007) Charm Offensive: How China’s soft power is transforming the world, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
295. Kwami, A. (1995) ‘Textile designs in Ghana: extracts from a report’, in J. Picton (ed.), The Art of African Textiles: Technology, tradition, and lurex, London: Barbican Art Gallery in association with Lund Humphries.
296. Large, D. (2007) ‘Arms, oil and Darfur: the evolution of relations between China and Sudan’, Sudan Issue Brief, Small Arms Survey, 7, July.
297. Large, D. (2008a) ‘China’s role in the mediation and resolution of conflicts in Africa’, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.
298. Large, D. (2008b) ‘Beyond “Dragon in the Bush”: the study of China–Africa relations’, African Affairs, 107(426): 45–61.
299. Large, D. (2008c) ‘China and the contradictions of “non-interference” in Sudan’, Review of African Political Economy, 35(115).
300. Larmer, M. (2005) ‘Reaction and resistance to neo-liberalism in Zambia’, Review of African Political Economy, 32(103): 29–45.
301. Le Pere, G. (ed.) (2006) China in Africa: Mercantilist predator or partner in development?, Midrand: IGD.
302. Le Pere, G. and G. Shelton (eds) (2007) China, Africa and South Africa: South– South cooperation in a global era, Midrand: IGD.
303. Lee, M. (2003) The Political Economy of Regionalism in Southern Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
304. Lee, M. C. et al. (eds) (2007) China in Africa, Current African Issues no. 33, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, June.
305. Levkowitz, L., M. McLellan Ross and J. R. Warner (2009) ‘The 88 Queensway Group: a case study in Chinese investors’ operations in Angola and beyond’, Washington, DC: US–China Economic & Security Review Commission.
306. Lewis, A. (1954) ‘Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour’, The Manchester School, 21: 139–91.
307. Li, A. (2007) ‘China and Africa: policy and challenges’, China Security, 3(3).
308. Li Yuliang (1999) ‘China’s foreign aid in the trend of international economic integration’, Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 91(4): 91–5.
309. Liang, W. (2008) ‘New Africa policy: China’s quest for oil and influence’, in G. Sujian and J.-M. F. Blanchard (eds), Harmonious World and China’s Foreign Policy, Lexington, KY: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 15–32.
310. Limao N. and A. J. Venables (2001) ‘Infrastructure, geographical disadvantages and transport costs’, World Bank Economic Review, 15(3): 451–79.
311. Liu, H. (2006) ‘Status quo of Sino-African cultural relations’, in Confidential Report of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, pp. 63–71.
312. Longo, R. and K. Sekkat (2004) ‘Economic obstacles to expanding intra-Africa trade’, World Development, 32(8): 1309–21.
313. Luke-Boone, R. (2001) African Fabrics, Iola, WI: Krause Publications.
314. Lungu, J. (2008) ‘Copper mining agreements in Zambia: renegotiation or law reform?’, Review of African Political Economy, 35(3): 403–15.
315. Lungu, J. and C. Mulenga (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in the Extractive Industry in Zambia, Ndola: Catholic Commission for Justice Development and Peace (CCJDP), Development Education Project (DECOP) and Zambia Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU).
316. Lutz, J. M. (1987) ‘Shifting comparative advantage, the NICs and the developing countries’, International Trade Journal, 1(4): 339–58.
317. Lv Xuejian (1989) ‘Explore various ways of foreign aid to consolidate achievements’, International Economic Cooperation, 2: 4–11.
318. Lyakurwa, W., A. McKay, N. Ng’eno and W. Kennes (1997) ‘Regional integration in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of experiences and issues’, in A. Oyejide, I. Elbadawi and P. Collier (eds), Regional Integration and Trade Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa, vol. 1: Framework, Issues and Methodological Perspectives, London: Macmillan.
319. Lyman, P. (2005) ‘China’s rising role in Africa’, Presentation to the US–China Commission, 21 July, available at www.cfr.org/publications/8436, accessed 2 August 2006.
320. Madan, T. (2006) ‘India’, Energy Security Series, Brookings Foreign Policy Series, Brookings Institute, Washington, DC, November, available at www.brookings.edu/fp/research/energy/2006india.htm.
321. Mahmood, A. (2001) ‘Shifting export specialization and the competitiveness of the Malaysian manufacturing: trends and analyses’, International Trade Journal, XV(2): 187–219.
322. Mann, P. (2000) India’s Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era, New Delhi: Harman.
323. Martin, W. G. (2008) ‘Africa’s futures: from North–South to East–South?’, Third World Quarterly, 29(2): 339–56.
324. Masters, L. (2008) ‘The G8 and the Heiligendamm Dialogue Process: institutionalising the “Outreach 5”’, no. 85, Midrand: IGD, November.
325. Mathews, K. (1997) ‘A multifaceted relationship: a synoptic view’, Africa Quarterly, 37(1/2): 1.
326. Matthews, J. (2006) Strategizing, Disequilibrium and Profit, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
327. Matthews, S. (2004) ‘Investigating NEPAD’s development assumptions’, Review of African Political Economy, 101: 497–511.
328. Mbachu, D. (2006) ‘Nigerian resources: changing the playing field’, South African Journal of International Affairs, 13(1), Summer/Autumn.
329. McCormick, D. (2008) ‘China and India as Africa’s new donors: the impact of aid on development’, Review of African Political Economy, 35(115): 74–92.
330. McGreal, C. (2007) ‘Thanks China, now go home: buy-up of Zambia revives old colonial fears’, Guardian, 5 February.
331. McKeon, N. (2009) Poverty Reduction in the Sahel: What do farmers have to say, available at www.europafrica.info/file_download/128/poverty_final.pdf, accessed 3 August 2009.
332. Melber, H. (ed.) (2007) ‘China in Africa’, Current Afrian Issues, 35, Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala.
333. Mepham, D. and L. Wild (eds) (2006) The New Sinosphere: China in Africa, London: IPPR.
334. Mills, G. (2008) ‘The US and Africa: prisoners of a paradigm?’, Current History, 107(709): 225–30.
335. Mills, G. and C. Thompson (2008) ‘Partners or predators? China in Africa’, China Brief, 8(2), January.
336. Ministry of External Affairs (various years) Annual Report, Prepared by the Policy Planning and Research Division, New Delhi.
337. Ministry of External Affairs (2009) ‘Civilian training programme: Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) and Special Commonwealth Assistance for Africa Programme (SCAAP), 2009–2010’, Sponsored by the Ministry of External Affairs (New Delhi), available at itec.nic.in/t2009.pdf.
338. Ministry of Finance (2007) ‘India Budget 2007–08’, Budget speech by the minister of finance, P. Chidambaram, 28 February, available at indiabudget.nic.in/ub2007-08/bs/speecha.htm.
339. Miu Kaijin (2006) ‘A study of China’s cultural diplomacy’, Graduate Faculty of the Party School of the Central Committee of the CCP.
340. Mkandawire, T. (2001) ‘Thinking about developmental states in Africa’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 25: 289–314.
341. Mkandawire, T. and C. Soludo (1999) Our Continent, Our Future: African perspectives on structural adjustment, Dakar: CODESRIA.
342. Modi, R. (2009a) ‘India and Africa: ideal and natural partners’, Pambazuka News, 444, available at www.pamba zuka.org/en/category/features/58068, accessed 1 August 2009.
343. Modi, R. (2009b) ‘Offshore health care management of Africans in India’, cited in E. Mawdsley and G. McCaan (eds), India and East Africa: Changing geographies of power and development, Fahamu, forthcoming.
344. Modi, R. (2009c) ‘Pan-African e-Network: a model of South–South cooperation’, Africa Quarterly, 49(1), Indian Council for Cultural Relations, New Delhi, February–April 2009, available at indiaafricaconnect.in/africa%20quaterly/AQ-Feb-April09.pdf.
345. Mohammed, A. (2009) ‘Towards an effective African Union: participation, institutions, and leadership’, in S. Adejumboi and A. Olukoshi (eds), The African Union and New Strategies for Development in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA, pp. 56–7.
346. Mohan, G. and M. Power (eds) (2008) ‘The “new” face of China–African cooperation’, Review of African Political Economy, 35(115): 2–166.
347. Mohiddin, A. (2009) ‘The national process of the African Peer Review Mechanism: challenges and opportunities’, in S. Adejumobi and A. Olukoshi (eds), The African Union and New Strategies for Development in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA, pp. 136–62.
348. Morphet, S. (2004) ‘Multilateralism and the non-aligned movement: what is the global South doing and where is it going?’, Global Governance, 10(4): 517–37.
349. Mosher, S. W. (2006) China’s Plan to Dominate Asia and the World, San Francisco, CA: Encounter.
350. Mthembu-Salter, G. (forthcoming) ‘Price power: China’s role in the telecommunications sector of the Democratic Republic of Congo’, SAIIA.
351. Muni, S. D. and G. C. Pant (2005) India’s Energy Security, Delhi: Rupa & Co.
352. Munyao, J. (2008) Executive Director, Electrogen Technologies, personal interview, 12 August.
353. Murphy, D. (2007) ‘Narrating Darfur: Darfur in the US press, March– September 2004’, in A. de Waal (ed.), War in Darfur and the Search for Peace, Justice Africa/Global Equity Initiative, pp. 314–36.
354. Mwanawina, I. (2007) ‘An assessment of Chinese development assistance in Africa: Zambia’, Study commissioned by the Africa Forum and Network on Debt and Development (AFRODAD).
355. Naidu, S. (2007) ‘The Forum on China– Africa Cooperation (FOCAC): what does the future hold?’, China Report, 43(3).
356. Naidu, S. and L. Corkin (2006) ‘Who was the real winner in China?’, China Monitor, 13, Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch.
357. Naidu, S. and M. Davies (2006) ‘China fuels its future with Africa’s riches’, South African Journal of International Affairs, 13(2).
358. Narlikar, A. (2006) ‘Fairness in international trade negotiations: developing countries in the GATT and WTO’, World Economy, 29(8): 10005–29.
359. Narlikar, A. and R. Wilkinson (2004) ‘Collapse at the WTO: a Cancun postmortem’, Third World Quarterly, 25(3): 447–60.
360. National Intelligence Council (2004) ‘Mapping the global future’, Report of the National Intelligence Council’s 2020 Project, NIC 2004-13, Washington, DC.
361. Natsios, A. S. (2008) ‘Beyond Darfur: Sudan’s slide toward civil war’, Foreign Affairs, 87(3): 80.
362. Nayar, B. R. (2003) ‘Globalization and India’s national autonomy’, Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 41(2): 1–34.
363. Ndulu, B. (2006) ‘Infrastructure, regional integration and growth in sub-Saharan Africa: dealing with the disadvantages of geography and sovereign fragmentation’, Journal of African Economics, AERC Supplement 2, pp. 212–44.
364. Nelson, D. (2009) ‘India joins the “neo-colonial rush” for Africa’s land and labour’, The Telegraph, New Delhi, 28 June, available at www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/5673437/India-joins-neocolonialrush-for-Africas-land-and-labour.html.
365. NEPAD (2001) ‘The New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD)’, Midrand NEPAD Secretariat, available at www.dfa.gov.za/events/nepad.pdf.
366. NEPAD (2002) Underpinning Investments in African Agriculture and Trade-related Capacities for Improved Market Access: A continental vision, CAADP, November, available at www.fao.org/docrep/005/y6831e/y6831e-02.htm, accessed 3 August 2009.
367. NEPAD (2003) Objectives, Standards, Criteria and Indicators for the African Peer Review Mechanism, 6th Summit of the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee (NEPAD/HSGIC-03-2003/APRM/Guidelines/OSCI), Abuja, 9 March.
368. Neumayer, E. and L. Spess (2005) ‘Do bilateral investment treaties increase foreign direct investment to developing countries?’, World Development, 33(10): 1567–85.
369. NIC (2008) Global Trends 2025: A transformed world, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
370. Niquet, V. (2006) ‘China’s African strategy’, Politique étrangère, 2.
371. Nkrumah, K. (1963) Africa Must Unite, London: Pall Mall Press.
372. Nkuhlu, W. L. (2005) The Journey So Far, Midrand: NEPAD Secretariat, available at www.nepad.org/2005/files/documents/journey.pdf, accessed 17 September 2008.
373. Nnadozie, E. (2009) ‘NEPAD, APREM, and institutional change in Africa’, in S. Adejumobi and A. Olukoshi (eds), The African Union and New Strategies for Development in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA, pp. 136–62.
374. Nouve, K. and J. Staatz (2003) ‘Has AGOA increased agricultural exports from sub-Saharan Africa to the United States?’, Paper presented at the international conference ‘Agricultural policy reform and the WTO: where are we heading?’, Capri, 23–26 June.
375. Nwajiaku, K. (1994) ‘The National Conference in Benin and Togo revisted’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 32(3): 429–47.
376. OAU (1980) Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic Development of Africa, 1980–2000, Addis Ababa: Organization of African Unity.
377. Obi, C. (2008) ‘Enter the dragon? Chinese oil companies and resistance in the Niger Delta’, Review of African Political Economy, 35(3).
378. OECD (2003) ‘Glossary of statistical terms: concessional loan’, OECD statistical portal, available at stats.oecd.org/glosary/detail.asp?ID=5901.
379. OECD (2006) ‘OECD policy dialogue with non-members on Aid for Trade: from policy to practice’, Doha, Qatar, 6/7 November, available at www.oecd.org/document/50/0,3343, en_2649_34665_37232754_1_1_1_1,00.html.
380. OECD (2008) OECD Investment Policy Reviews: China – encouraging responsible business conduct, Paris: OECD.
381. OECD (2009) ‘Trade and agricultural directorate participation to the arrangement on officially supported export credits’, TAD/PG/2009/21, OECD, Paris, available at www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2009doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00004C12/$FILE/JT03268495.pdf.
382. OECD/WTO (2009) ‘Aid for Trade at a glance: 2nd Global Review’, available at www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/aid4trade09_e.pdf.
383. Ohmae, K. (2005) Triad Power: The coming shape of global competition, New York: Free Press.
384. O’Neill, J. (2003) ‘Dreaming with BRICs: the path to 2050’, Global Economics Paper no. 99, New York: Goldman Sachs.
385. O’Neill, J. (2004) ‘How solid are the BRICs?’, Global Economics Paper no. 134, New York: Goldman Sachs.
386. Orr, T. (2006) ‘Letter from China: FOCAC 2006’, China Monitor, 13, Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch.
387. Owusu, G. and R. Lund (2004) ‘Markets and women’s trade: exploring their role in district development in Ghana’, Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 58: 113–24.
388. Oxfam (2002) Rigged Rules and Double Standards: Trade globalization and the fight against poverty, Oxford: Oxfam, available at www.markettradefair.com.
389. Ozawa, T. (2001) ‘The hidden side of “flying-geese” catch-up model: Japan’s dirigiste institutional set-up and deepening financial morass’, Journal of Asian Economics, 12: 471–91.
390. Padmanabhan, M. (2003) ‘Scope for more pharma exports, India–Africa health summit today’, Hindu Business Line, 19 November.
391. Pan-African e-Network (2009) ‘Pan-African e-Network project launched: a shining example of South–South cooperation’, available at www.panafricanenetwork.com/Portal/AboutProject.jsp.
392. Pant, G. (2007) ‘Making knowledge the focus of India–Africa relations’, Africa Currents, 26(42): 16–32.
393. Patel, C. (2003) ACP and African Union Role in Cancun – some reflections, lessons, 19 September, available at twnside.org.sg/title/5423a.htm.
394. Payne, R. and C. Veney (2001) ‘Taiwan and Africa: Taipei’s continuing search for international recognition’, Journal of African and Asian Studies, 36(4).
395. Pedersen, J. D. (2008) Globalization, Development and the State: The performance of India and Brazil since 1990, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
396. Peil, M. (1974) ‘Ghana’s aliens’, International Migration Review, 8(3): 367–81.
397. People’s Daily (2000) ‘Exim Bank supports Congo’, 14 December.
398. People’s Republic of China (1990) Selective Works of Zhou Enlai’s Diplomacy, Beijing: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Party Literature Centre of the CPC Central Committee, Central Party Literature Publishing House.
399. People’s Republic of China (2006) China’s Africa Policy, Beijing.
400. Personal interview (2008a) Mobile phone operator officials, Kinshasa, April.
401. Personal interview (2008b) CCT official, Kinshasa, April.
402. Personal interview (2008c) Alcatel official, Kinshasa, April.
403. Pham, J. P. (2007) ‘The Indian tiger’s African safari’, Family Security Matters, 19 July, available at www.familysecuritymatters.org/global.php?id=1162076.
404. Picton, J. (1995) The Art of African Textiles: Technology, tradition, and lurex, London: Barbican Art Gallery in association with Lund Humphries.
405. Ping, A. (1999) ‘From proletarian internationalism to mutual development: China’s cooperation with Tanzania, 1965–95’, in G. Hyden and R. Mukandala (eds), Agencies in Foreign Aid: Comparing China, Sweden and the United States in Tanzania, Macmillan, p. 179.
406. Piot, C. (1999) Remotely Global: Village modernity in West Africa, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
407. Piot, C. (2006) ‘Jeux de frontière: la loterie des cartes vertes au Togo’, Politique africaine, 101: 171–81.
408. Poddar, T. and E. Yi (2007) ‘India’s rising growth potential’, Global Economics Paper no. 152, New York: Goldman Sachs, 22 January, available at www.usindiafriendship.net/viewpoint/India_Rising_Growth_Potential.pdf, accessed 30 January 2009.
409. Polgreen, L. (2009) ‘As Chinese investments in Africa drop, hope sinks’, New York Times, 26 March, available at www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/world/Africa/26chinaafrica.html, accessed 9 April 2009.
410. Pöyhönen, P. (1963) ‘A tentative model for the volume of trade between countries’, Weltwirtschaftliches, 90(1): 93–100.
411. Pradhan, J. P. (2008) ‘Indian direct investment in developing countries’, Paper presented at the Copenhagen Business School Conference on ‘Emerging multinationals: outward FDI to developing countries’, 9/10 October, Copenhagen Business School.
412. Quartey, P. (2006) ‘The textiles and clothing industry in Ghana’, in H. Jauch and R. Traub-Merz (eds), The Future of the Textile and Clothing Industry, Bonn: Friedrich Eberhart Stiftung.
413. Rabine, L. W. (2002) The Global Circulation of African Fashion, Oxford: Berg.
414. Rakner, L. (2003) Political and Economic Liberalisation in Zambia 1991–2001, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
415. Ramachandran, S. (2007a) ‘India pushes people power in Africa’, Asia Times (online), 7 July, available at www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IG13 Dfo3.html, accessed 13 February 2009.
416. Ramachandran, S. (2007b) ‘India turns its energies to Africa’, Asia Times, 10 November, available at www.atimes.com, accessed 14 March 2008.
417. Ramo, J. C. (2004) ‘The Beijing Consensus’, London: Foreign Policy Centre.
418. Rana, P. B. (1990) ‘Shifting comparative advantage in Asian and Pacific countries’, International Trade Journal, I(3): 243–59.
419. Range, J. (2005) ‘Zambia’s miners pay price for copper boom’, Dow Jones Newswire, 12 October.
420. Rao, S. R. (2006) ‘EXIM Bank: partner in Africa’s development’, Presentation at the OECD, Paris, 16–17 March, available at commerce.nic.in/trade/international_tpp_africa_10.asp.
421. Rawnsley, G. (2000) Taiwan’s Informal Diplomacy and Propaganda, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
422. Reeves, A. (2007) ‘China in Sudan: underwriting genocide’, Paper presented at US–China Economic and Security Re view Commission conference ‘China’s role in the world: is China a responsible stakeholder?’, Washington, DC, 3 April.
423. Reeves, E. (2007) ‘China, Darfur, and the Olympics: tarnishing the torch?’, available at www.dreamfordarfur.org.
424. Reisen, H. (2008) ‘How to spend it: sovereign wealth funds and the wealth of nations’, Policy Insights, 59, OECD Development Centre, February.
425. Reuters (2006) ‘China pushes Sudan to let UN troops into Darfur’, 14 September.
426. Robertson, C. (1976) ‘Ga women and socioeconomic change in Accra, Ghana’, in E. Bay and N. Hafkin (eds), Women in Africa: Studies in social and economic change, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
427. Robertson, C. (1983) ‘The death of Makola and other tragedies’, Canadian Journal of African Studies – Revue Canadienne des Etudes Africaines, 17: 469–95.
428. Robertson, C. (1984) Sharing the Same Bowl: A socioeconomic history of women and class in Accra, Ghana, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
429. Rodrik, D. (1994a) ‘Getting interventions right: how South Korea and Taiwan grew rich’, NBER Working Paper no. 4964.
430. Rodrik, D. (1994b) ‘King Kong meets Godzilla: the World Bank and the East Asian miracle’, in R. Wade et al. (eds), Miracle or Design? Lessons from the East Asian experience, Washington, DC: Overseas Development Council, pp. 13–47.
431. Rogerson, C. M. (2000) ‘Successful SMEs in South Africa: the case of clothing producers in the Witwatersrand’, Development Southern Africa, 17(5): 687–716.
432. Ronalsen, O. H. (2007) ‘Sudan: the Janjawiid and government militias’, in M. Boas and K. C. Dunn (eds), African Guerrillas: Raging against the machine, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, pp. 151–70.
433. Ronge, E. (2000) ‘Trade within the COMESA and between the East African Community and the European Union’, Memo, Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA).
434. Rowlands, D. (2008) ‘International Development Assistance Executive summary report: the Case of Brazil, China, India and South Africa’, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Partnership and Business Development Division, IDRC, Ottawa.
435. Rugman, A. and A. Verbeke (2004) ‘A perspective on regional and global strategies of multinational enterprises’, Journal of International Business Studies, 35: 3–18.
436. Rugman, A. and Jing Li (2007) ‘Will China’s multinationals succeed globally or regionally?’, European Management Journal, 25(5): 333–43.
437. Rumley, D. and S. Chaturvedi (eds) (2005) Energy Security and the Indian Ocean Region, New Delhi: South Asia Publishers.
438. Russel, A. and W. Wallis (2007) ‘China puts private pressure on Sudan’, Financial Times, 19 June.
439. Saasa, O. S. (1987) Zambia’s Policies towards Foreign Investments. The case of mining and non-mining sectors, Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
440. Sachs, J. (2008) ‘The rise of TNCs from emerging markets: the global context’, in K. P. Sauvant (ed.) (forthcoming), The Rise of Transnational Corporations from Emerging Markets: Threat or opportunity?, Williston: Edward Elgar.
441. Said, D. (2009) ‘Indian firm to build huge tractor plant’, 15 July, available at allafrica.com/stories/200807151113.html; see also www.mahindratractorworld.com/pdf/Vice%20President%20of%20Tanzania%20visits%20Mahindra%E2%80%99s%20Tractor%20Plant.pdf.
442. Saint-Paul, M. A. (2004) ‘China and Africa: between commitment and interest’, Géopolitique africaine, available at www.african-geoolitics.org/show.aspx?Articled=3701.
443. Sata, M. (2007) ‘Chinese investment in Africa and implications for international relations, consolidation of democracy and respect for human rights: the case of Zambia’, Paper presented to the Harvard University Committee on Human Rights Studies Events Series, 24 October, Harvard University, Cambridge, Boston, MA.
444. Sautman, B. V. (2006) ‘Friends and interests: China’s distinctive links with Africa’, Working Paper no. 12, CCTR, HKUST, Hong Kong.
445. Sauvant, K. P. (2005) ‘New sources of FDI: the BRICs – outward FDI from Brazil, Russia, India and China’, Journal of World Investment and Trade, pp. 639–708.
446. Sauvant, K. P. (2008) ‘The rise of TNCs from emerging markets: the issues’, in K. P. Sauvant (ed.) (forthcoming), The Rise of Transnational Corporations from Emerging Markets: Threat or opportunity?, Williston: Edward Elgar.
447. Schaffer, T. C. and P. Mitra (2005) ‘India as a global power?’, Deutsche Bank Research, 16, Frankfurt, December.
448. Schatz, J. (2007) ‘Zambia’s “all-weather friend.” Analyzing China’s growing role in Zambia and what it has provoked and what it may mean for other African governments’, Master’s thesis submitted to the Elliot School of International Affairs, George Washington University.
449. Schuller, M. and A. Turner (2005) ‘Global ambitions: Chinese companies spread their wings’, CHINA Aktuell, 4: 3–14.
450. Serpa, E. (1994) ‘India and Africa’, Africa Insight, 24(3): 187.
451. Sethuraman, D. (2005) ‘Can oil unite the Elephant and the Dragon?’, Rediff News, 21 May, available at www.rediff.com/money/2005/may/21guest.htm.
452. Sharma, A. (2008) Valedictory Address at the International Conference on ‘Africa and energy security: global issues, local responses’, organized by the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, 24 June.
453. Sharma, D. and D. Mahajan (2007) ‘Energising ties: the politics of oil’, South African Journal of International Affairs, special issue: India in Africa, 14(2): 37–52.
454. Shaw, T. M. (2008) Commonwealth: Interand non-state contributions to global governance, Global Institutions Series, London: Routledge.
455. Shaw, T. M., A. F. Cooper and A. Antkiewicz (2007) ‘Global and/or regional development at the start of the 21st century: China, India and (South) Africa’, Third World Quarterly, 28(7): 1255–70.
456. Shaw, T. M., A. F. Cooper and G. T. Chin (2008) ‘Emerging powers in/around Africa: implications for/from global governance’, Politikon.
457. Shaxson, N. (2007) Poisoned Wells: The dirty politics of African oil, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
458. Shelton, G. (2007) ‘China and Africa: advancing South–South Cooperation’, in Le Pere (2006), pp. 99–122.
459. Sheth, V. S. (2008) India–Africa Relations: Emerging policy and development perspectives, Delhi: Academic Excellence Press.
460. Shi Lin (1989) Foreign Economic Cooperation of Contemporary China, Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Publishing House.
461. Shoute, S. (2007) ‘China, Zambia witness booming economic cooperation’. www.chinaview.cn, accessed 2 February 2007.
462. Shukla, S. (2008) ‘The African oil rush’, India Today, 4 April, available at indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=&id=2039&option=com_content&task=view§ionid=34, accessed 19 May 2009.
463. Sidiropolous, E. (ed.) (2006) ‘China in Africa’, South African Journal of International Affairs, 13(1): 7–138.
464. Sidiropolous, E. and A. Vines (eds) (2007) ‘India in Africa’, South African Journal of International Affairs, 14(2), Winter/Spring.
465. Singh, G. (2009) India’s Role in the Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia, 8 June, available at www.indianembassy.gov.et, accessed 1 August 2009.
466. Singh, S. K. (2007a) ‘Peacekeeping in Africa: a global strategy’, South African Journal of International Affairs, special issue: India in Africa, 14(2): 71–86.
467. Singh, S. K. (2007b) ‘India and West Africa: a burgeoning relationship’, Briefing Paper AFP BP 07/02, Chatham House, London, April, p. 10.
468. Söderbaum, F. and I. Taylor (eds) (2008) Afro-Regions: The dynamics of crossborder micro-regionalism in Africa, Uppsala: NAI.
469. Stevens, C. and J. Kennan (2006) ‘Opening the package: the Asian drivers and poor-country trade’, University of Sussex, Brighton, www.ids.org, accessed 28 November 2006.
470. Stocchetti, M. (2007) ‘The development dimension or dillusion? The EU’s development policy goals and the Economic Partnership Agreements’, Policy Notes, 1, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
471. Sunkel, O. (1993) Development from Within: Toward a neostructuralist approach for Latin America, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
472. Sunmonu, H. (2004) ‘Implementation of Africa’s development paradigms: solutions to Africa’s socio-economic problems’, in B. Onimode (ed.), African Development and Governance Strategies in the 21st Century, London and Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria: Zed Books and ACDESS, pp. 63–71.
473. Suri, N. (2007) ‘India and Africa: contemporary perspectives’, in A. Sinha and M. Moharta (eds), Indian Foreign Policy: Challenges and opportunities, Foreign Service Institute, New Delhi: Academic Foundation Press, pp. 507–26.
474. Sylvanus, N. (2007) ‘The fabric of africanity: tracing the global threads of authenticity’, Anthropological Theory, 7: 201–16.
475. Sylvanus, N. (2008) ‘Rethinking “free-trade” practices in contemporary Togo’, in U. Schuerkens, Globalization and Transformation of Local Socioeconomic Practices, London: Routledge.
476. Tadesse, T. (2009) Ethiopia Sets Aside Land for Foreign Investors, Addis Ababa, 29 July, available at in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINLT58431220090729> 29 July 2009, accessed 5 August 2009.
477. Takana, Y. (1998) ‘Effects of tribal strife in Darfur’, in A. al-Zein Mohamed and I. Wedda (eds), Perspectives on Tribal Conflicts in Sudan, Institute of Afro-Asian Studies, University of Khartoum (in Arabic).
478. Tandon, Y. (2008) Ending Aid Dependence, London: Fahamu Books.
479. Tarling, N. (1992) The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: From early times to c. 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
480. Taylor, I. (1998) ‘China’s foreign policy towards Africa in the 1990s’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(3): 443–60.
481. Taylor, I. (2002a) ‘Taiwan’s foreign policy in Africa: the limits of dollar diplomacy’, Journal of Contemporary China, 11(30).
482. Taylor, I. (2002b) ‘Towards the African century, or another false start?’, African Agenda, 5: 2/3.
483. Taylor, I. (2006) China and Africa: Engagement and compromise, London: Routledge.
484. Taylor, I. (2007) ‘China’s oil diplomacy in Africa’, International Affairs, 82(5).
485. Taylor, I. (2008) ‘Sino-African relations and the problem of human rights’, African Affairs, 107(426): 63–87.
486. Tettey, W., K. Puplampu and B. Berman (2003) Critical Perspectives on Politics and Socio-economic Development in Ghana, Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill.
487. Thaindian (2009) Delhi Firm Wins US$100 Million Ethiopian Sugar Factory Contract, 2 August, available at www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/delhi-firm-wins-100-mn-ethiopiansugar-factory-contract_100226495.html, accessed 3 August 2009.
488. Thakurta, P. (2008) ‘India: taking on China in Africa’, Inter Press Service News Agency (IPS), 16 September, available at ipsnews.net, accessed 16 September 2008.
489. Thompson, D. (2004) ‘Darfur complications: disaccord on Sudan could poison China–US ties’, International Herald Tribune, 18 November.
490. Thompson, D. (2005) ‘China’s emerging interests in Africa: opportunities and challenges for Africa and the United States’, African Renaissance, 2(4), July/August.
491. Times of India (2003) ‘India’s makeover: from aid-taking to aid-giving’, New Delhi, 2 June.
492. Tinbergen, J. (1962) ‘Shaping the world economy: suggestions for an international economic policy’, Twentieth Century Fund, New York.
493. Toman, M. (2002) International Oil Security: Problems and policies, Issue Brief no. 02-04, Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
494. Toulabor, C. (1983) Le Togo sous Eyadema, Paris: Karthala.
495. Tsikata, K. (2007) ‘Challenges of economic growth in a liberal economy’, in K. Boafo-Arthur (ed.), Ghana: One decade of the liberal state, Dakar: CODRESIA.
496. Tull, D. M. (2006) ‘China’s engagement in Africa: scope, significance and consequences’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(3): 459–79.
497. Udombana, N. J. (2005) ‘When neutrality is a sin: the Darfur crisis and the crisis of humanitarian intervention in Sudan’, Human Rights Quarterly, 27: 1149–90.
498. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2006) World Investment Report 2006 – FDI from developing and transition economies: implications for development (Executive Summary), New York: United Nations.
499. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2007a) Asian Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Towards a new era of cooperation among developing countries, New York: United Nations.
500. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2007b) Bilateral Investment Treaties 1995–2006: Trends in investment rulemaking, New York and Geneva: UNCTAD.
501. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2007c) World Investment Report 2007. Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development, New York and Geneva: UNCTAD.
502. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2007d) Development and Globalization: Facts and figures 2008, Geneva: United Nations.
503. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2007e) Reclaiming Policy Space: Domestic resource mobilisation and developmental states, Geneva/New York: United Nations.
504. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2008) Handbook of Statistics 2008, New York/Geneva: United Nations.
505. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2009) Economic Development in Africa 2009: Strengthening regional economic integration for Africa’s development, Geneva: United Nations.
506. UNECA (2004) Assessing Regional Integration in Africa, ECA Policy Research Report, Addis Ababa: ECA.
507. UNECA (2008) Assessing Regional Integration in Africa III: Towards monetary and financial integration in Africa, Addis Ababa: ECA.
508. United Nations (2006) ‘Security Council expands mandate of UN Mission in Sudan to include Darfur, adopting Resolution 1706 by vote of 12 in favour, with 3 abstaining’, UN Department of Public Information, New York, 31 August.
509. US Central Intelligence Agency (1978) Communist Aid to Less Developed Countries of the Free World, Washington, DC: CIA.
510. US Department of State (1976) Communist States and Developing Countries: Aid and trade in 1974, Washington, DC.
511. US National Intelligence Commission (2008) Global Trends 2025: A transformed world, Unclassified report, available at www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_2025/2025_Global_Trends_Final_ Report.pdf, accessed 20 December 2008.
512. Van Agtmael, A. (2007) The Emerging Markets Century: How a new breed of world class companies is overtaking the world, New York: Free Press.
513. Vandaele, J. (2009) ‘Development: China outdoes Europeans in Congo’, Inter Press Service, available at ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41125, accessed 13 May 2009.
514. Vines, A. (2006) ‘The scramble for resources: African case studies’, South African Journal of International Affairs, 13(1), Summer/Autumn.
515. Vines, A. (2007) ‘China in Africa: a mixed blessing?’, Current History, May, pp. 213–19.
516. Vines, A. and I. Campos (2008) ‘Angola and China: a pragmatic partnership’, CSIS Working Paper, Center for Strategic and International Affairs, Washington, DC.
517. Vines, A. and B. Orutimeka (2008) ‘India’s engagement with the African Indian Ocean Rim states’, Briefing Paper AFP P1/08, Chatham House, London.
518. Vines, A. and E. Sidiropolous (2008) ‘India and Africa’, World Today, April, pp. 26–7.
519. Vines, A., L. Wong, M. Weimer and I. Campos (2009) Thirst for African Oil: Asian national oil companies in Nigeria and Angola, London: Chatham House.
520. VOA (2008) J. M. Kikwete, cited in Africa Calls for Indian Investments throughout the Continent, available at www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008-04/2008-04-11-voa.
521. Wade, R. H. (1990) Governing the Market: Economic theory and the role of government in East Asian industrialization, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
522. Wade, R. H. (1994) ‘Selective industrial policies in East Asia: is the East Asian miracle right?’, in R. Wade et al. (eds), Miracle or Design? Lessons from the East Asian experience, Washington, DC: Overseas Development Council, pp. 55–79.
523. Wade, R. H. (2003) ‘What strategies are viable for developing countries today? The WTO and the shrinking of “development space”’, Review of International Political Economy, 10(4): 621–44.
524. Wadke, R. (2007) ‘Indian power flock to Africa, Middle East’, Hindu Business Line, 20 February, available at www.blonnet.com/2007/02/20/stories/200702200240300.htm.
525. Wang, M. Y. (2002) ‘The motivations behind China’s government-initiated industrial investments overseas’, Pacific Affairs, 75(2): 187–206.
526. Wei Hong (1999) ‘China’s foreign aid reform: experiences and issues’, International Economic Cooperation, 5: 4–8.
527. Wei Liang-Tsai (1982) Peking versus Taipei in Africa 1960–1978, Taipei: Asia and World Institute.
528. Wenping, H. (2007) ‘The balancing act of China’s Africa Policy’, China Security, 3(3).
529. White House (2001) Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group, National Energy Policy, chaired by Vice-President Dick Cheney, chs 8, 11.
530. White House (2002) ‘National security strategy of the United States of America’, Washington, DC.
531. Willetts, P. (1978) The Non-aligned Movement: The origins of a Third World alliance, London: Printer Publishers.
532. Wilson, G. (2006) ‘Chinese investing in Zambia’s Copperbelt’, Marketplace, 31 July.
533. Wong, L. (2008) ‘The impact of Asian oil companies in Nigeria’, 12 December, www.ocnus.net/artman2/publish/Analyses_12/The_Impact_Of_Asian_National_Oil_Companies_In_Nigeria.shtml, accessed 1 April 2009.
534. World Bank (1989) Sub-Saharan Africa: From crisis to sustainable growth, Washington, DC: World Bank.
535. World Bank (2000) Can Africa Claim the 21st Century?, Washington, DC: World Bank.
536. World Bank (2006) Republic of Senegal, Joint IDA–IMF Advisory Note of the Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), 20 December, available at www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/06/15/00 0112742_20070615155946/Rendered/PDF/381310File0replacement0IDA1 SecM200710010.pdf.
537. World Bank (2009) Doing Business Database, available at www.worldbank.org/.
538. World Economic Forum (2006) www.weforum.org/summitreport/africa2006, accessed 2 December 2006.
539. Wu, H. L. and C. H. Chen (2001) ‘An assessment of outward foreign direct investment from China’s transnational economy’, Europe-Asia Studies, 53(8): 125–54.
540. Xie Yixian (1998) The Diplomatic History of China (the period from 1949 to 1979), Kaifeng: People’s Publishing House in Henan.
541. Xinhua News Agency (2006) ‘Hu puts forward proposals on Sino-African ties’, 28 April, available at www.China.org.cn/english, accessed 16 October 2007.
542. Xinhua News Agency (2007) ‘China, Africa build new partnership on old ties’, 2 October, available at www.China.org.cn/english, accessed 5 October 2007.
543. Xinhua News Agency (2008) ‘Oil output, consumption both hit record high in 2007’, 31 January, www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina, accessed 17 September 2008.
544. Xu, Y.-C. (2008) ‘China and the US in Africa: coming conflict or consensual coexistence?’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 62(1): 16–37.
545. Xu Jianping (1996) ‘On how to combine foreign economic assistance and mutual-beneficial cooperation’, International Economic Cooperation, 3: 14–16.
546. Yeats, A. (1999) ‘What can be expected from African regional trade arrangements? Some empirical evidence’, Policy Research Working Paper 204, Washington, DC: World Bank.
547. Yeates, N. (ed.) (2007) ‘Special issue on the social policy dimension of worldregionalism’, Global Social Policy, 7(3): 249–385.
548. Yergin, D. (2006) ‘Ensuring energy security’, Foreign Affairs, 85(2): 69–82.
549. Yu, G. T. (1988a) ‘Dragon in the bush: Peking’s presence in Africa’, Asian Survey, 8(12): 1018–26.
550. Yu, G. T. (1988b) ‘Africa in Chinese foreign policy’, Asian Survey, 28(8).
551. Yu, T. (1982) ‘Learning dance in Africa’, China and World Cultural Exchange, 2.
552. Yu, X. (2007) ‘Harmonious world and China’s path for peaceful development’, Guoji Wenti Yanjiu [International Studies], 1: 7–12.
553. Yuan, J.-D. (1998) ‘Multilateral intervention and state sovereignty: Chinese views on UN peacekeeping operations’, Political Science, 49: 275–95.
554. Zhang Haibing (2007) ‘China’s aid to Africa: oil-oriented or not?’, World Economic Research, 10: 76–88.
555. Zhang Hongming (2006) ‘The evolution of China’s aid policy towards Africa and its function in the bilateral relation’, Asian and African Review, 4: 44–9.
556. Zhang Qingmin (2001) ‘A common policy towards unalike countries: a preliminary analysis of China’s policy towards developing countries’, Contemporary China History Studies, 8(1): 36–46.
557. Zhao, S. (2008) ‘China’s global search for energy security: cooperation and competition in the Asia Pacific’, Journal of Contemporary China, 17(55).
558. Zhongying, P. (2005) ‘China’s changing attitude to UN peacekeeping’, International Peacekeeping, 12(1).
559. Zweig, D. and Bi Jianhai (2005) ‘China’s global hunt for energy’, Foreign Affairs, 84(5), September/October.