China in Africa

Survival

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 147-164

  Alden, Chris ^a,b  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 23844491447     PISSN: 00396338     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00396330500248086     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. See, for example, Mamdouh Salameh, 'China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict', Survival, vol. 37, no. 4, winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46;
2. Amy Jaffe and Steven Lewis, 'Beijing's Oil Diplomacy', Survival, vol. 44, no. 1, spring 2002, pp. 115-34;
3. Philip Andrews-Speed, Xuanli Liao and Roland Dannreuther, The Strategic Implications of China's Energy Needs, Adelphi Paper 346 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the IISS, 2002).
4. For a contemporary analysis of that era, see Alan Hutchinson, China's African Revolution (London: Hutchinson, 1975), esp. pp. 232-40.
5. Ian Taylor, 'Africa's Place in the Diplomatic Competition Between Beijing and Taipei', Issues & Studies, vol. 34, no. 3, March 1998, pp. 126-43.
6. China has 2.3% of the world's known oil reserves and 1% of the known natural gas reserves. Joshua Eisenman and Joshua Rogin, 'China must Play by the Rule in Oil-rich Sudan', Alexander's Gas and Oil Connections, vol. 8, no. 6, 21 August 2003, p. 1.
7. Erica Downs, 'The Chinese Energy Security Debate', China Quarterly, no. 177, March 2004, pp. 21-41
8. 'Chinese Whispers Drive Metals Boom', BBC Online, 16 November 2004, http://www.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3265737.stm;
9. 'China Drives Surge in Zinc Prices', BBC Online, 2 January 2005, http:// www.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4134963.stm.
10. 'Oil Guzzlers Thwatt China's Diplomatic Overtures', Inter Press Service, http://www.chasque.net/ips_eng/notas/2004/10/19/9:30:51.html.
11. 'Thirst for Crude Pulling China into Sudan', Daily Star, 17 August 2004.
12. Downs, 'The Chinese Energy Security Debate', p. 35.
13. 'BHP Billiton Seals 9bn Iron Ore Deal with China', Business Day, 2 March 2004, p. 12.
14. See Thomas Kane and Lawrence Serewicz, 'China's Hunger: The Consequences of Rising Demand for Food and Energy', Parameters, vol. 31, autumn 2001, pp. 63-75.
15. 'China Fears Reliance on Food Imports', Financial Times, 23 August 2004.
16. Cited in Garth Shelton, 'The Peoples Republic of China. (PRC) and Africa', unpublished paper, 2001, p. 4.
17. Zhou Zhaoming, economic and trade advisor to China's embassy in Gabon, cited in 'China's Huto Visit Three African States to Bolster Partnerships', Agence France Presse, 27 January 2004.
18. Domingos Jardo Muekalia, 'Africa and China's Strategic Partnership', African Security Review, vol. 13, no. 1, 2004, p. 10.
19. There are frequent complaints from locals as to the quality of the roadwork. Interview with World Food Programme official based in Ethiopia, January 2003.
20. Human Rights Watch, 'Report: Sudan and Oil', http://www.hrw.org/reports/ 2003/sudan1103/21.html#_Toc54492700;
21. Chen Yi Ding, 'A Research on Economic Globalization and its Influences to Overseas Chinese Economy', World Regional Studies, vol. 12, no. 3, September 2003, pp. 14-19. Chen claims that overseas Chinese can serve as an economic 'bridge' between China, Southeast Asia and Africa, ultimately gaining sufficient influence in African politics to further promote economic interests.
22. Business Day (Johannesburg), 11 November 2003.
23. 'Talking Points for Director-General Xu Jinhu', Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, 24 May 2005, http://www.focac.org/eng/zt/zfhzltcsh/ t196995.htm.
24. Deborah Brautigam, Chinese Aid and African Development (New York: Macmillan, 1997), pp. 37-8.
25. Interview with Angolan government official, August 2004; 'Angola Snubs India's Oil Advances', Financial Express, 8 March 2005, http:// www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=84648..
26. Brautigam, Chinese Aid and African Development, p. 44.
27. Interview with South African government (DTI) official, May 2002.
28. Africa Programme, CSIS, 'Opening a Sino-US Dialogue on Africa', Washington DC, 2003, http://www.csis.org/pubs/prospectus/ 01fall_chhabra.htm.
29. Anonymous source within Chinese government.
30. Amnesty International, 'Sudan: The Human Cost of Oil', London, 3 May 2000.
31. Brautigam, Chinese Aid and African Development, p. 46.
32. BBC Monitoring Asia, 15 December 2003.
33. Zhang Yongpeng, 'On New International Environment and the Formulation of China's African Strategy', West Africa and Asia, January 2005, pp. 19-25.
34. See UNCTAD, Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Performance and Potential (Geneva: UNCTAD 1999), http://www.ipanet.net/unctad/ africabooklet.htm
35. Ironically, this same factor played a role in Taiwan's re-establishing full diplomatic relations with nine Africa states in the 1990s.
36. Deborah Brautigam, 'Close Encounters: Chinese Business Networks as Industrial Catalysts in Sub-Saharan Africa', African Affairs, No. 102, 2003, p. 464.
37. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg), 24-30 September 2004, p. 18. These numbers must be contrasted with the number of American tourists (21,236), the largest group, that same month.
38. Business Report, The Star (Johannesburg), 14 April 2004.
39. Downs, 'The Chinese Energy Security Debate', p. 35.
40. The best known example of this phenomena is not Chinese but rather the Malaysian purchase of Mozambique's Banco Popular para Desenvolvimento, renamed Banco Austral. The acquiescence of key Mozambican government figures precluded Malaysians from abandoning the debt commitments of senior members of the governing party there and ultimately forced the frustrated Malaysians to sell the bank. Anecdotal evidence suggests that a few Chinese businessmen have become the victim of local scams involving the purchase of illegal goods, such as was the case with the attempt to buy abalone in South Africa.
41. BBC Monitoring Asia, 15 December 2003.
42. Business Day (Johannesburg), 6 February 2004.
43. 'Mugabe Hails China as Beijing Promises Africa Aid', Reuters, 15 December 2003.
44. International Herald Tribune, 8 September 2004.
45. 'China Invests Heavily in Sudan's Oil Industry', Washington Post, 23 December 2004.
46. Philip Liu, 'Cross-Straits Scramble for Africa: A Hidden Agenda in China-Africa Cooperation Forum', Harvard Asia Quarterly, http:// www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/haq/200102/0102a006.htm
47. Even Julius Nyerere admonished his fellow Tanzanians to learn from the work habits of Chinese labourers on the TanZam railroad. Hutchinson, China's African Revolution, p. 184.
48. Interview with Moise Festo, Huambo, Angola, 16 September 2004.
49. Sufficient obstacles remain for Uganda's president to complain about the difficulties experienced in accessing China's markets. The Monitor (Kampala), 12 January 2004.
50. Business Day (Johannesburg), 5 April 2004.
51. Human Rights Watch, 'Report: Sudan and Oil'; on Southern African fears, see long-term China expert P.J. Botha, 'China Inc: An Assessment of the Implications for Africa - New Diplomatic Initiatives', in Greg Mills and Natasha Skidmore (eds), Towards China Inc? Assessing the Implications for Africa (Braamfontein: South African Institute for International Affairs, 2004), pp. 59-66.
52. For an open discussion of this, see Hutchinson, China's African Revolution, pp. 186-187. This trend apparently continued into the contemporary period; for example, it is not well remembered today but it was protests by African students in Beijing over alleged discrimination that preceded the Tiananmen protests.
53. Jakkie Cilliers and Kathryn Sturman, 'Challenges Facing the AU's Peace and Security Council', African Security Review, vol. 13, no. 1, 2004, pp. 97-104.
54. Stephanie Giry, 'China in Africa: Out of Beijing', The New Republic, 9 November 2004.
55. Eisenman and Rogin, 'China must Play by the Rule', p. 1;
56. Eisenman and Rogin, Drill Bits and Tailings, vol. 6, no. 2, 28 February 2001.
57. This Day (Johannesburg), 24 September 2004.
58. This echoes the now classic interpretations of the failure of the African state through the pursuit of 'clientalism' or, as others would have it, 'neo-patrimonialism'.
59. Brautigam, Chinese Aid and African Development, pp. 203-204.
60. Patrick Chabal and Jean-Pascal Daloz, Africa Works: The Political Instrumentality of Disorder (Oxford: James Curry 1999).
61. This vulnerability is the subject of official concern. 'China's Oil Security Faces Test of War', People's Daily, 21 October 2002, p. 3.
62. 'China Barrels Ahead in Oil Market', Los Angeles Times, 14 November 2004.
63. http://www.un.org/news/press/doc/2004/sc8160.doc.htm
64. See, for example, the work of the Washington-based group International Christian Concern, http://www.persecution.org/Countries/sudan.html
65. 'Mixed Reaction to Chinese Invasion', Mmegi/The Reporter (Gaborone), 24 May 2005;
66. 'Residents Blamed for Influx of Chinese Businesses', Mmegi/The Reporter (Gaborone), 2 June 2005; author's interview with Ministry of Finance officials, Maputo, May 2005.
67. International Herald Tribune, 8 September 2004.