Multilateral Intervention and State Sovereignty: Chinese Views on UN Peacekeeping Operations

Political Science

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 275-295

  Yuan, Jing Dong ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 21944448640     PISSN: 00323187     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/003231879804900207     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. United Nations Department of Public Information, United Nations Peace-Keeping (New York, August 1996), p.6. See also, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, in United Nations Department of Public Information, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peace-Keeping, 3rd edition (New York, 1996), pp. 3–9.
2. For an overview, see Yongjin Zhang, International Peacekeeping, Vol. 3 (1996), pp. 1–15.
3. Robert Boardman, Post-Socialist World Orders: Russia, China and the UN System (New York, 1994), p. 122.
4. Qin Huasun, ‘The Importance of Observing UN Peacekeeping Norms’, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 3 (1996), p. 36; emphasis added.
5. Xie Qimei and Wang Xingfang, eds., Zhongguo yu Lianheguo [China and the United Nations] (Beijing, 1995), pp. 80–2.
6. Samuel S. Kim, China, the United Nations, and World Order (Princeton, New Jersey, 1980), p. 215ff.
7. Peking Review, 23 April 1965, pp. 27–8, cited in Kim, China, the United Nations, and World Order, p. 216.
8. Renmin Ribao [People's Daily], 5 February 1957, quoted in Yitzhak Shichor, ‘China and the Role of the United Nations in the Middle East: Revised Policy’, Asian Survey, Vol. XXXI (1991), p. 256.
9. M. Taylor Fravel, ‘China's Attitude toward U.N. Peacekeeping Operations since 1989’, Asian Survey, Vol. XXXVI (1996), pp. 1103–4.
10. Zhang, ‘China and UN Peacekeeping’, p. 6.
11. UN Doc. S/PV.1750, p. 2.
12. UN Doc. S/PV.1750, p. 6.
13. China's share of the assessments for UNEF II and UNDOF between 1973 and 1976 amounted to $16 million, representing 6.36 percent of the total. Kim, China, the United Nations, and World Order, p. 232.
14. UN Doc. S/PV.1774 (31 May 1974), pp.13–15; UN Doc. S/PV.1750, p. 2.
15. Shichor, ‘China and the Role of the United Nations in the Middle East’, pp. 261–2.
16. ‘China Supports UN Peace Forces’, Beijing Review, 12 November 1984, p. 12.
17. Shichor, ‘China and the Role of the United Nations in the Middle East’, p. 265.
18. Quoted in Zhang, ‘China and UN Peacekeeping’, p. 9.
19. Shichor, ‘China and the Role of the United Nations in the Middle East’, pp. 265–6.
20. Shichor, ‘China and the Role of the United Nations in the Middle East’, p. 266.
21. For a general discussion, see Sanqiang Jian, Foreign Policy Restructuring as Adaptive Behaviour: China's Independent Foreign Policy 1982-1989 (Lanham, Maryland, 1996).
22. Fravel, ‘China's Attitude’, p. 1104.
23. See, for example, Liu Enzhao, ‘An Examination of UN Peace-Keeping Operations’, Beijing Review, 8-14 November 1993, pp. 8–9.
24. United Nations Department of Public Information, United Nations Peace-Keeping; and further in United Nations Department of Public Information, The Blue Helmets.
25. Xiao Yu, ‘China and UN Peace-Keeping Operations’, Beijing Review, 2-8 October 1995, pp.16–19; Zhang, ‘China and UN Peacekeeping’, p. 9.
26. Beijing Review, 16-22 October 1995, p. 20.
27. Wang Baoliu, ‘UN Faces Arduous Task’, Beijing Review, 31 July - 6 August 1995, p. 16.
28. Fravel, ‘China's Attitude’, pp. 1103, 1110-15.
29. These remarks were from Chinese representatives speaking at the Security Council meetings. On Somalia, see UN Doc. S/PV.3118 (26 March 1993), S/PV.3145 (3 December 1992), and S/PV.3317 (18 November 1993); on the former Yugoslavia, see UN Doc. S/PV.3114, 14 September 1992, pp. 9–10.
30. UN Doc. S/PV.3334, 4 February 1994, p. 16.
31. UN Doc. S/PV.3114, p.
32. Amb. Li Zhaoxing, UN Doc. S/PV.3317, 18 November 1993, p. 21.
33. Huang Renwei, ‘Lengzhanhou Lianheguo weihe jizhi gaige de yingxiang jiqi yu guojia zhuquan de chongtu’, [The Reform of UN Peacekeeping Mechanisms after the Cold War ― Its Influence and Conflict with State Sovereignty] Shanghai Shehuikexueyuan Xueshujikan [Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Quarterly], No. (1995), pp. 67–8.
34. Gene M. Lyons, ‘A New Collective Security: The United Nations and International Peace’, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 17 (1994), pp. 184–5.
35. Chen Luzhi, ‘International Organizations and World Order―for the 50th Anniversary of the United Nations’, International Studies (Beijing), Nos. 8-9 (1995), pp. 8–9.
36. Xie and Wang, China and the United Nations, pp. 82–3.
37. Liu Enzhao, ‘Lianheguo weihexingdong de xinqushi [New Trends in UN Peacekeeping Operations]’, Shijie zhishi [World K,]nowledge No. 20 (16 October 1995), pp. 6–7.
38. Lyons, ‘A New Collective Security’, p. 179.
39. She Duanzhi, ‘A Doubtful Example of Intervention’, Beijing Review, 3-9 October 1994, p. 23.
40. Xie and Wang, China and the United Nations, p. 80.
41. Huang, ‘The Reform of UN Peacekeeping Mechanisms’, p. 69.
42. Zhang, ‘China and UN Peacekeeping’, pp. 10–11.
43. Yang Huasheng, ‘Lianheguo weihexingdong de kunjing yu wuqu’, [The Dilemma of UNPKOs] Liaowang Weekly (31 July 1995), p. 1.
44. Qian Wenrong, ‘Lianheguo xianzhang he guojia zhuquan wenti’, [The UN Charter and State Sovereignty] Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi [World Economics and Politics] (August 1995), p. 9; Huang, ‘The Reform of UN Peacekeeping Mechanisms’, pp. 68, 70; Xie and Wang, China and the United Nations, pp. 83–5.
45. Xie and Wang, China and the United Nations, pp. 82–3; Qin, ‘The Importance of Observing UN Peacekeeping Norms’, p. 36.
46. Huang Renwei, ‘Lengzhanhou lianheguo weihe jizhi gaige de yingxiang ji qi yu guojia zhuquan de chongtu’, [The Reform of Peacekeeping Mechanism of UN after the Cold War―Its Influence and Conflict with State Sovereignty] Shanghai Shehuikexueyuan Xueshujikan [Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Q,]uarterly No. 4 (1995), p. 66.
47. ‘Journal Criticizes UN Peacekeeping Operations’, Foreign Broadcast Information Service: Daily Report ― China (hereafter FBIS-CHI), 21 December 1994, pp. 16–18.
48. The following discussion draws on Sheng Hongsheng, ‘Lun Lianheguo weichi hepingxingdong yu xiandai guojifa’, (On United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and Contemporary International Law) Wuhan Daxue Xuebao, No. 4 (1996), pp. 68–74; Liu, ‘New Trends in UNPKOs’.
49. He Hongze, ‘New Role for the UN’, Beijing Review; 10-16 January 1994, p. 24.
50. Qin, ‘The Importance of Observing UN Peacekeeping Norms’, pp. 37–8.
51. Qin, ‘The Importance of Observing UN Peacekeeping Norms’, pp. 38–9.
52. See, for example, Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York, 1977), chapter 6.
53. Stanley Hoffmann, ‘The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention’, Survival, Vol. 37 (Winter 1995-96), p. 29.
54. Hoffmann, ‘The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention’, pp. 31–3.
55. See, for example, J. Samuel Barkin, Sovereignty, Multilateralism, and International Security. Multilateral Institutions and Global Security Working Paper No. 3 (Toronto, May 1996).
56. Thomas J. Biersteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge, 1996).
57. Samuel M. Makinda, ‘Sovereignty and International Security: Challenges for the United Nations’, Global Governance, Vol. 2 (1996), pp. 149–68.
58. Karen A. Mingst and Margaret P. Karns, The United Nations in the Post-Cold War Era (Boulder, Colo, 1995), p. 101.
59. Jiang An and Li Quan, ‘Lengzhanhou de shijie jingjizhengzhi yu guojia zhuquan’, [Post-Cold War Economics, Politics, and State Sovereignty] Dongbei Shifan Daxue Xuebao [Journal of Northeastern Normal University], No. 152 (November 1994), pp. 38–42.
60. Jiang and Li, ‘Post-Cold War Economics, Politics, and State Sovereignty’, pp. 39–40.
61. Huang, ‘The Reform of UN Peacekeeping Mechanisms’, p. 74.
62. Wenrong Qian, ‘The United Nations and State Sovereignty in the Post-Cold War Era’, Pacifica Review, Vol. 7 (1995), p. 137.
63. Jiang and Li, ‘Post-Cold War Economics, Politics, and State Sovereignty’, pp. 40–1.
64. Sheng, ‘On United Nations Peacekeeping Operations’, p. 73.
65. Huang, ‘Reform of Peacekeeping Mechanism’, p. 72.
66. Qian, ‘The United Nations and State Sovereignty’, p. 145.
67. ‘Journal Criticizes UN Peacekeeping Operations’, p. 17.
68. Chih-yu Shih, China's Just World: The Morality of Chinese Foreign Policy (Boulder, Colorado, and London, 1993).
69. See, for example, Xu Yimin, ‘The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Are the Basic Principles in Handling Inter-State Relationships’, International Strategic Studies (Beijing), No. 3 (1994), pp. 1–4.
70. Sun Kun, ‘International Repercussions of the Gulf War’, Contemporary International Relations, Beijing, No. 10 (1991), p. 1; Chen Qimao, ‘Guanyu zai yatai diqu jianli zhengzhi xinzhixu de tansuo’ [Seeking for a New Political Order in the Asia-Pacific Region], Guoji Wenti Yanju [International Studies], Beijing, No. 1 (January 1992), p. 2.
71. Du Gong, ‘Some Perceptions of a Changing Pattern of International Relations’, International Studies, Beijing, No. 4 (October 1991), p. 5.
72. Sa Benwang, ‘Xiqu lishi jiaoxun, gongchuang meihao weilai’, [Drawing Historical Lessons and Creating Glorious Future] Heping Yu Fazhan [Peace and D,]evelopment Beijing, (1995), p. 7.
73. Xu Xin, ‘Changing Chinese Security Perceptions’. NPCSD Working Paper No. 27 (Toronto, April 1992), pp. 8–9.
74. Wang Jiafu, ‘International Law and a New International Order’, paper presented at the Beijing Symposium on a New International Order, September 2-4, 1991, p. 3; quoted in David Armstrong, ‘Chinese Perspectives on the New World Order’, The Journal of East Asian Affairs, Vol. 8 (1994), p. 471.
75. For a lucid analysis, see Samuel S. Kim, ‘China and the Third World in the Changing World Order’, in Kim (ed.), China and the World: Chinese Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War Era (Boulder, Colorado, 1994), pp. 128–68.
76. Chen, ‘Seeking for a New Political Order in the Asia-Pacific Region’, p. 1.
77. Wan Guang, ‘Challenges Facing the World Today and the Establishment of the New International Order’, paper presented at the Beijing Symposium on a New International Order, September 2-4, 1991, p. 7; quoted in David Armstrong, ‘Chinese Perspectives on the New World Order’, The Journal of East Asian Affairs, Vol. 8 (1994), pp. 471–2.
78. Yitzhak Shichor, ‘China and the Gulf Crisis: Escape from Predicaments’, Problems of Communism (1991), pp. 80–90.
79. The author is grateful to one of the referees for drawing his attention to this point.