Health Behavior

Comprehensive Clinical Psychology, Second Edition

Volumn 8, Issue , 2022, Pages 1-33

  Conner, Mark ^a   Norman, Paul ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Diet; Exercise physical activity; Health action process approach; Health behaviors; Health belief model; Implementation intentions; Protection motivation theory; Reasoned action approach; Smoking; Social cognitive theory; Theory of planned behavior

Indexed keywords

EID: 85151687953     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818697-8.00060-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (261)

1. Abraham, A., & Sheeran, P. (2015). The health belief model. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.) Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (3rd edition, pp. 30-69). Buckingham: Open University Press.
2. Achtziger, A., Gollwitzer, P.M., & Sheeran, P. (2008). Implementation intentions and shielding goal striving from unwanted thoughts and feelings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 381-393.
3. Adler, N., & Matthews, K. (1994). Health psychology: Why do some people get sick and some stay well? Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 229-259.
4. Adriaanse, M.A., Vinkers. C.D.W., De Ridder, D.T.D., Hox, J.J., & De Wit, J.B.F. (2011a). Do implementation intentions help to eat a healthy diet? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Appetite, 56, 183-193.
5. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood-Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
6. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2004). Questions raised by a reasoned action approach: Reply on Ogden (2003). Health Psychology, 23, 431-434.
7. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
8. Ajzen, I. (1996). The directive influence of attitudes on behavior. In P. Gollwitzer and J.A. Bargh (Eds.) Psychology of action (pp. 385-403). New York: Guilford.
9. Ajzen, I. (2002) Constructing a TPB questionnaire: conceptual and methodological considerations, from www.people.umass.edu/aizen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf, accessed 12 July 2004.
10. Ajzen, I. (2004). Behavioral interventions based on the theory of planned behavior, from http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen/pdf/tpb.intervention.pdf, accessed 12 July 2004.
11. Ajzen, I. (2011). Behavioral interventions: Design and evaluation guided by the theory of planned behavior. In M.M. Mark, S.I. Donaldson, and B. Campbell (Eds.) Social psychology for program and policy evaluation (pp. 74-100). New York, NY: Guilford.
12. Ajzen, I. (2015). The theory of planned behaviour is alive and well, and not ready to retire: A commentary on Sniehotta, Presseau, and Araujo-Soares. Health Psychology Review, 9, 131-137.
13. Amler, R.W., & Dull, H.B. (1987). Closing the gap. New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Armitage, C.J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-499.
15. Armitage, C.J. (2007). Efficacy of a brief worksite intervention to reduce smoking: The roles of behavioral and implementation intentions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 376-390.
16. Ashford, S., Edmunds, J., & French, D.P. (2010). What is the best way to change self-efficacy to promote lifestyle and recreational physical activity? A systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 265-288.
17. Aspinwall, L.G., Kemeny, M.E., Taylor, S.E., Schneider, S.G., & Dudley, J.P. (1991). Psychosocial predictors of gay men's AIDS risk-reduction behavior. Health Psychology, 10, 432-444.
18. Aulbach, M.B., Knittle, K., & Haukkala, A. (2019). Implicit process interventions in eating behaviour: A meta-analysis examining mediators and moderators. Health Psychology Review, 13, 179-208.
19. Avisha, A., Conner, M., & Sheeran, P. (2019). Setting realistic health goals: Antecedents and consequences. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 53, 1020-1031.
20. Baldwin, A.S., Rothman, A.J., Hertel, A.W., Linde, J.A., Jeffery, R.W., Finch, E.A., & Lando, H.A. (2006). Specifying the determinants of the initiation and maintenance of behavior change: An examination of self-efficacy, satisfaction, and smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 25, 626-634.
21. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
22. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A cognitive social theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
23. Bandura, A. (1991). Self-efficacy mechanism in physiological activation and health-promoting behavior. In J. Madden (Ed.) Neurobiology of learning, emotion and affect (pp. 229-270). New York: Raven Press.
24. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
25. Bartholow, B.D., Dickter, C.L., & Sestir, M.A. (2006). Stereotype activation and control of race bias: Cognitive control of inhibition and its impairment by alcohol. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 272-287.
26. Baum, A., & Posluszny, D.M. (1999). Health psychology: Mapping biobehavioral contributions to health and illness. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 137-163.
27. Becker, M.H., & Maiman, L.A. (1983). Models of health-related behavior. In D. Mechanic (Ed.) Handbook of health, health care and the health professions (pp. 539-568). New York: Free Press.
28. Becker, M.H., & Rosenstock, I.M. (1987). Comparing social learning theory and the health belief model. In W.B. Ward (Ed.) Advances in health education and promotion (Vol. 2, pp. 245-249). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
29. Becker, M.H. (1974). The health belief model and sick role behavior. Health Education Monographs, 2, 409-419.
30. Belanger-Gravel, A., Godin, G., Bilodeau, A., & Poirier, P. (2013). The effect of implementation intentions on physical activity among obese older adults: A randomised control study. Psychology & Health, 28, 217-233.
31. Belloc, N.B., & Breslow, L. (1972). Relationship of physical health status and health practices. Preventive Medicine, 9, 469-421.
32. Belloc, N.B. (1973). Relationship of health practices to mortality. Preventive Medicine, 2, 67-81.
33. Black Report (1988). Inequalities in health: the Black report and the health divide. London: DHSS.
34. Brawley, L.R. (1993). The practicality of using social psychological theories for exercise and health research and intervention. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 5, 99-115.
35. Brewer, NT., Chapman, G.B., Rothman, A.J., Leask, J., & Kempe, A. (2017). Increasing vaccination: Putting psychological science into action. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 18, 149-207.
36. Brock, B.M., Haefner D.P., & Noble, D.S. (1988). Alameda County Redux: Replication in Michigan. Preventive Medicine, 17, 483-495.
37. Cadario, R., & Chandon, P. (2020). Which healthy eating nudges work best? A meta-analysis of field experiments. Marketing Science, 39, 465-486.
38. Calitri, R., Pothos, E.M., Tapper, K., Brunstrom, J.M., & Rogers, P.J. (2010). Cognitive biases to healthy and unhealthy foods words predict change in BMI. Obesity, 18, 2282-2287.
39. Carey, R.N., Connell, L.E., Johnston, M., Rothman, A.J., de Bruin, M., Kelly, M.P., & Michie, S. (2019). Behavior change techniques and their mechanisms of action: A synthesis of links described in published intervention literature. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 53, 693-707.
40. Carfora, V., Caso, D., & Conner, M. (2016). Randomized controlled trial of "messaging intervention" to increase fruit and vegetable intake in adolescents: Affective versus instrumental messages. British Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 937-955.
41. Carpenter, C.J. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior. Health Communication, 25, 661-669.
42. Carver, C.S., & Scheier, M.F. (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 111-135.
43. Centers for Disease Control (2013). Health behaviors of adults: United States, 2008-2010. Washington DC: USDHHS.
44. Centers for Disease Control (2015). Flu Coverage Estimates. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/coverage-1415estimates.htm
45. Champion, V.L. (1994). Strategies to increase mammography utilization. Medical Care, 32, 118-129.
46. Chapman, J., & Armitage, C.J. (2009). Evidence that boosters augment the long-term impact of implementation intentions on fruit and vegetable intake. Psychology & Health, 25, 365-381.
47. Chen, X., Lunn, S., Deveaux, L., Li, X., Brathwaite, N., Cottrell, L., and Stanton, B. (2009). A cluster randomized controlled trial of an adolescent HIV prevention program among Bahamian youth: Effect at 12 months post-intervention. AIDS and Behavior, 13, 499-508.
48. Cheval, B., Miller, M.W., Orsholits, D., Berry, T., Sander, D., & Boisgontier, M.P. (2020). Physically active individuals look for more: An eye-tracking study of attentional bias. Psychophysiology, 57, e13582.
49. Choi, K.-H., & Catania, J. A. (1996). Changes in multiple sexual partnerships, HIV testing, and condom use among US heterosexuals 18 to 49 years of age, 1990 and 1992. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 554-556.
50. Choi, Y., Yang, S.J., & Song, H.Y. (2018). Effects of the variables related to the health action process approach on physical activity: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing, 29, 359-370.
51. Cialdini, R.B., Reno, R.R., & Kallgren, C.A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015-1026.
52. Cohen, E.S. and Fromme, K. (2002) Differential determinants of young adult substance use and high risk sexual behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1124-1150.
53. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159.
54. Collins, R.L., & Lapp, W.M. (1992). The temptation and restraint inventory for measuring drinking restraint. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 625-633.
55. Connell, L.E., Carey, R.N., de Bruin, M., Rothman, A.J., Johnston, M., Kelly, M.P., & Michie, S. (2019). Links between behavior change techniques and mechanisms of action: An expert consensus study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 53, 708-720.
56. Conner, M., & Higgins, A. (2010). Long-term effects of implementation intentions on prevention of smoking uptake among adolescents: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology, 29, 529-538.
57. Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2015). (Eds.). Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (3rd edition). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
58. Conner, M., & Sparks, P. (2015). The theory of planned behaviour and reasoned action approach. In M. Conner and P. Norman (Eds.) Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (3rd edition, pp. 142-188). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
59. Conner, M., Norman, P., & Bell, R. (2002). The Theory of Planned Behavior and healthy eating. Health Psychology, 21, 194-201.
60. Conner, M., Grogan, S., Fry, G., Gough, B., & Higgins, A.R. (2009). Direct, mediated and moderated impacts of personality variables on smoking initiation in adolescents. Psychology & Health, 24, 1085-1104.
61. Conner, M., Sandberg, T., & Norman, P. (2010). Using action planning to promote exercise behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40, 65-76.
62. Conner, M., Rhodes, R., Morris, B., McEachan, R., & Lawton, R. (2011). Changing exercise through targeting affective or cognitive attitudes. Psychology & Health, 26, 133-149.
63. Conner, M., McEachan, R., Jackson, C., McMillan, B., Woolridge, M., & Lawton, R. (2013). Moderating effect of socioeconomic status on the relationship between health cognitions and behaviors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46, 19-30.
64. Conner, M., McEachan, R., Taylor, N., O’Hara, J., & Lawton, J. (2015). Role of affective attitudes and anticipated affective reactions in predicting health behaviors. Health Psychology, 34, 642-652.
65. Conner, M., Abraham, C., Prestwich, A., Hutter, R., Hallam, J., Sykes-Muskett, B., Morris, B., & Hurling, R. (2016a). Impact of goal priority and goal conflict on the intention-health behavior relationship: Tests on physical activity and other health behaviors. Health Psychology, 35, 1017-1026.
66. Conner, M., McEachan, R., Lawton, J., & Gardner, P. (2016b). Basis of intentions as a moderator of the intention-health behavior relationship. Health Psychology, 35, 219-227.
67. Conner, M., McEachan, R., Lawton, J., & Gardner, P. (2017). Applying the reasoned action approach to understanding health protection and health risk behaviors. Social Science and Medicine, 195, 140-148.
68. Conner, M., Grogan, S., West, R., Simms-Ellis, R., Scholtens, K., Sykes-Muskett, B., Cowap, L., Lawton, R., Armitage, C.J., Meads, D., Schmitt, L., Torgerson, C., & Siddiqi, K. (2019). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of repeated implementation intention formation plus anti-smoking messages on adolescent smoking initiation: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87, 422-432.
69. Conner, M., Grogan, S., Simms-Ellis, R., Scholtens, K., Sykes-Muskett, B., Cowap, L., Lawton, R., Armitage, C.J., Meads, D., Schmitt, L., Torgerson, C., West, R., & Siddiqi, K. (2020). Evidence that an intervention weakens the relationship between adolescent electronic cigarette use and tobacco smoking: A 24 month prospective study. Tobacco Control 29, 425-431.
70. Conroy, D.E., Hyde, A.L., Doerksen, S.E., & Ribiero, N.F. (2010). Implicit attitudes and explicit motivation prospectively predict physical activity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 39, 112-118.
71. Cooke, R., & Sheeran, P. (2004). Moderation of cognition-intention and cognition -behaviour relations: a meta-analysis of properties of variables from the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 159-186.
72. Danner, U.N., Aarts, H., Papies, E.K., & de Vries, N.K. (2011). Paving the path for habit change: Cognitive shielding of intentions against habit intrusion. British Journal of Health Psychology, 16, 189-200.
73. de Ridder, D., Kroese, F., Evers, C., Adriaanse, M., & Gillebaart, M. (2017). Healthy diet: Health impact, prevalence, correlates, and interventions. Psychology & Health, 32, 907- 941.
74. Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
75. Department of Health (2015). The national flu immunisation programme 2015/16. Annual flu letter. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/418428/Annual_flu_letter_24_03_15__FINALv3_para9.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2015.
76. Doll, R., Peto, R., Wheatley, K., Gray, R., & Sutherland, I. (1994). Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. British Medical Journal, 309, 901-911.
77. Dombrowski, S.U., Sniehotta, F.F., Avenell, A., Johnston, M., MacLennan, G., & Araujo-Soares, V. (2012). Identifying active ingredients in complex behavioural interventions for obese adults with obesity-related co-morbidities or additional risk factors for co-morbidities: A systematic review. Health Psychology Review, 6, 7-32..
78. Farin, E. (1994). Eine Metaanalyse Empirischer Studien zum Pradiktiven Wert Kognitiver Variablen der HIV-Bezogenen Risikowahrnehmung und-Verabeitung fur das HIV-Risikoverhalten. Dissertation, Universitat Freiburg.
79. Fernandez, B.R., Monge-Rojas, R., Lopez, A.L.S., & Cardemil, E. (2019). Re-evaluating the self-report habit index: The cases of physical activity and snacking habits. Psychology & Health, 34, 1161-1178.
80. Fishbach, A., Friedman, R.S., & Kruglanski, A.W. (2003). Leading us not unto temptation: Momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 296-309.
81. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
82. Fishbein, M. (1993) Foreword. In D.J. Terry, Gallois, C., & McCamish, M. (Eds.) The theory of reasoned action: Its application to AIDS-related behavior (pp. xv-xxv) Oxford: Pergamon Press.
83. Floyd, D.L., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R.W. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 407-429.
84. Forscher, P. S., Lai, C. K., Axt, J. R., Ebersole, C. R., Herman, M., Devine, P. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 117(3), 522-559. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000160
85. French, D.P., Olander, E., Ahisholm, A., & McSharry, J. (2014). Which behavior change techniques are most effective at increasing older adults’ self-efficacy and physical activity behavior? A systematic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 48, 225-234.
86. Friedman, G.D., Dales, L.G., & Ury, H.K. (1979). Mortality in middle-aged smokers and non-smokers. New England Journal of Medicine, 300, 213-217.
87. Fries, J.F., Green, L.W., & Levine, S. (1989). Health promotion and the compression of mortality. Lancet, i, 481-483.
88. Funk, L.M. Grubber, J.M., McVay, M.A., Olsen, M.K., Yancy, W.S., & Voils, C.I. (2018). Patient predictors of weight loss following a behavioral weight management intervention among US Veterans with severe obesity. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity, 23, 587-595.
89. Galbraith, J., Ricardo, I., Stanton, B., Black, M., Feigelman, S., & Kaljee, L. (1996). Challenges and rewards of involving community in research: An overview of the "focus on kids" HIV risk reduction program. Health Education and Behavior, 23, 383-394.
90. Gardner, B., de Bruijn, G-J, & Lally, P. (2011). A systematic review and meta-analysis of applications of the self-report habit index to nutrition and physical activity behaviours. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 42, 174-187.
91. Gardner, B., de Bruijn, G-J., & Lally, P. (2012a). Habit, identity, and repetitive action: a prospective study of binge-drinking in UK students. British Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 565-581.
92. Gardner, B., Abraham, C., Lally, P., & de Bruijn, G-J. (2012b). Towards parsimony in habit measurement: Testing the convergent and predictive validity of an automaticity subscale of the Self-Report Habit Index. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 102.
93. Gardner, B. (2015). A review and analysis of the use of “habit” in understanding, predicting and influencing health-related behaviour. Health Psychology Review, 9, 277-295.
94. Ghazi, C., Nyland, J., Whaley, R., Rogers, T., Wera, J., & Henzman, C. (2018). Social cognitive or learning theory use to improve self-efficacy in musculoskeletal rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 34, 495-504.
95. Gholami, M. (2014). Self regulation and health behavior across the life span. (Doctoral dissertation). FUDISS_derivate_000000015447 http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/FUDISS_derivate_000000015447/Dissertation_Maryam_Gholami_online_submission.pdf;jsessionid=B7C992882B27C8A262FCC10DD0AAAED2?hosts=
96. Godin, G., Conner, M., & Sheeran, P. (2005). Bridging the intention-behavior "gap": The role of moral norm. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 497-512.
97. Godin, G., Sheeran, P., Conner, M., & Germain, M. (2008). Asking questions changes behavior: Mere measurement effects on frequency of blood donation. Health Psychology, 27, 179-184.
98. Godinho, C.A., Alvarez, M.J., & Lima, M.L. (2013). Formative research on HAPA model determinants for fruit and vegetable intake: Target beliefs for audiences at different stages of change. Health Education Research, 28, 1014-1028.
99. Gollwitzer, P.M., & Sheeran, P., (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69-119.
100. Gollwitzer, P.M. (1993). Goal achievement: The role of intentions. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 141-185). Chichester: Wiley.
101. Gollwitzer, P.M. (1996). The volitional benefits of planning. In P. Gollwitzer and J.A. Bargh (Eds.) Psychology of action (pp. 287-312). New York: Guilford.
102. Gray-Burrows, K., Taylor, N., O’Connor, D., Sutherland, E., Stoet, G., & Conner, M. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the executive function-health behaviour relationship. Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine. doi: 10.1080/21642850.2019.1637740
103. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.K.L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
104. Guiguet, M., Lepont, F., Retel, O., & Valleron, A. J. (1994). Changes in HIV behavior among French heterosexuals: Patterns of sexual monogamy and condom use between 1988 and 1991. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7, 1290-1291.
105. Hagger, M.S., & Chatzisarantis, N.L.D. (2015). Self-determination theory. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.) Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (3rd edition, pp. 107-141). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
106. Hagger, M., Cameron, L., Hankonen, N., Lintunen, T., & Hamilton, K. (Eds.) (2020) Handbook of behavior change. London: Wiley.
107. Hall, P.A., Fong, G.T., Epp, L.J., & Elias, L.J. (2008). Executive function moderates the intention-behavior link for physical activity and dietary behavior. Psychology & Health, 23, 309-326.
108. Hampson, S.E. (2012). Personality processes: Mechanisms by which personality traits “get outside the skin”. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 315-339.
109. Hardeman, W., Johnston, M., Johnston, D., Bonetti, D, Wareham, N.J., & Kinmonth, A.L. (2002). Application of the theory of planned behaviour in behaviour change interventions: A systematic review. Psychology & Health, 17, 123-158.
110. Harrison, J.A., Mullen, P.D., & Green, L.W. (1992). A meta-analysis of studies of the Health Belief Model with adults. Health Education Research, 7, 107-116.
111. Hartley, L., Igbinedion, E., Holmes, J., Flowers, N., Thorogood, M., Clarke, A.S., Stranges, S., Hooper, L, & Rees, K. (2013). Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD009874.
112. Head, K.J., & Noar, S.M. (2014). Facilitating progress in health behaviour theory development and modification: The reasoned action approach as a case study. Health Psychology Review, 8, 34-52.
113. Health Survey for England (2013). Health data. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB13218. Accessed 2 June 2015.
114. Heckhausen, H. (1991). Motivation and action. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
115. Hendrikse, J.J., Cachia, R.L., Kothe, E.J., McPhie, S., Skouteris, H., & Hayden, M.J. (2015). Attentional biases for food cues in overweight and individuals with obesity: A systematic review of the literature. Obesity Reviews, 16, 424-432.
116. Hess, K.L., Crepaz, N., Rose, C., Purcell, D., & Paz-Bailey, G. (2017). Trends in sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) in high-income countries, 1990-2013: A systematic seview. AIDS and Behavior, 21, 2811-2834.
117. Hodgkins, S., & Orbell, S. (1998). Can protection motivation theory predict behaviour? A longitudinal test exploring the role of previous behaviour. Psychology & Health, 13, 237-220.
118. Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Friese, M., Wiers, R.W., & Schmitt, M. (2008).Working memory capacity and self-regulatory behavior: Toward an individual differences perspective on behavior determination by automatic versus controlled processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 962-977.
119. Hollands, G.J., Prestwich, A., & Marteau, T.M. (2011). Using aversive images to enhance healthy eating food choices and implicit attitudes: An experimental test of evaluative conditioning. Health Psychology, 30, 195-203.
120. Hooper, L., Summerbell, C.D., Thompson, R., Sills, D., Roberts, F.G., Moore, H.J., & Davey Smith, G. (2012). Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD002137.
121. Janis, I.L. (1967). Effects of fear arousal on attitude change: recent developments in theory and experimental research. In L.Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 166-224). New York: Academic Press.
122. Janz, N.K., & Becker, M.H. (1984). The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11, 1-47.
123. Johnson, D.R., Nichol, K.L., & Lipczynski, K. (2011). Barriers to adult immunisation. American Journal of Medicine, 121, S28-S35.
124. Jones, J.J., Smith, H., & Llewellyn C. (2013). Evaluating the effectiveness of health belief model interventions in improving adherence: A systematic review. Health Psychology Review, 8, 253-269.
125. Kakoschke, N., Kemps, E., & Tiggemann, M. (2014). Attentional bias modification encourages healthy eating. Eating Behaviors, 15, 120-124.
126. Karfopoulou, E., Anastasiou, C.A., Avgeraki, E., Kosmidis M.H., & Yannakouli, M. (2016). The role of social support in weight loss maintenance: Results from the MedWeight study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 39, 511-518.
127. Kassavou, A., Turner, A., Hamborg, T., & French, D.P. (2014). Predicting maintenance of attendance at walking groups: Testing constructs from three leading maintenance theories. Health Psychology, 33, 752-756.
128. Keer, M., Conner, M., Van den Putte, B., & Neijens, P. (2014). The temporal stability and predictive validity of affect-based and cognition-based intentions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53, 315-327.
129. Knittle, K., Nurmi, J., Crutzen, R., Hankonen, N., Beattie, M., & Dombrowski, S.U. (2018). How can interventions increase motivation for physical activity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 12, 211-230.
130. Kok, G., Schaalma, H., Ruiter, R.A.C., Van Empelen, P., & Brug, J. (2004), Intervention mapping: Protocol for applying health psychology theory to prevention programmes. Journal of Health Psychology, 9, 85-98.
131. Kuntsche, E., Kuntsche, S., Thrul, J., & Gmel, G. (2017). Binge drinking: Health impact, prevalence, correlates, and interventions. Psychology & Health, 32, 976-1017.
132. Kusseling, F. S., Shapiro, M. F., Greenberg, J. M., & Wenger, N. S. (1996). Understanding why heterosexual adults do not practice safer sex: A comparison of two samples. AIDS Education and Prevention, 8, 247-257
133. Kwasnicka, D., Dombrowski, S.U., White, M., & Sniehotta, F. (2016). Theoretical explanations for maintenance of behaviour change: A systematic review of behaviour theories. Health Psychology Review, 10, 277-296.
134. Landais, L.L., Damman, O.C., Schoonmade, L.J., Timmermans, D.R.M., Verhagen, E.A.L.M., & Jelsma, J.G.M. (2020). Choice architecture interventions to change physical activity and sedentary behavior: A systematic review of effects on intention, behavior and health outcomes during and after intervention. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14, 47.
135. Lawton, R., Conner, M., & McEachan, R. (2009). Desire or reason: Predicting health behaviors from affective and cognitive attitudes. Health Psychology, 28, 56-65.
136. Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
137. Lazarus, R.S., & Launier, R. (1978). Stress related transactions between person and environment. In L.A. Pervin & M. Lewis (Eds.) Perspectives in interactional psychology (pp. 287-327). New York: Plenum Press.
138. Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. In L.Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 119-186). New York: Academic Press.
139. Lin, C.Y., Scheerman, J., Yaseri, M., Pakpour, A., & Webb, T.L. (2017). A cluster randomised controlled trial of an intervention based on the health action process approach for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in Iranian adolescents. Psychology & Health, 32, 1449-1468.
140. Luszczynska, A., & Schwarzer, R. (2015). Social cognitive theory. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.) Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (3rd edition, pp. 225-251). Buckingham: Open University Press.
141. Luszczynska, A., Mazurkiewicz, M., Ziegelmann, J.P., & Schwarzer, R. (2007). Recovery self-efficacy and intention as predictors of running or jogging behavior: A cross-lagged panel analysis over a two-year period. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 247-260.
142. Luszczynska, A., Durawa, A., Scholz, U., & Knoll, N. (2012). Empowerment beliefs and intention to uptake cervical cancer screening: Three psychosocial mediating mechanisms. Women & Health, 52, 162-181.
143. Luszczynska, A., Hagger, M. S., Banik, A., Horodyska, K., Knoll, N., & Scholz, U. (2016). Self-efficacy, planning, or a combination of both? A longitudinal experimental study comparing effects of three interventions on adolescents’ body fat. PLoS ONE, 11, e0159125.
144. Lyles, C.M., Kay, L.S., Crepaz, N., Herbst, J.H., Passin, W.F., Kim, A.S., Rama, S.M., Thadiparthi, S., DeLuca, J.B., & Mullins, M.M. (2007). Best-evidence interventions: Findings from a systematic review of HIV behavioral interventions for US populations at high risk, 2000-2004. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 133-143.
145. Macrae, C.N., & Johnston, L. (1998). Help, I need somebody: Automatic action and inaction. Social Cognition, 16, 400-417.
146. Maddux, J.E. (1993). (Ed.) Self-efficacy, adaptation and adjustment: theory, research and application. New York: Plenum.
147. Manning, M. (2009). The effects of subjective norms on behaviour in the theory of planned behaviour: A meta analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 649-705.
148. Marlatt, G.A., & Gordon, J. (Eds) (1985). Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in addictive behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
149. Marlatt, G.A., Baer, J. S., & Quigley, L.A. (1995). Self-efficacy and addictive behavior. In A. Bandura (Ed.) Self-efficacy in changing societies (pp. 289-315). New York: Cambridge University Press.
150. McEachan, R.R.C., Conner, M., Taylor, N.J., & Lawton, R.J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviors with the Theory of Planned Behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5, 97-144.
151. McEachan, R., Taylor, N., Harrison, R., Lawton, R., Gardner, P., & Conner, M. (2016). Meta-analysis of the Reasoned Action Approach (RAA) to understanding health behaviors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50, 592-612.
152. McGinnis, J.M., Williams-Russo, P., & Knickman, J.R. (2002). The case for more active policy attention to health promotion. Health Affairs, 21, 78-93
153. McWilliams, L., Bellhouse, S., Yorke, J., Lloyd, K., & Armitage, C.J. (2019). Beyond "planning": A meta-analysis of implementation intentions to support smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 38, 1059-1068.
154. Metzner, H.L., Carman W.J., & House, J. (1983). Health practices, risk factors and chronic disease in Tecumeseh. Preventive Medicine, 12, 491-507.
155. Michie, S., & Wood, C.E. (2015). Health behaviour change techniques. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.) Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (3rd edition, pp. 358-389). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
156. Michie, S. Abraham, C., Whittington, C., & McAteer, J. (2009). Effective techniques in health eating and psychical activity interventions: A meta-regression. Health Psychology, 28, 690-701.
157. Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W. et al. (2013). The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: Building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Annals of Behavior Medicine, 46, 81-95.
158. Milne, S., Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Prediction and intervention in health-related behavior: A meta-analytic review of protection motivation theory, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 106-143.
159. Murray, J.M., Brennan, S.F.. French, D.P., Patterson, C.C., Kee, F., & Hunter, R.F. (2017). Effectiveness of physical activity interventions in achieving behaviour change maintenance in young and middle aged adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 192, 125-133.
160. Mutter, E.R., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P.M. (2020). An online randomised controlled trial of mental contrasting with implementation intentions as a smoking behaviours change intervention. Psychology & Health, 35, 318-345.
161. Nisbett, R.E., &Wilson, T.D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 221-259.
162. Noel, J.G., Petzel, Z.W., & Mulderig, T.H. (2019). Of two minds about alcohol: Specific effects of evaluative conditioning on implicit, but not explicit, alcohol cognitions among heavy versus light drinkers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 33, 285-296.
163. Norman, P., & Brain, K. (2005). An application of an extended health belief model to the prediction of breast self-examination among women with a family history of breast cancer. British Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 1-16.
164. Norman, P., & Conner (2015). Predicting and changing health behaviour: Future directions. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.) Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (3rd edition, pp. 390-430). Buckingham: Open University Press.
165. Norman, P., Boer, H., Seydel, E.R., & Mullan, B. (2015). Protection motivation theory. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.) Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (3rd edition, pp. 70-106). Buckingham: Open University Press.
166. Norman, P. (2011). The theory of planned behavior and binge drinking among undergraduate students: Assessing the impact of habit strength. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 502-507.
167. Ogden, J. (2003). Some problems with social cognition models: A pragmatic and conceptual analysis. Health Psychology, 22, 424-428.
168. Olander, E.K., Fletcher, H., Williams, S., Atkinson, L., Turner, A., & French, D.P. (2013). What are the most effective techniques in changing obese individuals’ physical activity self-efficacy and behaviour: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 29.
169. Orbell, S., Crombie, I., & Johnson, M. (1995). Social cognition and social structure in the prediction of cervical screening uptake. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1, 35-50.
170. Orbell, S., Hodgkins, S., & Sheeran, P. (1997). Implementation intentions and the theory of planned behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 945-954.
171. Ouellette, J., & Wood, W. (1998). Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behaviour. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 54-74.
172. Papies, E.K., & Hamstra, P. (2010). Goal priming and eating behavior: Enhancing self-regulation by environmental cues. Health Psychology, 29, 384-388.
173. Pennington, C.R., Shaw, D.J., Adams, J., Kavanagh, P., Reed, H., Robinson, M., et al. (2020). Where's the wine? Heavy social drinkers show attentional bias towards alcohol in a visual conjunction search task. Addiction, in press.
174. Prestwich, A., Sheeran, P., Webb, T.L., & Gollwitzer, P.M. (2005). Implementation intentions. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.), Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (3rd edition, pp. 321-257). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
175. Prestwich, A., Conner, M., Lawton, R., Ward, J., Ayres, K., & McEachan, R. (2012). Randomized controlled trial of collaborative implementation intentions targeting working adults’ physical activity. Health Psychology, 31, 486-495.
176. Prestwich, A., Kellar, I., Parker, R., MacRae, S., Learmonth, M., Sykes, B. et al. (2014). How can self-efficacy be increased? Meta-analysis of dietary interventions. Health Psychology Review, 8, 270-285.
177. Prestwich, A., Sniehotta, F.F., Whittington, C., Dombrowski, S.U., Rogers, L., & Michie, S. (2014c). Does theory influence the effectiveness of health behavior interventions? Meta-analysis, Health Psychology, 33, 465-474.
178. Prestwich, A., Kenworthy, J., & Conner, M. (2017). Health behavior change: Theories, methods and interventions. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
179. Public Health England (2016). Seasonal influenza vaccine uptake amongst GP Patients in England. Provisional monthly data for 1 September 2015 to 31 January 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/503124/January_2016_Seasonal_flu_GP_patients_01Sept_31Jan.pdf. Accessed January 18, 2017
180. Ray, L.A., Du, H., Grodin, E., Bujarski, S., Meredith, L., Ho, D., Nieto, S., & Wassum, K. (2020). Capturing habitualness of drinking and smoking behavior in humans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 207, 107738.
181. Rees, K., Hartley, L., Flowers, N., Clarke, A., Hooper, L., Thorogood, M., & Stranges, S. (2013). 'Mediterranean' dietary pattern for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD009825.
182. Reiss, I.L. & Leik, R.K. (1989). Evaluating strategies to avoid AIDS: Numbers of sexual partners versus use of condoms. Journal of Sex Research, 26, 411-433.
183. Resnicow, K., Wallace, D.S., Jackson, A, Digirolamo, A., Odom, E., Wang, T., Dudley, W.M., Davis, M., Mitchell, D., & Baranowski, T. (2000). Dietary change through African American churches: Baseline results and program description of the eat for life trial. Journal of Cancer Education, 15, 156-163.
184. Reuter, T., Ziegelmann, J.P., Wiedemann, A.U., Lippke, S., Schuz, B., & Aiken, L.S. (2010). Planning bridges the intention-behaviour gap: Age makes a difference and strategy use explains why. Psychology & Health, 25, 873-887.
185. Rhodes, R.E., Courneya, K.S., & Hayduk, L.A. (2002). Does personality moderate the theory of planned behavior in the exercise domain? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24, 120-132.
186. Rhodes, R., Janssen, I., Bredin, S., Warburton, D., & Bauman, A. (2017). Physical activity: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychology & Health, 32, 942-975.
187. Rodrigues, A. M., O’Brien, N., French, D. P., Glidewell, L., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2015). The question-behavior effect: Genuine effect or spurious phenomenon? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials with meta-analyses. Health Psychology, 34, 61-70.
188. Rogers, R.W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: a revised theory of protection motivation. In J.T. Cacioppo & R.E. Petty (Eds.) Social psychophysiology: a source book (pp. 153-176). New York: Guilford Press.
189. Rollo, S., & Prapavessis, H. (2020). A combined health action process approach and mHealth intervention to increase non-sedentary behaviours in office-working adults: A randomised controlled trial. Applied Psychology, in press.
190. Rooke, S.E., Hine, D.W., & Thorsteinsson, E.B. (2008). Implicit cognition and substance use: A meta analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1314-1328.
191. Rosenstock, I.M. (1966). Why people use health services. Millbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 44, 94-124.
192. Rosenstock, I.M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 2, 1-8.
193. Rosenstock I.M., Strecher V.J., Becker M.H. Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Educ. Q. 1988;15(2):175-183. doi:10.1177/109019818801500203.
194. Rothman, A.J. (2000). Toward a theory-based analysis of behavioral maintenance. Health Psychology, 19, 64-69.
195. Rovniak, L.S., Anderson, E.S., Winett, R.A., & Stephens, R.S. (2002). Social cognitive determinants of physical activity in young adults: a prospective structural equation analysis, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 149-156.
196. Royal College of Physicians (1983). Health or smoking: follow-up report. London: Pitman.
197. Rutter, D.R., & Quine, L. (Eds.) (2002). Changing health behaviour: Intervention and research with social cognition models. Buckingham: OU Press.
198. Sarma, E.A., Silver, M. I.,Kobrin, S., Marcus, P.M., & Ferrer, R.A. (2019). Cancer screening: Health impact, prevalence, correlates, and interventions. Psychology & Health, 34, 1036-1072.
199. Scheier, M.F. & Carver, C.S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201-228.
200. Schoenmakers, T.M., de Bruin, M., Lux, I.F., Goertz, A.G., van Kerkhof, D.H., & Wiers, R.W. (2010). Clinical effectiveness of attentional bias modification training in abstinent alcoholic patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 109, 30-36.
201. Schuz, B., Sone-Wai Li, A., Hardinge, A., McEachan, R.R.C., & Conner, M. (2017). Socioeconomic status as a moderator between social cognitions and physical activity: Systematic review and meta-analysis based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 30, 186-195.
202. Schwarzer, R., & Luszczynska, A. (2015). Health action process approach. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.) Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (3rd edition, pp. 252-278). Buckingham: Open University Press.
203. Schwarzer, R. (1992). Self-efficacy in the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors: theoretical approaches and a new model. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.) Self-efficacy: thought control of action (pp. 217-243). London: Hemisphere.
204. Schwarzer, R. (1994). Optimism, vulnerability, and self-beliefs as health-related cognitions: a systematic overview. Psychology & Health, 9, 161-180.
205. Seydel, E., Taal, E., & Wiegman, O. (1990). Risk-appraisal, outcome and self-efficacy expectancies: Cognitive factors in preventive behaviour related to cancer. Psychology & Health, 4, 99-109.
206. Sheeran, P., & Abraham, C. (2003). Mediator of moderators: temporal stability of intention and the intention-behavior relationship. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 205-215.
207. Sheeran, P., & Conner, M. (2017). Improving the translation of intentions into health actions: The role of motivational coherence. Health Psychology, 36, 1065-1073.
208. Sheeran, P., & Conner, M. (2019). Degree of reasoned action predicts increased intentional control and reduced habitual control over health behaviors. Social Science and Medicine, 228, 68-74.
209. Sheeran, P., Norman, P., & Orbell, S. (1999). Evidence that intentions based on attitudes better predict behaviour than intentions based on subjective norms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 403-406.
210. Sheeran, P., Harris, P., & Epton, T. (2014). Does heightening risk appraisals change people’s intentions and behavior? A meta-analytic review of the experimental evidence, Psychological Bulletin, 140, 511-543.
211. Sheeran, P., Maki, A., Montanaro, E., Bryan, A., Klein, W.M.P., Miles, E., & Rothman, A.J. (2016). The impact of changing attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy on health-related intentions and behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 35, 1178-1188.
212. Sheeran, P., Godin, G., Conner, M., & Germain, M. (2017). Paradoxical effects of experience: Past behavior both strengthens and weakens the intention-behavior relationship. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2, 309-318.
213. Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention-behavior relations: a conceptual and empirical review. In W. Strobe and M. Hewstone (Eds.) European review of social psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 1-30). Chichester: Wiley.
214. Sherwood, N.E., & Jeffery, R.W. (2000). The behavioral determinants of exercise: Implications for physical activity interventions. Annual Review of Nutrition, 20, 21-44.
215. Smit E.S., Hoving C., Schelleman-Offermans, K., West, R., & de Vries, H. (2014). Predictors of successful and unsuccessful quit attempts among smokers motivated to quit. Addictive Behaviors, 39,1318-1324.
216. Snead, M.C., O'Leary, A.M., Mandel, M.G., Kourtis, A.P., Wiener, J., Jamieson, D.J., et al. (2014). Relationship between social cognitive theory constructs and self-reported condom use: Assessment of behaviour in a subgroup of the Safe in the City trial. BMJ Open, 4, e006093.
217. Sniehotta, F. F., Presseau, J., & Araujo-Soares, V. (2014). Time to retire the theory of planned behaviour. Health Psychology Review, 8, 1-7.
218. Stacey, F.G., James, E.L., Chapman, K., Courneya, K.S., & Lubans, D.R. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis of social cognitive theory-based physical activity and/or nutrition behavior change interventions for cancer survivors. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 9, 305-338..
219. Steinmetz, H., Knappstein, M., Ajzen, I., Schmidt, P., & Kabst, R. (2016). How effective are behavior change interventions based on the Theory of Planned Behavior? A three-level meta-analysis. Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology, 224, 216-233.
220. Steptoe, A., & Wardle, J. (1996). The European health and behaviour survey: The development of an international study in health psychology. Psychology & Health, 11, 49-73.
221. Stetson, B.A., Beacham, A.O., Frommelt, S.J., Boutelle, K.N., Colem J.D., Ziegler, C.H., & Looney, S.W. (2005). Exercise slips in high-risk situations and activity patterns in long-terms exercisers: An application of the relapse prevention model. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 25-35.
222. Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behaviour. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220-247.
223. Stringhini S, Sabia S, Shipley M, Brunner E, Nabi H, Kivimaki M, et al. (2010). Association of socioeconomic position with health behaviors and mortality. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 303, 1159-1166.
224. Stroebe, W., Mensink, W., Aarts, H., Schut, H., & Kruglanski, A.W. (2008). Why dieters fail: Testing the goal conflict model of eating. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 26-36.
225. Sutton, S. (1982). Fear-arousing communications: a critical examination of theory and research. In J.R. Eiser (Ed.) Social psychology and behavioural medicine (pp. 303-337). London: Wiley.
226. Sutton, S. (2002). Testing attitude-behaviour theories using non-experimental data: An examination of some hidden assumptions. European Review of Social Psychology, 13, 293-323.
227. Tanner, J.F., Jr., Hunt, J.B., & Eppright, D.R. (1991). The protection motivation model: a normative model of fear appeals. Journal of Marketing, 55, 36-45.
228. Te Morenga, L., Mallard, S., & Mann, J. (2013). Dietary sugars and body weight: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. British Medical Journal, 346, e7492.
229. Teixeira, P.J., Carraca, E., Markland, D.A., Silva, M.N., & Markland, D.A. (2012). Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 78.
230. Thaler, R.H., & Sunstein, C,R. (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. New York: Penguin Books.
231. Thomas, R.E., Russell, M., & Lorenzetti, D. (2010). Interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, CD005188.
232. Torre, L. A., Bray, F., Siegel, R. L., Ferlay, J., Lortet-Tieulent, J., & Jemal, A. (2015). Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 65, 87-108.
233. Triandis, H. C. (1977). Interpersonal behavior. Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
234. Tsipa, A., O’Connor, D.B., Branley-Bell, D.B., Day, F., Hall, L.H., Sykes-Muskett, B., Wilding, S., Taylor, N., & Conner, M. (2020). Promoting colorectal cancer screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of interventions to increase uptake. Health Psychology Review. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2020.1760726
235. Tulloch, H., Reida, R., D'Angeloa, M.S., Plotnikoff, R.C., Morrina, L., Beatona, L., Papadakisa, S., & Pipe, A. (2009). Predicting short and long-term exercise intentions and behaviour in patients with coronary artery disease: A test of protection motivation theory. Psychology & Health, 24, 255-669.
236. Tyson, M., Covey, J., & Rosenthal, H.E.S. (2014). Theory of planned behavior interventions for reducing heterosexual risk behaviors: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 33, 1454-1467
237. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2000). Healthy People 2020 Framework. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
238. US Department of Health and Human Services (1988). The Surgeon General's report on nutrition and health. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
239. Van der Velde, F.W., Hooykaas, C., & van der Pligt, J. (1996). Conditional versus unconditional risk estimates in models of AIDS-related risk behaviour, Psychology & Health, 12, 87-100.
240. Vayisoglu, S.K., & Zincir, H. (2019). The health action process approach-based program's effects on influenza vaccination behaviour. Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 15, 517-524.
241. Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2003). Reflections on past behavior: A self-report index of habit strength. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1313-1330.
242. Voils, C.I., Gierisch, J.M., Yancy, W.S., Sandelowski, M., Smith, R., Bolton, J., & Strauss, J.L. (2014). Differentiating behavior initiation and maintenance: Theoretical framework and proof of concept. Health Education and Behavior, 41, 325-336.
243. Warburton, D. E., Charlesworth, S., Ivey, A., Nettlefold, L., & Bredin, S. S. (2010). A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 39.
244. Webb, T.L., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Does changing behavioural intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 249-268.
245. Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2007). How do implementation intentions promote goal attainment? A test of component processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 295-302.
246. Weinstein, N.D. & Nicolich, M. (1983). Correct and incorrect interpretations of correlations between risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Health Psychology, 12, 235-245.
247. West, R. (2017). Tobacco smoking: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychology & Health, 32, 1018-1036.
248. Wiers, R.W., Eberl, C., Rinck, M., Becker, E., & Lindenmeyer, J. (2011). Retraining automatic action tendencies changes alcoholic patients’ approach bias for alcohol and improves treatment outcome. Psychological Science, 22, 290-297.
249. Williams, K.E., & Bond, M.J. (2002). The roles of self-efficacy, outcome expectancies and social support in the self-care behaviors of diabetics. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 7, 127-141.
250. Williams, S.L., & French, D.P. (2011). What are the most effective intervention techniques for changing physical activity self-efficacy and physical activity behaviour and are they the same? Health Education Research, 26, 308-322.
251. Williams, D.M. & Rhodes, R.E. (2016). The confounded self- efficacy construct: Conceptual analysis, and recommendations for future research. Health Psychology Review, 10, 113-128.
252. Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communications Monographs, 59, 329-349.
253. World Health Organization. (2016). Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Prevalence of insufficient physical activity. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/physical_activity/en/
254. World Health Organization. (2018). Non communicable diseases. https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
255. World Health Organization. (2019). Global status report on alcohol and health. Retrieved June 23, 2020, fromhttps://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-status-report-on-alcohol-and-health-2018
256. Wurtele, S.K. & Maddux, J.E. (1987). Relative contributions of protection motivation components in predicting exercise intentions and behavior. Health Psychology, 6, 453-466.
257. Wurtele, S.K. (1988). Increasing women's calcium intake: The role of health beliefs, intentions and health value. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 627-639.
258. Young, M D., Plotnikoff, R.C., Collins, C. E., Callister, R., & Morgan, P.J. (2014). Social cognitive theory and physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 15, 983-995.
259. Zhang, S., Cui, L.X., Sun, X.X., & Zhang, Q. (2018). The effect of attentional bias modification on eating behavior among women craving high-calorie food. Appetite, 129, 135-142.
260. Zhang, C.Q., Zhang, R., Schwarzer, R., & Hagger, M.S. (2019). A meta-analysis of the health action process approach. Health Psychology, 38, 623-637.
261. Zimmerman, R., & Vernberg, D. (1994). Models of preventive health behavior: Comparison, critique, and meta-analysis. Advances in Medical Sociology, 4, 45-67.