Meta-Analysis of the Reasoned Action Approach (RAA) to Understanding Health Behaviors

Annals of Behavioral Medicine

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 592-612

  McEachan, Rosemary ^a   Taylor, Natalie ^a,b,c   Harrison, Reema ^a   Lawton, Rebecca ^a,b   Gardner, Peter ^b   Conner, Mark ^b  

^a BRADFORD INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^c MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Health behavior; Meta analysis; Protection behaviors; Reasoned action approach; Risk behaviors; Theory of planned behavior

Indexed keywords

HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; PROPHYLAXIS; THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR; ATTITUDE; BEHAVIOR; PROTECTION; RISK FACTOR; SELF CONTROL; SOCIAL NORM;

ATTITUDE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; INTENTION; PROTECTIVE FACTORS; RISK FACTORS; SELF-CONTROL; SOCIAL NORMS;

EID: 84966705297     PISSN: 08836612     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12160-016-9798-4     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Conner M, Norman P, eds. Predicting and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models. 3rd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press; 2015.
2. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis. 1991; 50: 179-211.
3. Ajzen I, Fishbein M. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood-Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1980.
4. Albarracin D, Johnson BT, Fishbein M, et al. Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2001; 127: 142-161.
5. Armitage CJ, Conner M. Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. Brit J Soc Psychol. 2001; 40: 471-499.
6. Cooke R, French DP. How well do the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behaviour predict intentions and attendance at screening programmes? A meta-analysis. Psychol Health. 2008; 23: 745-765.
7. Godin G, Kok G. The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. Am J Health Promot. 1996; 11: 87-98.
8. Hagger M, Chatzisarantis N, Biddle S. A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2002; 24: 3-32.
9. Hausenblas HA, Carron AV, Mack DE. Application of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior to exercise behavior: A meta-analysis. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1997; 19: 36-51.
10. McEachan RRC, Conner M, Taylor NJ, et al. Prospective prediction of health-related behaviors with the Theory of Planned Behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev. 2011; 5: 97-144.
11. Ajzen I, Fishbein M. The influence of attitudes on behavior. In: Albarracin D, Johnson BT, Zanna MP, eds. Handbook of attitudes and attitude change: Basic principles. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; 2005: 173-221.
12. Conner M, Sparks P. The theory of planned behaviour and health behaviours. In: Conner M, Norman P, eds. Predicting health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press; 2005: 170-222.
13. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2010.
14. Schulze R, Whittmann WW. A meta-analysis of the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior: The principle of compatibility and multidimensionality of beliefs as moderators. In: Schulze R et al., eds. Meta-analysis: New Developments and Applications in Medical and Social Sciences. Ashland, OH: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers; 2003: 219-250.
15. Trafimow D, Sheeran P, Conner M, et al. Evidence that perceived behavioral control is a multidimensional construct: Perceived control and perceived difficulty. Brit J Soc Psychol. 2002; 41: 101-121.
16. Head KJ, Noar SM. Facilitating progress in health behaviour theory development and modification: The reasoned action approach as a case study. Health Psychol Rev. 2014; 8: 34-52.
17. Conner M, McEachan R, Taylor N, et al. Role of affective attitudes and anticipated affective reactions in predicting health behaviors. Health Psychol. 2015; 34: 642-652.
18. Manning M. The effects of subjective norms on behaviour in the theory of planned behaviour: A meta analysis. Brit J Soc Psychol. 2009; 48: 649-705.
19. Rodgers WM, Conner M, Murray TC. Distinguishing among perceived control, perceived difficulty, and self-efficacy as determinants of intentions and behaviours. Brit J Soc Psychol. 2008; 47: 607-630.
20. Ajzen I, Driver BL. Application of the theory of planned behavior to leisure choice. J Leis Res. 1992; 24: 207-224.
21. Crites SL, Fabrigar LR, Petty RE. Measuring the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes: conceptual and methodological issues. Personal Soc Psychol Bull. 1994; 20: 619-34.
22. Ajzen A, Timko C. Correspondence between health attitudes and behavior. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 1986; 7: 259-276.
23. Chan DK, Fishbein M. Determinants of college women’s intentions to tell their partners to use condoms. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 1993; 23: 1455-70.
24. Manstead ASR, Parker D. Evaluating and extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Eur Rev Soc Psychol. 1995; 6: 69-95.
25. Lawton R, Conner M, McEachan R. Desire or reason: Predicting health behaviors from affective and cognitive attitudes. Health Psychol. 2009; 28: 56-65.
26. Lawton R, Conner M, Parker D. Beyond cognition: Predicting health risk behaviors from instrumental and affective beliefs. Health Psychol. 2007; 26: 259-267.
27. Trafimow D, Sheeran P. Some tests of the distinction between cognitive and affective beliefs. J Exp Soc Psychol. 1998; 34: 378-97.
28. Breckler SJ, Wiggins EC. Affect versus evaluation in the structure of attitudes. J Exp Soc Psychol. 1989; 25: 253-271.
29. Conner M, Rhodes R, Morris B, et al. Changing exercise through targeting affective or cognitive attitudes. Psychol Health. 2011; 26: 133-149.
30. Eagly AH, Chaiken S. The psychology of attitudes. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: Fort Worth, TX; 1993.
31. Strack F, Deutsch R. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personal Soc Psychol Rev. 2004; 8: 220-47.
32. Sheppard BH, Hartwick J, Warshaw PR. The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. J Consum Res. 1988; 15: 325-339.
33. Van den Putte B. On the theory of reasoned action. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: University of Amsterdam; 1991.
34. Cialdini RB, Kallgren CA, Reno RR. A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and re-evaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 1991; 24: 201-234.
35. Deutsch M, Gerard HB. A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. J Abnorm Soc Psychol. 1955; 51: 629-636.
36. Fishbein M. Introduction. In: Terry DJ, Gallois C, McCamish M, eds. The Theory of Reasoned Action: Its Application to AIDS-preventive Behaviour. Oxford: Pergamon; 1993: 15-25.
37. Rivis A, Sheeran P. Descriptive norms as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Curr Psychol. 2003; 22: 218-33.
38. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992; 112: 155-159.
39. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977; 84: 191-215.
40. de Vries H, Backbier E, Kok G, et al. The impact of social influences in the context of attitude, self-efficacy, intention and previous behavior as predictors of smoking onset. J Appl Soc Psychol. 1995; 25: 237-257.
41. Ajzen I. Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2002; 32: 1-20.
42. Ajzen, I. Constructing a TpB questionnaire: Conceptual and methodological considerations. Available at http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf. Accessibility verified July 12 2006.
43. Gibbons FX, Gerrard M. Predicting young adults’ health risk behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995; 69: 505-517.
44. Abraham C, Henderson M, Der G. Cognitive impact of a research-based school sex education programme. Psychol Health. 2004; 19: 689-703.
45. Armitage CJ, Conner M. Distinguishing perceptions of control from self-efficacy: Predicting consumption of a low-fat diet using the theory of planned behavior. J Appl Soc Psychol. 1999; 29: 72-90.
46. Armitage CJ, Conner M. The theory of planned behaviour: Assessment of predictive validity and ‘perceived control’. Brit J Soc Psychol. 1999; 38: 35-54.
47. Armitage CJ, Conner M, Loach J, et al. Different perceptions of control: Applying an extended theory of planned behavior to legal and illegal drug use. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 1999; 21: 301-316.
48. Berg C, Jonsson I, Conner M. Understanding choice of milk and bread for breakfast among Swedish children aged 11–15 years: an application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Appetite. 2000; 34: 5-19.
49. Bish A, Sutton S, Golombok S. Predicting uptake of a routine cervical smear test: A comparison of the health belief model and the theory of planned behaviour. Psychol Health. 2000; 15: 35-50.
50. Blanchard CM, Fisher J, Sparling PB, et al. Understanding adherence to 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day: A Theory of Planned Behavior perspective. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2009; 41: 3-10.
51. Blanchard CM, Kupperman J, Sparling PB, et al. Do ethnicity and gender matter when using the theory of planned behavior to understand fruit and vegetable consumption? Appetite. 2009; 52: 15-20.
52. Blanchard C, Fisher J, Sparling P, et al. Understanding physical activity behavior in African American and Caucasian college students: An application of the theory of planned behavior. J Am Coll Health. 2008; 56: 341-346.
53. Blanchard CM, Kupperman J, Sparling P, et al. Ethnicity and the theory of planned behavior in an exercise context: A mediation and moderation perspective. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2008; 9: 527-545.
54. Boudreau F, Godin G, Pineau R, et al. Health risk appraisal in an occupational setting and its impact on exercise behaviour. J Occup Environ Med. 1995; 37: 1145-1150.
55. Bryan AD, Rocheleau CA. Predicting aerobic versus resistance exercise using the theory of planned behavior. Am J Health Behav. 2002; 26: 83-94.
56. Chatzisarantis NLD, Hagger MS, Wang CKJ, et al. The effects of social identity and perceived autonomy support on health behaviour within the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Curr Psychol. 2009; 28: 55-68.
57. Conner M, Godin G, Sheeran P, et al. Some feelings are more important: Cognitive attitudes, affective attitudes, anticipated affect, and blood donation. Health Psychol. 2013; 32: 264-272.
58. Conner M, McMillan B. Interaction effects in the theory of planned behaviour: Studying cannabis use. Brit J Soc Psychol. 1999; 38: 195-222.
59. Conner M, Rodgers W, Murray T. Conscientiousness and the intention-behavior relationship: Predicting exercise behavior. J Sport Exerc Psycol. 2007; 29: 518-533.
60. Conner M, Sherlock K, Orbell S. Psychosocial determinants of ecstasy use in young people in the UK. Brit J Health Psychol. 1998; 3: 295-317.
61. de Bruijn GJ, Keer M, van den Putte B, et al. Need for affect, need for cognition, and the intention-fruit consumption relationship: An action-control perspective. Health Educ J. 2012; 71: 617-628.
62. de Bruijn GJ, Rhodes RE, van Osch L. Does action planning moderate the intention-habit interaction in the exercise domain? A three-way interaction analysis investigation. J Behav Med. 2012; 35: 509-519.
63. de Bruijn GJ, Verkooijen K, de Vries NK, et al. Antecedents of self-identity and consequences for action control: An application of the theory of planned behaviour in the exercise domain. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2012; 13: 771-778.
64. Dunn KI, Mohr P, Wilson CJ, et al. Determinants of fast-food consumption. An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Appetite. 2011; 57: 349-357.
65. Elliott MA, Ainsworth K. Predicting university undergraduates’ binge-drinking behavior: A comparative test of the one- and two-component theories of planned behavior. Addict Behav. 2012; 37: 92-101.
66. Elliott MA, Thomson JA. The social cognitive determinants of offending drivers’ speeding behaviour. Accid Anal Prev. 2010; 42: 1595-1605.
67. Gardner ER, Hausenblas HA. Understanding exercise and diet motivation in overweight women enrolled in a weight-loss program: A prospective study using the theory of planned behavior. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2004; 34: 1353-1370.
68. Eves F, Hoppe R, McLaren U. Prediction of specific types of physical activity using the theory of planned behavior. J Appl Biobehav Res. 2003; 8: 77-95.
69. Giles M, Liddell C, Bydawell M. Condom use in African adolescents: The role of individual and group factors. AIDS Care. 2005; 17: 729-739.
70. Giles M, McClenahan C, Cairns E, et al. An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to blood donation: The importance of self-efficacy. Health Educ Res. 2004; 19: 380-391.
71. Godin G, Anderson D, Lambert LD, et al. Identifying factors associated with regular physical activity in leisure time among Canadia adolescents. Am J Health Promot. 2005; 20: 20-27.
72. Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD. First- and higher-order models of attitudes, normative influence, and perceived behavioural control in the theory of planned behaviour. Brit J Soc Psychol. 2005; 44: 513-535.
73. Hoie M, Moan IS, Rise J, et al. Using an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour to predict smoking cessation in two age groups. Addict Res Theory. 2012; 20: 42-54.
74. Jackson C, Smith RA, Conner M. Applying an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to physical activity. J Sports Sci. 2003; 21: 119-133.
75. Karvinen KH, Courneya KS, Plotnikoff RC, et al. A prospective study of the determinants of exercise in bladder cancer survivors using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Support Care Cancer. 2009; 17: 171-179.
76. Kellar I, Abraham C. Randomized controlled trial of a brief research-based intervention promoting fruit and vegetable consumption. Brit J Health Psychol. 2005; 10: 543-558.
77. Kraft P, Rise J, Sutton S, et al. Perceived difficulty in the theory of planned behaviour: Perceived behavioural control or affective attitude? Brit J Soc Psychol. 2005; 44: 479-496.
78. Lawton R, Ashley L, Dawson S, et al. Employing an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour to predict breastfeeding intention, initiation, and maintenance in White British and South-Asian mothers living in Bradford. Brit J Health Psychol. 2012; 17: 854-871.
79. Lowe R, Eves F, Carroll D. The influence of affective and instrumental beliefs on exercise intentions and behavior: A longitudinal analysis. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2002; 32: 1241-1252.
80. McEachan RRC, Sutton S, Myers L. Mediation of personality influences on physical activity within the Theory of Planned Behaviour. J Health Psychol. 2010; 15: 1170-1180.
81. McMillan B, Conner M. Applying an extended version of the theory of planned behavior to illicit drug use among Students. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2003; 33: 1662-1683.
82. McMillan B, Conner M, Woolridge M, et al. Predicting breastfeeding in women living in areas of economic hardship: Explanatory role of the theory of planned behaviour. Psychol Health. 2008; 23: 767-788.
83. McMillan B, Higgins AR, Conner M. Using an extended theory of planned behaviour to understand smoking amongst schoolchildren. Addict Res Theory. 2005; 13: 293-306.
84. Molla M, Astrom AN, Brehane Y. Applicability of the theory of planned behavior to intended and self-reported condom use in a rural Ethiopian population. AIDS Care. 2007; 19: 425-431.
85. Myers LB, Horswill MS. Social cognitive predictors of sun protection intention and behavior. Behav Med. 2006; 32: 57-63.
86. Norman P. The theory of planned behavior and binge drinking among undergraduate Students: Assessing the impact of habit strength. Addict Behav. 2011; 36: 502-507.
87. Norman P, Armitage CJ, Quigley C. The theory of planned behavior and binge drinking: Assessing the impact of binge drinker prototypes. Addict Behav. 2007; 32: 1753-1768.
88. Norman P, Conner M. The theory of planned behaviour and binge drinking: Assessing the moderating role of past behaviour within the theory of planned behaviour. Brit J Health Psychol. 2006; 11: 55-70.
89. Norman P, Hoyle S. The theory of planned behavior and breast self-examination: Distinguishing between perceived control and self-efficacy. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2004; 34: 694-708.
90. Payne N, Jones F, Harris P. The impact of working life on health behavior: The effect of job strain on the cognitive predictors of exercise. J Occup Health Psychol. 2002; 7: 342-353.
91. Payne N, Jones F, Harris PR. The role of perceived need within the theory of planned behaviour: A comparison of exercise and healthy eating. Brit J Health Psychol. 2004; 9: 489-504.
92. Plotnikoff RC, Courneya KS, Trinh L, et al. Aerobic physical activity and resistance training: an application of the theory of planned behavior among adults with type 2 diabetes in a random, national sample of Canadians. Int J Behav Nutr Phys. 2008; 5: 61.
93. Povey R, Conner M, Sparks P, et al. The theory of planned behaviour and healthy eating: Examining additive and moderating effects of social influence variables. Psychol Health. 2000; 14: 991-1006.
94. Povey R, Conner M, Sparks P, et al. Application of the theory of planned behaviour to two dietary behaviours: Roles of perceived control and self-efficacy. Brit J Health Psychol. 2000; 5: 121-139.
95. Raudsepp L, Viira R, Hannus A. Prediction of physical activity intention and behavior in a longitudinal sample of adolescent girls. Percept Mot Skills. 2010; 110: 3-18.
96. Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM. Do sedentary motives adversely affect physical activity? Adding cross-behavioural cognitions to the theory of planned behaviour. Psychol Health. 2008; 23: 789-805.
97. Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM, Matheson DH, et al. Disentangling motivation, intention, and planning in the physical activity domain. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2006; 7: 15-27.
98. Rhodes RE, Courneya K. Modelling the theory of planned behaviour and past behaviour. Psychol Health Med. 2003; 8: 57-69.
99. Rhodes RE, Courneya KS. Threshold assessment of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control for predicting exercise intention and behavior. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2005; 6: 349-361.
100. Rhodes RE, Courneya KS, Blanchard CM, et al. Prediction of leisure-time walking: an integration of social cognitive, perceived environmental, and personality factors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys. 2007; 4: 51.
101. Rhodes R, de Bruijn GJ, Matheson DH. Habit in the physical activity domain: Integration with intention temporal stability and action control. J Sport Exercise Psychol. 2010; 32: 84-98.
102. Rhodes RE, Jones LW, Courneya KS. Extending the theory of planned behavior in the exercise domain: A comparison of social support and subjective norm. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2002; 73: 193-199.
103. Rhodes RE, Matheson DH. Discrepancies in exercise intention and expectation: Theoretical and applied issues. Psychol Health. 2005; 20: 63-78.
104. Rhodes RE, Matheson DH, Mark R. Evaluation of social cognitive scaling response options in the physical activity domain. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2010; 14: 137-150.
105. Rise J, Kovac V, Kraft P, et al. Predicting the intention to quit smoking and quitting behaviour: Extending the theory of planned behaviour. Brit J Health Psychol. 2008; 13: 291-310.
106. Rivis A, Sheeran P. Social influences and the theory of planned behaviour: Evidence for a direct relationship between prototypes and young people’s exercise behaviour. Psychol Health. 2003; 18: 567-583.
107. Schutz M, Godin G, Vezina-Im L-A, et al. Determinants of condom use among HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Int J STD AIDS. 2011; 22: 391-397.
108. Scott EJ, Eves FF, French DP, et al. The theory of planned behaviour predicts self-reports of walking, but does not predict step count. Brit J Health Psychol. 2007; 12: 601-620.
109. Scott EJ, Eves FF, Hoppe R, et al. Dancing to a different tune: The predictive utility of the theory of planned behaviour when the behaviour is constrained. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2010; 11: 250-257.
110. Shankar A, Conner M, Bodansky HJ. Can the theory of planned behaviour predict maintenance of a frequently repeated behaviour? Psychol Health Med. 2007; 12: 213-224.
111. Sieverding M, Matterne U, Ciccarello L. What role do social norms play in the context of men’s cancer screening intention and behavior? Application of an extended theory of planned behavior. Health Psychol. 2010; 29: 72-81.
112. Victoir A, Eertmans A, Van den Bergh O, et al. Learning to drive safely: Social-cognitive responses are predictive of performance rated by novice drivers and their instructors. Transp Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav. 2005; 8: 59-74.
113. Wilkinson D, Abraham C. Constructing an integrated model of the antecedents of adolescent smoking. Brit J Health Psychol. 2004; 9: 315-333.
114. Woolfson LM, Maguire L. Binge drinking in a sample of Scottish undergraduate Students. J Youth Stud. 2010; 13: 647-659.
115. Rothman AJ, Salovey P. Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behaviour: The role of message framing. Psychol Bull. 1997; 121: 3-19.
116. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins J, et al. Comprehensive meta-analysis version 2. Englewood, N.J.: Biostat; 2005.
117. 2 test of goodness of fit. Ann Math Stat. 1952; 23: 315-345.
118. Higgins J, Thompson S, Deeks J, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analysis. Brit Med J. 2003; 327: 557-560.
119. Rosenthal R. Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage; 1984.
120. Egger M, Jüni P, Bartlett C, et al. How important are comprehensive literature searches and assessment of trial quality in systematic reviews? Empirical study. Health Technol Assess. 2003; 7(1): 1-76.
121. Duval S, Tweedie R. A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. J Am Stat Assoc. 2000; 95(449): 89-98.
122. Ajzen I. Martin Fishbein’s legacy: The reasoned action approach. Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci. 2012; 640(March): 11-27.
123. Conner M, Norman P, Bell R. The Theory of Planned Behavior and healthy eating. Health Psychol. 2002; 21: 194-201.
124. Cooke, R., Dahdah, M., Norman, P. How well does the theory of planned behaviour predict alcohol consumption? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.947547
125. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman; 1997.
126. Maddux JE, Rogers RW. Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change. J Exp Soc Psychol. 1983; 19: 469-479.
127. Williams DM. Outcome expectancy and self-efficacy: Theoretical implications of an unresolved contradiction. Personal Soc Psychol Rev. 2010; 14: 417-425.
128. Williams, D.M., Rhodes, R.E. The confounded self- efficacy construct: Conceptual analysis, and recommendations for future research. Health Psychol Rev. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2014.941998
129. Yzer M. Perceived behavioral control in reasoned action theory: A dual aspect interpretation. Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci. 2012; 640(March): 101-117.
130. Weinstein ND. Misleading tests of health behavior theories. Ann Behav Med. 2007; 33: 1-10.