Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species

Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 31-56

  Naylor, Gavin J P ^a   Caira, Janine N ^b   Jensen, Kirsten ^c   Rosana, Kerri A M ^d   Straube, Nicolas ^e   Lakner, Clemens ^f  

^a School of Business   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^d FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e ZOOLOGISCHE STAATSSAMMLUNG MÜNCHEN   (Germany)

^f NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85142934319     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b11867-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (99)

1. Akaike, H. (1973). Information theory as an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: Petrov, B.N. and Csaki, F. (Eds.), Second International Symposium on Information Theory, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 267-281.
2. Akaike, H. (1983). Information measures and model selection. Int. Stat. Inst. 44:277-291.
3. Altekar, G., Dwarkadas, S., Huelsenbeck, J.P., and Ronquist, F. (2004). Parallel Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo for Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Bioinformatics 20:407-415.
4. Arnason, U., Gullberg, A., and Janke, A. (2001). Molecular phylogenetics of gnathostomous (jawed) fishes: old bones, new cartilage. Zool. Scr. 30:249-255.
5. Aschliman, N.C., Nishida, M., Miya, M., Inoue, J.G., Rosana, K.M., and Naylor, G.J.P. (in press). Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes:Batoidea). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. Bridge, P.D., Spooner, B.M., Roberts, P.J., and Panchal, G. (2003). On the unreliability of published DNA sequences. New Phytol. 160:43-48.
6. Cavalcanti, M. (2007). A phylogenetic supertree of the hammerhead sharks (Carcharhiniformes: Sphyrnidae). Zool. Stud. 46(1):6-11.
7. Compagno, L.J.V. (1977). Phyletic relationships of living sharks and rays. Am. Zool. 17:303-322.
8. Compagno, L.J.V. (1984). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, pp. 251-655.
9. Compagno, L.J.V. (1988). Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
10. Compagno, L.J.V. (1999). Checklist of living elasmobranchs. In:Hamlett, W.C. (Ed.), Sharks, Skates, and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, pp. 471-498.
11. Compagno, L.J.V. (2001). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Vol. 2. Bullhead, Mackerel and Carpet Sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes, and Orectolobiformes). United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 269 pp.
12. Compagno, L.J.V. (2005). Global checklist of living chondrichthyan fishes. In: Fowler, S.L., Cavanagh, R.D., Camhi, M. et al. (Eds.), Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of Chondrichthyan Fishes. International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 401-423.
13. Corrigan, S. and Beheregaray, L.B. (2009). A recent shark radiation:molecular phylogeny, biogeography and speciation of wobbegong sharks (family: Orectolobidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 52(1):205-216.
14. de Carvalho, M.R. (1996). Higher-level elasmobranch phylogeny, basal squaleans, and paraphyly. In: Stiassny, M.L.J., Parenti, L.R., and Johnson, G.D. (Eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 35-62.
15. de Carvalho, M.R., Maisey, J.G., and Grande, L. (2004). Freshwater stingrays of the Green River formation of Wyoming (early Eocene), with the description of a new genus and species and an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 284:1-136.
16. Dosay-Akbulut M. (2007) What is the relationship within the family Lamnidae? Turk. J. Biol. 31:109-113.
17. Dosay-Akbulut, M. (2008). The phylogenetic relationship within the genus Carcharhinus. C. R. Biol. 331(7):500-509.
18. Douady, C.J., Dosay, M., Shivji, M.S., and Stanhope, M.J. (2003). Molecular phylogenetic evidence refutes the hypothesis of Batoidea (rays and skates) as derived sharks. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 26:215-221.
19. Dunn, K.A., McEachran, J.D., and Honeycutt, R.L. (2003). Molecular phylogenetics of myliobatiform fishes (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes), with comments on the effects of missing data on parsimony and likelihood. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 27:259-270.
20. Ewing, B., Hillier, L., Wendl, M.C., and Green, P. (1998). Basecalling of automated sequencer traces using Phred. I. Accuracy assessment. Genome Res. 8(3):175-185.
21. Gelman, A. and Rubin, D.B. (1992). Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences. Stat. Sci. 7:457-511.
22. González-Isáis, M. and Domínguez, H.M.M. (2004). Comparative anatomy of the superfamily Myliobatoidea (Chondrichthyes) with some comments on phylogeny. J. Morphol. 262:517-535.
23. Griffiths, A.M., Sims, D.W., Cotterell, S.P., El Nagar, A., Ellis, J.R., Lynghammar, A., McHugh, M., Neat, F.C., Pade, N.G., Queiroz, N., Serra-Pereira, B., Rapp, T., Wearmouth, V.J., and Genner, M.J. (2010). Molecular markers reveal spatially segregated cryptic species in a critically endangered fish, the common skate (Dipturus batis). Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 277:1497-1503.
24. Gu, X., Fu, Y.X., and Li, W.H. (1995). Maximum likelihood estimation of the heterogeneity of substitution rate among nucleotide sites. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12:546-557.
25. Heinicke, M.P., Naylor, J.P., and Hedges, S.B. (2009). Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes). In: Hedges, S.B., and Kumar, S. (Eds.), The Timetree of Life. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 320-327.
26. Heithaus, M.R., Frid, A., Wirsing, A.J., and Worm, B. (2008). Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. Tr. Ecol. Evol. 23:202-210.
27. Holmes, B.H., Steinke, D., and Ward, R.D. (2009). Identification of shark and ray fins using DNA barcoding. Fish. Res. 95(2-3):280-288.
28. Huelsenbeck, J.P. and Ronquist, F. (2001). MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics 17:754-755.
29. Human, B.A., Owen, E.P., Compagno, L.J.V., and Harley, E.H. (2006). Testing morphologically based phylogenetic theories within the cartilaginous fishes with molecular data, with special reference to the catshark family (Chondrichthyes; Scyliorhinidae) and the interrelationships within them. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 39:384-391.
30. Hurvich, C.M. and Tsai, C.L. (1989). Regression and time series model selection in small samples. Biometrika 76:297-307.
31. Iglésias, S.P., Lecointre, G., and Sellos, D.Y. (2005). Extensive paraphylies within sharks of the order Carcharhiniformes inferred from nuclear mitochondrial genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34:569-583.
32. Iglésias, S.P., Toulhoat, L., and Sellos, D.Y. (2009). Taxonomic confusion and market mislabeling of threatened skates:important consequences for their conservation status. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshwat. Ecosyst. 20(3):319-333.
33. Jacobson, I.P. and Bennett, M.B. (2009). A taxonomic review of the Australian butterfly ray Gymnura australis (Ramsay and Ogilby, 1886) and other members of the family Gymnuridae (Order Rajiformes) from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 2228:1-28.
34. Lakner, C., Holder, M.T., Goldman, N., and Naylor, G.J.P. (2011). What’s in a likelihood? Simple models of protein evolution and the contribution of structurally viable reconstructions to the likelihood. Syst. Biol. 60:161-174.
35. Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (1994). Sharks and Rays of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
36. Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia, 2nd ed. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
37. Lemmon, A.R., Brown, J.M., Stanger-Hall, K., and Lemmon, E.M. (2009). The effect of missing data on phylogenetic estimates obtained by maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference. Syst. Biol. 58:130-145.
38. Lim, D.D., Motta, P., Mara, K., and Martin, A.P. (2010). Phylogeny of hammerhead sharks (Family Sphyrnidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 55(2):572-579.
39. López, J.A., Ryburn, J.A., Fedrigo, O., and Naylor, G.J.P. (2006). Phylogeny of sharks of the family Triakidae (Carcharhiniformes) and its implications for the evolution of carcharhiniform placental viviparity. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 52:50-60.
40. Lovejoy, N.R. (1996). Systematics of Myliobatoid elasmobranchs:with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae: Rajiformes). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 117:207-257.
41. Maisey, J.G. (1980). An evaluation of jaw suspension in sharks. Am. Mus. Nov. 2706:1-17.
42. Maisey, J.G. (1984a). Chondrichthyan phylogeny: a look at the evidence. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 4:359-371.
43. Maisey, J.G. (1984b). Higher elasmobranch phylogeny and biostratigraphy. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 82:33-54.
44. Maisey, J.G., Naylor, G.J.P., and Ward, D.J. (2004). Mesozoic elasmobranchs, neoselachian phylogeny and the rise of modern elasmobranch diversity. In: Arratia, G. and Tintori, A. (Eds.), Mesozoic Fishes 3: Systematics, Paleoenvironments, and Biodiversity. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, pp. 17-56.
45. Mallatt, J. and Winchell, C.J. (2007). Ribosomal RNA genes and deuterostome phylogeny revisited: more cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, reptiles, and a brittle star. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 43:1005-1022.
46. Mariguela, T.C., De-Franco, B., Almeida, T.V.V., Mendonça, F.F., Gadig, O.B.F., Foresti, F., and Oliveira, C. (2009). Identification of guitarfish species Rhinobatos percellens, R. horkelli, and Zapteryx brevirostris (Chondrichthyes) using mitochondrial genes and RFLP technique. Conserv. Genet. Resour. 1:393-396.
47. Martin, A.P. (1997). Systematics of the Lamnidae and the origination time of Carcharodon carcharias inferred from the comparative analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. In: Klimley, P. and Ainsley, D. (Eds.), The Biology of the White Shark. Academic Press, New York, pp. 49-54.
48. Martin, A.P. and Naylor, G.J.P. (1997). Independent origins of filter-feeding in megamouth and basking sharks (Order Lamniformes) inferred from phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome b gene sequences. In: Yano, K., Morrissey, J.F., Yabumoto, Y., and Nakaya, K. (Eds.), Biology of the Megamouth Shark. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 39-50.
49. McEachran, J.D. and Aschliman, N. (2004). Phylogeny of Batoidea. In: Carrier, J.C., Musick, J.A., and Heithaus, M.R. (Eds.), Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 79-113.
50. McEachran, J.D. and Dunn, K.A. (1998). Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290.
51. McEachran, J.D. and Miyake, T. (1990). Phylogenetic interrelationships of skates: a working hypothesis (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei). In: Pratt, H.L., Gruber, S.H., and Taniuchi, T. (Eds.), Elasmobranchs as Living Resources:Advances in the Biology, Ecology, Systematics, and the Status of the Fisheries, NOAA Technical Report NMFS 90. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C., pp. 285-304.
52. McEachran, J.D., Dunn, K.A., and Miyake, T. (1996). Interrelationships of the batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes:Batoidea). In: Stiassny, M.J., Parenti, L.R., and Johnson, G.D. (Eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, London, pp. 63-82.
53. Moore, A., White, W., Ward, B., Naylor, G., and Peirce, R. (2011). Rediscovery and redescription of the smoothtooth blacktip shark, Carcharhinus leiodon (Carcharinidae), from Kuwait, with notes on its possible conservation status. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 62:528-539.
54. Naylor, G.J.P. (1992). The phylogenetic relationships among requiem and hammerhead sharks: inferring phylogeny when thousands of equally most parsimonious trees result. Cladistics 8:295-318.
55. Naylor, G.J.P., Martin, A.P., Matisson, E.G., and Brown, W.M. (1997). The inter-relationships of lamniform sharks: testing hypotheses with sequence data. In: Kocher, T.D. and Stepien, C.A. (Eds.), Molecular Systematics of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 195-218.
56. Naylor, G.J.P., Ryburn, J.A., Fedrigo, O., and López, J.A. (2005). Phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of modern elasmobranchs. In: Hamlett, W.C. and Jamieson, B.G.M. (Eds.), Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny, Vol. 3. Science Publishers, EnWeld, NH, pp. 1-25.
57. Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K., Rosana, K.A.M., White, W.T., and Last, P.R. (in press). A sequence based approach to the identification of shark and ray species and its implications for global elasmobranch diversity and parasitology. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
58. Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
59. Nishida, K. (1990). Phylogeny of the suborder Myliobatidoidei. Mem. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 37:1-108.
60. Quattro, J.M., Stoner, D.S., Driggers, W.B., Anderson, C.A., Priede, K.A., Hoppmann, E.C., Campbell, N.H., Duncan, K.M., and Grady, J.M. (2006). Genetic evidence of cryptic speciation within hammerhead sharks (Genus Sphyrna). Mar. Biol. 148:1143-1155.
61. Richards, V.P., Henning, M., Witzell, W., and Shivji, M.S. (2009). Species delineation and evolutionary history of the globally distributed spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari). J. Hered. 100:273-283.
62. Rocco, L., Liguori, I., Costagliola, D., Morescalchi, M.A., Tinti, F., and Stingo, V. (2007). Molecular and karyological aspects of Batoidea (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchi) phylogeny. Gene 389:80-86.
63. Ronquist, F. and Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003). MRBAYES 3:Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19:1572-1574.
64. Rosenberger, L.J. (2001). Phylogenetic relationships within the stingray genus Dasyatis (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae). Copeia 2001:615-627.
65. Schwartz, F.J. and Maddock, M.B. (2002). Cytogenetics of the elasmobranchs: genome evolution and phylogenetic implications. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 53:491-502.
66. Serra-Pereira, B., Moura, T., Griffiths, A.M., Serrano Gordo, L., and Figueiredo, I. (2010). Molecular barcoding of skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae) from the southern Northeast Atlantic. Zool. Scrip. 40:76-84.
67. Sezaki, K., Begum, R.A., Wongrat, P., Srivastava, M.P., SriKantha, S., Kikuchi, K., Ishihara, H., Tanaka, S., Taniuchi, T., and Watabe, S. (1999). Molecular phylogeny of Asian freshwater and marine stingrays based on the DNA nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the cytochrome b gene. Fish. Sci. (Tokyo) 65:563-570.
68. Shimada, K. (2005). Phylogeny of lamniform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) and the contribution of dental characters to lamniform systematics. Paleontol. Res. 9:55-72.
69. Shirai, S. (1992). Squalean Phylogeny: A New Framework of “Squaloid” Sharks and Related Taxa. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo.
70. Shirai, S. (1996). Phylogenetic interrelationships of neoselachians (Chondrichthyes: Euselachii). In: Stiassny, M.L.J., Parenti, L.R., and Johnson, G.D. (Eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 9-34.
71. Shirai, S. and Nakaya, K. (1990). Interrelationships of the Etmopterinae (Chondrichthyes, Squaliformes). In:Pratt, H.L., Gruber, S.H., and Taniuchi, T. (Eds.), Elasmobranchs as Living Resources: Advances in the Biology, Ecology, Systematics, and the Status of the Fisheries, NOAA Technical Report NMFS 90. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C., pp. 347-356.
72. Smith, P.J., Steinke, D., Mcveagh, S.M., Stewart, A.L., Struthers, C.D., and Roberts, C.D. (2008). Molecular analysis of Southern Ocean skates (Bathyraja) reveals a new species of Antarctic skate. J. Fish Biol. 73:1170-1182.
73. Smith, W.D., Bizzarro, J.J., Richards, V.P., Nielsen, J., Márquez-Flarías, F., and Shivji, M.S. (2009). Morphometric convergence and molecular divergence: the taxonomic status and evolutionary history of Gymnura crebripunctata and Gymnura marmorata in the eastern Pacific Ocean. J. Fish Biol. 75:761-783.
74. Spies, I.B., Gaichas, S., Stevenson, D.E., Orr, J.W., and Canino, M.F. (2006). DNA-based identification of Alaska skates (Amblyraja, Bathyraja and Raja: Rajidae) using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) variation. J. Fish Biol. 69:283-292.
75. Spies, I.B., Stevenson, D.E., Orr, J.W., and Hoff, G.R. (2011). Molecular systematics of the skate subgenus Arctoraja (Bathyraja: Rajidae) and support for an undescribed species, the leopard skate, with comments on the phylogenetics of Bathyraja. Ichthyol. Res. 58:77-83.
76. Stelbrink, B., von Rintelen, T., Cliff, G., and Kriwet, J. (2010). Molecular systematics and global phylogeography of angel sharks (genus Squatina). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 54:395-404.
77. Stevens, J.D., Bonfil, R., Dulvy, N.K., and Walker, P.A. (2000). The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57:476-494.
78. Straube, N., Iglésias, S.P., Sellos, D.Y., Kriwet, J., and Schliewen, U.K. (2010). Molecular phylogeny and node time estimation of bioluminescent lantern sharks (Elasmobranchii:Etmopteridae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 56(3):905-917.
79. Straube, N., Kriwet, J., and Schliewen, U.K. (2011a). Cryptic diversity and species assignment of large lantern sharks of the Etmopterus spinax clade from the Southern Hemisphere (Squaliformes, Etmopteridae). Zool. Scrip. 40:61-75.
80. Straube, N., Duhamel, G., Gasco, N., Kriwet, J., and Schliewen U.K. (2011b). Description of a new deep-sea lantern shark Etmopterus viator sp. nov. (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from the Southern Hemisphere. In: Duhamel, G. and Welsford, D., Eds., The Kerguelen Plateau: Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries, Société Française d’Ichtyologie, Paris, pp. 135-148.
81. Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G., and Gibson, T.J. (1994). ClustalW: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucl. Acids Res. 22(22):4673-4680.
82. Thomson, R.C. and Shaffer, H.B. (2010). Rapid progress on the vertebrate tree of life. BMC Biol. 8:19.
83. Toffoli, D., Hrbek, T., Araújo, M.L.G., Almeida, M.P., Charvet-Almeida, P., and Farias, I.P. (2008). A test of the utility of DNA barcoding in the radiation of the freshwater stingray genus Potamotrygon (Potamotrygonidae, Myliobatiformes). Genet. Mol. Biol. 31(1, Suppl.):324-336.
84. Turan, C. (2008). Molecular systematic analyses of Mediterranean skates (Rajiformes). Turk. J. Zool. 32:437-442.
85. Vélez-Zuazo, X. and Agnarsson, I. (2011). Shark tales: a molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 58:207-217.
86. Vilgalys, R. (2003). Taxonomic misidentifications in public DNA databases. New Phytol. 160:4-5.
87. Waddell, P. and Penny, D. (1996). Evolutionary trees of apes and humans from DNA sequences. In: Lock, A.J. and Peters, C.R. (Eds.), Handbook of Symbolic Evolution, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 53-73.
88. Ward, R. and Holmes, B. (2007). An analysis of nucleotide and amino acid variability in the barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) in fishes. Mol. Ecol. Notes 7(6):899-907.
89. Ward, R.D., Zemlak, T.S., Innes, B.H., Last, P.R., and Hebert, P.D.N. (2005). DNA barcoding Australia’s fish species. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 360(1462):1847-1857.
90. Ward, R.D., Holmes, B.A., Zemlak, T.S., and Smith, P.J. (2007). Part 12: DNA barcoding discriminates spurdogs of the genus Squalus. In: Last, P.R., White, W.T., and Pogonoski, J.J. (Eds.), Descriptions of New Dogfishes of the Genus Squalus (Squaloidea: Squalidae), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper 14. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australia, pp. 114-130.
91. Ward, R.D., Bronwyn, H.H., White, W.T., and Last, P.R. (2008). DNA barcoding Australasian Chondrichthyans: results and potential uses in conservation. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 59:57-71.
92. Ward, R.D., Hanner, R., and Hebert, P.D.N. (2009). The campaign to DNA barcode all fishes, FISH-BOL. J. Fish Biol. 74(2):329-356.
93. Wesche, P.L., Gaffney, D.J., and Keightley, P.D. (2004). DNA sequence error rates in GenBank records estimated using the mouse genome as a reference. DNA Seq. 15:362-364.
94. White, W.T. and Kyne, P.M. (2010). The status of chondrichthyan conservation in the Indo-Australasian region. J. Fish Biol. 76:2090-2117.
95. Winchell, C.J., Martin, A.P., and Mallatt, J. (2004). Phylogeny of elasmobranchs based on LSU and SSU ribosomal RNA genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31:214-224.
96. Wong, E.H.K., Shivji, M.S., and Hanner, R.H. (2009). Identifying sharks with DNA barcodes: assessing the utility of a nucleotide diagnostic approach. Mol. Ecol. Res. 9:243-256.
97. Wynen, L., Larson, H., Thorburn, D., Peverell, S., Morgan, D., Field, I., and Gibb, K. (2009). Mitochondrial DNA supports the identification of two endangered river sharks (Glyphis glyphis and Glyphis garricki) across northern Australia. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 60:554-562.
98. Yang, Z. (1994). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic estimation from DNA sequences with variable rates over sites:approximate methods. J. Mol. Evol. 39:306-314.
99. Zemlak, T.S., Ward, R.D., Connell, A.D., Holmes, B.H., and Hebert, P.D.N. (2009). DNA barcoding reveals overlooked marine fishes. Mol. Ecol. Res. 9(Suppl. s1):237-242.