Chromosomal status of human embryos

Human Preimplantation Embryo Selection

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 209-233

  Munné, Santiago ^a   Gianaroli, Luca ^b  

^a Reprogenetics LLC   (United States)

^b Reproductive Medicine Unit   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85128439458     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (157)

1. Society for Assisted Reproduction and Technology and American Society for Reproductive Medicine Assisted Reproductive Technology in the United States: 2000 results generated from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine/Society for Assisted Reproduction and Technology Registry. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 1207-20.
2. Munné S, Alikani M, Tomkin G, Grifo J, Cohen J. Embryo morphology, developmental rates and maternal age are correlated with chromosome abnormalities. Fertil Steril 1995; 64: 382-91.
3. Márquez C, Sandalinas M, Bahçe M, Alikani M, Munné S. Chromosome abnormalities in 1255 cleavage-stage human embryos. Reprod Biomed Online 2000; 1: 17-27.
4. Gutierrez-Mateo C, Benet J, Wells D et al. Aneuploidy study of human oocytes first polar body comparative genomic hybridization and metaphase II fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 2859-68.
5. Griffin DK, Handyside AH, Penketh RJA, Winston RML, Delhanty JDA. Fluorescent in situ hybridization to interphase nuclei of human preimplantation embryos with X and Y chromosome specific probes. Hum Reprod 1991; 6: 101-5.
6. Munné S, Weier HUG, Stein J, Grifo J, Cohen J. A fast and efficient method for simultaneous X and Y in situ hybridization of human blastomeres. J Assist Reprod Genet 1993; 10: 82-90.
7. Munné S, Weier HUG, Grifo J, Cohen J. Chromosome mosaicism in human embryos. Biol Reprod 1994; 51: 373-9.
8. Márquez C, Cohen J, Munné S. Chromosome identification on human oocytes and polar bodies by spectral karyotyping. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1998; 81: 254-8.
9. Wells, D, Delhanty, JDA. Comprehensive chromosomal analysis of human preimplantation embryos using whole genome amplification and single cell comparative genomic hybridization. Mol Hum Reprod 2000; 6: 1055-62.
10. Voullaire L, Wilton L, McBain J, Callaghan T, Williamson R. Chromosome abnormalities identified by comparative genomic hybridization in embryos from women with repeated implantation failure. Mol Hum Reprod 2002; 8: 1035-41.
11. Wilton L, Voullaire L, Sargeant P, Williamson R, McBain J. Preimplantation aneuploidy screening using comparative genomic hybridization or fluorescence in situ hybridization of embryos frompatients with recurrent implantation failure. Fertil Steril 2003; 80: 860-8.
12. Munné S, Márquez C, Magli C, Morton P, Mitual. Scoring criteria for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of numerical abnormalities for chromosomes X,Y, 13, 16, 18 and 21. Mol Hum Reprod 1998; 4: 863-70.
13. Abdelhadi I, Colls P, Sandalinas M, Escudero T, Munné S. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of numerical abnormalities for 13 chromosomes. Reprod Biomed Online 2003; 6: 226-31.
14. Wang JX, Norman RJ, Wilcox AJ. Incidence of spontaneous abortion among pregnancies produced by assisted reproductive technology. Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 272.
15. Tarin JJ, Conaghan J, Winston RML, Handyside AH. Human embryo biopsy on the 2nd day after insemination for preimplantation diagnosis: removal of a quarter of embryo retards cleavage. Fertil Steril 1992; 58: 970-6.
16. Munné S, Magli C, Adler A et al. Treatment-related chromosome abnormalities in human embryos. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 780-4.
17. Munné S. Chromosome abnormalities and their relationship to morphology and development of human embryos. Reprod Biomed Online 2006; 12: 234-53.
18. Jackson KV, Ginsburg ES, Hornstein D, Rein MS, Clarke RN. Multinucleation in normally fertilized embryos is associated with an accelerated ovulation induction response and lower implantation and pregnancy rates in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles. Fertil Steril 1998; 70: 60-6.
19. Van Blerkom J, Antezak J, Schrader R. The developmental potential of the human oocyte is related to the dissolved oxygen content of follicular fluid: association with vascular endothelial growth factor levels and perifollicular blood flow characteristics. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1047-55.
20. Van Royen E, Mangelschots K, Vercruyssen M et al. Multinucleation in cleavage stage embryos. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 1062-9.
21. Pellicer A, Ruiz A, Castellvi RM et al. Is the retrieval of high numbers of oocytes desirable in patients treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) and gonadotropins? Hum Reprod 1989; 4: 536-40.
22. Nogueira D, Staessen C, Van de Velde H, Van Steirteghem A. Nuclear status and cytogenetics of embryos derived from in vitro matured oocytes. Fertil Steril 2000; 74: 295-8.
23. Weghofer A, Munné S, Chen S et al. Lack of association between polycystic ovary syndrome and embryonic aneuploidy. Fertil Steril 2007; in press.
24. Freeman SB, Yang Q, Allran K, Taft LF, Sherman SL. Women with a reduced ovarian complement may have an increased risk for a child with Down syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66: 1680-3.
25. Kline J, Kinney A, Levin B, Warburton D. Trisomic pregnancy and early age of menopause. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 395-404.
26. Gianaroli L, Magli MC, Ferraretti AP et al. The role of preimplantation diagnosis for aneuploidy. Reprod Biomed Online 2001; 4: 31-6.
27. Simon C, Cano F, Valbuena D, Remohi J, Pellicer A. Clinical evidence for a detrimental effect on uterine receptivity of high estradiol concentrations in high and normal responder patients. Hum Reprod 1995; 10: 2432-7.
28. Reis Soares S, Rubio C, Rodrigo L et al. High frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in embryos obtained from oocyte donation cycles. Fertil Steril 2003; 80: 656-7.
29. Sadowy S, Tomkin G, Munné S, Ferrara-Congedo T, Cohen J. Impaired development of zygotes with uneven pronuclear size. Zygote 1998; 6: 137-41.
30. Homburg R, Jacobs HS. Etiology of miscarriage in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil Steril 1989; 51: 196-8.
31. Pickering SJ, Braude PR, Johnson MH, Cant A, Currie J. Transient cooling to room temperature can cause irreversible disruption of the meiotic spindle in the human oocyte. Fertil Steril 1990; 54: 102-8.
32. Aman RR, Parks JE. Effects of cooling and rewarming on the meiotic spindle and chromosomes of in vitro-matured bovine oocytes. Biol Reprod 1994; 50: 103-10.
33. Cohen J, Gilligan A, Esposito W, Schimmel T, Dale B. Ambient air and its potential effects on conception. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1742-9.
34. Boone WR, Johnson JE, Locke AJ, Crane MM, Price TM. Control of air quality in an assisted reproductive technology laboratory. Fertil Steril 1999; 71: 150-4.
35. Hardarson T, Hanson C, Sjogren A, Lundin K. Human embryos with uneven sized blastomeres have lower pregnancy and implantation rates: indications for aneuploidy and multinucleation. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 313-8.
36. Alikani M, Calderon G, Tomkin G et al. Cleavage anomalies in human embryos and survival after prolonged culture in vitro. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 2634-43.
37. Racowsky C, Combelles CMH, Nureddin A et al. Day-3 and day-5 morphological predictors of embryo viability. Reprod Biomed Online 2003; 6: 323-31.
38. Terriou P, Sapin C, Giorgietti C et al. Embryo score is a better predictor of pregnancy than the number of transferred embryos or female age. Fertil Steril 2001; 75: 525-31.
39. Plachot M, Junca AM, Mandelbaum J et al. Chromosome investigations in early life. II. Human preimplantation embryos. Hum Reprod 1987; 1: 29-35.
40. Munné S and Cohen J. Chromosome abnormalities in human embryos. Hum Reprod Update 1998; 4: 842-55.
41. Magli MC, Sandalinas M, Escudero T et al. Double locus analysis of chromosome 21 for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneu-ploidy. Prenat Diagn 2001; 21: 1080-5.
42. Munné S, Sandalinas M, Cohen J. Chromosome abnormalities in human embryos. In: Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques. Laboratory and Clinical Perspectives. Gardner DK, Weissman A, Howles CM, Shoham Z (eds), Martin Dunitz Ltd, London. Pp 297-318.
43. Meriano J, Clark C, Cadesky K, Laskin CA. Binucleated and micronucleated blastomeres in embryos derived from human assisted reproduction cycles. Reprod Biomed Online 2004; 9: 511-20.
44. Munné S, Grifo J, Cohen J, Weier HUG. Chromosome abnormalities in arrested human preimplantation embryos: a multiple probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study. Am J Hum Genet 1994; 55, 1: 150-9.
45. Kligman I, Benadiva C, Alikani M, Munné S. The presence of multinucleated blastomeres in human embryos correlates with chromosomal abnormalities. Hum Reprod 1996; 11: 1492-8.
46. Laverge H, De Sutter P, Verschraegen-Spae MR, De Paepe A, Dhont M. Triple colour fluorescent in situ hybridization for chromosomes X,Y and 1 on spare human embryos. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 809-14.
47. Staessen C, Van Steirteghem AC. The genetic constitution of multinucleated blastomeres and their derivative daughter blastomeres. Hum Reprod 1998; 13: 1625-31.
48. Giorgietti C, Terriou P, Auquier P et al. Embryo score to predict implantation after in vitro fertilization: based on 957 single embryo transfers. Hum Reprod 1995; 10: 2427-31.
49. Munné S, Sandalinas M, Alikani M, Cohen J. Chromosome abnormalities in human embryos. Gardner, Weissman, Howles, and Shoham (eds), Textbook of ART, 2nd edn. London: Martin Dunitz, 2004: 355-77.
50. Balakier H, Bouman D, Sojecki A, Librach C, Squire JA. Morphological and cytogenetic analysis of human giant oocytes and giant embryos. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 2394-401.
51. Rosenbusch B, Schneider M, Glaeser B, Brucker C. Cytogenetic analysis of giant oocytes and zygotes to assess their relevance for the development of digynic triploidy. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 2388-93.
52. Munné S, Alikani M, Grifo J, Cohen J. Monospermic polyploidy and atypical embryo morphology. Hum Reprod 1994; 9: 506-10.
53. Scott L, Alvero R, Leondires M, Bradley M. The morphology of human pronuclear embryos is positively related to blastocyst development and implantation. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 2394-403.
54. Wittemer C, Bettahar-Lebugle K, Ohl J et al. Zygote evaluation: an efficient tool for embryo selection. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 2591-7.
55. Gianaroli L, Magli MC, Ferraretti AP, Fortini D, Grieco N. Pronuclear morphology and chromosomal abnormalities as scoring criteria for embryo selection. Fertil Steril 2003; 80: 341-9.
56. Kahraman S, Kumtepe Y, Sertyel S et al. Pronuclear morphology scoring and chromosomal status of embryos in severe male infertility. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 3193-200.
57. Balaban B, Yakin K, Urman B, Isiklar A, Tesarik J. Pronuclear morphology predicts embryo development and chromosome constitution. Reprod Biomed Online 2004; 8: 695-700.
58. Gianaroli L, Magli Mc, Ferraretti AP et al. Oocyte euploidy, pronu-clear zygote morphology and embryo chromosomal complement. Hum Reprod 2007; 22: 241-9.
59. James AN, Hennessy S, Reggio B et al. The limited importance of pro-nuclear scoring of human zygotes. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 1599-604.
60. Ziebe S, Petersen K, Lindenberg S et al. Embryo morphology or cleavage stage: how to select the best embryos for transfer after in vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1545-9.
61. Munné S, Dailey T, Sultan KM, Grifo J, Cohen J. The use of first polar bodies for preimpantation diagnosis of aneuploidy. Hum Reprod 1995; 10: 1015-21.
62. Magli MC, Gianaroil L, Ferraetti AP et al. Embryo morphology and development is dependent on the chromosomal complement. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: 629-35.
63. Hassold T, Chen N, Funkhouser J et al. Jacobs PA.A cytogenetic study of 1000 spontaneous abortuses. Ann Hum Genet 1980; 44: 151-78.
64. Hassold T, Chiu D. Maternal age-specific rates of numerical chromosome abnormalities with special reference to trisomy. Hum Genet 1985; 70: 11-7.
65. Warburton D, Kline J, Stein Z, Strobino B. Cytogenetic abnormalities in spontaneous abortions of recognized conceptions. In: Porter IH, Willey A, eds. Perinatal genetics: diagnosis and treatment. New York: Academic Press, 1986: 133-48.
66. Braude P, Bolton V, Moore S. Human gene expression first occurs between the four- and eight-cell stages of preimplantation development. Nat 1988; 333: 459-61.
67. Tesarik J, Kopecny V, Plachot M, Mandelbaum J. Early morphological signs of embryonic genome expression in human preimplantation development as revealed by quantitative electron microscopy. Dev Biol 1988; 128: 15-20.
68. Laverge H, Van der Elst J, De Sutter P et al. Fluorescent in situ hybridization on human embryos showing cleavage arrest after freezing and thawing. Hum Reprod 1998; 13: 425-9.
69. Bielanska M, Tan SL, Ao A. Chromosomal mosaicism throughout human preimplantation development in vitro: incidence, type, and relevance to embryo outcome. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 413-19.
70. Artley JK, Braude PR, Johnson MH. Gene activity and cleavage arrest in human pre-embryos. Hum Reprod 1992; 7: 1014-21.
71. Winston N, Johnson M, Pickering S, Braude P. Parthenogenetic activation and development of fresh and aged human oocytes. Fertil Steril 1991; 56: 904-12.
72. Palermo G, Munné S, Cohen J. The human zygote inherits its mitotic potential from the male gamete. Hum Reprod 1994; 9: 1220-5.
73. Hewitson L, Simerly C, Schatten G. Inheritance defects of the sperm centrosome in humans and its possible role in male infertility. Int J Androl 1997; 20 (Suppl 3): 35-43.
74. Silber S, Escudero T, Lenahan K et al. Chromosomal abnormalities in embryos derived from TESE. Fertil Steril 2003; 79: 30-8.
75. Wilding M, De Placido G, De Matteo L et al. Chaotic mosaicism in human preimplantation embryos is correlated with a low mitochondrial membrane potential. Fertil Steril 2003; 79: 340-6.
76. Evsikov S, Verlinsky Y. Mosaicism in the inner cell mass of human blastocysts. Hum Reprod 1998; 11: 3151-5.
77. Clouston HJ, Fenwick J, Webb AL et al. Detection of mosaic and nonmosaic chromosome abnormalities in 6- to 8-day old human blastocysts. Hum Genet 1997; 101: 30-6.
78. Veiga A, Gil Y, Boada M et al. Confirmation of diagnosis in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) through blastocyst culture: preliminary experience. Prenat Diagn 1999; 19: 1242-7.
79. Ruangvutilert P, Delhanty JDA, Serhal P et al. FISH analysis on day-5 post-insemination of human arrested and blastocyst stage embryos. Prenat Diagn 2000; 20: 552-60.
80. Bielanska M, Tan SL, Ao A. High rate of mixoploidy among human blastocysts cultured in vitro. Fertil Steril 2002; 78: 1248.
81. Bielanska M, Jin S, Bernier M, Tan SL, Ao A. Diploid-aneuploid mosaicism in human embryos cultured to the blastocyst stage. Fertil Steril 2005; 84: 336-42.
82. Hardarson T, Caisander G, Sjogren A et al. A morphological and chromosomal study of blastocysts developing from morphologically suboptimal human pre-embryos compared with control blastocysts. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 399-407.
83. Clouston HJ, Herbert M, Fenwick J, Murdoch AP, Wolstenholme J. Cytogenetic analysis of human blastocysts. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22: 1143-52.
84. Magli MC, Jones GM, Gras L et al. Chromosome mosaicism in day-3 aneuploid embryos that develop to morphologically normal blastocysts in vitro. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 1781-6.
85. Sandalinas M, Sadowy S, Alikani M et al. Developmental ability of chromosomally abnormal human embryos to develop to the blastocyst stage. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 1954-8.
86. Janny L, Menezo YJR. Maternal age effect on early human embryonic development and blastocyst formation. Mol Reprod Devel 1996; 45: 31-7.
87. Rubio C, Simon C, Vidal F et al. Chromosomal abnormalities and embryo development in recurrent miscarriage couples. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 182-8.
88. Eiben B, Bartels I, Bahr-Porsch S et al. Cytogenetic analysis of 750 spontaneous abortions with the direct-preparation method ofchori-onic villi and its implications for studying genetic causes of pregnancy wastage. Am J Hum Genet 1990; 47: 656-63.
89. Munné S, Chen S, Fischer J et al. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis reduces pregnancy loss in women 35 and older with a history of recurrent miscarriages. Fertil Steril 2005; 84: 331-5.
90. Munné S, Magli C, Cohen J et al. Positive outcome after preimplantation diagnosis of aneuploidy in human embryos. Hum Reprod 1999: 14: 2191-9.
91. Munné S, Sandalinas M, Escudero T et al. Improved implantation after preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy. Reprod Biomed Online, 2003; 7: 91-7.
92. Munné S, Fischer J, Warner A, Chen S, Zouves C, Cohen J, and referring centers PGD group. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis significantly reduces pregnancy loss in infertile couples: a multi-center study. Fertil Steril 2006; 85: 326-32.
93. Gianaroli L, Magli C, Ferraretti AP, Munné S. Preimplantation diagnosis for aneuploidies in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization with a poor prognosis: identification of the categories for which it should be proposed. Fertil Steril 1999; 72: 837-44.
94. Verlinsky Y, Tur-Kaspa I, Cieslak J et al. Preimplantation testing for chromosomal disorders improves reproductive outcome of poor prognosis patients. Reprod BioMed Online 2005; 11: 219-5.
95. Staessen C, Platteau P, Van Assche E et al. Comparison of blastocyst transfer with or without preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneu-ploidy screening in couples with advanced maternal age: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 2849-58.
96. Werlin L, Rodi I, DeCherney A et al. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) as both a therapeutic and diagnostic tool in assisted reproductive technology. Fertil Steril 2003; 80: 467-8.
97. Cohen J, Wells D, Munné S. Removal of two cells from cleavage stage embryos is likely to reduce the efficacy of chromosomal tests employed to enhance implantation rates. Fertil Steril 2007; in press.
98. Verlinsky Y, Cieslak J, Frieidine M et al. Pregnancies following preconception diagnosis of common aneuploidies by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hum Reprod 1995; 10: 1923-7.
99. De Boer KA, Catt JW, Jansen RPS, Leigh D, McArthur S. Moving to blastocyst biopsy for preimplantation genetic diagnosis and single embryo transfer at Sydney IVF. Fertil Steril 2004; 82: 295-8.
100. Hassold TJ, Takaesu N. Analysis of nondisjunction in human trisomic spontaneous abortions. In: Hassold TJ, Epstein CJ, eds. Molecular and Cytogenetic Studies of Nondisjunction. New York: Alan Liss Inc, 1989: 115-34.
101. Antonorakis SE, Lewis JG, Adelsberg PA et al. Parental origin of the extra chromosome in trisomy 21 revisited: DNA polymorphism analysis suggests maternal origin in 95% of cases. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 872-6.
102. Munné S, Sepulveda S, Balmaceda J, Fernandez E, Fabres C, Mackenna A, Lopez T, Crosby JA, Zegers-Hochschild F. Selection of the most common chromosome abnormalities in oocytes prior to ICSI. Prenat Diagn 2000; 20: 582-6.
103. Benagiano G, Gianaroli L. The new Italian IVF legislation. Reprod Biomed Online 2004; 9: 117-25.
104. Verlinsky Y, Kuliev AM, eds. Preimplantation Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases: A New Technique in Assisted Reproduction. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1993.
105. Verlinsky Y, Kuliev A. Preimplantation diagnosis of common aneu-ploidies in fertile couples of advanced maternal age. Hum Reprod 1996; 11: 2076-7.
106. Verlinsky Y, Cieslkak J, Ivanhnenko V et al. Prevention of age-related aneuploidies by polar body testing of oocytes. J Assist Reprod Genet 1999; 16: 165-9.
107. Hardy K, Martin KL, Leese HJ, Winston RML, Handyside AH. Human preimplantation development in vitro is not adversely affected by biopsy at the 8-cell stage. Hum Reprod 1990; 5, 6: 708-14.
108. Edgar DH, Bourne H, Jericho H, McBain JC. The developmental potential of cryopreserved human embryos. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2000; 169: 69-72.
109. Edgar DH, Bourne H, Speirs AL, McBain JC. A quantitative analysis of the impact of cryopreservation on the implantation potential of human early cleavage stage embryos. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 175-9.
110. Shahine LK, Cedars MI. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis does not increase pregnancy rates in patients at risk for aneuploidy. Fertil Steril 2006; 85: 51-6.
111. Twisk M, Mastenbroek S, van Wely M, Heineman M, Van der Veen F, Repping S. Preimplantation genetic screening for abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidies) in in vitro fertilisation or intracytoplas-mic sperm injection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 25: CD005291.
112. Michiels A, Van Assche E, Liebaers I, Van Steirteghem A, Staessen C. The analysis of one or two blastomeres for PGD using fluorescence in-situ hybridization. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 2396-402.
113. Harper JC, Boelaert K, Geraedts J et al. ESHRE PGD Consortium data collection V: Cycles from January to December 2002 with pregnancy follow-up to October 2003. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 3-21.
114. Chatzimeletiou K, Morrison EE, Panagiotidis Y et al. Comparison of the effects of zona drilling by non-contact infrared laser or acid Tyrode's on the development of human biopsied embryos as revealed by blastomere viability, cytoskeletal analysis and molecular cytogenetics. Reprod BioMed Online 2005; 11: 697-710.
115. Joris H, De Vos A, Janssens R, Devroey P, Liebaers L, Van Steirteghem A. Comparison of the results of human embryo biopsy and outcome of PGD after zona drilling using acid tyrode medium or laser. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 1896-902.
116. Tarkowski AK. An air drying method for chromosome preparations from mouse eggs. Cytogenetics 1966; 5: 394-400.
117. Spurbeck JL, Zinsmeister AR, Meyer KJ, Jalal SM. Dynamics of chromosome spreading. Am J Med Genet 1996; 61: 387-93.
118. Coonen E, Harper JC, Ramaekers FCS et al. Presence of chromosomal mosaicism in abnormal preimplantation embryos detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hum Genet 1994; 94: 609-15.
119. Dozortsev DI, McGinnis KT. An improved fixation technique for fluorescence in situ hybridization for preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Fertil Steril 2001; 76(1): 186-8.
120. Munné S, Dailey T, Finkelstein M, Weier HUG. Reduction in signal overlap results in increased fish efficiency: implications for preimplantation genetic diagnosis. J Assist Reprod Genet 1996; 13: 149-56.
121. Velilla E, Escudero T, Munné S. Blastomere fixation techniques and risk of misdiagnosis for PGD of aneuploidy. Reprod Biomed Online 2002; 4: 210-7.
122. Xu K, Huang T, Tiezheng L, Zhongmig S, Rosenwaks Z. Improving the fixation method for preimplantation genetic diagnosis for fluorescent in-situ hydridization. J Assist Reprod Genet 1998; 15: 570-4.
123. Platteau P, Staessen C, Michiels A, Van Steirteghem A, Liebaers I, Devroey P. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy screening in patients with unexplained recurrent miscarriages. Fertil Steril 2005; 83: 393-7.
124. Benadiva CA, Kligman I, Munné S. Aneuploidy 16 in human embryos increases significantly with maternal age. Fertil Steril 1996; 666: 248-55.
125. Bahçe M, Escudero T, Sandalinas M. Improvements of preimplantation diagnosis of aneuploidy by using microwave-hybridization, cell recycling and monocolor labeling of probes. Mol Hum Reprod 2000; 9: 849-54.
126. Li M, DeUgarte CM, Surrey M, Danzer H, DeCherney A, Hill DL. Fluorescence in situ hybridization reanalysis of day-6 human blastocysts diagnosed with aneuploidy on day 3. Fertil Steril 2005; 84: 1395-400.
127. The Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis International Society (PGDIS) Guidelines for good practice in PGD. Reprod Biomed Online 2004; 9: 430-4.
128. Gianaroli L, Magli MC, Ferraretti AP. The in vivo and in vitro efficiency and efficacy of PGD for aneuploidy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 183: S13-18.
129. Magli MC, Gianaroli L, Ferraretti AP, Gordts S, Feliciani E. Impact of parental gonosomal mosaicism detected in peripheral blood on preimplantation embryos. Reprod Biomed Online 2002; 5: 306-12.
130. Colls P, Escudero T, Zheng X et al. Increased efficiency of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for infertility through reanalysis of dubious signals. Fertil Steril 2007; in press.
131. Munné S, Weier, U. Simultaneous enumeration of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y in interphase cells for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1996; 75: 263-70.
132. Grifo JA, Giatras K, Tang YX, Krey LC. Successful outcome with day 4 embryo transfer after preimplantation diagnosis for genetically transmitted diseases. Hum Reprod 1998; 13: 1656-9.
133. Gianaroli L, Magli MC, Munné S, Fortini D, Ferraretti AP. Advantages of day 4 embryo transfer in patients undergoing preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy. J Assist Reprod Genet 1999; 16: 170-5.
134. El-Toukhy T, Khalaf Y, Al-Darazi K et al. Effect of blastomere loss on the outcome of frozen embryo replacement cycles. Fertil Steril 2003; 79: 1106-11.
135. Hardy K, Winston RML, Handyside AH. Binucleate blastomeres in preimplantation human embryos in vitro: failure of cytokinesis during early cleavage. J Reprod Fertil 1993; 98: 549-8.
136. Cohen J. Zona pellucida micromanipulation and consequences for embryonic development and implantation. In: Cohen J, Malter HE, Talansky BE, Grifo J eds. Micromanipulation of Human Gametes and Embryos. New York: Raven Press, 1992; 191-222.
137. Krey LC, Grifo JA. Poor embryo quality: the answer lies (mostly) in the egg. Fertil Steril 2001; 57: 156-62.
138. Schoolcraft WB, Surrey ES, Gardner DK. Embryo transfer: techniques and variables affecting success. Fertil Steril 2001; 863-70.
139. Levi Setti PE, Albani E, Cavagna M, Bulletti C, Colombo GV, Negri L. The impact of embryo transfer on implantation - a review. Placenta 2003; 24: S20-6.
140. Eiben B, Goebel R, Hansen S, Hammans W. Early amniocentesis. A cytogenetic evaluation of over 1500 cases. Prenat Diagn 1994; 14: 497-501.
141. Regan L, Braude PR, Trembath PL. Influence of past reproductive performance on risk of spontaneous abortion. Br Med J 1989; 299: 541-5.
142. La Rochebrochard E, Thonneau P. Paternal age and maternal age are risk factors for miscarriage; results of a multicentre European study. Hum Reprod 2000; 17: 1649-56.
143. Kupka MS, Dorn C, Montag M, Felberbaum RE, Van der Ven H, Kulczycki A, Friese K. Previous miscarriages influence IVF and intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection pregnancy outcome. Reprod Biomed Online 2004; 8: 349-57.
144. Jacobs PA, Hassold TJ. Chromosome abnormalities: origin and etiology in abortions and live births. In Vogal F, and Sperling K (eds) Human Genetics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987; pp 233-44.
145. Stern JJ, Dorfman AD, Gutierrez-Najar MD. Frequency of abnormal karyotype among abortuses from women with and without a history of recurrent spontaneous abortions. Fertil Steril 1996; 65: 250-3.
146. Ogasawara M, Aoki K, Okada S, Suzumori K. Embryonic karyotype of abortuses in relation to the number of previous miscarriages. Fertil Steril 2000; 73: 300-4.
147. Carp H, Toder V, Aviram A et al. Karyotype of the abortuse in recurrent miscarriages. Fertil Steril 2001; 75: 678-82.
148. Stephenson MD, Awartani KA, Robinson WP. Cytogenetic analysis of miscarriages from couples with recurrent miscarriage: a case-control study. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 446-51.
149. Spandorfer SD, Davis OK, Barmat LI, Chung PH, Rosenwaks Z. Relationship between maternal age and aneuploidy in in-vitro fertilization pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 1265-9.
150. Jobanputra V, Sobrino A, Kinney A, Kline J, Warburton D. Multiplex interphase FISH as a screen for common aneuploidies in spontaneous abortions. Hum Reprod 17: 1166-70.
151. Munné S, Sandalinas M, Escudero T, Marquez C, Cohen J. Chromosome mosaicism in cleavage stage human embryos: evidence of a maternal age effect. Reprod Biomed Online 2002; 4: 223-32.
152. Brigham SA, Colon C, Farquharson RG. A longitudinal study of pregnancy outcome following idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 1999; 14: 2868-71.
153. Pehlivan T, Rubio C, Rodrigo L, Romero J, Remohi J, Simon C, Pellicer A. Impact of preimplantation genetic diagnosis on IVF outcome in implantation failure patients. Reprod Biomed Online 2002; 6: 232-7.
154. Munné S, Sandalinas M, Magli C, Gianaroli L, Cohen J, Warburton D. Increased rate of aneuploid embryos in young women with previous aneuploid conceptions. Prenat Diagn 2004; 24: 638-47.
155. Gianaroli L, Magli MC, Cavallini G et al. Frequency of aneuploidy in spermatozoa from patients with extremely severe male factor infertility. Hum Reprod 2005; 20: 2140-52.
156. Munné S, Ary J, Zouves C, Escudero T, Barnes F, Cinioglu C, Ary B, Cohen J. Wide range of chromosome abnormalities in the embryos of young egg donors. Reprod Biomed Online, 2006; 12: 340-6.
157. Ferraretti AP, Magli MC, Kopcow L, Gianaroli L. Prognostic role of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy in assisted reproduction technology outcome. Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 694-9.