Correction to: Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A narrative review (Clinical Hypertension (2018) 24 (9) DOI: 10.1186/s40885-018-0094-4);Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A narrative review

Clinical Hypertension

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2018, Pages

  Kheiri, Babikir ^a   Abdalla, Ahmed ^a   Osman, Mohammed ^a   Ahmed, Sahar ^a   Hassan, Mustafa ^a   Bachuwa, Ghassan ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood pressure; Cardiovascular disease; Cholecalciferol; Coronary artery disease; Hypertension; Ischemic heart disease; Myocardial infarction; Stroke; Vitamin D; Vitamin D supplementation

Indexed keywords

PLACEBO; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

ADULT; AGED; BONE METABOLISM; CALCIUM METABOLISM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RESISTANT HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VERY ELDERLY; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 85114055420     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20565909     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s40885-018-0105-5     Document Type: Erratum

References (136)

1. Zittermann A. Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence? Br J Nutr. 2003;89:552-72.
2. Kimlin MG. Geographic location and vitamin D synthesis. Mol Aspects Med. 2008;29:453-61.
3. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266-81.
4. Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:362-71.
5. Basit S. Vitamin D in health and disease: a literature review. Br J Biomed Sci. 2013;70:161-72.
6. Judd SE, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk for cardiovascular disease. Am J Med Sci. 2010;117:503-11.
7. Kendrick J, Targher G, Smits G, Chonchol M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is independently associated with cardiovascular disease in the third National Health and nutrition examination survey. Atherosclerosis. 2009;205:255-60.
8. Kim D, Sabour S, Sagar U, Adams S, Whellan D. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in cardiovascular diseases (from the National Health and nutrition examination survey 2001 to 2004). Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:1540-4.
9. Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Koerfer R. Vitamin D insufficiency in congestive heart failure: why and what to do about it? Heart Fail Rev. 2006;11:25-33.
10. Pekkanen MP, Ukkola O, Hedberg P, Piira OP, Lepojärvi S, Lumme J, Tulppo M, Huikuri H. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with major cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac structure and function in patients with coronary artery disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;25:471-8.
11. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis B, Rimm E. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1174-80.
12. McGreevy C, Williams D. New insights about vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:820-6.
13. Wong YYE, Flicker L, Yeap BB, McCaul KA, Hankey GJ, Norman PE. Is hypovitaminosis D associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, and is there a dose-response relationship? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013;45:657-64.
14. Demir M, Uyan U, Melek M. The effects of vitamin D deficiency on atrial fibrillation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2014;20:98-103.
15. Ozcan OU, Gurlek A, Gursoy E, Gerede DM, Erol C. Relation of vitamin D deficiency and new-onset atrial fibrillation among hypertensive patients. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2015;9:307-12.
16. Pavlovic D, Josipovic J, Pavlovic N. Vitamin D and hypertension. Period Biol. 2011;113:299-302.
17. Barnard K, Colón-emeric C. Extraskeletal effects of vitamin D in older adults: cardiovascular disease, mortality, mood, and cognition. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010;8:4-33.
18. Foss YJ. Vitamin D deficiency is the cause of common obesity. Med Hypotheses. 2009;72:314-21.
19. Küçükazman M, Ata N, Dal K, Yeniova A, Kefeli A, Basyigit S, Aktas B, Akin K, Aǧladloǧlu K, Üre Ö, Topal F, Nazligül Y, Beyan E, Ertugrul D. The association of vitamin D deficiency with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin (Sao Paulo). 2014;69:542-6.
20. Donovan DS, Papadopoulos A, Staron RB, Addesso V, Schulman L, Gregor CMC, Cosman F, Lindsay RL, Shane E. Bone mass and vitamin D deficiency in adults with advanced cystic fibrosis lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:1892-9.
21. Klein GL, Chen TC, Holick MF, Langman CB, Price H, Celis MM, Herndon DN. Synthesis of vitamin D in skin after burns. Lancet. 2004;363:291-2.
22. Liu E, Meigs JB, Pittas AG, Economos CD, Mckeown NM, Booth SL, Jacques PF. Predicted 25-hydroxyvitamin D score and incident type 2 diabetes in the Framingham offspring study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:1627-33.
23. Baz-hecht M, Goldfine AB. The impact of vitamin D deficiency on diabetes and cardiovascular risk. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010;17:113-9.
24. Martini LA, Wood RJ. Vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Rev. 2006;64:479-86.
25. Rammos G, Tseke P, Ziakka S. Vitamin D, the renin-angiotensin system, and insulin resistance. Int Urol Nephrol. 2008;40:419-26.
26. Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VLW, Saad MF. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:820-5.
27. Mithal A, Wahl DA, Burckhardt P, Eisman JA, Fuleihan GE, Josse RG, Lips P, Morales-Torres J. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:1807-20.
28. Lee JH, Keefe JHO, Bell D, Hensrud DD, Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency an important, common, and easily treatable cardiovascular risk factor? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;52:1949-56.
29. Prentice A. Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective. Nutr Rev. 2008;66:153-64.
30. Haq A, Svobodová J, Imran S, Stanford C, Razzaque MS. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Vitamin D de fi ciency: A single centre analysis of patients from 136 countries. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;164:209-13.
31. Zhang R, Naughton DP. Vitamin D in health and disease: current perspectives. Nutr J. 2010;9:1-13.
32. Looker AC, Pfeiffer CM, Lacher DA, Schleicher RL, Picciano F, Yetley EA. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988-1994 compared with 2000-2004. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1519-27.
33. Robinson-cohen C, Hoofnagle AN, Ix JH, Kestenbaum R, de Boer IH. Racial differences in the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with coronary heart disease events. JAMA. 2013;310:179-88.
34. Yetley EA. Assessing the vitamin D status of the US population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:558s-64s.
35. Hyppönen E, Power C. Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:860-8.
36. Lavie CJ, Lee JH, Milani RV. Vitamin D and Cardiovascular disease: will it live up to its hype? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:1547-56.
37. Wang L, Song Y, Manson J, Pilz S, März W, Michaëlsson K, Lundqvist A, Jassal S, Barrett-Connor E, Zhang C, Eaton C, May H, Anderson J, Sesso H. Circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5:819-29.
38. Heston TF. Hypovitaminosis D in hypertension. South Med J. 2010;103:723-4.
39. Skaaby T, Nystrup L, Pisinger C, Jørgensen T, Thuesen B, Fenger M, Linneberg A. Vitamin D status and changes in cardiovascular risk factors: a prospective study of a general population. Cardiology. 2012;123:62-70.
40. Anderson JL, May HT, Horne BD, Bair TL, Hall NL, Carlquist JF, Lappé DL, Muhlestein JB. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106:963-8.
41. Weyland PG, Grant WB, Howie-Esquivel J. Does sufficient evidence exist to support a causal association between vitamin D status and cardiovascular disease risk? An assessment using Hill's criteria for causality. Nutrients. 2014;6:3403-30.
42. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Drechsler C, Zittermann A, Dekker J, März W. Vitamin D supplementation: a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of strokes. Curr Drug Targets. 2011;12:88-96.
43. Milazzo V, De Metrio M, Cosentino N, Marenzi G, Tremoli E. Vitamin D and acute myocardial infarction. World J Cardiol. 2017;9:14-20.
44. Anderson J, May H, Horne B, Bair T, Hall N, Carlquist J, Lappé D, Muhlestein J. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106:963-8.
45. Aleksova A, Belfiore R, Carriere C, Kassem S, La Carrubba S, Barbati G, Sinagra G. Vitamin D deficiency in patients with acute myocardial infarction: an Italian single-center study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2015;85:23-30.
46. Lund B, Badskjaer J, Lund B, Soerensen O. Vitamin D and ischaemic heart disease. Horm Metab Res. 1978;10:553-6.
47. Lee JH, Gadi R, Spertus JA, Tang F, O'Keefe JH. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:1636-8.
48. Dziedzic E, Gąsior J, Pawłowski M, Dąbrowski M. Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Degree of coronary artery disease in cardiac patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:1-11.
49. Roy A, Lakshmy R, Tarik M, Tandon N, Reddy KS, Prabhakaran D. Independent association of severe vitamin D deficiency as a risk of acute myocardial infarction in Indians. Indian Heart J. 2015;67:27-32.
50. Brøndum-Jacobsen P, Benn M, Jensen GB, Nordestgaard BG. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death, Arter. Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32:2794-802.
51. James P, Oparil S, Carter B, Cushman W, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, Lackland D, LeFevre M, MacKenzie T, Ogedegbe O, Smith SJ, Svetkey L, Taler S, Townsend R, Wright JJ, Narva A, Ortiz E. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the eighth joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311:507-20.
52. Wolf-maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas J, Giampaoli S, Hense H, Joffres M, Kastarinen M, Poulter N, Primatesta P, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Stegmayr B, Thamm M, Tuomilehto J, Vanuzzo D, Vescio F. Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada, and the United States. JAMA. 2003;289:2363-9.
53. Ong KL, Cheung BMY, Man YB, Lau CP, Lam KSL. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999-2004. Hypertension. 2007;49:69-75.
54. Martini LA, Wood RJ. Vitamin D and blood pressure connection: update on epidemiologic, clinical, and mechanistic evidence. Nutr Rev. 2008;66:291-7.
55. Li L, Yin X, Yao C, Zhu X, Wu X. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and their associations with hypertension in a Chinese population. PLoS One. 2012;7:e43344.
56. Simpson RU, Hershey SH, Nibbelink KA. Characterization of heart size and blood pressure in the vitamin D receptor knockout mouse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103:521-4.
57. Zhang W, Chen L, Zhang L, Xiao M, Ding J, Goltzman D, Miao D. Administration of exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 normalizes overactivation of the central renin-angiotensin system in 1α(OH)ase knockout mice. Neurosci Lett. 2015;588:184-9.
58. Ni W, Watts SW, Ng M, Chen S, Glenn DJ, Gardner DG. Elimination of vitamin D receptor in vascular endothelial cells alters vascular function. Hypertension. 2014;64:1290-8.
59. Argacha J, Egrise D, Pochet S, Fontaine D, Lefort A, Libert F, Goldman S, van de Borne P, Berkenboom G, Moreno-Reyes R. Vitamin D deficiency-induced hypertension is associated with vascular oxidative stress and altered heart gene expression. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2011;58:65-71.
60. Weng S, Sprague JE, Oh J, Riek AE, Chin K, Garcia M, Bernal-Mizrachi C. Vitamin D deficiency induces high blood pressure and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. PLoS One. 2013;8:e54625.
61. Andersen LB, Przybyl L, Haase N, Qadri F, Sorensen GL, Fruekilde P, Poglitsch M, Gollasch M, Peters J, Muller DN, Christesen HT, Dechend R. Vitamin D depletion aggravates hypertension and target-organ damage. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4:1-11.
62. Tomaschitz A, Pilz S, Ritz E, Grammer T, Drechsler C, Boehm BO, März W. Independent association between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the renin-angiotensin system: The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. Clin Chim Acta. 2010;411:1354-60.
63. Vaidya A, Forman JP, Williams JS. Vitamin D and the vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II in obese Caucasians with hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2011;25:672-8.
64. Vaidya A, Sun B, Forman JP, Hopkins PN, Brown NJ, Kolatkar NS, Williams GH, Williams JS. The Fok1 vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism is associated with plasma renin activity in Caucasians. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;74:783-90.
65. Lee J, Oh S, Ha W, Kwon H, Sohn T, Son H, Cha B. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and arterial stiffness among type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. 2012;95:42-7.
66. Kuloǧlu O, Gür M, Şeker T, Kalkan G, Şahin D, Tanboǧa I, Koyunsever N, Harbaloǧlu H, Türkoǧlu C, Akyol S, Elbasan Z, Acele A, Cayll M. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with arterial stiffness, left ventricle hypertrophy, and inflammation in newly diagnosed hypertension. J Invest Med. 2013;61:989-94.
67. Al Mheid I, Patel R, Murrow J, Morris A, Rahman A, Fike L, Kavtaradze N, Uphoff I, Hooper C, Tangpricha V, Alexander RW, Brigham K, Quyyumi AA. Vitamin D status is associated with arterial stiffness and vascular dysfunction in healthy humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:186-92.
68. Giovannucci E. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2009;11:456-61.
69. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the third National Health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:713-9.
70. Zhao G, Ford ES, Li C, Kris-etherton PM, Etherton TD, Balluz LS. Independent associations of serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone with blood pressure among US adults. J Hypertens. 2010;28:1821-8.
71. Schmitz KJ, Skinner HG, Bautista LE, Fingerlin TE, Langefeld CD, Hicks PJ, Haffner SM, Bryer-ash M, Wagenknecht LE, Bowden DW, Norris JM, Engelman CD. Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with blood pressure in predominantly 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficient Hispanic and African Americans. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22:867-70.
72. Bhandari S, Pashayan S, Liu I, Rasgon S, Kujubu D, Tom T, Sim JJ. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and hypertension rates. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:170-7.
73. Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, Bischoff-ferrari HA, Tworoger SS, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49:1063-9.
74. Burgaz A, Byberg L, Rautiainen S, Orsini N, Håkansson N, Arnlöv J, Sundström J, Lind L, Melhus H, Michaëlsson K, Wolk A. Confirmed hypertension and plasma 25(OH)D concentrations amongst elderly men. J Intern Med. 2011;263:211-8.
75. Dorjgochoo T, Shu XO, Xiang Y, Yang G, Cai Q, Li H, Ji B, Cai H, Gao Y, Zheng W. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in relation to blood pressure parameters and hypertension in the shanghai Women's and Men's health studies. Br J Nutr. 2012;108:449-58.
76. Tomaino K, Romero KM, Robinson CL, Baumann LM, Hansel NN, Pollard SL, Gilman RH, Mougey E, Lima JJ, Checkley W. Association between serum 25-Hydroxy vitamin D levels and blood pressure among adolescents in two resource-limited settings in Peru. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28:1017-23.
77. Meehan M, Penckofer S. The role of vitamin D in the aging adult. J Aging Gerontol. 2014;2:60-71.
78. Mosekilde L. Vitamin D and the elderly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;62:265-81.
79. Seals DR, Jablonski KL, Donato AJ. Aging and vascular endothelial function in humans. Clin Sci. 2011;120:357-75.
80. Boucher BJ. The problems of vitamin d insufficiency in older people. Aging Dis. 2012;3:313-29.
81. Kestenbaum B, Katz R, De Boer I, Hoofnagle A, Sarnak MJ, Shlipak MG, Jenny NS, Siscovick DS. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and cardiovascular events among older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:1433-41.
82. Kumar N, Calhoun D, Dudenbostel T. Management of patients with resistant hypertension: current treatment options. Integr Blood Press Control. 2013;6:139-51.
83. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redón J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M, Christiaens T, Cifkova R, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Galderisi M, Grobbee D, Jaarsma T, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen S, Laurent S, Manolis A, Nilsson P, Ruilope L, Schmieder R, Sirnes P, Sleight P, Viigimaa M, Waeber B, Zannad F. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2013;31:1281-357.
84. Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S, Goff DC, Murphy TP, Toto RD, White A, Cushman WC, White W, Sica D, Ferdinand K, Giles TD, Falkner B, Carey RM. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association professional education Committee of the Council for high blood pressure research. Circulation. 2008;117:e510-26.
85. Zoccali C, Mallamaci F. Does a vitamin D boost help in resistant hypertension control? Hypertension. 2014;63:672-4.
86. Beydoun MA, Boueiz A, Shroff MR, Beydoun HA, Wang Y, Zonderman AB. Associations among 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diet quality, and metabolic disturbance differ by adiposity in adults in the United States. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:3814-27.
87. Rossi GP, Ragazzo F, Seccia TM, Maniero C, Barisa M, Calò LA, Frigo AC, Fassina A, Pessina AC. Hyperparathyroidism can be useful in the identification of primary aldosteronism due to aldosterone-producing adenoma. Hypertension. 2012;60:431-6.
88. Belen E, Şahin İ, Güngör B, Ayça B, Avcl İ, Avşar M, Ylldlz S, Akln F, Bozbeyoglu E, Okuyan E. Assessment of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels in patients with resistant hypertension. Med Princ Pr. 2016;25:25-30.
89. Pöss J, Mahfoud F, Ukena C, Esler M, Schlaich M, Hering D, Cremers B, Laufs U, Böhm M. Association of vitamin D status and blood pressure response after renal denervation. Clin Res Cardiol. 2014;103:41-7.
90. Wang Y, Ji H, Tong Y, Zhang Z. Prognostic value of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with stroke. Neurochem Res. 2014;39:1332-7.
91. Sun Q, Pan A, Hu F, Manson J, Rexrode KM. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of stroke: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2012;43:1470-7.
92. Judd S, Morgan C, Panwar B, Howard V, Wadley V, Jenny N, Kissela B, Gutiérrez O. Vitamin D deficiency and incident stroke risk in community-living black and white adults. Int J Stroke. 2016;11:93-102.
93. Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Kinkeldei J, Boehm B, Weihrauch G, Maerz W. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1340-9.
94. Michaëlsson K, Baron JA, Snellman G, Gedeborg R, Byberg L, Sundstro J, Berglund L, Arnlöv J, Hellman P, Blomhoff R, Wolk A, Garmo H, Holmberg L, Melhus H. Plasma vitamin D and mortality in older men: a community-based prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92:841-8.
95. Virtanen JK, Nurmi T, Voutilainen S, Mursu J, Tuomainen T-P. Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with the risk of death in a general older population in Finland. Eur J Nutr. 2011;50:305-12.
96. Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1629-37.
97. Ginde AA, Scragg ÃR, Schwartz RS, Camargo CA. Prospective study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all-cause mortality in older U.S. adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:1595-603.
98. Zhaoa G, Forda ES, Lib C, Croft JB. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among US adults with hypertension: the NHANES linked mortality study. J Hypertens. 2012;30:284-9.
99. Amer M, Qayyum R. Relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Am J Med. 2013;126:509-14.
100. Schöttker B, Jorde R, Peasey A, Thorand B, Jansen E, Groot L, Streppel M, Gardiner J, Ordóñez-Mena J, Perna L, Wilsgaard T, Rathmann W, Feskens E, Kampman E, Siganos G, Njølstad I, Mathiesen E, Kubínová R, Pająk A, Topor-Madry R, Tamosiunas A, Hughes M, Kee F, Bobak M, Trichopoulou A, Boffetta P, Brenner H. Vitamin D and mortality: meta-analysis of individual participant data from a large consortium of cohort studies from Europe and the United States. BMJ. 2014;348:1-15.
101. Zittermann A, Iodice S, Pilz S, Grant WB, Bagnardi V, Gandini S. Vitamin D deficiency and mortality risk in the general population: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95:91-100.
102. Scragg R, Stewart AW, Waayer D, Lawes CMM, Toop L, Sluyter J, Murphy J, Khaw K-T, Camargo CA. Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease in the vitamin D assessment study: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:608-16. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0175.
103. Zittermann A, Ernst JB, Prokop S, Fuchs U, Dreier J, Kuhn J, Knabbe C, Birschmann I, Schulz U, Berthold HK, Pilz S, Gouni-Berthold I, Gummert JF, Dittrich M, Börgermann J. Effect of vitamin D on all-cause mortality in heart failure (EVITA): a 3-year randomized clinical trial with 4000 IU vitamin D daily. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:2279-86. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx235.
104. Pittas AG, Chung M, Trikalinos T, Mitri J, Brendel M, Patel K, Lichtenstein AH. Systematic review: vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:307-14. https://doi.org/10.1059/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00009.Vitamin.
105. Wang L, Song Y, Manson J, Pilz S, März W, Michaëlsson K, Lundqvist A, Jassal S, Barrett-Connor E, Zhang C, Eaton C, May H, Anderson J, Sesso H. Circulating levels of 25Hydroxy-vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5:819-29. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.967604.Circulating.
106. Forman JP, Scott JB, Ng K, Drake BF, Suarez EG, Hayden DL, Bennett GG, Chandler PD, Hollis BW, Emmons KM, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Chan AT. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure in African-Americans. Hypertension. 2013;61:779-85.
107. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1633-7.
108. Larsen T, Mose FH, Bech JN, Hansen AB, Pedersen EB. Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation during winter months in patients with hypertension: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25:1215-22.
109. Cozzolino M, Stucchi A, Rizzo MA, Soldati L, Cusi D, Ciceri P, Brenna I, Elli F, Gallieni M. Vitamin D receptor activation and prevention of arterial ageing. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22:547-52.
110. Pilz S, Gaksch M, Kienreich K, Grübler M, Verheyen N, Fahrleitner-pammer A, Treiber G, Drechsler C, Hartaigh B, Obermayer-pietsch B, Schwetz V, Aberer F, Mader J, Scharnagl H, Meinitzer A, Lerchbaum E, Dekker JM, Zittermann A, März W, Tomaschitz A. Effects of vitamin D on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertension. 2015;65:1195-201.
111. Scragg R, Slow S, Stewart AW, Jennings LC, Chambers ST, Priest PC, Florkowski CM, Jr CAC, Murdoch DR. Long-term high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation and blood pressure in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertension. 2014;64:725-31.
112. Arora P, Song Y, Dusek J, Plotnikoff G, Sabatine MS, Cheng S, Valcour A, Swales H, Taylor B, Carney E, Guanaga D, Young JR, Karol C, Torre M, Azzahir A, Strachan SM, Neill DCO, Wolf M, Harrell F, Newton-cheh C, Wang TJ. Vitamin D therapy in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: the DAYLIGHT trial. Circulation. 2015;131:254-62.
113. Beveridge LA, Struthers AD, Khan F, Jorde R, Scragg R, Macdonald HM, Alvarez JA, Boxer RS, Dalbeni A, Gepner AD, Isbel NM, Larsen T, Nagpal J, Petchey WG, Stricker H, Strobel F, Tangpricha V, Toxqui L, Vaquero M, Wamberg L, Zittermann A, Witham M. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating individual patient data. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:745-54.
114. Wu L, Sun D. Effects of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hum Hypertens. 2017;31:547-54.
115. Upala S, Sanguankeo A, Congrete S. Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2016;50:230-5.
116. Rodrlguez AJ, Scott D, Srikanth V, Ebeling P. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on measures of arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016;84:645-57.
117. Vimaleswaran KS, Cavadino A, Berry DJ, Power C, Hyppönen E, Jorde R, Grimnes G, Dieff enbach AK, Schöttker B, Saum KU, Brenner H, Lu C, Järvelin MR, Tzoulaki I, Heerspink HJL, Nolte IM, Snieder H, van der Most PJ, Stolk RP, Hartman CA, de Boer RA, van der Harst P, Navis G, de Borst MH, Tikkanen E, Eriksson J, Lorentzon M, Mellström D, Ohlsson C, Wong A, Hardy R, Kuh D, Cooper JA, Acharya J, Humphries SE, Hingorani AD, Kumari M, Kivimaki M, Mangino M, Spector TD, Jablonski KA, Houston DK, Kritchevsky SB, Lohman KK, Ahluwalia TS, Sørensen TIA, Pasko D, Frayling TM, Zgaga L, Campbell H, Theodoratou E, Fraser RM, Wilson JF, Rudan I, Price JF, McLachlan S, Vitart V, Navarro P, Huffman JE, Hayward C, Wright AF, Thiering E, Tiesler CMT, Heinrich J, McCarthy MI, Ingelsson E, Cooper C, Arden N, Dupuis J, Herzig KH, Sebert S, Alves AC, Pouta A, Laitinen J, Kleber ME, März W, Jameson K, Osmond C, Raitakari O, Ripatti S, Lahti J, Eriksson JG, Penninx BW, Billings LK, Florez JC, Rejnmark L, Langdahl BL, Paternoster L, Hernandez DG, Byberg L, Michaëlsson K, Hagström E, Melhus H, Ljunggren O, Lind L, Jula A, Polasek O, Salomaa V, Karlsson M, Bandinelli S, Lehtimäki T, Wang TJ, Pilz S, Whittaker JC, Hyppönen E. Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: a mendelian randomisation study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:719-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70113-5.
118. Mao P, Zhang C, Tang L, Xian Y, Li Y, Wang W, Zhu X, Qiu H, He J, Zhou Y. Effect of calcium or vitamin D supplementation on vascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cardiol. 2013;169:106-11.
119. Shuba N, Prakash B. Role of vitamin D in the outcome of ischemic stroke- a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11:CC06-10.
120. Manson J, Bassuk S, Lee I, Cook N, Albert M, Gordon D, Zaharris E, Macfadyen J, Danielson E, Lin J, Zhang S, Buring J. The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Contemp Clin Trials. 2012;33:159-71.
121. Aruna DP, JoAnn EM. Update on the vitamin D and omega-3 trial (VITAL). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;155:252-6.
122. Abbasi F, Feldman D, Caulfield MP, Hantash FM, Reaven GM. Relationship among 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, insulin action, and cardiovascular disease risk in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28:266-72.
123. Geleijnse JM. Vitamin D and the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases: a review of the current evidence. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24:253-62.
124. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, März W, Drechsler C, Ritz E, Zittermann A, Cavalier E, Pieber T, Lappe J, Grant W, Holick M, Dekker J. Vitamin D, cardiovascular disease and mortality. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;75:575-84.
125. Lavie CJ, Lee JH, Milani RV. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease will it live up to its hype? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:1547-56.
126. Wuerzner G, Burnier M, Waeber B. Should hypertensive patients take vitamin D? Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012;14:318-23.
127. Brandenburg VM, Vervloet MG, Marx N. The role of vitamin D in cardiovascular disease: from present evidence to future perspectives. Atherosclerosis. 2012;225:253-63.
128. Muscogiuri G, Sorice GP, Ajjan R, Mezza T, Pilz S, Prioletta A, Scragg R, Volpe SL, Witham MD, Giaccari A. Can vitamin D deficiency cause diabetes and cardiovascular diseases? Present evidence and future perspectives. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22:81-7.
129. Rosen CJ, Adams JS, Bikle DD, Black DM, Demay MB, Manson JE, Murad MH, Kovacs CS. The nonskeletal effects of vitamin D: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev. 2012;33:456-92.
130. Tamez H, Thadhani R. Vitamin D and hypertension: an update and review. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2012;21:492-9.
131. Kienreich K, Grübler M, Tomaschitz A, Schmid J, Verheyen N, Rutters F, Dekker JM, Pilz S. Vitamin D, arterial hypertension & cerebrovascular disease. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137:669-79.
132. Liu Z, Woo J, Wu S, Ho SC. The role of vitamin D in blood pressure, endothelial and renal function in postmenopausal women. Nutrients. 2013;5:2590-610.
133. Min B. Effects of vitamin d on blood pressure and endothelial function. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013;17:385-93.
134. Rostand SG. Vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of hypertension: still an unsettled question. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2014;16:1-9.
135. Muscogiuri G, Annweiler C, Duval G, Karras S, Tirabassi G, Salvio G, Balercia G, Kimball S, Kotsa K, Mascitelli L, Pal H, Colao A. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: from atherosclerosis to myocardial infarction and stroke. Int J Cardiol. 2017;230:577-84.
136. Wang TJ. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Annu Rev Med. 2016;76:261-72.