An International Society of Bipolar Disorders task force report: Precursors and prodromes of bipolar disorder

Bipolar Disorders

Volumn 21, Issue 8, 2019, Pages 720-740

  Faedda, Gianni L ^a,b   Baldessarini, Ross J ^b   Marangoni, Ciro ^c   Bechdolf, Andreas ^d,e   Berk, Michael ^f,g,h   Birmaher, Boris ⁱ   Conus, Philippe ^j   DelBello, Melissa P ^k   Duffy, Anne C ^l   Hillegers, Manon H J ^m,n   Pfennig, Andrea ^o   Post, Robert M ^p,q   Preisig, Martin ^j   Ratheesh, Aswin ^f,g,h   Salvatore, Paola ^b,r   Tohen, Mauricio ^s   Vázquez, Gustavo H ^b,l   Vieta, Eduard ^t   Yatham, Lakshmi N ^u   Youngstrom, Eric A ^v   Van Meter, Anna ^w,x   Correll, Christoph U ^e,w,x,y   more..

^a Foundation for Mood Disorders   (United States)

^b MCLEAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c Centre of Community Medicine and Infectious Diseases Service   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^e CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^f BARWON HEALTH   (Australia)

^g THE NATIONAL CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^j LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^k UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^l QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^m UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

ⁿ ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^o UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CARL GUSTAV CARUS   (Germany)

^p Bipolar Collaborative Network   (United States)

^q GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^r UNIVERSITY OF PARMA   (Italy)

^s UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^t UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^u UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^v University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^w DONALD AND BARBARA ZUCKER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT HOFSTRA NORTHWELL   (United States)

^x ZUCKER HILLSIDE HOSPITAL   (United States)

^y FEINSTEIN INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

antecedents; bipolar disorder; depression; early onset; hypomania; mania; prodrome; risk factors

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; ANXIETY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEPRESSION; EATING DISORDER; FAMILY HISTORY; HUMAN; HYPOMANIA; MANIA; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PANIC; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRODROMAL SYMPTOM; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PUBLIC HEALTH; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TEMPERAMENT; VIOLENCE; ADULT; ADVISORY COMMITTEE; ANXIETY DISORDER; CYCLOTHYMIA; FEMALE; MALE; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ADULT; ADVISORY COMMITTEES; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PRODROMAL SYMPTOMS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 85074710254     PISSN: 13985647     EISSN: 13995618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12831     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression. 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007.
2. Van Meter AR, Burke C, Kowatch RA, Findling RL, Youngstrom EA. Ten-year updated meta-analysis of the clinical characteristics of pediatric mania and hypomania. Bipolar Disord. 2016;18:19-32.
3. Van Meter AR, Burke C, Youngstrom EA, et al. Bipolar prodrome: analysis of symptom prevalence prior to initial or recurrent mood episodes. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry. 2016;55:543-555.
4. Hafeman DM, Merranko J, Axelson D, et al. Toward definition of a bipolar prodrome: dimensional predictors of bipolar spectrum disorders in at-risk youths. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:695-704.
5. Gottesman II, Laursen TM, Bertelsen A, Mortensen PB. Severe mental disorders in offspring with 2 psychiatrically ill parents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:252-257.
6. Leverich GS, Post RM, Keck PE Jr, et al. Poor prognosis of childhood-onset bipolar disorder. J Pediatrics. 2007;150:485-490.
7. Perlis RH, Dennehy EB, Miklowitz DJ, et al. Retrospective age at onset of bipolar disorder and outcome during two-year follow-up: results from the STEP-BD study. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:391-400.
8. Egeland JA, Endicott J, Hostetter AM, Allen CR, Pauls DL, Shaw JA. A 16-year prospective study of prodromal features prior to BPI onset in well Amish children. J Affect Disord. 2012;142:186-192.
9. Doucette S, Horrocks J, Grof P, Keown-Stoneman C, Duffy A. Attachment and temperament profiles among the offspring of a parent with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013;150:522-526.
10. Duffy A, Horrocks J, Doucette S, et al. Developmental trajectory of bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204:122-128.
11. Mesman E, Nolen WA, Reichart CG, et al. Dutch bipolar offspring study: 12-year follow-up. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:542-549.
12. Mesman E, Nolen WA, Keijsers L, Hillegers M. Baseline dimensional psychopathology and future mood disorder onset: findings from the Dutch Bipolar Offspring Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136:201-209.
13. Birmaher B, Axelson D, Monk K, et al. Lifetime psychiatric disorders in school-aged off- spring of parents with bipolar disorder: Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:287-296.
14. DelBello MP, Hanseman D, Adler CM, Fleck DE, Strakowski SM. Twelve-month outcome of adolescents with bipolar disorder following first hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:582-590.
15. Geller B, Tillman R, Bolhofner K, Zimerman B. Child bipolar I disorder: prospective continuity with adult bipolar I disorder; characteristics of second and third episodes; predictors of 8-year outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:1125-1133.
16. Post RM, Leverich GS, Kupka RW, et al. Early-onset bipolar disorder and treatment delay are risk factors for poor outcome in adulthood. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:864-872.
17. Axelson DA, Goldstein B, Goldstein T, et al. Diagnostic precursors to bipolar disorder in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: longitudinal study. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172:638-646.
18. Axelson DA, Birmaher B, Strober MA, et al. Course of subthreshold bipolar disorder in youth: diagnostic progression from bipolar disorder not otherwise specified. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:1001-1016.
19. Shankman SA, Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, Small JW, Seeley JR, Altman SE. Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: a 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50:1485-1494.
20. Faedda GL, Baldessarini RJ, Glovinsky IP, Austin NB. Pediatric bipolar disorder: phenomenology and course of illness. Bipolar Disord. 2004;6:305-313.
21. Hafeman DM, Merranko J, Goldstein TR, et al. Assessment of a person-level risk calculator to predict new-onset bipolar spectrum disorder in youth at familial risk. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:841-847.
22. Wals M, Hillegers MH, Reichart CG, Ormel J, Nolen WA, Verhulst FC. Prevalence of psychopathology in children of a bipolar parent. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:1094-1102.
23. Marangoni C, Faedda GL, Baldessarini RJ. Clinical and environmental risk factors for bipolar disorder: review of prospective studies. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2018;26:1-7.
24. Correll CU, Penzner JB, Frederickson AM, et al. Differentiation in the preonset phases of schizophrenia and mood disorders: evidence in support of a bipolar mania prodrome. Schizophrenia Bull. 2007;33:703-714.
25. Conus P, Ward J, Hallam KT, et al. Proximal prodrome to first episode mania—new target for early intervention. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10:555-565.
26. Howes OD, Lim S, Theologos G, et al. Comprehensive review and model of putative prodromal features of bipolar affective disorder. Psychol Med. 2010;41:1567-1577.
27. Bechdolf A, Ratheesh A, Wood SJ, et al. Rationale and first results of developing at-risk (prodromal) criteria for bipolar disorder. Curr Pharmaceut Design. 2012;18:358-375.
28. Hauser M, Correll CU. Significance of at-risk or prodromal symptoms for bipolar I disorder in children and adolescents. Can J Psychiatry. 2013;58:22-31.
29. Duffy A, Vandeleur C, Heffer N, Preisig M. The clinical trajectory of emerging bipolar disorder among the high-risk offspring of bipolar parents: current understanding and future considerations. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2017;5:37.
30. Egeland JA, Shaw JA, Endicott J, et al. Prospective study of prodromal features for bipolarity in well Amish children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:786-796.
31. Duffy A, Alda M, Kutcher S, Fusee C, Grof P. Psychiatric symptoms and syndromes among adolescent children of parents with lithium-responsive or lithium-nonresponsive bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:431-433.
32. Nurnberger JI Jr, McInnis M, Reich W, et al. High-risk study of bipolar disorder: childhood clinical phenotypes as precursors of major mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:1012-1020.
33. Vandeleur C, Rothen S, Gholam-Rezaee M, et al. Mental disorders in offspring of parents with bipolar and major depressive disorders. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14:641-653.
34. Preisig M, Strippoli M-P, Castelao E, et al. The specificity of the familial aggregation of early-onset bipolar disorder: A controlled 10-year follow-up study of offspring of parents with mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 2016;190:26-33.
35. Angst J, Gamma A, Endrass J. Risk factors for the bipolar and depression spectra. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003;108:15-19.
36. Tohen M, Khalsa H-M, Salvatore P, Vieta E, Ravichandran C, Baldessarini RJ. Two-year outcomes in first-episode psychotic depression the McLean-Harvard First-Episode Project. J Affect Disord. 2012;136:1-8.
37. Salvatore P, Baldessarini RJ, Khalsa HM, et al. Predicting diagnostic change among patients diagnosed with first-episode DSM-IV-TR major depressive disorder with psychotic features. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:723-731.
38. Regeer EJ, Krabbendam L, de Graaf R, et al. Prospective study of the transition rates of subthreshold (hypo)mania and depression in the general population. Psychol Med. 2006;36:619-627.
39. Kaymaz N, van Os J, de Graaf R, et al. Impact of subclinical psychosis on the transition from subclinical mania to bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2007;8:55-64.
40. Homish GG, Marshall D, Dubovsky SL, Leonard K. Predictors of later bipolar disorder in patients with subthreshold symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2013;144:129-133.
41. Nadkarni RB, Fristad MA. Clinical course of children with a depressive spectrum disorder and transient manic symptoms. Bipolar Disord. 2010;12:494-503.
42. Zimmermann P, Brückl T, Nocon A, et al. Heterogeneity of DSM-IV major depressive disorder has a consequence of sub-threshold bipolarity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:1341-1352.
43. Fiedorowicz JG, Endicott J, Leon AC, Solomon DA, Keller MB, Coryell WH. Subthreshold hypomanic symptoms in progression from unipolar major depression to bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:40-48.
44. Strober M, Lampert C, Schmidt S, Morrell W. The course of major depressive disorder in adolescents: I. Recovery and risk of manic switching in a follow-up of psychotic and nonpsychotic subtypes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993;32:34-42.
45. Kochman FJ, Hantouche EG, Ferrari P, Lancrenon S, Bayart D, Akiskal HS. Cyclothymic temperament as a prospective predictor of bipolarity and suicidality in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2005;85:181-189.
46. Bromet EJ, Kotov R, Fochtmann LJ, et al. Diagnostic shifts during the decade following first admission for psychosis. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:1186-1194.
47. Skjelstad DV, Malt UF, Holte A. Symptoms and signs of the initial prodrome of bipolar disorder: systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2010;126:1-13.
48. Salvatore P, Baldessarini RJ, Khalsa H-m k, et al. Antecedents of manic versus other first psychotic episodes in 263 bipolar I disorder patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;129:275-285.
49. Beesdo K, Höfler M, Leibenluft E, Lieb R, Bauer M, Pfennig A. Mood episodes and mood disorders: patterns of incidence and conversion in the first three decades of life. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:637-649.
50. Goodday SM, Preisig M, Gholamrezaee M, et al. Association between self-reported and clinically determined hypomanic symptoms and the onset of major mood disorders. Br J Psychiatry Open. 2017;3:71-77.
51. Alloy LB, Urošević S, Abramson LY, et al. Progression along the bipolar spectrum: a longitudinal study of predictors of conversion from bipolar spectrum conditions to bipolar I and II disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. 2012;121:16-27.
52. Van Meter AR, Youngstrom EA, Birmaher B, et al. Longitudinal course and characteristics of cyclothymic disorder in youth. J Affect Disord. 2017;215:314-322.
53. Tijssen MJ, van Os J, Wittchen HU, et al. Evidence that bipolar disorder is the poor outcome fraction of a common developmental phenotype: 8-year cohort study in young people. Psychol Med. 2010;40:289-299.
54. Tijssen MJ, van Os J, Wittchen HU, et al. Prediction of transition from common adolescent bipolar experiences to bipolar disorder: 10-year study. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;196:102-108.
55. Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Harrington HonaLee, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:709-717.
56. Duffy A, Horrocks J, Doucette S, Keown-Stoneman C, McCloskey S, Grof P. Childhood anxiety: an early predictor of mood disorders in offspring of bipolar parents. J Affect Disord. 2013;150:363-369.
57. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Brook JS. Associations between bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders during adolescence and early adulthood: a community-based longitudinal investigation. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1679-1681.
58. Brückl TM, Wittchen H-U, Höfler M, Pfister H, Schneider S, Lieb R. Childhood separation anxiety and the risk of subsequent psychopathology: results from a community study. Psychother Psychosom. 2007;76:47-56.
59. Kinley DJ, Walker JR, Enns MW, Sareen J. Panic attacks as a risk for later psychopathology: results from a nationally representative survey. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28:412-419.
60. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, et al. Sociodemographic and psychopathologic predictors of first incidence of DSM- IV substance use, mood and anxiety disorders: results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Mol Psychiatry. 2009;14:1051-1066.
61. Chou KL, Mackenzie CS, Liang K, Sareen J. Three-year incidence and predictors of first-onset of DSM-IV mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in older adults: results from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:144-155.
62. Vázquez GH, Tondo L, Undurraga J, Baldessarini RJ. Nature and management of co-occurring psychiatric ilnesses in bipolar disorder patients: focus on anxiety syndromes. Chapter 33. In: Yildiz A, Nemeroff C, Ruiz PM, eds. The Bipolar Book: History, Neurobiology, and Treatment. New York: Oxford University Press; 2015:457-470.
63. Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, et al. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Study-Adolescent Supplement. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49:980-989.
64. Morcillo C, Duarte CS, Sala R, et al. Conduct disorder and adult psychiatric diagnoses: associations and gender differences in the US adult population. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46:323-330.
65. Vaughn MG, Fu Q, Bender K, et al. Psychiatric correlates of bullying in the United States: findings from a national sample. Psychiatr Q. 2010;81:183-195.
66. Gau SS, Lin YJ, Cheng AT, et al. Psychopathology and symptom remission at adolescence among children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Austral NZ J Psychiatry. 2010;44:323-332.
67. Bernardi S, Faraone SV, Cortese S, et al. Lifetime impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Psychol Med. 2012;42:875-887.
68. Chamorro J, Bernardi S, Potenza MN, et al. Impulsivity in the general population: national study. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;4:994-1001.
69. Talati A, Bao Y, Kaufman J, Shen L, Schaefer CA, Brown AS. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and bipolar disorder in offspring. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1781-1785.
70. Øgendahl BK, Agerbo E, Byrne M, et al. Indicators of fetal growth and bipolar disorder: Danish national register-based study. Psychol Med. 2006;36:1219-1224.
71. Nosarti C, Reichenberg A, Murray RM, et al. Preterm birth and psychiatric disorders in young adult life. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:E1-E8.
72. Chudal R, Sourander A, Polo-Kantola P, et al. Perinatal factors and the risk of bipolar disorder in Finland. J Affect Disord. 2014;155:75-80.
73. Parboosing R, Bao Y, Shen L, Schaefer CA, Brown AS. Gestational influenza and bipolar disorder in adult offspring. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:677-685.
74. Canetta SE, Bao Y, Co M, et al. Serological documentation of maternal influenza exposure and bipolar disorder in adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:557-563.
75. Brown AS, Derkits EJ. Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: review of epidemiologic and translational studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:261-280.
76. Atladóttir HÓ, Henriksen TB, Schendel DE, Parner ET. Autism after infection, febrile episodes, and antibiotic use during pregnancy: exploratory study. Pediatrics. 2012;130:1447-1454.
77. Harvey L, Boksa P. Prenatal and postnatal animal models of immune activation: relevance to a range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Dev Neurobiol. 2012;72:1335-1348.
78. Mortensen PB, Mors O, Frydenberg M, Ewald H. Head injury as a risk factor for bipolar affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 2003;76:79-83.
79. Orlovska S, Pedersen MS, Benros ME, et al. Head injury as risk factor for psychiatric disorders: nationwide register-based follow-up study of 113,906 persons with head injury. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:463-469.
80. Kleinhaus K, Harlap S, Perrin M, et al. Prenatal stress and affective disorders in a population birth cohort. Bipolar Disord. 2013;15:92-99.
81. Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Melbye M, Mors O, Ewald H. Individual and familial risk factors for bipolar affective disorders in Denmark. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:1209-1215.
82. Gilman SE, Dupuy JM, Perlis RH. Risks for the transition from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73:829-836.
83. Bergink V, Larsen JT, Hillegers MH, et al. Childhood adverse life events and parental psychopathology as risk factors for bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6:e929.
84. Anthony JC, Petronis KR. Epidemiologic evidence on suspected associations between cocaine use and psychiatric disturbances. NIDA Res Monogr. 1991;110:71-94.
85. Van Laar M, Dorsselaer S, Monshouwer K, de Graaf R. Does cannabis use predict the first incidence of mood and anxiety disorders in the adult population? Addiction. 2007;102:1251-1260.
86. Feingold D, Weiser M, Rehm J, Lev-Ran S. Association between cannabis use and mood disorders: longitudinal study. J Affect Disord. 2015;2015(172):211-218.
87. Schepis TS, Hakes JK. Dose-related effects for the precipitation of psychopathology by opioid or tranquilizer/sedative nonmedical prescription use: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Addict Med. 2013;7:39-44.
88. Martins SS, Fenton MC, Keyes KM, Blanco C, Zhu H, Storr CL. Mood and anxiety disorders and their association with non-medical prescription opioid use and prescription opioid-use disorder: longitudinal evidence from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol Med. 2012;42:1261-1272.
89. Schepis TS, Hakes JK. Non-medical prescription use increases the risk for the onset and recurrence of psychopathology: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Addiction. 2011;106:2146-2155.
90. Carlson GA, Goodwin FK. Stages of mania: longitudinal analysis of the manic episode. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973;28:221-228.
91. Beiser M, Erickson D, Fleming JA, Iacono WG. Establishing the onset of psychotic illness. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1349-1354.
92. Hirschfeld RM, Lewis L, Vornik LA. Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:161-174.
93. Berk M, Dodd S, Callaly P, et al. History of illness prior to a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder. J Affect Disord. 2007;103:181-186.
94. Özgürdal S, van Haren E, Hauser M, et al. Early mood swings as symptoms of the bipolar prodrome: preliminary results of a retrospective analysis. Psychopathology. 2009;42:337-342.
95. Conus P, Abdel-Baki A, Harrigan S, Lambert M, McGorry PD, Berk M. Premorbid and outcome correlates of first episode mania with psychosis: is a distinction between schizoaffective and bipolar I disorder valid in the early phase of psychotic disorders? J Affect Disord. 2010;126:88-95.
96. Correll CU, Hauser M, Penzner JB, et al. Type and duration of subsyndromal symptoms in youth with bipolar I disorder prior to the first manic episode. Bipolar Disord. 2014;16:478-492.
97. Rucklidge JJ. Retrospective parent report of psychiatric histories: do checklists reveal specific prodromal indicators for postpubertal-onset pediatric bipolar disorder? Bipolar Disord. 2008;10:56-66.
98. Luckenbaugh DA, Findling RL, Leverich GS, Pizzarello SM, Post RM. Earliest symptoms discriminating juvenile-onset bipolar illness from ADHD. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:441-451.
99. Papachristou E, Ormel J, Oldehinkel AJ, et al. Child Behavior Checklist-Mania Scale (CBCL-MS): development and evaluation of a population-based screening scale for bipolar disorder. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e69459.
100. Bechdolf A, Nelson B, Cotton SM, et al. Preliminary evaluation of the validity of at-risk criteria for bipolar disorders in help-seeking adolescents and young adults. J Affect Disord. 2010;127:316-320.
101. Bechdolf A, Ratheesh A, Cotton SM, et al. Predictive validity of bipolar-at risk (prodromal) criteria in help-seeking adolescents and young adults: prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 2014;16:493-504.
102. Ratheesh A, Cotton SM, Betts JK, et al. Prospective progression from high-prevalence disorders to bipolar disorder: Exploring characteristics of pre-illness stages. J Affect Disord. 2015;183:45-48.
103. Geller B, Tillman R. Prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar I disorder: review of diagnostic validation by Robins and Guze criteria. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(Suppl 7):21-28.
104. Goldstein BI, Shamseddeen W, Axelson DA, et al. Clinical, demographic, and familial correlates of bipolar spectrum disorders among offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49:388-396.
105. Duffy A, Horrocks J, Milin R, Doucette S, Persson G, Grof P. Adolescent substance use disorder during the early stages of bipolar disorder: a prospective high-risk study. J Affect Disord. 2012;142:57-64.
106. Duffy A, Doucette S, Lewitzka U, Alda M, Hajek T, Grof P. Findings from bipolar offspring studies: methodology matters. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2011;5:181-191.
107. Mesman E, Birmaher BB, Goldstein BI, et al. Categorical and dimensional psychopathology in Dutch and US offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: A preliminary cross-national comparison. J Affect Disord. 2016;205:95-102.
108. Goodday SM, Levy A, Flowerdew G, et al. Early exposure to parental bipolar disorder and risk of mood disorder: the Flourish Canadian prospective offspring cohort study. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12291.
109. Kemner SM, Mesman E, Nolen WA, Eijckemans MJ, Hillegers MH. Role of life events and psychological factors in the onset of first and recurrent mood episodes in bipolar offspring: results from the Dutch Bipolar Offspring Study. Psychol Med. 2015;45:2571-2581.
110. Duffy A, Malhi GS, Grof P. Do the trajectories of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia follow a universal staging model? Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62:115-122.
111. Sugranyes G, de la Serna E, Borras R, et al. Clinical, cognitive, and neuroimaging evidence of a neurodevelopmental continuum in offspring of probands with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43:1208-1219.
112. Harnic D, Pompili M, Mazza M, et al. Affective temperaments and psychopathological dimensions of personality in bipolar and cyclothymic patients. Behav Med. 2013;39:17-23.
113. Akiskal HS, Akiskal K, Allilaire J-F, et al. Validating affective temperaments in their subaffective and socially positive attributes: psychometric, clinical and familial data from a French national study. J Affect Disord. 2005;85:29-36.
114. Kelsoe JR. Arguments for the genetic basis of the bipolar spectrum. J Affect Disord. 2003;73:183-197.
115. Chiaroni P, Hantouche E-G, Gouvernet J, Azorin J-M, Akiskal HS. The cyclothymic temperament in healthy controls and familially at risk individuals for mood disorder: endophenotype for genetic studies? J Affect Disord. 2005;85:135-145.
116. Evans L, Akiskal HS, Keck PE, et al. Familiality of temperament in bipolar disorder: support for a genetic spectrum. J Affect Disord. 2005;85:153-168.
117. Gonda X, Rihmer Z, Zsombok T, Bagdy G, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS. The 5HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene is associated with affective temperaments as measured by TEMPS-A. J Affect Disord. 2006;91:125-131.
118. Kang JI, Namkoong K, Kim SJ. The association of 5-HTTLPR and DRD4 VNTR polymorphisms with affective temperamental traits in healthy volunteers. J Affect Disord. 2008;109:157-163.
119. Vázquez GH, Kahn C, Schiavo CE, et al. Bipolar disorders and affective temperaments: national family study testing the "endophenotype" and "subaffective" theses using the TEMPS-A Buenos Aires. J Affect Disord. 2008;108:25-32.
120. Rihmer Z, Akiskal KK, Rihmer A, Akiskal HS. Current research on affective temperaments. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2010;23:12-18.
121. Vázquez G, Gonda X. Affective temperaments and mood disorders: a critical review of current knowledge. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2013;9:21-32.
122. Lolich M, Romero E, Vázquez G. Affective temperaments and age at onset in bipolar type II patients. Revista Chilena de Psicología. 2016;25:1-17.
123. Carvalho AF, Quevedo J, McIntyre RS, et al. Treatment implications of predominant polarity and the polarity index: comprehensive review. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;18:79-90.
124. Russo M, Mahon K, Shanahan M, et al. Affective temperaments and neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2014;169:51-56.
125. Romero E, Holtzman J, Tannenhaus L, et al. Neuropsychological performance and affective temperaments in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder type II. Psychiatry Res. 2016;238:172-180.
126. Baldessarini RJ, Vázquez GH, Tondo L. Affective temperaments and suicidal ideation and behavior in mood and anxiety disorder patients. J Affect Disord. 2016;198:78-82.
127. Pompili M, Baldessarini RJ, Innamorati M, et al. Affective temperaments in psychotic and major affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:195-200.
128. Solmi M, Zaninotto L, Toffanin T, et al. Comparative meta-analysis of TEMPS scores across mood disorder patients, their first-degree relatives, healthy controls, and other psychiatric disorders. J Affect Disord. 2016;196:3246.
129. Gassab L, Mechri A, Bacha M, et al. Affective temperaments in the bipolar and unipolar disorders: distinctive profiles and relationship with clinical features (French). L'Encephale. 2008;34:477-482.
130. Akiskal HS, Djenderedjian AM, Rosenthal RH, et al. Cyclothymic disorder: validating criteria for inclusion in the bipolar affective group. Am J Psychiatry. 1977;134:1227-1233.
131. Mechri A, Kerkeni N, Touati I, Bacha M, Gassab L. Association between cyclothymic temperament and clinical predictors of bipolarity in recurrent depressive patients. J Affect Disord. 2011;132:285-288.
132. Oedegaard KJ, Syrstad V, Morken G, Akiskal HS, Fasmer OB. A study of age at onset and affective temperaments in a Norwegian sample of patients with mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 2009;118:229-233.
133. Henry C, Lacoste J, Bellivier F, Verdoux H, Bourgeois ML, Leboyer M. Temperament in bipolar illness: impact on prognosis. J Affect Disord. 1999;56:103-108.
134. Akiskal HS, Downs J, Jordan P, et al. Affective disorders in referred children and younger siblings of manic-depressives: mode of onset and prospective course. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985;42:996-1003.
135. Perugi G, Toni C, Maremmani I, et al. The influence of affective temperaments and psychopathological traits on the definition of bipolar disorder subtypes: study of a bipolar I Italian national sample. J Affect Disord. 2012;136:e41-e49.
136. Vázquez G, Gonda X, Lolich M, Tondo L, Baldessarini R. Suicidal risk and affective temperaments evaluated with TEMPS-A: systematic review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2017;26:8-18.
137. Henry C, Sorbara F, Lacoste J, Gindre C, Leboyer M. Antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar patients: identification of risk factors. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:249-255.
138. Akiskal HS, Hantouche EG, Allilaire JF. Bipolar II with and without cyclothymic temperament: "dark" and "sunny" expressions of soft bipolarity. J Affect Disord. 2003;73:49-57.