Correction to: Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: a large-scale meta-analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls (World Psychiatry, (2017), 10.1002/wps.20420);Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: a large-scale meta-analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls

World Psychiatry

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 163-180

  Correll, Christoph U ^a,b,c,d,e   Solmi, Marco ^e,f,g   Veronese, Nicola ^e   Bortolato, Beatrice ^e,h   Rosson, Stella ^f   Santonastaso, Paolo ^f   Thapa Chhetri, Nita ⁱ   Fornaro, Michele ^j   Gallicchio, Davide ^f   Collantoni, Enrico ^f   Pigato, Giorgio ^f   Favaro, Angela ^f   Monaco, Francesco ^e   Kohler, Cristiano ^k   Vancampfort, Davy ^l,m   Ward, Philip B ⁿ   Gaughran, Fiona ^o   Carvalho, André F ^e,k   Stubbs, Brendon ^e,o,p  

^a ZUCKER HILLSIDE HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b DONALD AND BARBARA ZUCKER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT HOFSTRA NORTHWELL   (United States)

^c FEINSTEIN INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^d ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e Institute of Clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM)   (Italy)

^f UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^g Local Social Sanitary Unit   (Italy)

^h Local Health Unit 10   (Italy)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

^j NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^k FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF CEARÁ   (Brazil)

^l KU LEUVEN DEPARTMENT OF REHABILITATION SCIENCES   (Belgium)

^m UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^o SOUTH LONDON AND MAUDSLEY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^p KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

bipolar disorder; Cardiovascular disease; cerebrovascular disease; congestive heart failure; coronary heart disease; major depression; premature mortality; schizophrenia; severe mental illness

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MASS SCREENING; MORTALITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 85019175108     PISSN: 17238617     EISSN: 20515545     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wps.20503     Document Type: Erratum

References (133)

1. Chang CK, Hayes RD, Perera G et al. Life expectancy at birth for people with serious mental illness and other major disorders from a secondary mental health care case register in London. PLoS One 2011;6:e19590.
2. Lawrence D, Hancock KJ, Kisely S. The gap in life expectancy from preventable physical illness in psychiatric patients in Western Australia: retrospective analysis of population based registers. BMJ 2013;346:f2539.
3. Popovic D, Benabarre A, Crespo JM et al. Risk factors for suicide in schizophrenia: systematic review and clinical recommendations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014;130:418-26.
4. Hoang U, Goldacre MJ, Stewart R. Avoidable mortality in people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in England. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013;127:195-201.
5. Walker ER, McGee RE, Druss BG. Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72:334-41.
6. Wu Q, Kling JM. Depression and the risk of myocardial infarction and coronary death: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Medicine 2016;95:e2815.
7. Gan Y, Gong Y, Tong X et al. Depression and the risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:371.
8. Dong JY, Zhang YH, Tong J et al. Depression and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Stroke 2012;43:32-7.
9. Van der Kooy K, van Hout H, Marwijk H et al. Depression and the risk for cardiovascular diseases: systematic review and meta analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007;22:613-26.
10. Prieto ML, Cuellar-Barboza AB, Bobo WV et al. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014;130:342-53.
11. Fan Z, Wu Y, Shen J et al. Schizophrenia and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of thirteen cohort studies. J Psychiatr Res 2013;47:1549-56.
12. Li M, Fan YL, Tang ZY et al. Schizophrenia and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cardiol 2014;173:588-90.
13. Correll CU, Detraux J, De Lepeleire J et al. Effects of antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers on risk for physical diseases in people with schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder. World Psychiatry 2015;14:119-36.
14. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg 2010;8:336-41.
15. Biostat. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. https://www.meta-analysis.com.
16. DerSimonian R, Kacker R. Random-effects model for meta-analysis of clinical trials: an update. Contemp Clin Trials 2007;28:105-14.
17. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986;7:177-88.
18. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629-34.
19. Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 1994;50:1088-101.
20. Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 2000;56:455-63.
21. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557-60.
22. Beyer J, Kuchibhatla M, Gersing K et al. Medical comorbidity in a bipolar outpatient clinical population. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:401-4.
23. Bresee LC, Majumdar SR, Patten SB et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and disease in people with schizophrenia: a population-based study. Schizophr Res 2010;117:75-82.
24. Bresee LC, Majumdar SR, Patten SB et al. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and health care use in people with and without schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2011;26:327-32.
25. Chen PH, Gildengers AG, Lee CH et al. High serum sodium level in affective episode associated with coronary heart disease in old adults with bipolar disorder. Int J Psychiatry Med 2015;50:422-33.
26. Curkendall SM, Mo J, Glasser DB et al. Cardiovascular disease in patients with schizophrenia in Saskatchewan, Canada. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:715-20.
27. Devantier TA, Norgaard BL, Ovrehus KA et al. Coronary plaque volume and composition assessed by computed tomography angiography in patients with late-onset major depression. Psychosomatics 2014;55:243-51.
28. Hagg S, Lindblom Y, Mjorndal T et al. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among a Swedish cohort of patients with schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;21:93-8.
29. Herbst S, Pietrzak RH, Wagner J et al. Lifetime major depression is associated with coronary heart disease in older adults: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychosom Med 2007;69:729-34.
30. Huang KL, Su TP, Chen TJ et al. Comorbidity of cardiovascular diseases with mood and anxiety disorder: a population based 4-year study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009;63:401-9.
31. Hyde N, Dodd S, Venugopal K et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic events in patients prescribed clozapine: a retrospective observational, clinical cohort study. Curr Drug Saf 2015;10:125-31.
32. Kilbourne AM, Cornelius JR, Han X et al. General-medical conditions in older patients with serious mental illness. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005;13:250-4.
33. Kilbourne AM, Post EP, Bauer MS et al. Therapeutic drug and cardiovascular disease risk monitoring in patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2007;102:145-51.
34. Lindegard B. Physical illness in severe depressives and psychiatric alcoholics in Gothenburg, Sweden. J Affect Disord 1982;4:383-93.
35. Maina G, D'Ambrosio V, Aguglia A et al. Bipolar disorders and metabolic syndrome: a clinical study in 185 patients. Riv Psichiatr 2010;45:34-40.
36. Morden NE, Lai Z, Goodrich DE et al. Eight-year trends of cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality in patients with schizophrenia. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012;34:368-79.
37. Munoli RN, Praharaj SK, Sharma PS. Co-morbidity in bipolar disorder: a retrospective study. Indian J Psychol Med 2014;36:270-5.
38. Nielsen J, Juel J, Alzuhairi KS et al. Unrecognised myocardial infarction in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2015;27:106-12.
39. Niranjan A, Corujo A, Ziegelstein RC et al. Depression and heart disease in US adults. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012;34:254-61.
40. Oreski I, Jakovljevic M, Aukst-Margetic B et al. Comorbidity and multimorbidity in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: similarities and differencies. Psychiatr Danub 2012;24:80-5.
41. Prieto ML, McElroy SL, Hayes SN et al. Association between history of psychosis and cardiovascular disease in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2015;17:518-27.
42. Scherrer JF, Xian H, Bucholz KK et al. A twin study of depression symptoms, hypertension, and heart disease in middle-aged men. Psychosom Med 2003;65:548-57.
43. Scott KM, de Jonge P, Alonso J et al. Associations between DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent heart disease onset: beyond depression. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:5293-9.
44. Shen HN, Lu CL, Yang HH. Increased risks of acute organ dysfunction and mortality in intensive care unit patients with schizophrenia: a nationwide population-based study. Psychosom Med 2011;73:620-6.
45. Smith DJ, Langan J, McLean G et al. Schizophrenia is associated with excess multiple physical-health comorbidities but low levels of recorded cardiovascular disease in primary care: cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013;3.
46. Smith DJ, Martin D, McLean G et al. Multimorbidity in bipolar disorder and undertreatment of cardiovascular disease: a cross sectional study. BMC Med 2013;11:263.
47. Swain NR, Lim CC, Levinson D et al. Associations between DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent non-fatal, self-reported stroke. J Psychosom Res 2015;79:130-6.
48. Zilkens RR, Bruce DG, Duke J et al. Severe psychiatric disorders in mid-life and risk of dementia in late-life (age 65-84 years): a population based case-control study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2014;11:681-93.
49. Almeida OP, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB et al. Mortality among people with severe mental disorders who reach old age: a longitudinal study of a community-representative sample of 37,892 men. PLoS One 2014;9:e111882.
50. Bremmer MA, Hoogendijk WJ, Deeg DJ et al. Depression in older age is a risk factor for first ischemic cardiac events. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;14:523-30.
51. Butnoriene J, Bunevicius A, Saudargiene A et al. Metabolic syndrome, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and ten-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in middle aged and elderly patients. Int J Cardiol 2015;190:360-6.
52. Callaghan RC, Boire MD, Lazo RG et al. Schizophrenia and the incidence of cardiovascular morbidity: a population-based longitudinal study in Ontario, Canada. Schizophr Res 2009;115:325-32.
53. Callaghan RC, Khizar A. The incidence of cardiovascular morbidity among patients with bipolar disorder: a population-based longitudinal study in Ontario, Canada. J Affect Disord 2010;122:118-23.
54. Carney CP, Jones L, Woolson RF. Medical comorbidity in women and men with schizophrenia: a population-based controlled study. J Gen Intern Med 2006;21:1133-7.
55. Chen MH, Li CT, Hsu JW et al. Atopic diseases and subsequent ischemic stroke among patients with schizophrenia: a nationwide longitudinal study. Psychosom Med 2015;77:1031-8.
56. Clouse RE, Lustman PJ, Freedland KE et al. Depression and coronary heart disease in women with diabetes. Psychosom Med 2003;65:376-83.
57. Coryell W, Turvey C, Leon A et al. Persistence of depressive symptoms and cardiovascular death among patients with affective disorder. Psychosom Med 1999;61:755-61.
58. Crump C, Sundquist K, Winkleby MA et al. Comorbidities and mortality in bipolar disorder: a Swedish national cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry 2013;70:931-9.
59. Crump C, Winkleby MA, Sundquist K et al. Comorbidities and mortality in persons with schizophrenia: a Swedish national cohort study. Am J Psychiatry 2013;170:324-33.
60. Davis J, Fujimoto RY, Juarez DT et al. Major depression associated with rates of cardiovascular disease state transitions. Am J Manag Care 2008;14:125-8.
61. Davydow DS, Ribe AR, Pedersen HS et al. Serious mental illness and risk for hospitalizations and rehospitalizations for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions in Denmark: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Med Care 2016;54:90-7.
62. Enger C, Weatherby L, Reynolds RF et al. Serious cardiovascular events and mortality among patients with schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 2004;192:19-27.
63. Fiedorowicz JG, Solomon DA, Endicott J et al. Manic/hypomanic symptom burden and cardiovascular mortality in bipolar disorder. Psychosom Med 2009;71:598-606.
64. Filik R, Sipos A, Kehoe PG et al. The cardiovascular and respiratory health of people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006;113:298-305.
65. Fors BM, Isacson D, Bingefors K et al. Mortality among persons with schizophrenia in Sweden: an epidemiological study. Nord J Psychiatry 2007;61:252-9.
66. Gasse C, Laursen TM, Baune BT. Major depression and first-time hospitalization with ischemic heart disease, cardiac procedures and mortality in the general population: a retrospective Danish population-based cohort study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014;21:532-40.
67. Goldstein BI, Schaffer A, Wang S et al. Excessive and premature new-onset cardiovascular disease among adults with bipolar disorder in the US NESARC cohort. J Clin Psychiatry 2015;76:163-9.
68. Healy D, Le Noury J, Harris M et al. Mortality in schizophrenia and related psychoses: data from two cohorts, 1875-1924 and 1994-2010. BMJ Open 2012;2.
69. Hendrie HC, Tu W, Tabbey R et al. Health outcomes and cost of care among older adults with schizophrenia: a 10-year study using medical records across the continuum of care. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014;22:427-36.
70. Hou PY, Hung GC, Jhong JR et al. Risk factors for sudden cardiac death among patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015;168:395-401.
71. Hsieh PH, Hsiao FY, Gau SS et al. Use of antipsychotics and risk of cerebrovascular events in schizophrenic patients: a nested case-control study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2013;33:299-305.
72. Huang CJ, Hsieh MH, Hou WH et al. Depression, antidepressants, and the risk of coronary heart disease: a population-based cohort study. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:4711-6.
73. Ifteni P, Correll CU, Burtea V et al. Sudden unexpected death in schizophrenia: autopsy findings in psychiatric inpatients. Schizophr Res 2014;155:72-6.
74. Jakobsen AH, Foldager L, Parker G et al. Quantifying links between acute myocardial infarction and depression, anxiety and schizophrenia using case register databases. J Affect Disord 2008;109:177-81.
75. Janszky I, Ahnve S, Lundberg I et al. Early-onset depression, anxiety, and risk of subsequent coronary heart disease: 37-year follow-up of 49,321 young Swedish men. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:31-7.
76. Jokinen J, Nordstrom P. HPA axis hyperactivity and cardiovascular mortality in mood disorder inpatients. J Affect Disord 2009;116:88-92.
77. Joukamaa M, Heliovaara M, Knekt P et al. Mental disorders and cause-specific mortality. Br J Psychiatry 2001;179:498-502.
78. Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Fiske A et al. Major depression and coronary artery disease in the Swedish twin registry: phenotypic, genetic, and environmental sources of comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:857-63.
79. Kiviniemi M, Suvisaari J, Koivumaa-Honkanen H et al. Antipsychotics and mortality in first-onset schizophrenia: prospective Finnish register study with 5-year follow-up. Schizophr Res 2013;150:274-80.
80. Lahti M, Tiihonen J, Wildgust H et al. Cardiovascular morbidity, mortality and pharmacotherapy in patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2012;42:2275-85.
81. Lan CC, Liu CC, Lin CH et al. A reduced risk of stroke with lithium exposure in bipolar disorder: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Bipolar Disord 2015;17:705-14.
82. Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Gasse C. Chronic somatic comorbidity and excess mortality due to natural causes in persons with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder. PLoS One 2011;6:e24597.
83. Laursen TM, Mortensen PB, MacCabe JH et al. Cardiovascular drug use and mortality in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: a Danish population-based study. Psychol Med 2014;44:1625-37.
84. Lemogne C, Nabi H, Melchior M et al. Mortality associated with depression as compared with other severe mental disorders: a 20-year follow-up study of the GAZEL cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2013;47:851-7.
85. Li CT, Bai YM, Tu PC et al. Major depressive disorder and stroke risks: a 9-year follow-up population-based, matched cohort study. PLoS One 2012;7:e46818.
86. Lin HC, Chen YH, Lee HC et al. Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction after acute episode of schizophrenia: 6 year follow-up study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2010;44:273-9.
87. Lin HC, Tsai SY, Lee HC. Increased risk of developing stroke among patients with bipolar disorder after an acute mood episode: a six-year follow-up study. J Affect Disord 2007;100:49-54.
88. Lin HC, Hsiao FH, Pfeiffer S et al. An increased risk of stroke among young schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2008;101:234-41.
89. Maina G, Bechon E, Rigardetto S et al. General medical conditions are associated with delay to treatment in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychosomatics 2013;54:437-42.
90. McDermott S, Moran R, Platt T et al. Heart disease, schizophrenia, and affective psychoses: epidemiology of risk in primary care. Community Ment Health J 2005;41:747-55.
91. Murray-Thomas T, Jones ME, Patel D et al. Risk of mortality (including sudden cardiac death) and major cardiovascular events in atypical and typical antipsychotic users: a study with the general practice research database. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2013; 2013:247486.
92. Olfson M, Gerhard T, Huang C et al. Premature mortality among adults with schizophrenia in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72:1172-81.
93. Osborn DP, Hardoon S, Omar RZ et al. Cardiovascular risk prediction models for people with severe mental illness: results from the prediction and management of cardiovascular risk in people with severe mental illnesses (PRIMROSE) research program. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72:143-51.
94. Pratt LA, Ford DE, Crum RM et al. Depression, psychotropic medication, and risk of myocardial infarction. Prospective data from the Baltimore ECA follow-up. Circulation 1996;94:3123-9.
95. Prieto ML, Schenck LA, Kruse JL et al. Long-term risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in bipolar I disorder: a population-based Cohort Study. J Affect Disord 2016;194:120-7.
96. Rahman I, Humphreys K, Bennet AM et al. Clinical depression, antidepressant use and risk of future cardiovascular disease. Eur J Epidemiol 2013;28:589-95.
97. Ramsey CM, Leoutsakos JM, Mayer LS et al. History of manic and hypomanic episodes and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: 11.5 year follow-up from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. J Affect Disord 2010;125:35-41.
98. Saint Onge JM, Krueger PM, Rogers RG. The relationship between major depression and nonsuicide mortality for U.S. adults: the importance of health behaviors. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2014;69:622-32.
99. Scherrer JF, Garfield LD, Chrusciel T et al. Increased risk of myocardial infarction in depressed patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1729-34.
100. Schoepf D, Heun R. Bipolar disorder and comorbidity: increased prevalence and increased relevance of comorbidity for hospital-based mortality during a 12.5-year observation period in general hospital admissions. J Affect Disord 2014;169:170-8.
101. Schoepf D, Uppal H, Potluri R et al. Physical comorbidity and its relevance on mortality in schizophrenia: a naturalistic 12-year follow-up in general hospital admissions. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014;264:3-28.
102. Shah AJ, Veledar E, Hong Y et al. Depression and history of attempted suicide as risk factors for heart disease mortality in young individuals. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;68:1135-42.
103. Stewart JC, Perkins AJ, Callahan CM. Effect of collaborative care for depression on risk of cardiovascular events: data from the IMPACT randomized controlled trial. Psychosom Med 2014;76:29-37.
104. Surtees PG, Wainwright NW, Luben RN et al. Depression and ischemic heart disease mortality: evidence from the EPIC-Norfolk United Kingdom prospective cohort study. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:515-23.
105. Ting RZ, Lau ES, Ozaki R et al. High risk for cardiovascular disease in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with major depression–a 7-year prospective analysis of the Hong Kong Diabetes Registry. J Affect Disord 2013;149:129-35.
106. Torniainen M, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Tanskanen A et al. Antipsychotic treatment and mortality in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2015;41:656-63.
107. Tsai KY, Lee CC, Chou YM et al. The incidence and relative risk of stroke in patients with schizophrenia: a five-year follow-up study. Schizophr Res 2012;138:41-7.
108. Tsan JY, Stock EM, Gonzalez JM et al. Mortality and guideline-concordant care for older patients with schizophrenia: a retrospective longitudinal study. BMC Med 2012;10:147.
109. van Marwijk HW, van der Kooy KG, Stehouwer CD et al. Depression increases the onset of cardiovascular disease over and above other determinants in older primary care patients, a cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2015;15:40.
110. Weeke A, Juel K, Vaeth M. Cardiovascular death and manic-depressive psychosis. J Affect Disord 1987;13:287-92.
111. Westman J, Hallgren J, Wahlbeck K et al. Cardiovascular mortality in bipolar disorder: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. BMJ Open 2013;3.
112. Wu HC, Chou FH, Tsai KY et al. The incidence and relative risk of stroke among patients with bipolar disorder: a seven-year follow-up study. PLoS One 2013;8:e73037.
113. Wu SI, Chen SC, Liu SI et al. Relative risk of acute myocardial infarction in people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a population-based cohort study. PLoS One 2015;10:e0134763.
114. Vancampfort D, Stubbs B, Mitchell AJ et al. Risk of metabolic syndrome and its components in people with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry 2015;14:339-47.
115. Laursen TM, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. Excess early mortality in schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2014;10:425-48.
116. Nielsen RE, Uggerby AS, Jensen SO et al. Increasing mortality gap for patients diagnosed with schizophrenia over the last three decades – a Danish nationwide study from 1980 to 2010. Schizophr Res 2013;146:22-7.
117. De Hert M, Detraux J, van Winkel R et al. Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011;8:114-26.
118. Correll CU, Joffe BI, Rosen LM et al. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors and events associated with second-generation antipsychotic compared to antidepressant use in a non-elderly adult sample: results from a claims-based inception cohort study. World Psychiatry 2015;14:56-63.
119. Vancampfort D, Correll CU, Wampers M et al. Metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of prevalences and moderating variables. Psychol Med 2014;44:2017-28.
120. De Hert M, Correll CU, Bobes J et al. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry 2011;10:52-77.
121. Correll CU, Robinson DG, Schooler NR et al. Cardiometabolic risk in patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders: baseline results from the RAISE-ETP study. JAMA Psychiatry 2014;71:1350-63.
122. Nielsen J, Skadhede S, Correll CU. Antipsychotics associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:1997-2004.
123. Tiihonen J, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Torniainen M et al. Mortality and cumulative exposure to antipsychotics, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines in patients with schizophrenia: an observational follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 2016;173:600-6.
124. Pillarella J, Higashi A, Alexander GC et al. Trends in use of second-generation antipsychotics for treatment of bipolar disorder in the United States, 1998-2009. Psychiatr Serv 2012;63:83-6.
125. Davidson JR. Major depressive disorder treatment guidelines in America and Europe. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71(Suppl. E1):e04.
126. Manu P, Correll CU, Wampers M et al. Markers of inflammation in schizophrenia: association vs. causation. World Psychiatry 2014;13:189-92.
127. De Hert M, Cohen D, Bobes J et al. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. II. Barriers to care, monitoring and treatment guidelines, plus recommendations at the system and individual level. World Psychiatry 2011;10:138-51.
128. Correll CU, Lencz T, Malhotra AK. Antipsychotic drugs and obesity. Trends Mol Med 2011;17:97-107.
129. Stubbs B, Firth J, Berry A et al. How much physical activity do people with schizophrenia engage in? A systematic review, comparative meta-analysis and meta-regression. Schizophr Res 2016;176:431-40.
130. Dickerson F, Stallings CR, Origoni AE et al. Cigarette smoking among persons with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in routine clinical settings, 1999-2011. Psychiatr Serv 2013;64:44-50.
131. Bly MJ, Taylor SF, Dalack G et al. Metabolic syndrome in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: dietary and lifestyle factors compared to the general population. Bipolar Disord 2014;16:277-88.
132. Speyer H, Norgaard HCB, Birk M et al. The CHANGE trial: no superiority of lifestyle coaching plus care coordination plus treatment as usual compared to treatment as usual alone in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease in adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and abdominal obesity. World Psychiatry 2016;15:155-65.
133. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 2000;283:2008-12.