Accessing analytes in biofluids for peripheral biochemical monitoring

Nature Biotechnology

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2019, Pages 407-419

  Heikenfeld, Jason ^a   Jajack, Andrew ^a   Feldman, Benjamin ^b   Granger, Steve W ^c   Gaitonde, Supriya ^c   Begtrup, Gavi ^d   Katchman, Benjamin A ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^b ABBOTT LABORATORIES   (United States)

^c Salimetrics LLC   (United States)

^d Eccrine Systems Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FILTRATION; GLUCOSE; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANALYTE CONCENTRATION; CONTINUOUS SENSING; ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSING; INTERSTITIAL FLUIDS; MINIMALLY INVASIVE; NONINVASIVE MEASUREMENTS; TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT; TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS;

WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY;

BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; BIOFLUID; BODILY SECRETIONS; HUMAN; INTERSTITIAL FLUID; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SALIVA; SWEAT; ADULT; ANALYSIS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; BODY FLUID; CHEMISTRY; DEVICES; ELECTRONIC DEVICE; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; FEMALE; GENETIC PROCEDURES; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; MALE; PHYSIOLOGIC MONITORING; PROCEDURES; YOUNG ADULT;

GLUCOSE;

ADULT; BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; BIOTECHNOLOGY; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BODY FLUIDS; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; FEMALE; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; MALE; MONITORING, PHYSIOLOGIC; SALIVA; SWEAT; WEARABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85062076336     PISSN: 10870156     EISSN: 15461696     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0040-3     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Heikenfeld, J. et al. Wearable sensors: modalities, challenges, and prospects. Lab Chip 18, 217–248 (2018).
2. Allied Analytics LLP. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems Market by Components, Demographics, and Adult Population, and End User – Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2016–2024 (Allied Analytics, 2018).
3. Engler, R., Routh, T. L. & Lucisano, J. Y. Adoption barriers for continuous glucose monitoring and their potential reduction with a fully implanted system: results from patient preference surveys. Clin. Diabetes 36, 50–58 (2018).
4. Christiansen, M. P. et al. A prospective multicenter evaluation of the accuracy of a novel implanted continuous glucose sensor: PRECISE II. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 20, 197–206 (2018).
5. Farandos, N. M., Yetisen, A. K., Monteiro, M. J., Lowe, C. R. & Yun, S. H. Contact lens sensors in ocular diagnostics. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4, 792–810 (2015).
6. Anderson, J. M. & Van Itallie, C. M. Physiology and function of the tight junction. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 1, a002584 (2009).
7. Rana, R., Minhas, L.A. & Mubarik, A. Histological study of human sublingual gland with special emphasis on intercalated and striated ducts. Pak. Armed Forces Med. J. 62, 606–611 (2012).
8. Zenk, J., Hosemann, W. G. & Iro, H. Diameters of the main excretory ducts of the adult human submandibular and parotid gland: a histologic study. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 85, 576–580 (1998).
9. Hellquist, H. & Skalova, A. Histology. in Histopathology of the Salivary Glands 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-46915-5_1 (Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, 2014).
10. Boysen, T. C., Yanagawa, S., Sato, F. & Sato, K. A modified anaerobic method of sweat collection. J. Appl. Physiol. 56, 1302–1307 (1984).
11. Sonner, Z. et al. The microfluidics of the eccrine sweat gland, including biomarker partitioning, transport, and biosensing implications. Biomicrofluidics 9, 031301 (2015).
12. Guyton, A. C. A concept of negative interstitial pressure based on pressures in implanted perforated capsules. Circ. Res. 12, 399–414 (1963).
13. Fogh-Andersen, N., Altura, B. M., Altura, B. T. & Siggaard-Andersen, O. Composition of interstitial fluid. Clin. Chem. 41, 1522–1525 (1995).
14. Cohen, J. et al. Measurement of tissue cortisol levels in patients with severe burns: a preliminary investigation. Crit. Care 13, R189 (2009).
15. Cooke, I. M., Bevill, R. P., Nelson, D. R. & Koritz, G. D. Pharmacokinetics of penicillin G in plasma and interstitial fluid collected with dialysis fiber bundles in sheep. Vet. Res. 27, 147–159 (1996).
16. Zeitlinger, M. A. et al. Protein binding: do we ever learn? Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55, 3067–3074 (2011).
17. Gottås, A. et al. Levels of heroin and its metabolites in blood and brain extracellular fluid after i.v. heroin administration to freely moving rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 170, 546–556 (2013).
18. Vermeer, B. J., Reman, F. C. & van Gent, C. M. The determination of lipids and proteins in suction blister fluid. J. Invest. Dermatol. 73, 303–305 (1979).
19. Bailey, T., Bode, B. W., Christiansen, M. P., Klaff, L. J. & Alva, S. The performance and usability of a factory-calibrated flash glucose monitoring system. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 17, 787–794 (2015).
20. Jina, A. et al. Design, development, and evaluation of a novel microneedle array-based continuous glucose monitor. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 8, 483–487 (2014).
21. Cunningham, D.D. Transdermal microfluidic continuous monitoring systems. in In Vivo Glucose Sensing 191–215, 10.1002/9780470567319.ch7 (Wiley, 2010).
22. Miller, P. R. et al. Extraction and biomolecular analysis of dermal interstitial fluid collected with hollow microneedles. Commun. Biol. 1, 173 (2018).
23. Ripolin, A. et al. Successful application of large microneedle patches by human volunteers. Int. J. Pharm. 521, 92–101 (2017).
24. Lewis, D. R. & Chadha, J. S. AlphaWise diabetes survey: ABT’s Libre underappreciated; MDT acceleration likely; price the concern for DXCM. Morgan Stanley Research 1–24 (2018).
25. Hoss, U., Budiman, E. S., Liu, H. & Christiansen, M. P. Feasibility of factory calibration for subcutaneous glucose sensors in subjects with diabetes. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 8, 89–94 (2014).
26. Arroyo-Currás, N. et al. Real-time measurement of small molecules directly in awake, ambulatory animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114, 645–650 (2017).
27. Humphrey, S. P. & Williamson, R. T. A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. J. Prosthet. Dent. 85, 162–169 (2001).
28. Wong, D. T. Towards a simple, saliva-based test for the detection of oral cancer. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 6, 267–272 (2006).
29. Ship, J. A. & Fischer, D. J. The relationship between dehydration and parotid salivary gland function in young and older healthy adults. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 52, M310–M319 (1997).
30. Proctor, G. B. & Carpenter, G. H. Regulation of salivary gland function by autonomic nerves. Auton. Neurosci. 133, 3–18 (2007).
31. Veerman, E. C. I., van den Keybus, P. A., Vissink, A. & Nieuw Amerongen, A. V. Human glandular salivas: their separate collection and analysis. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 104, 346–352 (1996).
32. Proctor, G. B. The physiology of salivary secretion. Periodontol. 2000 70, 11–25 (2016).
33. Villiger, M. et al. Evaluation and review of body fluids saliva, sweat and tear compared to biochemical hydration assessment markers within blood and urine. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 72, 69–76 (2018).
34. Makaram, P., Owens, D. & Aceros, J. Trends in nanomaterial-based non-invasive diabetes sensing technologies. Diagnostics (Basel) 4, (27–46 (2014).
35. Vasconcelos, A. C. U., Soares, M. S. M., Almeida, P. C. & Soares, T. C. Comparative study of the concentration of salivary and blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients. J. Oral Sci. 52, 293–298 (2010).
36. Segura, R. et al. A new approach to the assessment of anaerobic metabolism: measurement of lactate in saliva. Br. J. Sports Med. 30, 305–309 (1996).
37. Oliveira, L. D. S., Oliveira, S. F., Manchado-Gobatto, F. D. B. & Costa, M. D. C. Salivary and blood lactate kinetics in response to maximal workload on cycle ergometer. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano 17, 565 (2015).
38. Kiang, T. K. L. & Ensom, M. H. H. A qualitative review on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in saliva: implications on clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring in humans. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 55, 313–358 (2016).
39. Vining, R. F. & McGinley, R. A. The measurement of hormones in saliva: possibilities and pitfalls. J. Steroid Biochem. 27, 81–94 (1987).
40. Jaedicke, K. M., Preshaw, P. M. & Taylor, J. J. Salivary cytokines as biomarkers of periodontal diseases. Periodontol. 2000 70, 164–183 (2016).
41. Korte, D. L. & Kinney, J. Personalized medicine: an update of salivary biomarkers for periodontal diseases. Periodontol. 2000 70, 26–37 (2016).
42. Sapna, G., Gokul, S. & Bagri-Manjrekar, K. Matrix metalloproteinases and periodontal diseases. Oral Dis. 20, 538–550 (2014).
43. Slavish, D. C., Graham-Engeland, J. E., Smyth, J. M. & Engeland, C. G. Salivary markers of inflammation in response to acute stress. Brain Behav. Immun. 44, 253–269 (2015).
44. Myette-Côté, É., Baba, K., Brar, R. & Little, J. P. Detection of salivary insulin following low versus high carbohydrate meals in humans. Nutrients 9, 1204 (2017).
45. Branson, B. M. FDA approves OraQuick for use in saliva. AIDS Clin. Care 16, 39 (2004).
46. Foudeh, A. M., Fatanat Didar, T., Veres, T. & Tabrizian, M. Microfluidic designs and techniques using lab-on-a-chip devices for pathogen detection for point-of-care diagnostics. Lab Chip 12, 3249–3266 (2012).
47. Parry, J. V., Perry, K. R. & Mortimer, P. P. Sensitive assays for viral antibodies in saliva: an alternative to tests on serum. Lancet 2, 72–75 (1987).
48. Granger, D. A. et al. Focus on methodology: salivary bioscience and research on adolescence: an integrated perspective. J. Adolesc. 35, 1081–1095 (2012).
49. Kim, J. et al. Wearable salivary uric acid mouthguard biosensor with integrated wireless electronics. Biosens. Bioelectron. 74, 1061–1068 (2015).
50. Ritzer, J. et al. Diagnosing peri-implant disease using the tongue as a 24/7 detector. Nat. Commun. 8, 264 (2017).
51. Heikenfeld, J. Non-invasive analyte access and sensing through eccrine sweat: challenges and outlook circa 2016. Electroanalysis 28, 1242–1249 (2016).
52. Simmers, P., Li, S. K., Kasting, G. & Heikenfeld, J. Prolonged and localized sweat stimulation by iontophoretic delivery of the slowly-metabolized cholinergic agent carbachol. J. Dermatol. Sci. 89, 40–51 (2018).
53. Sonner, Z., Wilder, E., Gaillard, T., Kasting, G. & Heikenfeld, J. Integrated sudomotor axon reflex sweat stimulation for continuous sweat analyte analysis with individuals at rest. Lab Chip 17, 2550–2560 (2017).
54. Desax, M.-C., Ammann, R. A., Hammer, J., Schoeni, M. H. & Barben, J. Nanoduct sweat testing for rapid diagnosis in newborns, infants and children with cystic fibrosis. Eur. J. Pediatr. 167, 299–304 (2008).
55. Bourne, G. H. & Danielli, J. F. International Review of Cytology Vol. 87 (Academic, 1984).
56. Jajack, A., Brothers, M., Kasting, G. & Heikenfeld, J. Enhancing glucose flux into sweat by increasing paracellular permeability of the sweat gland. PLoS One 13, e0200009 (2018).
57. Bovell, D. The human eccrine sweat gland: structure, function and disorders. J. Local Glob. Health Sci. 2015, 5 (2015).
58. Hurley, H. J. & Witkowski, J. Dye clearance and eccrine sweat secretion in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 36, 259–272 (1961).
59. Hauke, A. et al. Complete validation of a continuous and blood-correlated sweat biosensing device with integrated sweat stimulation. Lab Chip 18, 3750–3759 (2018).
60. Choi, J. et al. Soft, skin-mounted microfluidic systems for measuring secretory fluidic pressures generated at the surface of the skin by eccrine sweat glands. Lab Chip 17, 2572–2580 (2017).
61. Baker, L. B. Sweating rate and sweat sodium concentration in athletes: a review of methodology and intra/interindividual variability. Sports Med. 47 (Suppl. 1), 111–128 (2017).
62. Katchman, B., Zhu, M., Cristen, J. B. & Anderson, K. S. Eccrine sweat as a biofluid for profiling immune biomarkers. Proteomics Clin. Appl. 12, e1800010 (2018).
63. Moyer, J., Wilson, D., Finkelshtein, I., Wong, B. & Potts, R. Correlation between sweat glucose and blood glucose in subjects with diabetes. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 14, 398–402 (2012).
64. Ament, W., Huizenga, J. R., Mook, G. A., Gips, C. H. & Verkerke, G. J. Lactate and ammonia concentration in blood and sweat during incremental cycle ergometer exercise. Int. J. Sports Med. 18, 35–39 (1997).
65. Jia, M., Chew, W. M., Feinstein, Y., Skeath, P. & Sternberg, E. M. Quantification of cortisol in human eccrine sweat by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 141, 2053–2060 (2016).
66. La Count, T. D., Jajack, A., Heikenfeld, J. & Kasting, G. B. Modeling glucose transport from systemic circulation to sweat. J. Pharm. Sci. 108, 364–371 (2019).
67. Steed, E., Balda, M. S. & Matter, K. Dynamics and functions of tight junctions. Trends Cell Biol. 20, 142–149 (2010).
68. Marques-Deak, A. et al. Measurement of cytokines in sweat patches and plasma in healthy women: validation in a controlled study. J. Immunol. Methods 315, 99–109 (2006).
69. Cizza, G. et al. Elevated neuroimmune biomarkers in sweat patches and plasma of premenopausal women with major depressive disorder in remission: the POWER study. Biol. Psychiatry 64, 907–911 (2008).
70. Peng, R. et al. A new oil/membrane approach for integrated sweat sampling and sensing: sample volumes reduced from μL’s to nL’s and reduction of analyte contamination from skin. Lab Chip 16, 4415–4423 (2016).
71. Twine, N. B. et al. Open nanofluidic films with rapid transport and no analyte exchange for ultra-low sample volumes. Lab Chip 18, 2816–2825 (2018).
72. Jia, W. et al. Electrochemical tattoo biosensors for real-time noninvasive lactate monitoring in human perspiration. Anal. Chem. 85, 6553–6560 (2013).
73. Jajack, A. et al. Continuous, quantifiable, and simple osmotic preconcentration and sensing within microfluidic devices. PLoS One 14, e0210286 (2019).
74. OpenStax. Epithelial tissue. OpenStax CNX http://cnx.org/contents/a16a9513-1ac9-495d-9096-bb8b31905a44@3 (2016).
75. Kim, Y. C., Park, J. H. & Prausnitz, M. R. Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64, 1547–1568 (2012).
76. Zhang, W., Du, Y. & Wang, M. L. On-chip highly sensitive saliva glucose sensing using multilayer films composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, and glucose oxidase. Sens. Biosensing Res. 4, 96–102 (2015).
77. Perogamvros, I., Keevil, B. G., Ray, D. W. & Trainer, P. J. Salivary cortisone is a potential biomarker for serum free cortisol. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95, 4951–4958 (2010).
78. Fullard, R. J. & Snyder, C. Protein levels in nonstimulated and stimulated tears of normal human subjects. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31, 1119–1126 (1990).
79. Runström, G., Mann, A. & Tighe, B. The fall and rise of tear albumin levels: a multifactorial phenomenon. Ocul. Surf. 11, 165–180 (2013).
80. Sørensen, T. & Jensen, F. T. Tear flow in normal human eyes. Determination by means of radioisotope and gamma camera. Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh.) 57, 564–581 (1979).
81. Mishima, S., Gasset, A., Klyce, S. D. Jr. & Baum, J. L. Determination of tear volume and tear flow. Invest. Ophthalmol. 5, 264–276 (1966).
82. Kallapur, B. et al. Quantitative estimation of sodium, potassium and total protein in saliva of diabetic smokers and nonsmokers: a novel study. J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med. 4, 341–345 (2013).
83. Brandtzaeg, P. Do salivary antibodies reliably reflect both mucosal and systemic immunity? Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1098, 288–311 (2007).
84. Vairo, D. et al. Towards addressing the body electrolyte environment via sweat analysis: pilocarpine iontophoresis supports assessment of plasma potassium concentration. Sci. Rep. 7, 11801 (2017).
85. Green, J. M., Bishop, P. A., Muir, I. H., McLester, J. R. Jr. & Heath, H. E. Effects of high and low blood lactate concentrations on sweat lactate response. Int. J. Sports Med. 21, 556–560 (2000).
86. Derbyshire, P. J., Barr, H., Davis, F. & Higson, S. P. J. Lactate in human sweat: a critical review of research to the present day. J. Physiol. Sci. 62, 429–440 (2012).
87. Bruen, D., Delaney, C., Florea, L. & Diamond, D. Glucose sensing for diabetes monitoring: recent developments. Sensors (Basel) 17, (1866 (2017).
88. Jung, K. et al. The sweat of patients with atopic dermatitis contains specific IgE antibodies to inhalant allergens. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 21, 347–350 (1996).