Nanoelectromechanics in engineering and biology

Nanoelectromechanics in Engineering and Biology

Volumn , Issue , 2002, Pages 1-311

  Hughes, M P ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85056934637     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (362)

1. Taniguchi, N., On the basic concept of nanotechnology, Proc. Int. Conf. Prod. Eng., p. 18, 1974.
2. Drexler, K.E., Engines of Creation, Anchor Books/Doubleday, New York, 1986.
3. Drexler, K.E., Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation, Wiley, New York, 1992.
4. Feynman, R., There’s plenty of room at the bottom, 1960; reprinted in J. Microelectromech. Syst., 1, 60, 1992.
5. Feynman, R., Infinitesimal machinery, 1983; reprinted in J. Microelectromech. Syst., 2, 4, 1993.
6. Eigler, D.M. and Schweizer, E.K., Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope, Nature, 344, 524, 1990.
7. Tiselius, A., A new apparatus for electrophoretic analysis of colloidal mixtures, Trans. Faraday Soc., 33, 524, 1937.
8. Pohl, H.A., Dielectrophoresis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978.
9. Jones, T.B., Electromechanics of Particles, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995.
10. Zimmermann, U. and Neil, G.A., Electromanipulation of Cells, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995.
11. Hatschek, E. and Thorne, P.C.L., Metal sols in non-dissociating liquids. I. nickel in toluene and benzene. Proc. R. Soc. London, 103, 276, 1923.
12. Pohl, H.A., The motion and precipitation of suspensoids in divergent electric fields, J. Appl. Phys., 22, 869, 1951.
13. Gascoyne, P.R.C., Pethig, R., Burt, J.P.H., and Becker, F.F., Membrane changes accompanying the induced differentiation of Friend murine erythroleukemia cells studied by dielectrophoresis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1149, 119, 1993.
14. Kaler, K.V.I.S. and Jones, T.B., Dielectrophretic spectra of single cells determined by feedback-controlled levitation, Biophys. J., 57, 173, 1990.
15. Pohl, H.A. and Hawk, I., Separation of living and dead cells by dielectrophoresis, Science, 152, 647, 1966.
16. Huang, Y., Hölzel, R., Pethig, R., and Wang, X.B., Differences in the AC electrodynamics of viable and non-viable yeast cells determined through combined dielectrophoresis and electrorotation studies, Phys. Med. Biol., 37, 1499, 1992.
17. Hughes, M.P. and Morgan, H., Determination of bacterial motor force by dielectrophoresis, Biotechnol. Prog., 245, 15, 1999.
18. Zimmermann, U., Vienken, J., and Scheurich, P., Electric field induced fusion of biological cells, Biophys. Struct. Mech., 6, 86, 1980.
19. Zimmermann, U., Electric field-mediated fusion and related electrical phenomena, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 694, 227, 1982.
20. Abidor, I.G. and Sowers, A.E., Kinetics and mechanism of cell-membrane electrofusion, Biophys. J., 61, 1557, 1992.
21. Markx, G.H. and Pethig, R., Dielectrophoretic separation of cells: continuous separation, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 45, 337, 1994.
22. Gascoyne, P.R.C., Huang, Y., Pethig, R., Vykoukal, J., and Becker, F.F., Dielectrophoretic separation of mammalian cells studied by computerized image analysis, Meas. Sci. Technol., 3, 439, 1992.
23. Rousselet, J., Salome, L., Ajdari, A., and Prost, J., Directional motion of Brownian particles induced by a periodic asymmetric potential, Nature, 370, 446, 1994.
24. Jones, T.B. and Bliss, G.W., Bubble dielectrophoresis, J. Appl. Phys., 48, 1412, 1977.
25. Lin, I.J. and Jones, T.B., General conditions for dielectrophoretic and magnetohydrostatic levitation, J. Electrostatics, 15, 53, 1984.
26. Wang, X.-B., Huang, Y., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R., A unified theory of dielectrophoresis and traveling-wave dielectrophoresis, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 27, 1571, 1994.
27. Jones, T.B. and Washizu, M., Multipolar dielectrophoretic and electrorotation theory, J. Electrostatics, 37, 121, 1996.
28. Teixeira-Pinto, A.A., Nejelski, L.L., Cutler, J.L., and Heller, J.H., The behaviour of unicellular organisms in an electromagnetic field, J. Exp. Cell Res., 20, 548, 1960.
29. Holzapfel, C., Vienken, J., and Zimmermann, U., Rotation of cells in an alternating electric-field: theory and experimental proof, J. Membrane Biol., 67, 13, 1982.
30. Arnold, W.M. and Zimmermann, U., Rotating-field-induced rotation and measurement of the membrane capacitance of single mesophyll cells of Avena sativa, Z. Naturforsch., 37c, 908, 1982.
31. Arnold, W.M. and Zimmermann, U., Electro-rotation: development of a technique for dielectric measurements on individual cells and particles, J. Electrostatics, 21, 151, 1988.
32. Zhou, X.-F., Markx, G.H., Pethig, R., and Eastwood, I.M., Differentiation of viable and non-viable bacterial biofilms using electrorotation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1245, 85, 1995.
33. Batchelder, J.S., Dielectrophoretic manipulator, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 54, 300, 1983.
34. Masuda, S., Washizu, M., and Iwadare, M., Separation of small particles suspended in liquid by nonuniform traveling field, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 23, 474, 1987.
35. Masuda, S., Washizu, M., and Kawabata, I., Movement of blood-cells in liquid by nonuniform traveling field, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 24, 217, 1988.
36. Fuhr, G., Hagedorn, R., Müller, T., Benecke, W., Wagner, B., and Gimsa, J., Asynchronous traveling-wave induced linear motion of living cells, Stud. Biophys., 140, 79, 1991.
37. Huang, Y., Wang, X.B., Tame, J., and Pethig, R., Electrokinetic behaviour of colloidal particles in travelling electric fields: studies using yeast cells, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 26, 312, 1993.
38. Sheetz, M.P., Laser Tweezers in Cell Biology, Academic Press, New York, 1997.
39. Bezryadin, A., Dekker, C., and Schmid, G., Electrostatic trapping of single conducting nanoparticles between nanoelectrodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 71, 1273, 1997.
40. Washizu, M., Suzuki, S., Kurosawa, O., Nishizaka, T., and Shinohara, T., Molecular dielectrophoresis of biopolymers, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 30, 835, 1994.
41. Bakewell, D.J.G., Hughes, M.P., Milner, J.J., and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoretic Manipulation of Avidin and DNA, paper presented at Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1998.
42. Müller, T., Gerardino, A., Schnelle, T., Shirley, S.G., Bordoni, F., DeGasperis, G., Leoni, R., and Fuhr, G., Trapping of micrometre and sub-micrometre particles by high-frequency electric fields and hydrodynamic forces, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29, 340, 1996.
43. Hughes, M.P. and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoretic manipulation of single sub-micron scale bioparticles, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 31, 2205, 1998.
44. Schnelle, T., Müller, T., Fiedler, S., Shirley, S.G., Ludwig, K., Herrmann, A., Fuhr, G., Wagner, B., and Zimmermann, U., Trapping of viruses in highfrequency electric field cages, Naturwissenschaften, 83, 172, 1996.
45. Müller, T., Fiedler, S., Schnelle, T., Ludwig, K., Jung, H., and Fuhr, G., High frequency electric fields for trapping of viruses, Biotechnol. Tech., 4, 221, 1996.
46. Morgan, H. and Green, N.G., Dielectrophoretic manipulation of rod-shaped viral particles, J. Electrostatics, 42, 279, 1997.
47. Green, N.G., Morgan, H., and Milner, J.J., Manipulation and trapping of sub-micron bioparticles using dielectrophoresis, J. Biochem. Biophys. Meth., 35, 89, 1997.
48. Hughes, M.P., Morgan, H., Rixon, F.J., Burt, J.P.H., and Pethig, R., Manipulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 by dielectrophoresis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1425, 119, 1998.
49. Hughes, M.P. and Morgan, H., Positive and negative dielectrophoretic manipulation of avidin, paper presented at the Proceedings of the First European Workshop on Elelectrokinetics and Electrohydrodynamics, Glasgow, 2001.
50. Hughes, M.P., AC electrokinetics: applications for nanotechnology, Nanotechnology, 11, 124, 2000.
51. Huang, Y., Duan, X.F., Wei, Q.Q., and Lieber, C.M., Directed assembly of one-dimensional nanostructures into functional networks, Science, 291, 630, 2001.
52. Cui, Y. and Lieber, C.M., Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowires as building blocks, Science, 291, 851, 2001.
53. Huang, Y., Duan, X.F., Cui, Y., Lauhon, L.J., Kim, K.H., and Lieber, C.M., Logic gates and computation from assembled nanowire building blocks, Science, 294, 1313, 2001.
54. Velev, O.D. and Kaler, E.W., In situ assembly of colloidal particles into miniaturised biosensors, Langmuir, 15, 3693, 1999.
55. Hermanson, K.D., Lumsdon, S.O., Williams, J.P., Kaler, E.W., and Velev, O.D., Dielectrophoretic assembly of electrically functional microwires from nanoparticle suspensions, Science, 294, 1082, 2001.
56. Ramos, A., Morgan, H., Greeen, N.G., and Castellanos, A., AC electrokinetics:a review of forces in microelectrode structures, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 31, 2338, 1998.
57. Green, N.G., Ramos, A., Gonzalez, A., Castellanos, A., and Morgan, H., Electric field induced fluid flow on microelectrodes: the effect of illumination, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 22, L13, 2000.
58. Green, N.G. and Morgan, H., Separation of submicrometre particles using a combination of dielectrophoretic and electrohydrodynamic forces, J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys., 31, L25, 1998.
59. Lyklema, J., Fundamentals of Colloid and Surface Science, Vols. 1-2, Academic Press, London, 1994.
60. Green, N.G., Ramos, A., Gonzalez, A., Morgan, H., and Castellanos, A., Fluid flow induced by nonuniform AC electric fields in electrolytes on microelectrodes. I. Experimental results, Phys. Rev. E., 61, 4011, 2000.
61. González, A., Ramos, A., Green, N.G., Castellanos, A., and Morgan, H., Fluid flow induced by nonuniform AC electric fields in electrolytes on microelectrodes. II. A linear double-layer analysis, Phys. Rev. E., 61, 4019, 2000.
62. Ramos, A., Morgan, H., Green, N.G., and Castellanos, A., AC electric-fieldinduced fluid flow in microelectrodes, J. Coll. Int. Sci., 217, 420, 1999.
63. Price, J.A.R., Burt, J.P.H., and Pethig, R., Applications of a new optical technique for measuring the dielectrophoretic behavior of microorganisms, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 964, 221, 1988.
64. Pethig, R., Huang, Y., Wang, X.B., and Burt, J.P.H., Positive and negative dielectrophoretic collection of colloidal particles using interdigitated castellated microelectrodes, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 25, 881, 1992.
65. Huang, Y. and Pethig, R., Electrode design for negative dielectrophoresis applications, Meas. Sci. Technol., 2, 1142, 1991.
66. Arnold, W.M. and Zimmermann, U., Electro-rotation - development of a technique for dielectric measurements on individual cells and particles, J. Electrostatics, 21, 151, 1988.
67. Hughes, M.P., Computer-aided analysis of conditions for optimizing practical electrorotation, Phys. Med. Biol., 43, 3639, 1998.
68. Müller, T., Gerardino, A.M., Schnelle, T., Shirley, S.G., Fuhr, G., De Gasperis, G., Leoni, R., and Bordoni, F., High frequency electric field trap for micron and submicron particles, Il Nuovo Cimento Della Societa Italiana di Fisica D, 17, 425, 1995.
69. Green, N.G. and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoretic investigations of sub-micrometer latex spheres, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 30, 2626, 1997.
70. Pohl, H.A., Dielectrophoresis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978.
71. Einstein, A., Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement, Dover, New York, 1956.
72. Green, N.G. and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoretic investigations of submicrometre latex spheres, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 30, 2626, 1997.
73. Green, N.G. and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoresis of submicrometre latex spheres.1. Experimental results, J. Phys. Chem., 103, 41, 1999.
74. Hughes, M.P., Morgan, H., and Flynn, M.F., Surface conductance in the diffuse double-layer observed by dielectrophoresis of latex nanospheres, J. Coll. Int. Sci., 220, 454, 1999.
75. Hughes, M.P., Morgan, H., and Rixon, F.J., Dielectrophoretic manipulation and characterisation of herpes simplex virus-1 capsids, Eur. Biophys. J., 30, 268, 2001.
76. Hughes, M.P., Morgan, H., and Rixon, F.J., Measurements of the properties of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 virions with dielectrophoresis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1571, 1, 2002.
77. Morgan, H. and Green, N.G., Dielectrophoretic manipulation of rod-shaped viral particles, J. Electrostatics, 42, 279, 1997.
78. Hughes, M.P. and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoretic manipulation of protein molecules in solution, 1st European Workshop on Electrokinetics and Electrohydrodynamics in Microsystems, Glasgow, 2001.
79. Gascoyne, P.R.C., Pethig, R., Burt, J.P.H., and Becker, F.F., Membrane changes accompanying the induced differentiation of Friend murine erythroleukemia cells studied by dielectrophoresis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1149, 119, 1993.
80. Huang, Y., Wang, X.B., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R., Membrane changes associated with the temperature-sensitive P85gag-mos-dependent transformation of rat kidney cells as determined by dielectrophoresis and electrorotation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1282, 76, 1996.
81. Gascoyne, P.R.C., Noshari, J., Becker, F.F., and Pethig, R., Use of dielectrophoretic collection spectra for characterizing differences between normal and cancerous cells, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 30, 829, 1994.
82. Fricke, H. and Curtis, H.J., The determination of surface conductance from measurements on suspensions of spherical particles, J. Phys. Chem., 40, 715, 1936.
83. Schwarz, G., A theory of the low-frequency dielectric dispersion of colloidal particles in electrolyte solutions, J. Phys. Chem., 66, 2636, 1962.
84. Arnold, W.M., Schwan, H.P., and Zimmermann, U., Surface conductance and other properties of latex particles measured by electrorotation, J. Phys. Chem., 91, 5093, 1987.
85. Arnold, W.M. and Zimmermann, U., Electro-rotation - development of a technique for dielectric measurements on individual cells and particles, J. Electrostatics, 21, 151, 1988.
86. Gascoyne, P.R.C., Pethig, R., Satayavivad, J., Becker, F.F., and Ruchirawat, M., Dielectrophoretic detection of changes in erythrocyte membranes following malarial infection, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1323, 240, 1997.
87. Lyklema, J., Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science, Academic Press, London, 1995.
88. Pohl, H.A., Dielectrophoresis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978.
89. Pohl, H.A. and Hawk, I., Separation of living and dead cells by dielectrophoresis, Science, 152, 647, 1966.
90. Gascoyne, P.R.C., Huang, Y., Pethig, R., Vykoukal, J., and Becker, F.F., Dielectrophoretic separation of mammalian cells studied by computerized image analysis, Meas. Sci. Technol., 3, 439, 1992.
91. Green, N.G. and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoretic separation of nano-particles J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30, L41, 1997.
92. Morgan, H., Hughes, M.P., and Green, N.G., Separation of sub-micron particles by dielectrophoresis, Biophys. J., 77, 516, 1999.
93. Hughes, M.P., Flynn, M.F., and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoretic measurements of sub-micrometre latex particles following surface modification, Institute of Physics Conference Series, 163, 81, 1999.
94. Hughes, M.P. and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoretic manipulation and separation of surface-modified latex microspheres, Anal. Chem., 71, 3441, 1999.
95. Burt, J.P.H., Pethig, R., and Talary, M.S., Microelectrode devices for manipulating and analysing bioparticles, Trans. Inst. Meas. Control, 20, 82, 1998.
96. Hughes, M.P. and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoretic manipulation of single sub-micron scale bioparticles, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 31, 2205, 1998.
97. Watarai, H., Sakamoto, T., and Tsukahara, S., In situ measurement of dielectrophoretic mobility of single polystyrene microspheres, Langmuir, 13, 2417, 1997.
98. Washizu, M., Suzuki, S., Kurosawa, O., Nishizaka, T., and Shinohara, T., Molecular dielectrophoresis of biopolymers, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 30, 835, 1994.
99. Washizu, M., Shikida, M., Aizawa, S.I., and Hotani, H., Orientation and transformation of flagella in electrostatic field, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 28, 1194, 1992.
100. Chiu, D.T. and Zare, R.N., Optical detection and manipulation of single molecules in room-temperature solutions, Chem. A Eur. J., 3, 335, 1997.
101. Jones, T.B. and Bliss, G.W., Bubble dielectrophoresis, J. Appl. Phys., 48, 1412, 1977.
102. Lin, I.J. and Jones, T.B., General conditions for dielectrophoretic and magnetohydrostatic levitation, J. Electrostatics, 15, 53, 1984.
103. Jones, T.B., Electromechanics of Particles, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995.
104. Bezryadin, A. and Dekker, C., Nanofabrication of electrodes with sub-5 nm spacing for transport experiments on single molecules and metal clusters, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B., 15, 793, 1997.
105. Bezryadin, A., Dekker, C., and Schmid, G., Electrostatic trapping of single conducting nanoparticles between nanoelectrodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 71, 1273, 1997.
106. Park, H., Park, J., Lim, A.K.L., Anderson, E.H., Alivisatos, A.P., and McEuen, P.L., Nanomechanical oscillations in a single-C60 transistor, Nature, 407, 57, 2000.
107. Schnelle, T., Hagedorn, R., Fuhr, G., Fiedler, S., and Müller, T., Three-dimensional electric field traps for manipulation of cells - calculation and experimental verification, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1157, 127, 1993.
108. Schnelle, T., Müller, T., and Fuhr, G., Trapping in AC octode field cages, J. Electrostatics, 50, 17, 2000.
109. Ramos, A., Morgan, H., Green, N.G., and Castellanos, A., AC Electrokinetics:a review of forces in microelectrode structures, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 31, 2338, 1998.
110. Smith, P.W., Ashkin, A., and Tomlinson, W.J., Four-wave mixing in an artificial Kerr medium, Opt. Lett., 6, 284, 1981.
111. Einstein, A., Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement, Dover, New York, 1956.
112. Birtles, A.B., Mayo, B.J., and Bennett, A.W., Computer technique for solving three-dimensional electron-optics and capacitance problems, Proc. IEE, 120, 213, 1973.
113. Müller, T., Gerardino, A., Schnelle, T., Shirley, S.G., Bordoni, F., DeGasperis, G., Leoni, R., and Fuhr, G., Trapping of micrometre and sub-micrometre particles by high-frequency electric fields and hydrodynamic forces, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29, 340, 1996.
114. Ashkin, A., Dziedzic, J.M., Bjorkholm, J.E., and Chu, S., Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles, Opt. Lett. 11, 288, 1986.
115. Smith, P.W., Ashkin, A., and Tomlinson, W.J., Four-wave mixing in an artificial Kerr medium, Optics Lett., 6, 284, 1981.
116. Greulich, K.O., Pilarczyk, G., Hoffmann, A., Meyer Zu Hörste, G., Schafer, B., Uhl, V., and Monajembashi, S., Micromanipulation by laser microbeam and optical tweezers: from plant cells to single molecules, J. Microscopy, 198, 182, 2000.
117. Simpson, N.B., Dholakia, K., Allen, L., and Padgett, M.J., Mechanical equivalence of spin and orbital angular momentum of light: an optical spanner, Opt. Lett., 22, 52, 1997.
118. Srivastava, D., A phenomenological model of the rotation dynamics of carbon nanotube gears with laser electric fields, Nanotechnology, 8, 186, 1997.
119. Arai, F., Ogawa, M., and Fukuda, T., Selective manipulation of a microbe in a microchannel using a teleoperated laser scanning manipulator and dielectrophoresis, Adv. Robotics, 13, 343, 1999.
120. Arai, F., Ichikawa, A., Ogawa, M., Fukuda, T., Horio, K., and Itoigawa, K., High-speed separation systems of randomly suspended single living cells by laser trap and dielectrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 22, 283, 2001.
121. De Gasperis, G., Wang, X.B., Yang, J., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R., Automated electrorotation: dielectric characterization of living cells by real-time motion estimation, Meas. Sci. Technol. 9, 518, 1998.
122. Mizuno, A., Imamura, M., and Hosoi, K., Manipulation of single fine particles in liquid by electrical force in combination with optical pressure, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 27, 140, 1991.
123. Pohl, H.A., Dielectrophoresis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978.
124. Irimajiri, A., Hanai, T., and Inouye, V.A., Dielectric theory of “multi-stratified shell” model with its application to lymphoma cell, J. Theor. Biol., 78, 251, 1979.
125. Huang, Y., Holzel, R., Pethig, R., and Wang, X.B., Differences in the AC electrodynamics of viable and nonviable yeast-cells determined through combined dielectrophoresis and electrorotation studies, Phys. Med. Biol., 37, 1499, 1992.
126. Gimsa, J., New light-scattering and field-trapping methods access the internal electric structure of submicron particles, like influenza viruses, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 873, 287, 1999.
127. Kaler, K.V.I.S., Fritz, O.G., and Adamson, R.J., Dielectrophoretic velocity measurements using quasi-elastic light scattering, J. Electrostatics, 21, 193, 1988.
128. Hughes, M.P., Morgan, H., Rixon, F.J., Burt, J.P.H., and Pethig, R., Manipulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 by dielectrophoresis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1425, 119, 1998.
129. Morgan, H. and Green, N.G., Dielectrophoretic manipulation of rod-shaped viral particles, J. Electrostatics, 42, 279, 1997.
130. Green, N.G., Morgan, H., and Milner, J. J., Manipulation and trapping of sub-micron bioparticles using dielectrophoresis, J. Biochem. Biophys. Meth., 35, 89, 1997.
131. Müller, T., Fiedler, S., Schnelle, T., Ludwig, K., Jung, H., and Fuhr, G., High frequency electric fields for trapping of viruses, Biotechnol. Techniques, 4, 221, 1996.
132. Schnelle, T., Müller, T., Fiedler, S., Shirley, S.G., Ludwig, K., Hermann, A., Fuhr, G., Wagner, B., and Zimmermann, U., Trapping of viruses in highfrequency electric field cages, Naturwissenschaften, 83, 172, 1996.
133. Hughes, M.P., Morgan, H., and Rixon, F.J., Dielectrophoretic manipulation and characterisation of herpes simplex virus-1 capsids, Eur. Biophys. J., 30, 268, 2001.
134. Talary, M.S. and Pethig, R., Optical technique for measuring the positive and negative dielectrophoretic behavior of cells and colloidal suspensions, IEE Proc. - Sci. Meas. Technol., 141, 395, 1994.
135. Jones, T.B. and Bliss, G.W., Bubble dielectrophoresis, J. Appl. Phys., 48, 1412, 1977.
136. Kaler, K.V.I.S. and Jones, T.B., Dielectrophoretic spectra of single cells determined by feedback-controlled levitation, Biophys. J., 57, 173, 1990.
137. Roizman, B., The Herpesviruses, Kluwer Academic, New York, 1982.
138. Archer, S., Morgan, H., and Rixon, F.J., Electrorotation studies of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts infected with herpes simplex virus type 1, Biophys. J., 76, 2833, 1999.
139. Gascoyne, P.R.C., Pethig, R., Burt, J.P.H., and Becker, F.F., Membrane-changes accompanying the induced-differentiation of friend murine erythroleukemia- cells studied by dielectrophoresis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1149, 119, 1993.
140. Kakutani, T., Shibatani, S., and Sugai M., Electrorotation of non-spherical cells:theory for ellipsoidal cells with an arbitrary number of shells, Biochem. Bioenerg., 31, 131, 1993.
141. Miller, D. and Jones, T.B., Electro-orientation of ellipsoidal erythrocytes: theory and experiment, Biophys. J., 64, 1588, 1993.
142. Jones, T.B., Electromechanics of Particles, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995.
143. Garton, C.C. and Krasucki, Z., Bubbles in insulation liquids: stability in an electric field, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A280, 211, 1964.
144. Morgan, H., Hughes, M.P., and Green, N.G., Separation of submicron bioparticles by dielectrophoresis, Biophys. J., 77, 516, 1999.
145. Zhou, Z.H., MacNab, S.J., Jakana, J., Scott, L.R., Chiu, W., and Rixon, F.J., Identification of the sites of interaction between the scaffold and outer shell in herpes simplex virus-1 capsids by difference electron imaging, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 95, 2778, 1998.
146. Arnold, W.M., Gessner, A.G., and Zimmermann, U., Dielectric measurements on electro-manipulation media, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 157, 32, 1993.
147. Washizu, M., Suzuki, S., Kurosawa, O., Nishizaka, T., and Shinohara, T., Molecular dielectrophoresis of biopolymers, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 30, 835, 1994.
148. Huang, Y., Ewalt, K.L., Tirado, M., Haigis, R., Forster, A., Ackley, D., Heller, M.J., O’Connell, J.P., and Krihak, M., Electronic manipulation of bioparticles and macromolecules on microfabricated electrodes, Anal. Chem., 73, 1549, 2001.
149. Washizu, M., Shikida, M., Aizawa, S.I., and Hotani, H., Orientation and transformation of flagella in electrostatic field, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 28, 1194, 1992.
150. Hughes, M.P. and Morgan, H., Positive and negative dielectrophoretic manipulation of avidin, Proc. 1st Eur. Workshop on Elelectrokinetics and Electrohydrodynamics, Glasgow, 2001.
151. Drexler, K.E., Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation, Wiley, New York, 1992.
152. Pethig, R., Dielectric and Electronic Properties of Biological Materials, Wiley, Chichester, 1979.
153. Washizu, M. and Kurosawa, O., Electrostatic manipulation of DNA in microfabricated structures, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 26, 1165, 1990.
154. Bakewell, D.J.G., Hughes, M.P., Milner, J.J., and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoretic manipulation of avidin and DNA, in Proc. 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1998.
155. Tsukahara, S., Yamanaka, K., and Watari, H., Dielectrophretic behavior of single DNA in planar and capillary quadrupole microelectrodes, Chem. Lett., 3, 250, 2001.
156. Porath, D., Bezryadin, A., de Vries, S., and Dekker, C., Direct measurement of electrical transport through DNA molecules, Nature, 403, 635, 2000.
157. Washizu, M. and Kurosawa, O., Electrostatic manipulation of DNA in microfabricated structures, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 26, 1165, 1990.
158. Washizu, M., Kurosawa, O., Arai, I., Suzuki, S., and Shimamato, N., Applications of electrostatic stretch and positioning of DNA, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 31, 447, 1995.
159. Kabata, H., Okada, W., and Washizu, M., Single-molecule dynamics of the Eco RI enzyme using stretched DNA: its application to in situ sliding assay and optical DNA mapping, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 39, 7164, 2000.
160. Yamamoto, T., Kurosawa, O., Kabata, H., Shimamato, N., and Washizu, M., Molecular surgery of DNA based on electrostatic manipulation, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 36, 1010, 2000.
161. Nishioka, M., Tanizoe, T., Katsura, S., and Mizuno, A., Micromanipulation of cells and DNA molecules, J. Electrostatics, 35, 73, 1995.
162. Kroto, H.W., Heath, J.R., O’Brien, S.C., Curl, R.F., and Smalley, R.E., C60:Buckminsterfullerene, Nature, 318, 162, 1985.
163. Iijima, S., Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature, 354, 56, 1991.
164. Iijima, S. and Ichihashi, T., Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter, Nature, 363, 603, 1993.
165. McEuen, P.L., Single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. World, 13(4), 31, 2000.
166. Bezryadin, A., Dekker, C., and Schmid, G., Electrostatic trapping of single conducting nanoparticles between nanoelectrodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 71, 1273, 1997.
167. Bezryadin, A. and Dekker, C., Nanofabrication of electrodes with sub-5 nm spacing for transport experiments on single molecules and metal clusters, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B., 15, 793, 1997.
168. Yamamoto, K., Akita, S., and Nakayama, Y., Orientation and purification of carbon nanotubes using AC electrophoresis, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 31, L34, 1998.
169. Smith, P.A., Nordquist, C.D., Jackson, T.N., Mayer, T.S., Martin, B.R., Mbindyo, J., and Mallouk, T.E., Electric-field assisted assembly and alignment of metallic nanowires, Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 1399, 2000.
170. van der Zande, B.M. I., Koper, G.J.M., and Lekkerker, H.N.W., Alignment of rod-shaped gold particles by electric fields, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 5754, 1999.
171. Xia, Y., Rogers, J.J.A., Paul, K.E., and Whitesides, G.M., Unconventional methods for fabricating and patterning nanostructures, Chem. Rev., 99, 1823, 1999.
172. Velev, O.D. and Kaler, E.W., In situ assembly of colloidal particles into miniaturised biosensors, Langmuir, 15, 3693, 1999.
173. Fudouzi, H., Kobayashi, M., and Shinya, N., Assembling 100 nm scale particles by and electrostatic potential field, J. Nanoparticle Res., 3, 193, 2001.
174. Hermanson, K.K., Lumsdon, S.O., Williams, J.J.P., Kaler, E.W., and Velev, O.D., Dielectrophoretic assembly of electrically functional microwires from nanoparticle suspensions, Science, 294, 1082, 2001.
175. Yamamoto, K., Akita, S., and Nakayama, Y., Orientation and purification of carbon nanotubes using AC electrophoresis, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 31, L34, 1998.
176. Erdman, C.F., Swint, R.B., Gurtner, C., Formosa, R.E., Roh, S.D., Lee, K.E., Swanson, P.D., Ackley, D.E., Coleman, J.J., and Heller, M.J., Electric field directed assembly of an InGaAs LED onto silicon circuitry, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 12, 1198, 2000.
177. Duan, X., Huang, Y., Cui, Y., Wang, J., and Lieber, C.M., Indium phosphide nanowires as building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices, Nature, 409, 66, 2001.
178. Huang, Y., Duan, X., Cui, Y., Lauhon, L.J., Kim, K.H., and Lieber, C.M., Logic gates and computation from assembled nanowires building blocks, Science, 294, 1313, 2001.
179. Bachtold, A., Hadley, P., Nakanishi, T., and Dekker, C., Logic circuits with carbon nanotube transistors, Science, 294, 1317, 2001.
180. Avouris, P., Collins, P.G., and Arnold, M.S., Engineering carbon nanotubes and nanotube circuits using electrical breakdown, Science, 292, 706, 2001.
181. Washizu, M. and Kurosawa, O., Electrostatic manipulation of DNA in microfabricated structures, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 26, 1165, 1990.
182. Park, H., Park, J., Lim, A.K.L., Anderson, E.H., Alivisatos, A.P., and McEuen, P.L., Nanomechanical oscillations in a single C60 transistor, Nature, 407, 57, 2000.
183. Bezryadin, A. and Dekker, C., Nanofabrication of electrodes with sub-5 nm spacing for transport experiments on single molecules and metal clusters, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 15, 793, 1997.
184. Drexler, K.E., Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation, Wiley, New York, 1992.
185. Alimova, A.N., Chubun, N.N., Belobrov, P.I., Ya Detkov, P., and Zhirnov, V.V., Electrophoresis of nanodiamond powder for cold cathode fabrication, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 17, 715, 1999.
186. Xu, N.S., Chen, J., Feng, Y.T., and Deng, S.Z., Nanostructured diamond film on etched silicon and its field emission behavior, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 18, 1048, 2000.
187. Choi, W.B., Cuomo, J.J., Zhirnov, V.V., Myers, A.F., and Hren, J.J., Field emission from silicon and molybdenum tips coated with diamond powder by dielectrophoresis, Appl. Phys. Lett., 68, 720, 1996.
188. Randall, C.A., Miyazaki, S., More, K.L., Bhalla, A.S., and Newnham, R.E., Structural-property relationships in dielectrophoretically assembled BaTiO3 nanocomposites, Materials Lett., 15, 26, 1992.
189. Bowen, C.P., Shrout, T.R., Newnham, R.E., and Randall, C.A., Tunable electric field processing of composite materials, J. Intel. Mat. Syst. Struct., 6, 159, 1995.
190. Rao, Y.S. and Satyam, M., Dielectrophoretic model of conductance increase in PVC-graphite thick film during electrical breakdown, Int. J. Microcircuits and Electronic Packaging, 20, 57, 1997.
191. Hase, M., Egashira, M., and Shinya, N., Development of a novel method to create three-dimensional arrangements of particles using dielectrophoresis in artificially nonuniform electric field, J. Intel. Mat. Sys. Struct., 10, 508, 1999.
192. Lo, K.Y., Shang, J.Q., and Inculet, I.I., Electrical strengthening of clays by dielectrophoresis, Can. Geotech. J., 31, 192, 1994.
193. Dequesnes, M., Rotkin, S.V., and Aluru, N.R., Calculation of pull-in voltages for carbon-nanotube-based nanoelectromechanical switches, Nanotechnology, 13, 120, 2002.
194. Pohl, H.A. and Hawk, I., Separation of living and dead cells by dielectrophoresis, Science, 152, 647, 1966.
195. Pohl, H.A., Dielectrophoresis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978.
196. Benguigui, L. and Lin, I.J., Phenomenological aspect of particle trapping by dielectrophoresis, J. Appl. Phys., 56, 3294, 1984.
197. Becker, F.F., Wang, X.B., Huang, Y., Pethig, R., Vykoukal, J., and Gascoyne, P.R., The removal of human leukemia-cells from blood using interdigitated microelectrodes, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 27, 2659, 1994.
198. Washizu, M., Suzuki, S., Kurosawa, O., Nishizaka, T., and Shinohara, T., Molecular dielectrophoresis of biopolymers, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 30, 835, 1994.
199. Talary, M.S., Mills, K.I., Hoy, T., Burnett, A.K., and Pethig, R., Dielectrophoretic separation and enrichment of CD34+ cell subpopulation from bone-marrow and peripheral-blood stem-cells, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 33, 235, 1995.
200. Ertaz, D., Lateral separation of macromolecules and polyelectropytes in microlithographic arrays, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 7, 1998.
201. Markx, G.H. and Pethig, R., Dielectrophoretic separation of cells - continuous separation, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 45, 337, 1995.
202. Giddings, J.C., Field-flow fractionation: separation and characterization of macromolecular, colloidal, and particulate materials, Science, 260, 1456, 1993.
203. Markx, G.H., Rousselet, J., and Pethig, R., DEP-FFF: Field-flow fractionation using non-uniform electric fields, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 20, 2857, 1997.
204. Markx, G.H., Pethig, R., and Rousselet, J., The dielectrophoretic levitation of latex beads, with reference to field-flow fractionation, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 30, 2470, 1997.
205. Huang, Y., Wang, W.B., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R., Introducing dielectrophoresis as a new force field for field-flow fractionation, Biophys. J., 73, 1118, 1997.
206. Wang, X.-B., Vykoukal, J., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R., Separation of polystyrene microbeads using dielectrophoretic/gravitational field-flow-fractionation, Biophys. J., 74, 2689, 1998.
207. Huang, J., Yang, J., Wang, X.B., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R., The removal of human breast cancer cells from hematopoietic CD34(+) stem cells by dielectrophoretic field-flow-fractionation J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res., 8, 481, 1999.
208. Müller, T., Schnelle, T., Gradl, G., Shirley, S.G., and Fuhr, G., Microdevice for cell and particle separation using dielectrophoretic field-flow fractionation, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 23, 47, 2000.
209. Curie, P., Sur la symétrie dans les phénomènes physiques, J. Phys. 383, 111, 1894.
210. Feynman, R.P., Leighton, R.B., and Sands, M., The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. 1, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1963.
211. Reimann, P., Brownian motors: noisy transport far from equilibrium, Phys. Rep., 361, 57, 2002.
212. Huxley, A.F., Muscle structure and theories of contraction, Prog. Biophys., 7, 255, 1957.
213. Cordova, N.J., Ermentrout, B., and Oster, G.F., Dynamics of single-motor molecules: the thermal ratchet model, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89, 339, 1992.
214. Westerhoff, H.V., Tsong, T.Y., Chock, P.B., Chen, Y., and Astumian, R.D., How enzymes can capture and transmit free energy from an oscillating electric field, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 83, 4734, 1986.
215. Ajdari, A. and Prost, J., Mouvement induit par un potentiel périodique de basse symétrie: diélectrophorese pulsée, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 315, 1635, 1992.
216. Chauwin, J.-F., Ajdari, A., and Prost, J., Mouvement sans force, SFP 4émes Journées de la Matire Condensèe, 2, 669, 1994.
217. Magnasco, M.O., Forced thermal ratchets, Phys. Rev. Lett., 71, 1477, 1993.
218. Astumian, R.D. and Bier, M., Fluctuation driven ratchets: molecular motors, Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 1766, 1994.
219. Elston, T.C. and Peskin, C. S., The role of protein flexibility in molecular motor function: coupled diffusion in a tilted periodic potential, Siam J. Appl. Math., 60, 842, 2000.
220. Rousselet, J. et al., Directional motion of Brownian particles induced by a periodic asymmetric potential, Nature, 370, 446, 1994.
221. Doering, C.R., Horsthemke, W., and Riordan, J., Nonequilibrium fluctuationinduced transport, Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 2984, 1994.
222. Risken, H., The Fokker-Planck Equation: Methods of Solution and Applications, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
223. Prost, J., Chauwin, J.F., Peliti, L., and Ajdari, A., Asymmetric pumping of particles, Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 2652, 1994.
224. Gorre-Talini, L., Jeanjean, S., and Silberzan, P., Sorting of Brownian particles by the pulsed application of an asymmetric potential, Phys. Rev. E, 56, 2025, 1997.
225. Faucheux, L.P. and Libchaber, A., Selection of Brownian particles, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 91, 3163, 1995.
226. Schnelle, T., Müller, T., Gradl, G., Shirley, S.G., and Fuhr, G., Dielectrophoretic manipulation of suspended submicron particles, Electrophoresis, 21, 66, 2000.
227. Chauwin, J.F., Ajdari, A., and Prost, J., Force-free motion in asymmetric structures - a mechanism without diffusive steps, Europhys. Lett., 27, 421, 1994.
228. Gorre-Talini, L., Spatz, J.P., and Silberzan, P., Dielectrophoretic ratchets, Chaos, 8, 650, 1998.
229. Batchelder, J.S., Dielectrophoretic manipulator, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 54, 300, 1983.
230. Masuda, S., Washizu, M., and Iwadare, M., Separation of small particles suspended in liquid by nonuniform traveling field, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 23, 474, 1987.
231. Masuda, S., Washizu, M., and Kawabata, I., Movement of blood-cells in liquid by nonuniform traveling field, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 24, 217, 1988.
232. Fuhr, G., Hagedorn, R., Müller, T., Benecke, W., Wagner, B., and Gimsa, J., Asynchronous traveling-wave induced linear motion of living cells, Studia Biophysica, 140, 79, 1991.
233. Hagedorn, R., Fuhr, G., Müller, T., and Gimsa, J., Traveling wave dielectrophoresis of microparticles, Electrophoresis, 13, 49, 1992.
234. Fuhr, G., Über die Rotation dielektrischer Körper in rotierenden Feldern, dissertation, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, 1985.
235. Fuhr, G., Schnelle, T., and Wagner, B., Travelling-wave driven microfabricated electrohydrodynamic pumps for liquids, J. Micromech. Microeng., 4, 217, 1994.
236. Huang, Y., Wang, X.B., Tame, J., and Pethig, R., Electrokinetic behaviour of colloidal particles in travelling electric fields: studies using yeast cells, J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys., 26, 312, 1993.
237. Morgan, H., Izquierdo, A.G., Bakewell, D., Green, N.G., and Ramos, A., The dielectrophoretic and travelling wave forces generated by interdigitated electrode arrays: analytical solution using Fourier series, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 34, 1553, 2001.
238. Hughes, M.P., Pethig, R., and Wang, X.-B., Forces on particles in travelling electric fields: computer-aided simulations, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29, 474, 1996.
239. Talary, M.S., Burt, J.P.H., Tame, J.A., and Pethig, R., Electromanipulation and separation of cells using travelling electric fields, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29, 2198, 1996.
240. Morgan, H., Green, N.G., Hughes, M.P., Monaghan, W., and Tan, T.C., Large-area travelling-wave dielectrophoresis particle separator, J. Micromech. Microeng., 7, 65, 1997.
241. Green, N.G., Hughes, M.P., Monaghan, W., and Morgan, H., Large area multilayered electrode arrays for dielectrophoretic fractionation, Microelectronic Eng., 35, 421, 1997.
242. Gimsa, J., unpublished work, 2001.
243. Fuhr, G., Fiedler, S., Müller, T., Schnelle, T., Glasser, H., Lisec, T., and Wagner, B., Particle micromanipulator consisting of two orthogonal channels with traveling- wave electrode structures, Sensors and Actuators A, 41, 230, 1994.
244. Fuhr, G., Müller, T., Schnelle, T., Hagedorn, R., Voigt, A., Fiedler, S., Arnold, W.M., Zimmermann, U., Wagner, B., and Heuberger, A., Radiofrequency microtools for particle and live cell manipulation, Naturwissenschaften, 81, 528, 1994.
245. Wang, X.-B., Huang, Y., Wang, X., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R.C., Dielectrophoretic manipulation of cells with spiral electrodes, Biophys. J., 72, 1887, 1997.
246. Goater, A.D., Burt, J.P.H., and Pethig, R., A combined travelling wave dielectrophoresis and electrorotation device: applied to the concentration and viability determination of Cryptosporidium, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 30, L65, 1997.
247. Bezryadin, A., Dekker, C., and Schmid, G., Electrostatic trapping of single conducting nanoparticles between nanoelectrodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 71, 1273, 1997.
248. Porath, D., Bezryadin, A., de Vries, S., and Dekker, C., Direct measurement of electrical transport through DNA molecules, Nature, 403, 635, 2000.
249. Price, J.A.R., Burt, J.P.H., and Pethig, R., Applications of a new optical technique for measuring the dielectrophoretic behavior of microorganisms, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 964, 221, 1988.
250. Pethig, R., Burt, J.P.H., Parton, A., Rizvi, N., Talary, M.S., and Tame, J.A., Development of biofactory-on-a-chip technology using excimer laser micromachining, J. Micromech. Microeng., 8, 57, 1998.
251. Schnelle, T., Müller, T., Gradl, G., Shirley, S.G., and Fuhr, G., Dielectrophoretic manipulation of suspended submicron particles, Electrophoresis, 21, 66, 2000.
252. Müller, T., Gerardino, A., Schnelle, T., Shirley, S.G., Bordoni, F., De Gasperis, G., Leoni, R., and Fuhr, G., Trapping of micrometer and sub-micrometer particles by high-frequency electric fields and hydrodynamic forces, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29, 340, 1996.
253. Morgan, H. and Green, N.G., Dielectrophoretic manipulation of rod-shaped viral particles, J. Electrostatics, 42, 279, 1997.
254. Reimer, K., Köhler, C., Lisec, T., Schnakenberg, U., Fuhr, G., Hintsche, R., and Wagner, B., Fabrication of electrode arrays in the quarter micron regime for biotechnological applications, Sensor. Actuators A, 46, 66, 1995.
255. Green, N.G., Hughes, M.P., Monaghan, W., and Morgan, H., Large area multilayered electrode arrays for dielectrophoretic fractionation, Microelectron. Eng., 35, 421, 1997.
256. Cui, L. and Morgan, H., Design and fabrication of traveling wave dielectrophoresis structures, J. Micromech. Microeng., 10, 72, 2000.
257. Park, H., Park, J., Lim, A.K.L., Anderson, E.H., Alivisatos, A.P., and McEuen, P.L., Nanomechanical oscillations in a single C60 transistor, Nature, 407, 57, 2000.
258. Bezryadin, A. and Dekker, C., Nanofabrication of electrodes with sub-5nm spacing for transport experiments on single molecules and metal clusters, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 15, 793, 1997.
259. Xia, Y., Rogers, J.A., Paul, K.E., and Whitesides, G.M., Unconventional methods for fabricating and patterning nanostructures, Chem. Rev., 99, 1823, 1999.
260. Effenhauser, C.S. and Manz, A., Miniaturizing a whole analytical laboratory down to chip size, Am. Lab., 26, 15, 1994.
261. Washizu, M., Nanba, T., and Masuda, S., Novel method of cell fusion in field constriction area in fluid integrated circuit, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 25, 732, 1989.
262. Washizu, M., Nanba, T., and Masuda, S., Handling biological cells using a fluid integrated circuit, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 26, 352, 1990.
263. Arai, F., Ichikawa, A., Ogawa, M., Fukuda, T., Horio, K., and Itoigawa, K., High-speed separation systems of randomly suspended single living cells by laser trap and dielectrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 22, 283, 2001.
264. Suehiro, J. and Pethig, R., The dielectrophoretic movement and positioning of a biological cell using a three-dimensional grid electrode system, J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys., 31, 3298, 1998.
265. Selvakumaran, J., Hughes, M.P., Keddie, J.L., and Ewins, D.J., Assessing biocompatibility of materials for implantable microelectrodes using cytotoxicity and protein adsorption studies, paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE - EMBS Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine, Madison, 2002.
266. Fuhr, G., Fiedler, S., Muller, T., Schnelle, T., Glasser, H., Lisec, T., and Wagner, B., Particle micromanipulator consisting of two orthogonal channels with travelingwave electrode structures, Sensor. Actuators A, 41, 230, 1994.
267. De Gasperis, G., Wang, X.B., Yang, J., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R., Automated electrorotation: dielectric characterization of living cells by real-time motion estimation, Meas. Sci. Technol., 9, 518, 1998.
268. Zhou, X.F., Burt, J.P.H., and Pethig, R., Automatic cell electrorotation measurements:studies of the biological effects of low-frequency magnetic fields and of heat shock, Phys. Med. Biol., 43, 1075, 1998.
269. Gascoyne, P.R.C., Huang, Y., Pethig, R., Vykoukal, J., and Becker, F.F., Dielectrophoretic separation of mammalian cells studied by computerized image analysis, Meas. Sci. Technol., 3, 439, 1992.
270. Talary, M.S. and Pethig, R., Optical technique for measuring the positive and negative dielectrophoretic behavior of cells and colloidal suspensions, IEEE Proc. Sci. Meas. Tech., 141, 395, 1994.
271. Cui, L., Zhang, T., and Morgan, H., Optical particle detection integrated in a dielectrophoretic lab-on-a-chip, J. Micromech. Microeng., 12, 7, 2002.
272. Berry, R.M. and Berg, H.C., Absence of a barrier to backwards rotation of the bacterial flagellar motor demonstrated with optical tweezers, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94, 14433, 1997.
273. Brown, A.P., Betts, W.B., Harrison, A.B., and O’Neill, J.G., Evaluation of a dielectrophoretic bacterial counting technique, Biosensor. Bioelectron., 14, 341, 1999.
274. Milner, K.R., Brown, A.P., Allsopp, D.W.E., and Betts, W.B., Dielectrophoretic classification of bacteria using differential impedance measurements, Electron. Lett., 34, 66, 1997.
275. Cui, L., Holmes, D., and Morgan, H., The dielectrophoretic levitation and separation of latex beads in microchips, Electrophoresis, 22, 3893, 2001.
276. Fiedler, S., Shirley, S.G., Schnelle, T., and Fuhr, G., Dielectrophoretic sorting of particles and cells in a microsystem, Anal. Chem., 70, 1909, 1998.
277. Müller, T., Gradl, G., Howitz, S., Shirley, S., Schnelle, T., and Fuhr, G., A three-dimensional microelectrode system for handling and caging single cells and particles, Biosens. Bioelectron., 14, 247, 1999.
278. Cheng, J., Sheldon, E.L., Wu, L., Uribe, A., Gerrue, L.O., Carrino, J., Heller, M.J., and O’Connell, J.P., Preparation and hybridization analysis of DNA/RNA from E-coli on microfabricated bioelectronic chips, Nat. Biotechnol., 16, 541, 1998.
279. Cheng, J., Sheldon, E.L., Wu, L., Heller, M.J., and O’Connell, J.P., Isolation of cultured cervical carcinoma cells mixed with peripheral blood cells on a bioelectronic chip, Anal. Chem., 70, 2321, 1998.
280. Huang, Y., Ewalt, K.L., Tirado, M., Haigis, R., Forster, A., Ackley, D., Heller, M.J., O’Connell, J.P., and Krihak, M., Electric manipulation of bioparticles and macromolecules on microfabricated electrodes, Anal. Chem., 73, 1549, 2001.
281. Docoslis, A., Kalogerakis, N., Behie, L.A., and Kaler, K.V.I.S., A novel dielectrophoresis-based device for the selective retention of viable cells in cell culture media, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 54, 239, 1997.
282. Huang, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, X.B., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R.C., The removal of human breast cancer cells from hematopoietic CD34+ stem cells by dielectrophoretic field-flow fractionation, J. Hemat. Stem Cell Res., 8, 481, 1999.
283. Pethig, R., Dielectrophoresis: using inhomogeneous AC electrical fields to separate and manipulate cells, Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 16, 331, 1996.
284. Wang, X.-B., Huang, Y., Wang, X., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R.C., Dielectrophoretic manipulation of cells with spiral electrodes, Biophys. J., 72, 1887, 1997.
285. Batchelder, J.S., Method and Apparatus for Dielectrophoretic Manipulation of Chemical Species, U.S. Patent 4,390,403, 1983.
286. Batchelder, J.S., Dielectrophoretic manipulator, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 54, 300, 1983.
287. Pethig, R. and Burt, J.P.H., Manipulation of Solid, Semi-Solid or Liquid Materials, World Patent 9,111,262, 1991.
288. Betts, W.B. and Hawkes, J.J., Dielectrophoretic Characterization of Microorganisms and Other Particles, World Patent 91,082,484, 1991.
289. Pethig, R. and Markx, G.H., Apparatus for Separating by Dielectrophoresis, World Patent 92,422,583, 1994.
290. Betts, W.B. and Hawkes, J.J., Apparatus for Separating a Mixture, World Patent 9,320,927, 1996.
291. Huang, Y., Wang, X.B., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R.C., Fractionation Using Dielectrophoresis and Field Flow Fractionation, World Patent 9,727,933, 1997.
292. Huang, Y., Wang, X.B., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R.C., Method and Apparatus for Fractionation Using Spiral Electrodes, U.S. Patent 5,858,192, 1999.
293. Crane, S., Dielectrophoretic Cell Stream Sorter, U.S. Patent 5,489,506, 1996.
294. Ager, C.D., Dames, A.N., Purvis, D.R., and Safford, N.A., Methods of Analysis/Separation, World Patent 9,810,869, 2001.
295. Lock, G.M. and Pethig, R., Travelling Wave Dielectrophoretic Apparatus and Method, World Patent 0,105,514, 2001.
296. Pethig, R. and Markx, G.H., Apparatus and Method for Testing Using Dielectrophoresis, World Patent 9,804,355, 1998.
297. Kaler, K.V.I.S., Behie, L.A., Kalogerakis, N., and Docoslis, A., Filter for Perfusion Cultures of Animal Cells and the Like, U.S. Patent 5,626,734, 1997.
298. Hagedorn, R., Fuhr, G., Müller, T., and Schnelle, T., Electrode Arrangement for the Dielectrophoretic Diversion of Particles, World Patent 0,000,292, 2000.
299. Hagedorn, R., Fuhr, G., Müller, T., and Schnelle, T., Electrode Arrangement for Generating Functional Field Barriers in Microsystems, World Patent 0,000,293, 2000.
300. Lock, G.M. and Pethig, R., Electrodes for Generating and Analysing Dielectrophoresis, World Patent 0,105,511, 2001.
301. Lock, G.M. and Pethig, R., Dielectrophoretic Apparatus and Method, World Patent 0,105,512, 2001.
302. Cheng, J., Wang, X.B., Wu, L., Xu, J., and Yang, W., Apparatus for Switching and Manipulating Particles and Method of Use Thereof, World Patent 0,227,909, 2002.
303. Arnold, W.M., Method and Apparatus for Concentrating and/or Positioning Particles or Cells, World Patent 9,962,622, 1999.
304. O’Connell, J.P., Cheng, J., Wu, L., and Sheldon, E.L., Channel-less Separation of Bioparticles on a Bioelectronic Chip by Dielectrophoresis, World Patent 9,938,612, 1999.
305. O’Connell, J.P., Cheng, J., Diver, J., Heller, M., Jalali, S., Sheldon, E., Smolko, D., Wu, L., and Willoughby, D., Integrated Portable Biological Detection System, World Patent 0,037,163, 2000.
306. Medoro, G., Method and Apparatus for the Manipulation of Particles by Means of Dielectrophoresis, World Patent 0,069,565, 2000.
307. Velev, O.D. and Kaler, E.W., Miniaturized Immunosensor Assembled from Colloidal Particles between Micropatterned Electrodes, U.S. Patent 6,333,200, 2001.
308. Gurtner, C., Edman, C.F., Formosa, R., and Heller, M.J., Methods and Apparatus for the Electronic, Homogeneous Assembly and Fabrication of Devices, World Patent 0,134,765, 2001.
309. Kawabata, T. and Washizu, M., Method for Separating Substances Using Dielectrophoretic Forces, European Patent 1,088,592, 2001.
310. Miles, R.R., Balch, J.W., Wang, X.B., Gascoyne, P.R.C., Krulevitch, P.A., and Mariella, R.P., Microfluidic DNA Sample Preparation Method and Device, U.S. Patent 6,352,838, 2002.
311. Wilson, S.A. and Whatmore, R.W., Electric-Field Structuring of Composite Materials, World Patent 0,176,852, 2001.
312. Pohl, H.A., Dielectrophoresis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978.
313. Huang, Y. and Pethig, R., Electrode design for negative dielectrophoresis applications. J. Meas. Sci. Tech., 2, 1142, 1991.
314. Wang, X.-B., Huang, Y., Burt, J.P.H., Markx, G.H., and Pethig, R., Selective dielectrophoretic confinement of bioparticles in potential energy wells, J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys., 26, 1528, 1993.
315. Masuda, S., Washizu, M., and Iwadare, M., Separation of small particles suspended in liquid by nonuniform electric field, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 23, 474, 1987.
316. Morgan, H., Izquierdo, A.G., Bakewell, D., Green, N.G., and Ramos, A., The dielectrophoretic and traveling wave forces generated by interdigitated electrodes: analytical solution using Fourier series, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 34, 1553, 2001.
317. Wang, X., Wang, X.B., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R.C., A theoretical method of electrical field analysis for dielectrophoretic electrode arrays using Green’s theorem, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 29, 1649, 1996.
318. Gauss, C.F., Brief an Gerling, Werke, 9, 278, 1823.
319. Hölzel, R., Electric-field calculation for electrorotation electrodes, J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys., 26, 2112, 1993.
320. Rousselet, J., Salome, L., Ajdari, A., and Prost, J., Directional motion of Brownian particles induced by a periodic asymmetric potential, Nature, 370, 446, 1994.
321. Binns, K.J. and Laurenson, P.J., Analysis and Computation of Electric and Magnetic Field Problems Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1963.
322. Nath, B., Fundamentals of Finite Elements for Engineers, Athlone Press, London, 1974.
323. Zienkiewicz, O.C. and Taylor, R.L., The Finite Element Method, Vol. 1, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, London, 2000.
324. Binns, K.J., Lawrenson, P.J., and Trowbridge, C.W., The Analytical and Numerical Solution of Electric and Magnetic Fields, Wiley, Chichester, 1992.
325. Gallagher, R.H., Zienkiewicz, O.C., Oden, J.T., Cecchi, M.M., and Taylor, C., Eds., Finite Elements in Fluids, Wiley, Chichester, 1978.
326. Green, N.G., Morgan, H., and Milner, J.J., Manipulation and trapping of sub-micron bioparticles using dielectrophoresis, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 35, 89, 1997.
327. Green, N.G. and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoresis of submicrometre latex spheres. 1. Experimental results. J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 41, 1999.
328. Green, N.G. and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoretic separation of nano-particles, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 30, L41, 1997.
329. Rousselet, J., Markx, G.H., and Pethig, R., Separation of erythrocytes and latex beads by dielectrophoretic levitation and hyperlayer field-flow fractionation, Colloids and Surfaces A, 140, 209, 1998.
330. Fudouzi, H., Kobayashi, M., and Shinya, N., Arrangement of 100nm scale particles by an electrostatic potential field, J. Nanoparticle Res., 3, 193, 2001.
331. Yu, Q., The new parallel numerical approach for analysis of the larger scale three-dimensional electromagnetic field problems of arbitrary shape, paper presented in the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computation in Electromagnetics, Nottingham, UK, 315, 1994.
332. Dai, W.-W., Marsili, P.M., Martinez, E., and Morucci, J.P., Using Hilbert uniqueness method in a reconstruction algorithm for electrical impedance tomograpy, Physiol. Meas., 15, 161, 1994.
333. Sobol, I.M., A primer for the Monte Carlo method, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
334. Madras, M., Lectures on Monte Carlo methods, paper presented to the American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2002.
335. Doering, C.R., Horsthemke, W., and Riordan, J., Nonequilibrium fluctuationinduced transport, Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 2984, 1994.
336. Sancho, M., Giner, V., and Martinez, G., Monte Carlo simulation of dielectrophoretic particle chain formation, Phys. Rev. E., 55, 544, 1997.
337. Llamas, M., Giner, V., and Sancho, M., The dynamic evolution of cell chaining in a biological suspension induced by an electric field, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 31, 3160, 1998.
338. Maxwell, J.C., A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1892.
339. Martinez, G. and Sancho, M., Accurate calculation of electrical capacitances of axially symmetric systems including dielectric media, IEE Proc. 127, 531, 1980.
340. Pethig, R., Huang, Y., Wang, X.B., and Burt, J.P.H., Positive and negative dielectrophoretic collection of colloidal particles using interdigitated castellated electrodes, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 25, 881, 1992.
341. Wang, X.-B., Huang, Y., Burt, J.P.H., Markx, G.H., and Pethig, R., Selective dielectrophoretic confinement of bioparticles in potential energy wells, J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys., 26, 1528, 1993.
342. Hughes, M.P., Wang, X.B., Becker, F.F., Gascoyne, P.R.C., and Pethig, R., Computer-aided analyses of electric fields used in electrorotation studies, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 27, 1564, 1994.
343. Hughes, M.P., Computer-aided analyses of conditions for optimizing practical electrorotation, Phys. Med. Biol., 43, 3639, 1998.
344. Hughes, M.P., Morgan, H., Rixon, F.J., Burt, J.P.H., and Pethig, R., Manipulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 by dielectrophoresis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1425, 119, 1998.
345. Hughes, M.P. and Morgan, H., Dielectrophoretic trapping of single submicrometre scale bioparticles, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 31, 22205, 1998.
346. Schnelle, T., Hagedorn, R., Fuhr, G., Fiedler, S., and Müller, T., Three-dimensional electric field traps for manipulation of cells - calculation and experimental verification, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1157, 127, 1993.
347. Hagedorn, R., Fuhr, G., Muller, T., Schnelle, T., Schnakenberg, U., and Wagner, B., Design of asynchronous dielectric micromotors, J. Electrostatics, 33, 159, 1994.
348. Hughes, M.P., Pethig, R., and Wang, X.-B., Dielectrophoretic forces on particles in traveling electric fields, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 28, 474, 1996.
349. Hagedorn, R., Fuhr, G., Muller, T., and Gimsa, J., Traveling-wave dielectrophoresis of microparticles, Electrophoresis, 13, 49, 1992.
350. Fuhr, G., Fiedler, S., Muller, T., Schnelle, T., Glasser, H., Lisec, T., and Wagner, B., Particle micromanipulator consisting of two orthogonal channels with travelingwave electrode structures, Sensors and Actuators A, 41, 230, 1994.
351. Wang, X.-B., Hughes, M.P., Huang, Y., Becker, F.F., and Gascoyne, P.R., Non-uniform spatial distributions of both the magnitude and phase of the AC electric fields determine dielectrophoretic forces, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1243, 185, 1995.
352. Kreyszig, E., Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 5th ed., Wiley, New York, 1983.
353. Prost, J., Chauwin, J.F., Peliti, L., and Ajdari, A., Asymmetric pumping of particles, Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 2652, 1994.
354. Martinez, G. and Sancho, M., Integral equation methods in electrostatics, Am. J. Phys., 51, 170, 1983.
355. Birtles, A.B., Mayo, B.J., and Bennett, A.W., Computer technique for solving three-dimensional electron-optics and capacitance problems, Proc. IEEE, 120, 213, 1973.
356. Reitan, D.K. and Higgins, T.J., Calculation of the electrical capacitance of a cube, J. Appl. Phys., 33, 223, 1951.
357. Reitan, D.K., Accurate determination of the capacitance of rectangular parallelplate capacitors, J. Appl. Phys., 30, 172, 1959.
358. Harrington, R.F., Field Computation by Moment Methods, Macmillan, New York, 1968.
359. Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I.A., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover Publications, New York, 1965.
360. O’Reilly, J.J., Telecommunications Principles, Van Nostrand Reinhold, Wokingham, 1984.
361. Gimsa, J., Glaser, R., and Fuhr, G., Remarks on the field distribution in 4 electrode chambers for electrorotational measurements, Studia Biophysica, 125, 71, 1988.
362. Hughes, M.P., Archer, S., and Morgan, H., Mapping the electrorotational torque in planar microelectrodes, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 32, 1548, 1999.